AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT IX Motivation, Emotion & Stress: Stress & Health Designated Unit: Unit II The...

AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT IX

Motivation, Emotion & Stress: Stress & Health

Designated Unit: Unit II

The Biological Bases

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=FotBNEbTl5GH_M&tbnid=37bJCAWL6cT78M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.briody-fitnessnhealth.com/stress.html&ei=OGwvUZezAoyN0QHJ6IGYAw&bvm=bv.43148975,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNHOKN8hpxFsM4LTXD6ZY8_KMZ1eYw&ust=1362148750215993

PART ONE

Stress & Health: The Basics

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=lWj6XqeaSDiBlM&tbnid=h1Avo1eIgvh8gM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.feelgood-achieveyourgoals.com/major-causes-of-stress-what-is-stress/&ei=GmwvUYGJBIjD0QH-o4HACA&bvm=bv.43148975,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNHOKN8hpxFsM4LTXD6ZY8_KMZ1eYw&ust=1362148750215993

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=7OBr9DN-sxQGfM&tbnid=0K_ne903ty9czM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://lessonsonstress.tumblr.com/&ei=wGwvUYCuOYmz0QG_zYGACg&bvm=bv.43148975,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNHOKN8hpxFsM4LTXD6ZY8_KMZ1eYw&ust=1362148750215993


Stress The process by which we perceive & respond to

certain events (known as stressors) that we appraise as threatening and/or challenging Stress is not…

A simple stimulus or response Necessarily a negative thing


Richard Lazarus (1991) Cognitive Appraisal Approach

Primary Appraisal An initial evaluation of whether

an event is…• (1) irrelevant to you• (2) relevant but not threatening• (3) stressful

Secondary Appraisal An evaluation of your coping

resources & options for dealing with the stressor Other factors?

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Z0FQEEBRMZhHmM&tbnid=yQvksV2AaQkYMM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berkeley.edu%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Freleases%2F2002%2F12%2F04_lazarus.html&ei=x8f3UrKtGMPckQeq0ICgCw&bvm=bv.60983673,d.eW0&psig=AFQjCNE6z_Bg9Tbrr84VFYKwuATUUXTCbQ&ust=1392056642837795


Two major classifications of stress… Acute Stressors

Relatively short in duration with a clear endpoint An encounter with a belligerent customer A major exam An impending natural disaster

Chronic Stressors Relatively long in duration with no apparent

endpoint Persistent financial strains A sick family member A hostile boss

PART TWO

Stress & Health: Types of Stress


Frustration Occurs in any situation in

which the pursuit of some goal is thwarted Insignificant (in terms of

stress) Traffic jam/difficult

commute Broken air conditioner

Significant (in terms of stress) Failure and/or loss

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=--uALvwFyxVN1M&tbnid=j7qANEFp8l29uM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://sharlapatrick.com/?attachment_id=396&ei=cGQzUaK0Gou-9QS63oGQBA&bvm=bv.43148975,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNEn35DXA-IZ5wWS22p2-RXfSoj9LQ&ust=1362408920875578


Conflict Occurs when two (or more) incompatible

motivations or behavioral impulses compete for expression Approach-Approach Conflict

A choice must be made between two attractive goals

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict A choice must be made between two unattractive

goals Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A choice must be made about whether to pursue a single goal that has both attractive & unattractive aspects • Often produce vacillation…


Life Changes Any significant alterations to one’s circumstances

that require readjustment Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Holmes & Rahe,

1967) Death of a spouse (100) Divorce (73) Marital Separation (65) Jail Term (63) Death of a close family member (63) Personal injury or illness (53) Marriage (50)


Pressure Involves expectations or

demands that one behave in a certain way Salespeople Professors Stand-up comedians Suburban homeowners Teenagers

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=c6gTUPTGjGkZVM&tbnid=5Zol05wHUR4MUM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.usatoday.com/money/jobcenter/workplace/kay/story/2012-01-16/best-low-stress-jobs/52591434/1&ei=AWUzUZ5ykeT2BLfVgMAN&bvm=bv.43148975,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNHpE3OSCwjUrko4bly1_kRTbALYrQ&ust=1362409042978700

PART THREE

Stress & Health: Stress Responses

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=pnYv0dokPdxvXM&tbnid=dDgzjVOIW-JO3M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.quantumscale.com/stress-fat-and-how-to-beat-it/&ei=dmUzUfOaI5O88wT_p4CgDQ&bvm=bv.43148975,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNGpenChEFe8NgeqjfMlE9SmSvjlFw&ust=1362409188771842

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=kGSkmvDFnH9ZRM&tbnid=1xH566gNd-fwEM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.carefair.com/beauty/lifestyle/how_stress_affects_our_skin_218.html&ei=vGUzUc3GD5SG8QTfxIHwDw&bvm=bv.43148975,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNGpenChEFe8NgeqjfMlE9SmSvjlFw&ust=1362409188771842

Stress & Health: Stress Responses

Emotional Responses Dependent on the stimulus (and one’s

personality)… Common responses to stress typically occur along

three dimensions of emotion (1) Annoyance, anger, rage (2) Apprehension, anxiety, fear (3) Dejection, sadness, grief

Positive emotions? Yerkes-Dodson Law

Asserts that there is an optimal level of emotional arousal for any given task (i.e. coping with stress)

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=SWFQWMXYvshjKM&tbnid=rP0noLqutuGGEM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://secretgeek.net/ydlaw.asp&ei=8ZUzUdbcJJL88QSP44DgAw&bvm=bv.43148975,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNHIlKMnSGiBx2QBKh2KQkCG4CKHJg&ust=1362421610670456


Physiological Responses Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome

A model of the body’s stress response, consisting of three separate stages Alarm Resistance Exhaustion

Fight-or-Flight Response

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=FL0P5XiPf0wdmM&tbnid=-S0KjJTL9n6QFM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://thestressresponse.blogspot.com/p/generally-stress-response.html&ei=QmczUY7zEZCo8AShpYCYAg&bvm=bv.43148975,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNE5TY71J1R_rTIMvdoUgiHootw3aA&ust=1362409629498055


Behavioral Responses Most behavioral responses to stress involve

coping Active efforts to master, reduce or tolerate the

demands created by stress; can be helpful or maladaptive

Coping Mechanisms Learned helplessness Self-blame Aggression Catharsis Self-indulgence Defense mechanisms

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=SgZvHVtCKjlVYM&tbnid=D9_gMuXQi1iAZM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://donalomahony.edublogs.org/2011/02/16/learned-helplessness/&ei=8mgzUbjhM4y-9gS2hYHYBg&bvm=bv.43148975,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNEEgN__LVojq3q8UZVRWqCzOiOqmw&ust=1362410032690384


Constructive Coping Healthy efforts to deal

with stressful events How?

Direct confrontation of the problem

Realistic appraisal of the stress & coping resources

Learning to recognize, and in some cases regulate, potentially disruptive emotional reactions to stress

PART FOUR

Stress & Health: Effects of Stress

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=sq7wQ7vYYbSZgM&tbnid=0L8G0hGbcX23iM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://womenonthefence.com/2012/12/03/new-research-on-stress-how-you-react-today-effects-your-health-in-the-future/&ei=Z2kzUdvTNYm-9gSf0oGADg&bvm=bv.43148975,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNEnRqcaDTjAbZkG9a4s94Uhpn_MEA&ust=1362410209015280


Psychological Effects Burnout

Physical & emotional exhaustion, as well as cynicism and a lowered sense of self-efficacy

Generally brought on by work-related stress Psychological problems & disorders

Poor academic performance, sleep disturbances, sexual difficulties, alcohol & drug abuse, etc.

Positive effects? Resilience

Successful adaptation to significant stress & trauma


Physical Effects Heart disease

Specifically coronary heart disease (90% of heart related deaths)

Emotional reactions & depression also linked to heart disease

Immune functioning Reduced immune activity

Asthma, cancer, chronic pain, common cold, herpes, IBS, migraine headaches, rheumatoid arthritis, skin disorders, ulcers, etc.

PART FIVE

Stress & Health: Personality Factors

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=vxVGZo165xmSEM&tbnid=4bve1cIztxpLRM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.simplypsychology.org/personality-a.html&ei=W3AzUYuYHozI9QSj94C4AQ&bvm=bv.43148975,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNHiLkSWXy6eGyVT7Z5LuMDqZEWaFg&ust=1362411987450995


Type A General Characteristics

Competitive & ambitious Time urgency & impatience Anger & hostility Easily annoyed

In life… Tend to be workaholics Often successful, but frequently unsatisfied Find it very difficult to relax/to do nothing

More prone to..?

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=ZQSB5hHJBOTwzM&tbnid=a77FXhNAwJ98PM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://shermanheart.wordpress.com/2012/02/15/heart-myth-or-fact-15-for-a-type-a-personality-a-heart-attack-is-inevitable/&ei=1nAzUfOhBoi29QTXxYGQCw&bvm=bv.43148975,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNHiLkSWXy6eGyVT7Z5LuMDqZEWaFg&ust=1362411987450995


Type B General Characteristics

Less competitive & driven Easygoing & slow to anger Relaxed & amicable Charismatic

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=__VveTF5BG2kmM&tbnid=Q-w0TfwmF62dKM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.buzzle.com/articles/type-a-and-b-personality.html&ei=AXEzUZ6pDY_Y8gTprIGwBQ&bvm=bv.43148975,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNGrJEUgP_omRKC3jt80qlCuFZU4Ew&ust=1362412153284278


Type C General Characteristics

People-pleasers Peace-keepers Often lonely Find it difficult to express

emotions, especially negative ones

More prone to..?

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=2dMVgBbO7tQ1SM&tbnid=a1hDSpSHn1AixM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://stevemehta.wordpress.com/2009/12/07/735/&ei=NHEzUeCeB4Ho8QTr8oHgBA&bvm=bv.43148975,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNHSbkhuux0-wIGiGltPS9IgTH_ppA&ust=1362412205750726


Type H (Hardy Personality) General Characteristics

Type A individuals who thrive on stress, rather than succumbing to it

Different from the traditional Type A in three key ways… Commitment Control Challenge

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=mer5ddTI0AdlUM&tbnid=G8MQEdQxJkn4qM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.eliteoftheworld.com/elite_detail/115/Oprah-Winfrey/photos_albums&ei=jHEzUcTkKoi68wTws4Eo&bvm=bv.43148975,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNEXuJ_CIyjZB2or80Xb5_e_A-z5MA&ust=1362412294869734


In conclusion… If life gives you lemons…

Type A people get enraged & throw the lemons back, having a minor heart attack while doing so…

Type B people gather all of the lemons & make lemonade…

Type C people don’t say anything, but fume inside where no one can see…

Type H people gather the lemons, make lemonade, sell it, turn it into a franchise business & make millions…

AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT IX Motivation, Emotion & Stress: Stress & Health Designated Unit: Unit II The...

Documents

Transcript of AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT IX Motivation, Emotion & Stress: Stress & Health Designated Unit: Unit II The...