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PHAN M AU

1. Ly do chon e tai

Trong nhng nam sap ti, viec au t xay dng cua xa hoi noi chung va viec

phat trien c s ha tang hoan chnh noi rieng, nc ta c coi la mot trong nhng

ieu kien tien quyet e duy tr toc o tang trng ben vng, la phai i trc mot

bc nham tao ong lc phat trien cho cac nganh san xuat khac va la phng thc

hap thu tot nhat von au t nc ngoai trong boi canh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te.

Nganh Cong nghiep Xi mang la mot nganh cong nghiep vat lieu c ban va

c coi la banh my cua nganh xay dng. No chiem v tr quan trong trong viec

gop phan xay dng c s ha tang xa hoi, ong gop ngan sach ln cho quoc gia, giai

quyet nhieu viec lam cho ngi lao ong.

Xuat phat t cac quan iem tren, trong nhieu nam qua, viec phat trien nganh

cong nghiep xi mang c Nha nc rat quan tam va au t phat trien. San lng

san xuat va nhu cau tieu thu xi mang tang bnh quan hang nam trong giai oan

2000 2010 t 9 15% (ngun: Hip Hi xi mng Vit Nam - VNCA). en nm

2011, san lng san xuat xi mang cua Viet Nam a at ti 63,14 trieu tan/nam va

san lng tieu thu at hn 60,2 trieu tan (Ngun: Tng Cng ty Cng nghip xi

mng Vit Nam VICEM).

Mat khac, Nha nc a ban hanh nhieu chnh sach, quy hoach au t xay

dng va phat trien nganh cong nghiep xi mang Viet Nam, tao moi trng canh

tranh lanh manh nham loi keo cac thanh phan kinh te tham gia. Hin nay, nganh

Cong nghiep Xi mang Viet Nam co nhieu loai hnh doanh nghiep: Doanh nghiep

nha nc, doanh nghiep lien doanh co von au t nc ngoai, doanh nghiep t

nhan. Nhng, trong sut thi ky t 2000 en 2008, lng xi mang do Tong cong ty

Cong nghiep Xi mang Viet Nam (goi tat la VICEM) tieu thu chiem t 39% en

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49% th phan xi mang toan quoc (Nguon: VNCA). Va Tong cong ty Cong nghiep Xi

mang Viet Nam a thc hien tot vai tro chu ao cua mot Tong cong ty nha nc

trong viec ieu phoi th trng xi mang Viet Nam hoat ong on nh, bnh on gia

ca, gop phan ap ng nhu cau xi mang tren pham vi toan quoc.

Nhng, ke t nam 2009, VICEM phai thng xuyen ng au vi s bien oi

ngay cang nhanh cua moi trng san xuat - kinh doanh va s canh tranh ngay cang

quyet liet, ac biet vi toc o phat trien nhanh cua khoi Lien doanh va khoi t nhan

trong nganh. Trong thi gian qua, ben canh nhng no lc rat ln e ton tai va phat

trien, Tong cong ty Cong nghiep xi mang Viet Nam cung ang phai oi mat vi

nhieu kho khan nh: nang suat thap; chi ph san xuat cao; suat au t d an san

xuat cao; moi trng san xuat cha c khac phuc triet e, v.v ... Ngoai ra Tong

cong ty Cong nghiep xi mang Viet Nam con phai tm ra mot chien lc phat trien

dai han phu hp nham duy tr v the cua mnh tren th trng. Nhu cau ve xay dng

chien lc dai han cang cap bach hn v ke t nam 2009 en nay, th phan cua

Tong cong ty Cong nghiep Xi mang Viet Nam a giam xuong di 40% va en

thi iem hien nay, VICEM van thieu s au t cho mot chien lc phat trien lau

dai. ieu nay dan en khong ch th phan chiem c trong tong dung lng th

trng giam sut, ma con lam giam i hieu qua s dung cac nguon lc, bo l cac c

hoi kinh doanh va ngay cang kho khan hn trong viec oi pho vi s thay oi cua

moi trng kinh doanh va dien bien canh tranh tren th trng.

Xuat phat t nhan thc tren va vi mong muon c ong gop vao chien lc

phat trien nganh Xi mang Viet Nam noi chung va cua Tong cong ty Cong nghiep

Xi mang Viet Nam noi rieng, toi manh dan chon e tai cua luan an la Xay dng

chien lc phat trien Tong cong ty Cong nghiep Xi mang Viet Nam en nam

2020.

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2. Tong quan tnh hnh nghien cu lien quan en e tai cua luan an

2.1. Tnh hnh nghien cu tren the gii lien quan en e tai

T nam 1970 en nay, a co nhieu nha kinh te, nha quan ly va cac nha xa hoi

nghien cu ve chien lc va xay dng chien lc cho mot to chc. ien hnh la cac

cong trnh c the gii anh gia cao nh: Garry D.Smith, Danny R.Arnol, Bobby

G. Bizell: Chien lc va sach lc kinh doanh, NXB Thong ke nam 1997;

Richard Kumh: Hoach nh chien lc theo qua trnh (nam 2003); Fred R. David:

Khai luan ve quan tr chien lc , NXB Thong ke nam 2006; Cynthia A.

Mongomery: Chien lc va sach lc kinh doanh (nam 2007), ...Nhn chung, cac

cong trnh nghien cu tren the gii a lam sang to cac van e lien quan en khai

niem ve chien lc, ve quy trnh xay dng chien lc cua mot to chc, noi dung c

ban cua mot chien lc, cac cong cu giup phan tch s anh hng cua cac yeu to

moi trng, qua trnh xay dng cac phng an chien lc, chon la chien lc phu

hp... ay la nhng van e ly thuyet rat bo ch lien quan rat nhieu en c s ly

thuyet chung cho e tai nghien cu cua luan an nay. Tac gia a oc tham khao, he

thong va chat loc lai cac ket qua nghien cu, cac kien thc e ng dung va lam ro

them quan iem cua mnh khi xay dng mot chien lc cu the tai Tong Cong ty

Cong nghiep xi mang Viet Nam. V vay, luan an nay mang nang tnh ng dung t

nhng kien thc, ly thuyet chung cua cac cong trnh nghien cu tren the gii vao

viec xay dng chien lc phat trien cho mot oi tng cu the: Tong Cong ty Cong

nghiep xi mang Viet Nam en nam 2020.

2.2. Tnh hnh nghien cu trong nc lien quan en e tai

T nam 1990 en nay, a co nhieu bai bao, tap ch, sach va giao trnh nghien

cu va trnh bay cac van e lien quan en chien lc va xay dng chien lc cua

mot to chc nh: Chien lc va chnh sach kinh doanh- NXB lao ong xa hoi

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(nam 2006) cua Nguyen Th Lien Diep va Pham Van Nam; Quan tr chien lc

toan cau hoa kinh te NXB Thong ke (nam 2007) cua ao Duy Huan; Quan tr

chien lc NXB Thong ke (nam 2007) cua Nguyen ang Khoi va ong Th

Thanh Phng,.....ac biet, gan ay co nhieu luan an tien sy va thac sy chon e tai

lien quan en xay dng chien lc nh:

- Nguyen Manh Phng vi e tai : Xay dng chien lc phat trien Cong ty

TNHH mot thanh vien cong trnh giao thong cong chanh en nam 2015 (nam

2011)

- Tran Nguyen Vu vi e tai: Xay dng chien lc kinh doanh cua cong ty

TNHH san xuat Thng Mai Dch vu Hong Hng (nam 2011)

Nhn chung, ay la cac cong trnh nghien cu cac van e ly thuyet lien quan

en chien lc, qua trnh xay dng chien lc doanh nghiep va qua trnh ng dung

e xay dng chien lc phat trien cho mot doanh nghiep cu the trong tng giai

oan khac nhau. Nhng cha co nghien cu nao e cap en viec xay dng chien

lc phat trien tren goc o cho mot Tong Cong ty, noi chung va cho Tong Cong ty

Cong nghiep xi mang Viet Nam - VICEM - noi rieng.

Tong Cong ty Cong nghiep xi mang Viet Nam la mot doanh nghiep ln cua

Nha nc va co nhieu n v thanh vien, cong ty con. No gan nh chi phoi va co

anh hng quyet nh en chien lc phat trien cua nganh cong nghiep xi mang

Viet Nam. Xuat phat t ac thu tren, viec xay dng chien lc phat trien Tong

cong ty cong nghiep xi mang Viet Nam en nam 2020 oi hoi phai tnh toan va

xem xet nhieu yeu to mi trong qua trnh xay dng chien lc ma cac cong trnh

trc cha e cap ti. Hn na, sau khi Viet Nam gia nhap WTO, co kha nhieu van

e nay sinh lien quan en chien lc phat trien nganh xi mang noi chung va Tong

cong ty cong nghiep xi mang Viet Nam noi rieng. o la cac van e sau:

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1/ S tac ong cua cac yeu to moi trng trong boi canh hoi nhap hien nay cua

Viet Nam se dien ra theo chieu hng nao? Co yeu to mi phat sinh khong?

2/ Trong giai oan ti, nganh xi mang Viet Nam se ri vao tnh trang CUNG

ln hn CAU. ieu nay oi hoi chien lc phat trien Tong cong ty cong nghiep xi

mang Viet Nam can ieu chnh nh the nao so vi cac quy hoach, cac chien lc

phat trien trc ay?

3/ Xu the hoi nhap ngay cang sau vao the gii cua Viet Nam co anh hng g

en viec la chon chien lc phat trien cua Tong cong ty cong nghiep xi mang Viet

Nam en nam 2020?

ay la nhng van e rat bc xuc oi vi qua trnh phat trien nganh cong

nghiep xi mang Viet Nam noi chung va qua trnh xay dng chien lc phat trien

Tong cong ty cong nghiep xi mang Viet Nam en nam 2020 noi rieng. Trong luan

an nay tac gia se co gang lam sang to cac van e tren.

3. Muc tieu nghien cu cua luan an:

He thong hoa cac ly thuyet lien quan en chien lc va xay dng chien lc

doanh nghip.

Phan tch va anh gia s anh hng cua cac yeu to moi trng kinh doanh oi

vi chien lc phat trien Tng cng ty Cng nghip Xi mang Viet Nam en nam

2020.

Xay dng chien lc phat trien Tng cng ty Cng nghip Xi mang Viet Nam

en nam 2020.

e xuat mot so giai phap va kien ngh nham thc hien chien lc.

4. oi tng va pham vi nghien cu cua luan an:

oi tng nghien cu la cac van e lien quan en xay dng chien lc phat

trien Tng cng ty Cng nghip Xi mang Viet Nam en nam 2020.

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Pham vi nghien cu la cac doanh nghiep san xuat - kinh doanh cua Tng cng ty

Cng nghip Xi mang Viet Nam.

So lieu nghien cu: ch yu s dung so lieu t nam 2000 en nam 2011.

5. Phng phap nghien cu, d lieu va thiet ke nghien cu cua luan an:

5.1. Cac phng phap nghien cu:

Trong luan an, cac phng phap nghien cu sau ay c s dung chu yeu:

- Phng phap nh tnh: e tai s dung phng phap nghien cu nay nham ket

hp gia ly luan va thc tien tren c s nghien cu cac quy luat khach quan ve kinh

te - xa hoi vi van dung cac quan iem, chu trng, chnh sach cua ang va Nha

nc trong qua trnh thc hien cong nghiep hoa hien ai hoa nen kinh te vao he

thong hoa, phat trien c s ly luan cua viec xay dng chien lc phat trien Tong

cong ty Cong nghiep Xi mang Viet Nam en nam 2020.

- Phng phap phan tch va tong hp: Phng phap nay c s dung nham

a ra cac anh gia va ket luan ve cac moi quan he gia cac khau trong quy trnh

xay dng chien lc, gia tnh ac thu cua nganh cong nghiep xi mang va Tong

cong ty cong nghiep xi mang Viet Nam vi noi dung xay dng chien lc phat trien

Tong cong ty cong nghiep xi mang Viet Nam en nam 2020;

- Phng phap thong ke mo ta: ay la phng phap c s dung nham thu

thap va x ly cac so lieu ve qua kh nham a ra cac ket luan anh gia thc trang

s anh hng cua cac yeu to moi trng en qua trnh xay dng chien lc cua

Tong cong ty cong nghiep xi mang Viet Nam; Thc trang hoat ong san xuat - kinh

doanh cua Tong cong ty cong nghiep xi mang Viet Nam trong thi gian qua.

- Phng phap chuyen gia va ieu tra mau: Phng phap nay dung e thu thap

them thong tin th cap e anh gia mc o phu hp cua cac phng an chien lc

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c e xuat trong luan an bang phng phap thiet ke bang cau hoi va phong van

trc tiep cac chuyen gia trong nganh xi mang Viet Nam.

5.2. Ve nguon thong tin, phng phap thu thap va x ly thong tin:

Tac gia s dung nguon va phng phap thu thap, x ly thong tin chnh sau ay:

- Nguon thong tin th cap: thu thap t Nien giam thong ke cua Tong cuc

thong ke; Thong tin d lieu t Bo Xay dng, Hiep hoi Xi mang ASEAN, Hiep

hoi Xi mang Viet Nam, Vu Cong nghiep - Van phong Chnh phu, Tong Cong ty

Cong nghiep Xi mang Viet Nam, bao ch, ti vi, cac tai lieu hoi thao, internet

v.vco lien quan en nghien cu e tai.

- Nguon thong tin s cap: Thu thap t ieu tra thc a trc tiep thong qua

viec tra li cua cac chuyen gia oi vi cac bang cau hoi c thiet lap, qua cac

trao oi va phong van cac chuyen gia va lanh ao trong nganh.

6. Mot so ong gop mi cua luan an:

- a ra mot he thong ly luan da tren quan iem mi cua ang, Nha nc va

kinh nghiem cac nc tren the gii trong qua trnh phat trien nen kinh te va nganh

Cong nghiep Xi mang theo hng cong nghiep hoa hien ai hoa noi chung va xac

nh nhng tien e c s e nh hng chien lc phat trien Tong cong ty Cong

nghiep Xi mang Viet Nam.

- Luan an ac biet coi trong viec d bao moi trng san xuat- kinh doanh va can

oi Cung - Cau cua nganh xi mang Viet Nam va cua Tong cong ty Cong nghiep Xi

mang Viet Nam t nay en nam 2020 v viec d bao nay, theo tac gia, cang chnh

xac th chat lng cua viec hoach nh chien lc phat trien cang cao. Vi y ngha

o, tac gia s dung phng phap d bao khoa hoc thong qua s ho tr cua toan hoc

va cac phan mem ien toan.

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- He thong lai toan bo hoat ong san xuat - kinh doanh cua Tong cong ty Cong

nghiep Xi mang Viet Nam trong thi gian qua e xac nh nhng iem manh, iem

yeu cua Tong cong ty Cong nghiep Xi mang Viet Nam, t o xay dng chien lc

phat trien Tong cong ty Cong nghiep Xi mang Viet Nam en nam 2020.

- ay cung la lan au co mot cong trnh nghien cu nham xay dng chien lc

phat trien toan dien va ong bo cho Tong cong ty Cong nghiep Xi mang Viet Nam.

ong thi e xuat cac kien ngh oi vi cac c quan hu quan e gop phan cho

Tong cong ty Cong nghiep Xi mang Viet Nam co the thc hien thanh cong chien

lc phat trien en nam 2020 va tr thanh Tong cong ty manh, cung co va gi vng

vai tro la doanh nghiep chu ao, dan dat th trng toan nganh xi mang trong qua

trnh phat trien kinh te - xa hoi va hoi nhap kinh te quoc te.

7. Cac chng, muc cua luan an:

Ngoai phan m au va phan ket luan, tai lieu tham khao va phu luc, ket cau cua

luan an gom ba chng:

CHNG 1: TONG QUAN VE LY THUYET LIEN QUAN EN XAY DNG

CHIEN LC PHAT TRIEN DOANH NGHIEP

CHNG 2: GII THIU KHI QUT V TNG CNG TY CNG NGHIP XI

MNG VIT NAM V ANH GIA S ANH HNG CUA CAC YEU TO MOI

TRNG KINH DOANH EN CHIEN LC PHAT TRIEN TNG CNG TY

CNG NGHIP XI MANG VIET NAM EN NAM 2020

CHNG 3: XAY DNG CHIEN LC PHAT TRIEN TONG CONG TY CONG

NGHIEP XI MANG VIET NAM EN NAM 2020 VA CAC GIAI PHAP THC

HIEN

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CHNG 1

TONG QUAN VE LY THUYET LIEN QUAN EN XAY DNG CHIEN LC

PHAT TRIEN DOANH NGHIEP

1. 1. Khai niem ve chien lc

Bat ky mot to chc nao ra i va ton tai du la to chc kinh te, to chc chnh tr

hay to chc van hoa - xa hoi, to chc li nhuan hay phi li nhuan, to chc Chnh phu

hay phi Chnh phu eu co muc ch hoat ong hay s menh e ton tai. V vay bat ky

to chc nao du la kinh te, chnh tr, xa hoi, van hoa... cung eu phai co chien lc cua

to chc ay e at c s menh va muc tieu e ra.

Xet ve nguon goc t ng th t Stratery ( chien lc) xuat phat t ch strategos

trong tieng Hy Lap co ngha la v tng. Ban au c s dung trong quan oi ch vi

ngha n gian, e ch vai tro ch huy lanh ao cua cac tng lnh, sau dan c phat

trien m rong thuat ng chien lc e ch khoa hoc nghe thuat ch huy quan oi, ch

nhng cach hanh ong e anh thang quan thu (oan Th Hong Van, 2011, trang16)

Tren thc te hien nay, oi vi to chc kinh doanh, chien lc c chia ra nhieu

cap o khac nhau nh: chien lc cap n v kinh doanh, chien lc cap cong ty, chien

lc cap cong ty a quoc gia, chien lc cua cac tap oan kinh te, chien lc cua

nganh. Du cap o nao, van con nhieu cach hieu khac nhau. Chang han:

- Theo Fred R. David (2006): Chien lc la nhng phng tien e at en nhng muc

tieu dai han

- Theo Richard Kunh (2003): Chien lc la mot tap hp cua cac chuoi hoat ong c

thiet ke nham tao ra li the canh tranh ben vng

- Theo Cynthia A.Montgomery ( 2007) Chien lc khong ch la mot ke hoach, cung

khong ch la mot y tng, chien lc la triet ly song cua mot to chc.

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- Theo Michael E. Porter (1993) Chien lc la s sang tao ra v the co gia tr oc ao

bao gom cac hoat ong khac biet. Cot loi cua thiet lap v the chien lc la viec chon

la cac hoat ong khac vi cac nha canh tranh (s khac biet nay co the la nhng hoat

ong khac biet so vi cac nha canh tranh hoac cac hoat ong tng t nhng vi cach

thc thc hien khac biet).

- Theo Alfred D. Chandler (2008): Chien lc la tien trnh xac nh cac muc tieu c

ban dai han cua doanh nghiep, la la chon cach thc hoac chng trnh hanh ong va

phan bo cac nguon tai nguyen nham thc hien cac muc tieu o.

Tuy co nhieu cach hieu khac nhau ve chien lc, nhng theo tac gia, noi dung chu

yeu cua chien lc cua mot to chc eu bao gom :

Mt l : Xac nh s menh va muc tieu lau dai cua to chc.

Hai la : e xuat nhng phng an e thc hien muc tieu.

Ba la : La chon phng an kha thi, trien khai phng an va phan bo nguon lc

e thc hien muc tieu.

Vi 3 noi dung chnh tren va qua phan tch cac cach hieu tren, theo tac gia,

chien lc co the c hieu la "Nhng ke hoach c thiet lap hoac nhng chng

trnh cu the c thc hien nham at c muc tieu cua to chc vi s am bao thch

ng cua to chc oi vi moi trng hoat ong cua no theo thi gian.

Vi cach tiep can nay, viec xay dng chien lc tot se giup cho chnh to chc va cac

nha quan ly co nhng li the sau:

- Th nhat : giup cho cac to chc thay ro muc ch va hng i cua mnh.

- Th hai : giup cho nha quan ly to chc phan tch va d bao cac ieu kien moi

trng trong tng lai.

- Th ba : nh xay dng chien lc, to chc se gan lien cac quyet nh e ra phu

hp vi nhng bien ong cua moi trng.

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- Th t : viec xay dng chien lc se giup giam bt rui ro va tang kha nang cua to

chc trong viec tranh thu tan dung cac c hoi trong moi trng khi chung xuat hien.

1.2. Quan iem ve phat trien doanh nghiep

Theo quan iem cua chung toi, muc tieu tong quat cua cac chien lc, xet cho

cung, la nham cho doanh nghiep phat trien ben vng ve lau dai. V vay, thuat ng

Phat trien trong luan an se c tiep can hieu theo ngha la Phat trien ben vng.

Thuat ng Phat trien ben vng xuat hien au tien vao nam 1980 trong an pham

Chien lc bao ton the gii c Hiep hoi bao ton thien nhien va tai nguyen thien

nhien quoc te (viet tat la IUCN) cong bo: S phat trien cua nhan loai khong the ch

chu trong ti phat trien kinh te ma con phai ton trong nhng nhu cau tat yeu cua xa hoi

va s tac ong en moi trng sinh thai hoc (Nguon: IUCN nam 1980).

Sau o, khai niem ve phat trien ben vng c e cap lan au tien trong ban bao

cao cua Brundtland thuoc Uy ban moi trng va phat trien the gii (viet tat la WCED):

Phat trien ben vng la s phat trien co the ap ng c nhng nhu cau hien tai ma

khong anh hng hoac ton hai en nhng kha nang ap ng nhu cau cua cac the he

tng lai (Nguon: WCED nam 1985). Vi cach hieu nay, phat trien ben vng oi

hoi phai bao am co s phat trien kinh te hieu qua, xa hoi cong bang va moi trng

c bao ve va gn gi. Cach hieu nay c nhieu ngi ong tnh va rat pho bien tren

the gii hien nay.

Vi cach tiep can cua khai niem nay, chung toi cho rang, phat trien doanh nghiep la

qua trnh oi hoi doanh nghiep phai cai thien nhieu mat va toan dien tren 03 lnh vc

chnh: san xuat, kinh doanh, ong gop cho xa hoi va bao ve moi trng.

e ap ng c cac yeu cau cua phat trien, doanh nghiep oi hoi chien lc phat

trien cua mnh khong ch quan tam en thc hien cac muc tieu san xuat kinh doanh

nh: gia tang li nhuan; nang cao nang suat lao ong; nang cao hieu qua s dung

von,... ma con phai quan tam thc hien phng an ket hp toi u vi cac van e xa hoi

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va moi trng. Theo chung toi, ay chnh la khac biet chu yeu gia Chien lc phat

trien va Chien lc kinh doanh cua mot doanh nghiep.

1.3. Quy trnh xay dng chien lc phat trien doanh nghiep

Theo quan iem cua tac gia, viec xay dng chien lc phat trien doanh nghiep

phai thc hien c 2 noi dung chu yeu co lien quan mat thiet vi nhau: xay dng c

chien lc phu hp va e xuat cac giai phap thc hien chien lc e ra.

e thc hien c 2 noi dung nay, viec xay dng chien lc phat trien doanh

nghiep phai thc hien quy trnh gom cac bc chnh sau ay:

1.3.1. Xac nh s mang va muc tieu cua doanh nghiep.

Xac nh s mang

S mang la mot ban tuyen bo ly do ton tai cua mot to chc co gia tr lau dai ve

muc ch. Noi dung c ban cua s mang bao gom nhng noi dung c ban sau :

1) oi tng phuc vu ? To chc phuc vu ai ?

2) Lnh vc hoat ong hoac san pham - dch vu ma to chc ap ng cho oi tng nao?

3) Pham vi hoat ong? Khong gian, thi gian, nganh nghe?

4) Cach thc, phng tien hoat ong.

5) S quan tam oi vi van e song con, phat trien va kha nang at c muc tieu cua

doanh nghiep? To chc rang buoc vi cac muc tieu nh the nao?

6) Triet ly: au la niem tin c ban ? Gia tr va u tien cua to chc?

7) T anh gia ve mnh: Nang lc ac biet hoac li the chu yeu cua to chc

8) Moi quan tam oi vi hnh anh cong cong ?

9) Moi quan tam oi vi cac ca the cua to chc : Thai o cua to chc oi vi ca the cua

to chc nh the nao?

Xac nh muc tieu

Muc tieu, theo tac gia, thng c hieu la nhng trang thai, cot moc, ket qua

cu the ma mot to chc mong muon at c tai mot thi iem nhat nh trong tng lai.

- 13 -

Tren thc te, muc tieu cua mot doanh nghiep co the phan loai thanh muc tieu ngan

han, trung han va dai han. Xac nh muc tieu chin lc la qua trnh xac nh cac muc

tieu cua to chc can at c trong mot khoang thi gian nhat nh.

Nhng muc tieu c thiet lap ro rang se mang lai rat nhieu li ch cho cac to

chc nh: giup to chc co nh hng phat trien tinh than lam viec tap the; ho tr cho

viec anh gia, thiet lap cac th t u tien trong cac cong viec; giam thieu nhng ieu

khong chac chan, toi thieu hoa cac mau thuan, kch thch s no lc, ho tr cho viec

phan phoi nguon lc va thiet ke cong viec, v.v

1.3.2. Phan tch moi trng ben trong va ben ngoai.

Theo tac gia, moi trng hoat ong cua doanh nghiep co the hieu la nhng yeu to,

ieu kien va cac the che, v.v co anh hng en ket qua hoat ong cua doanh nghiep

va mang tnh khach quan oi vi doanh nghiep.

Vi quan iem tren, cac yeu to moi trng se co anh hng ln en ket qua hoat

ong ca doanh nghiep. V vy, viec phan tch va anh gia cac yeu to moi trng la

mot bc can thiet va quan trong trong viec hoach nh chien lc ca mt t chc.

Moi trng hoat ong cua to chc bao gm nhieu yeu to khac nhau. Neu xet

nguon goc hnh thanh cac yeu t, moi trng kinh doanh cua to chc co the chia thanh

2 nhom: moi trng ben ngoai va moi trng ben trong.

a, Phan tch moi trng ben ngoai.

Moi trng ben ngoai la nhng yeu to, nhng lc lng, nhng the che nam ben

ngoai doanh nghiep ma nha quan tr khong kiem soat c nhng chung lai anh hng

en ket qua hoat ong cua doanh nghiep (Drumaux, 2000, trang 378)

Muc ch cua viec kiem soat cac yeu to ben ngoai la phat trien mot danh sach co

gii han nhng c hoi cua moi trng co the mang lai cho doanh nghiep va cac moi e

doa cua moi trng ma to chc nen tranh. Nh vay, viec phan tch va anh gia moi

trng ben ngoai khong nham vao viec phat trien mot ban danh muc toan dien ve moi

- 14 -

nhan to co the xay ra ma no nham vao viec nhan dien cac bien so quan trong. Cac bien

so nay tao ra cac phan ng hp ly giup cac to chc co kha nang chu ong kim soat,

ng pho hoac e phong nham tan dung ti a cac c hoi ben ngoai hoac gim toi thieu

anh hng cua cac moi e doa tiem nang.

Can c vao pham vi hoat ong, moi trng ben ngoai c chia thanh 02 loai: moi

trng v mo va moi trng vi mo

Moi trng v mo:

Khi phan tch moi trng v mo, oi hoi cac nha xay dng chien lc, trc het can

phan tch 05 yeu to c bn sau:

Th nhat la yeu to kinh te: ay la nhng yeu to co anh hng ln en cac to chc thong

qua cac ch tieu kinh te nh : toc o tang GDP, lam phat, dan so hoac cac chnh sach

nh : ty gia, lai suat, v.v

Th hai la yeu to luat phap, chnh phu va chnh tr: Cac yeu to luat phap va cac hoat

ong cua chnh phu ngay cang co anh hng ln en cac chien lc phat trien cua

doanh nghiep. No co the tao ra c hoi hoac nguy c cho cac to chc kinh doanh trong

xa hoi. V vay phai nghien cu ky yeu to nay khi phan tch moi trng v mo.

Th ba la yeu to van hoa va xa hoi: ay la nhng yeu to anh hng rat nhieu en hanh

vi va nhan thc cua moi ngi trong xa hoi. No anh hng en quan iem ao c kinh

doanh va tnh trach nhiem cua cac to chc oi vi cong ong xa hoi. V vy, mun

doanh nghip phat trien ben vng, cac nha xay dng chien lc can nghien cu ky cac

yeu to van hoa, xa hoi cua at nc

Th t la yeu to a ly - t nhien: cac tac ong cua thien nhien ngay cang co anh

hng en moi trng kinh doanh cua to chc. Van e x ly nc thai, van e bien oi

kh hau, van e ong at, song than, v.v ngay cang lam cac nha quan ly to chc quan

- 15 -

tam. V vay, viec nghien cu va anh gia mc o anh hng cua cac yeu to nay can

phai c thc hien nghiem tuc khi xay dng chien lc phat trien doanh nghiep.

Th nam la yeu to cong nghe va ky thuat: Cong nghe va ky thuat tren the gii thay oi

rat nhanh trong giai oan hien nay. Viec xuat hien ngay cang nhieu cac cong nghe va

ky thuat mi a tao ra cac c hoi cung nh nguy c cho cac to chc. ac biet, trong

ieu kien thieu lao ong va tien lng nhan cong khong con re nh hien nay, oi hoi

cac nha quan ly phai tnh toan can nhac ky khi thc hien cac d an au t may moc va

thiet b cho to chc.

Vi y ngha tren, khi xay dng chien lc, cac doanh nghiep phai lu y en cac yeu

to nay e co nhng d bao chnh xac.

Moi trng vi mo

Moi trng vi mo bao gom cac yeu to trong nganh va cac yeu to ngoai canh oi

vi doanh nghiep. No quyet nh tnh chat va mc o canh tranh trong nganh san xuat -

kinh doanh o.

b, Phan tch moi trng ben trong

Philip Kotler va cng s (1996) cho rng: Kiem soat va phan tch moi trng ben

trong nham anh gia iem manh va iem yeu cua cac yeu to ben trong to chc, bao

gom: nguon nhan lc, marketing, tai chnh, san xuat va tac nghiep, nghien cu phat

trien va thong tin.

1) Nguon nhan lc: Nhan lc la yeu to quan trong au tien trong viec phan tch moi

trng ben trong cua mot doanh nghiep. Trong o, can phan tch ro nha quan tr cac

cap va ngi tha hanh.

2) Marketing: Marketing co the c mo ta nh mot qua trnh xac nh, d bao, thiet

lap va thoa man cac nhu cau mong muon cua ngi tieu dung oi vi san pham hay

dch vu. Ferell ( 1999 trang 257) cho rang Marketing bao gom 9 chc nang c ban:

- 16 -

(1) phan tch khach hang; (2) mua; (3) ban; (4) hoach nh san pham va dch vu; (5)

nh gia: (6) phan phoi; (7) nghien cu th trng; (8) phan tch c hoi (9) trach nhiem

oi vi xa hoi.

3) Tai chnh ke toan: ieu kien tai chnh thng c xem la phng phap nh gia

v tr canh tranh tot cua to chc va la ieu kien thu hut nhat oi vi cac nha au t. e

hnh thanh hieu qua cac chien lc, can xac nh nhng iem manh va iem yeu ve tai

chnh cua to chc (Kha nang thanh toan, on can n, von luan chuyen, li nhuan, s

dung von, lng tien mat). Cac yeu to tai chnh thng lam thay oi cac chien lc

hien tai va viec thc hien cac ke hoach.

4) San xuat tac nghiep: Chc nang san xuat - tac nghiep trong hoat ong san xuat -

kinh doanh bao gom tat ca cac hoat ong nham bien oi au vao thanh hang hoa va

dch vu. Quan tr san xuat tac nghiep la quan tr au vao, qua trnh bien oi va au

ra, nhng yeu to nay khac nhau tuy theo nganh nghe va moi trng.

5) Nghien cu va phat trien: e nghien cu nhng mat manh va mt yeu th yeu to

chnh th nam can phai xem xet o la hoat ong nghien cu va phat trien (R&D).

Ngay nay, nhieu to chc khong thc hien nghien cu va phat trien, tuy nhien s song

con cua nhieu to chc khac lai phu thuoc vao thanh cong cua hoat ong nghien cu va

phat trien. Cac to chc ang theo uoi chien lc phat trien san pham can phai ac biet

tap trung vao hoat ong nghien cu va phat trien.

6) He thong thong tin: Thong tin lien ket tat ca cac chc nang san xuat - kinh doanh

vi nhau va cung cap c s cho tat ca cac quyet nh quan tr. Viec thiet ke h thng

thong tin trong to chc la nham phat hien nhng bat li hay li the canh tranh chu yeu

cua doanh nghiep va nham anh gia iem manh va iem yeu ve he thong thong tin

ben trong cua to chc e cai tien cac hoat ong mot doanh nghiep bang cach nang

cao chat lng cua cac quyet nh quan tr. Viec to chc he thong thong tin hieu qua se

- 17 -

giup cac nha quan tr a ra cac thong tin lien quan en xay dng chien lc cua doanh

nghiep.

1.3.3. Thiet lap muc tieu va la chon chien lc thch hp

Sau khi phan tch moi trng ben ngoai va ben trong va a xac nh c cac c

hoi, e doa, nhng iem manh, iem yeu, doanh nghiep can xac nh muc tieu ngan

han, dai han va la chon chien lc phat trien phu hp.

Chien lc phu hp la chien lc ma nh no doanh nghiep co the thc hien c

cac muc tieu ky vong cua mnh vi hieu qua kinh te cao nhat tren c s phat huy cac

iem manh, han che iem yeu cua to chc va tan dung c cac c hoi, giam toi thieu

nhng moi e doa trong moi trng kinh doanh.

Quy trnh la chon chien lc cua doanh nghiep gom 4 bc chnh sau ay: (1)

Nhan biet chien lc hien thi cua doanh nghiep; (2) Tien hanh phan tch danh muc

au t; (3) La chon chien lc cua doanh nghiep; (4) anh gia cac chien lc a la

chon.

Hien nay, cac nha xay dng chien lc cho doanh nghiep co the tham khao va la

chon cac phng an chien lc sau y :

* Nhng chien lc tang trng tap trung

* Nhng chien lc phat trien hoi nhap

* Nhng chien lc tang trng a dang

* Nhng chien lc khac

1.3.4. Tm kiem cac giai phap thc hien chien lc

Sau khi la chon c chien lc phu hp, ieu quan trong tiep theo la van e

trien khai thc hien chien lc co hieu qua. Trong qua trnh thc hien chien lc doanh

nghiep, can lu y quan tam nhng giai phap quan trong sau:

- 18 -

Cac giai phap ve Marketing: co nhieu bien so Marketing anh hng en s

thanh cong hay that bai cua viec thc thi mot chien lc. V du: viec phan khuc

th trng, nh v san pham la nhng van e anh hng ln en viec thc hien

chien lc thanh cong hay khong.

Cac giai phap ve tai chnh va ke toan: ay la nhng yeu to lien quan en viec

giai quyet lng von can thiet. V vay, viec xay dng cac bao cao tai chnh, lap

d toan, chuan b ngan sach tai chnh, anh gia gia tr cua to chc, v.v la rat

can thiet cho viec trien khai thc hien chien lc cua doanh nghiep.

Cac giai phap ve nghien cu va phat trien: Hoat ong nay la bo phan khong the

thieu c trong viec thc hien chien lc phat trien san pham, tham nhap th

trng va a dang hoa tap trung, v.vThong qua R&D, cac to chc mi phat

trien thanh cong nhng san pham mi va cai tien ang ke san pham cu.

Cac giai phap lien quan en hoat ong thong tin: hien nay, oi vi bat ky mot to

chc nao, van e thong tin ang tr thanh yeu to ngay cang quan trong quyet

nh s thanh cong cua cac cong ty. Mot he thong thong tin tot co the cho phep

cong ty giam c chi ph. S thong tin lien lac trc tiep gia cac nha cung cap,

nha san xuat, nha tiep th va khach hang co the lien ket cac yeu to cua mot

chuoi gia tr lai vi nhau. Viec cai tien he thong thong tin cung thng dan en

s cai tien ve chat lng va dch vu cua to chc.

Cac giai phap thc hien chien lc phai bao gom ca viec phan bo nguon lc

(nhan lc, von, va t t, c che ) e thc hien chien lc

1.3.5. Kiem tra va anh gia hieu qua chien lc a la chon.

Viec kiem tra va anh gia hieu qua chien lc a xay dng la mot bc quan

trong nham xac nh mc o phu hp cua chien lc vi tnh hnh kinh te - xa hoi, phu

hp vi thc trang doanh nghiep va co the tan dung tot nhat cac c hoi, iem manh e

at cac muc tieu cua doanh nghiep vach ra va phat hien kp thi cac sai lch (

- 19 -

Constantini, 1996, trang 258). T o, thc hien ieu chnh hp ly trong chien lc va

qua trnh thc hien chien lc. Nh viec thc hien bc nay, to chc se thay ro hn, cu

the hn bc tranh ve kha nang at c cac muc tieu cua chien lc trong tng lai.

e am bao viec kiem tra co hieu qua, oi hoi cac nha quan tr can xac nh cac

van e chnh sau:

(1) Noi dung kiem tra;

(2) at cac tieu chuan kiem tra;

(3) nh lng cac ket qua at c

(4) So sanh ket qua vi tieu chuan at ra;

(5) Xac nh cac nguyen nhan sai lech (neu co);

(6) e xuat cac giai phap khac phuc.

1.3.6 Tiep nhan thong tin phan hoi.

Sau khi kiem tra xong, viec a ra thong tin phan hoi ve viec thc hien chien lc

la rat quan trong. Bi v, cac yeu to cua moi trng luon bien ong va doanh nghiep

cung phai rat nang ong va linh hoat. V vay, viec cung cap thong tin phan hoi ay u

la nen tang e xuat cac giai phap thc hien chien lc hieu qua, kp thi. Vi y ngha

tren, theo tac gia, viec ghi nhan nhng thong tin phan hoi c coi la mot trong nhng

bc quan trong trong quy trnh xay dng chien lc.

1.4. Cac cong cu c s dung e xay dng chien lc phat trien doanh

nghiep.

1.4.1 Ma tran cac yeu to ben ngoai (EFE= External Factors Evaluation)

Ma tran cac yeu to ben ngoai la ma tran nham anh gia s anh hng cua cac yeu

to moi trng ben ngoai en hoat ong cua doanh nghiep, bao gom cac yeu to c hoi

va cac yeu to e doa en doanh nghiep (V Th Ph, 2000).

- 20 -

Viec xay dng va phan tch ma tran EFE giup doanh nghiep tom tat va anh gia cac

thong tin kinh te, xa hoi, van hoa, nhan khau, a ly, chnh tr, phap luat, cong nghe va

canh tranh, T o, giup doanh nghiep xac nh c cac c hoi va cac moi e doa en

doanh nghiep.

e xay dng c ma tran EFE, cac nha xay dng chien lc can thc hien 5

bc sau ( xin xem phu luc 1 va phu lc 4):

Bc 1: Lap danh muc (co gii han) cac yeu to co vai tro quyet nh oi vi s thanh

cong cua doanh nghiep.

Danh muc nay c thiet lap thong qua viec phan tch anh hng cua cac yeu to

ben ngoai oi vi chien lc phat trien cua doanh nghiep. Co rat nhieu yeu to ben

ngoai nh hng en chien lc phat trien cua doanh nghiep, nen ta ch chon mot so

yeu to nhat nh co vai tro quyet nh oi vi s thanh cong cua doanh nghiep, ch

khong the lap danh muc tat ca cac yeu to. Ngi ta cung thng s dung phng phap

chuyen gia e xac nh danh muc cac yeu to nay. (thc te cho thay tien nhat cho viec

nghien cu, anh gia, ngi ta thng chon khoang t 10 15 yeu to)

Bc 2: Phan loai tam quan trong t 0.0 (khong quan trong) en 1,0 (rat quan trong)

cho moi yeu to.

Viec phan loai nay can phai khach quan, khoa hoc. e lam c ieu nay cac nha

nghien cu thng s dung phng phap chuyen gia. Theo phng phap nay, ngi

nghien cu thng lap danh muc cac yeu to bc 1, sau o gi en cac chuyen gia,

nh cac chuyen gia anh gia. e bao am tnh khach quan cho viec anh gia th so

lng chuyen gia cung phai u ln, phu hp vi muc tieu nghien cu va tat nhien phai

la cac chuyen gia nhng ngi co chuyen mon, kin thc, kinh nghiem cao trong

lnh vc nghien cu. Sau khi thu thap c y kien chuyen gia, ngi nghien cu co the

s dung Excel e xac nh tam quan trong bang phng phap y kien chuyen gia theo

thang iem Likert (xem bang 1)

- 21 -

Bang 1: Xac nh mc o quan trong cua cac yeu to da tren y kien chuyen gia theo

thang iem Likert

Cac yeu to

ben ngoai 1 2 3 4 5

Tng

s

ngi

tr li

Tng

im

Mc

quan

trng

Lam

tron

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

Yeu to 1

Yeu to 1

Tng cng 1,00

(Nguon : Nghien cu cua tac gia)

Ghi chu :

* Cot (8) = (2)*(7) + (3)*(7) + (4)*(7) + (5)*(7) +(6)*(7)

* Cot 9 = (8)/ Tong cac o cua (8)

* Thang iem c chia theo phng phap Likert:

1 im Hoan toan khong quan trng- Quan trng mc cc yu;

2 iem Khong quan trng - Quan trng mc di trung bnh;

3 im Khong y kin;

4 im - Quan trng - Quan trng mc kha;

5 im - Rt quan trng - Quan trng mc cao.

* Tong so cac mc phan loai c an nh cho cac nhan to nay phai bang 1,0. (cot 10

la ket qua lam tron so cua cot 9 )

Bc 3: Phan loai t 1 en 4 cho moi yeu to quyet nh s thanh cong.

- 22 -

Cac mc nay da tren hieu qua chien lc cua doanh nghiep, c anh gia bi y

kien cua cac chuyen gia. Cach phan loai t 1 en 4 cho moi yeu to quyet nh s thanh

cong, cung c xay dng theo phng phap chuyen gia tng t bc 2

(Xem bang 2)

Bang 2 : Y kien chuyen gia ve iem phan loai

Cac yeu to ben ngoai 1 2 3 4

TS

chuyen

gia

Tng

im

im

TB

Lam

tron

Yeu to 1

Yeu to 2

Yeu to 3

Tng cng

(Nguon: Fredr. David (2006), Khai luan ve Quan tr chien lc, Nha xuat ban Thong ke,

trang 178)

* Ghi chu: im phan loi nh sau

1 im e da nhiu nht

2 iem e da t nht

3 im C hi t nht

4 iem C hi nhiu nht

Bc 4: Nhan tam quan trong cua moi bien so vi loai cua no e xac nh so iem ve

tam quan trong. Trong o :

Tng im quan trng > 2,5 la phn ng tt;

Tng im quan trng = 2,5 la phan ng mc o trung bnh;

Tng im quan trng < 2,5 la phn ng yu.

Bc 5: Cong tong so iem ve tam quan trong cho moi bien so e xac nh tong so

iem quan trong cho doanh nghiep. Tong so iem quan trong cao nhat ma doanh

nghiep co the co la 4,0 va thap nhat la 1,0.

- 23 -

anh gia ket qua: Tong so iem quan trong cao nhat la 4 va thap nhat la 1. Va,

tong so iem quan trong trung bnh la 2,5. Neu tong so iem quan trong la 4 ieu o co

y ngha la to chc ang phan ng rat tot vi cac c hoi va moi e doa hien tai trong

moi trng cua ho. Neu tong so iem la 1, ieu nay co ngha la chien lc ma cong ty

e ra khong tan dung c cac c hoi hoac tranh c cac moi e doa ben ngoai (xin

xem bang 3).

Bang 3: MA TRAN ANH GIA CAC YEU TO BEN NGOAI (EFE)

STT CAC YEU TO

BEN NGOAI

MC

QUAN

TRONG (a)

PHAN

LOAI

(b)

SO IEM

QUAN TRONG

(axb)

1

2

3

.

N

Yeu to 1

Yeu to 2

Yeu to 3

Yeu to n

.

.

Tong cong 1,0 A=

(Nguon: Fredr. David (2006), Khai luan ve Quan tr chien lc, Nha xuat ban Thong ke,

trang 181)

1.4.2 Ma tran cac yeu to ben trong (IFE= Internal Factors Evaluation)

Ma tran cac yeu to ben trong la ma tran nham anh gia s anh hng cua cac yeu

to ben trong cua doanh nghiep.

Viec xay dng va phan tch ma tran cac yeu to ben trong (IFE) giup nha xay dng

chien lc xac nh c cac mat manh va mat yeu cua doanh nghiep.

e xay dng c ma tran IFE, cac nha xay dng chien lc cung thc hien tng

t cac bc xay dng ma tran EFE, gom 5 bc sau: (xem phu luc 1 va phu luc 5):

- 24 -

Bc 1: Xac nh cac yeu to nh hng noi bo. Danh muc nay c thiet lap thong qua

viec phan tch anh hng cua cac yeu to ben trong oi vi chien lc phat trien cua

doanh nghiep

Bc 2: Sau khi thu thap c y kien chuyen gia, s dung Excel e xac nh tam quan

trong bang phng phap y kien chuyen gia theo thang iem Likert. (Xem bang 4)

Bang 4 : Xac nh mc o quan trong cua cac yeu to da tren y kien chuyen gia theo

thang iem Likert

Cac yeu to ben

trong 1 2 3 4 5

Tng s

ngi tr

li

Tng

im

Mc

quan

trng

Lam

tron

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

Yeu to 1

Yeu to 1

Tng cng 1,00

(Nguon : Nghien cu cua tac gia)

- An nh tam quan trong bang cach phan loai t 0,0 (khong quan trong) ti 1,0 (quan

trong nhat) cho moi yeu to. Tong cong cua tat ca cac mc o quan trong nay phai bang

1,0.

Bc 3: Cach thc hien theo phng phap chuyen gia tng t nh bc 3 xay dng ma

tran EFE

Phan loai t 1 en 4 cho moi yeu to ai dien cho iem yeu ln nhat (phan loai bang 1),

iem yeu nho nhat (phan loai bang 2), iem manh nho nhat (phan loai bang 3), hay

iem manh ln nhat (phan loai bang 4).

Bc 4: Nhan moi mc o quan trong cua moi yeu to vi loai cua no e xac nh so

iem quan trong cho moi bien so.

- 25 -

Bc5: Cong tat ca so iem quan trong cho moi bien so e xac nh so iem quan

trong tong cong cua doanh nghiep. So iem quan trong tong cong c phan loai t

thap nhat la 1,0 cho en cao nhat la 4,0 va so iem trung bnh la 2,5.

Bang 5 : Ma tran anh gia cac yeu to ben trong (IFE)

STT CAC YEU

TO BEN

TRONG

MC

QUAN

TRONG (a)

PHAN

LOAI

(b)

SO IEM

QUAN TRONG

(axb)

1

2

3

.

N

Yeu to 1

Yeu to 2

Yeu to 3

Yeu to n

.

.

Tong cong 1,0 A =

Nguon: Fredr. David (2006), Khai luan ve Quan tr chien lc, Nha xuat ban Thong ke,

trang 249)

anh gia ket qua: So iem quan trong tong cong thap hn 2,5 cho thay doanh

nghiep yeu ve noi bo. So iem cao hn 2,5 cho ta thay doanh nghiep manh ve noi bo

(xem bang 5).

1.4.3 Ma tran hnh anh canh tranh (C.I.M= Competitive Image Matrix)

Ma tran hnh anh canh tranh (Bang 6) c xem la ma tran m rong cua ma tran

anh gia cac yeu to ben ngoai va ben trong cua moi trng. No giup cac nha xay dng

chien lc xac nh c nhng u the va khuyet iem chu yeu cua cac oi thu canh

tranh vi cac doanh nghiep. T o giup doanh nghiep co chien lc phu hp

Khi ap dung ma tran C.I.M e phan tch oi thu canh tranh, thay v nhng oi thu

canh tranh la nhng cong ty trong nganh, tac gia phan tch oi thu canh tranh la nhom

- 26 -

cac cong ty quoc te hoat ong cung nganh e phan tch kha nang canh tranh quoc te

cua oi tng nghien cu

Bang 6 : Ma tran hnh anh canh tranh ( CIM)

STT

CAC YEU

TO ANH

HNG

MC O

QUAN

TRONG

OI THU 1

HOAC NHOM OI

THU 1

OI THU 2

HOAC NHOM OI

THU 2

HANG

IEM QUAN

TRONG

(1x2)

HANG

IEM

QUAN

TRONG(1x2)

1

2

N

Yeu to 1

Yeu to 2

Yeu to n

.

.

.

..

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Tong cong 1,0

(Nguon: Fredr. David (2006), Khai luan ve Quan tr chien lc, Nha xuat ban Thong ke,

trang 183).

- Cac bc xay dng ma tran CIM cung c thc hien tng t cac bc xay dng Ma

tran IFE va EFE

Bc 1: Lap danh muc khoang 10 15 yeu to co anh hng quan trong nhat en kha

nang canh tranh cua cac doanh nghiep trong nganh;

Bc 2: Phan loai tam quan trong t 0,0 (khong quan trong) en 1,0 (rat quan trong)

cho moi yeu to. S phan loai nay cho thay tam quan trong cua moi yeu to en kha

nang canh tranh cua cac doanh nghiep trong nganh. Tong tam quan trong cua tat ca cac

yeu to phai bang 1,0.

- 27 -

Bc 3: Xac nh trong so t 1 en 4 cho doanh nghiep va oi thu canh tranh da tren

tam quan trong cua moi yeu to oi vi s thanh cong cua doanh nghiep. Trong o: 4

tot; 3- kha; 2- trung bnh; 1- yeu.

Bc 4: Nhan tam quan trong cua tng yeu to oi vi trong so cua no e xac nh so

iem cua tng yeu to.

Bc 5: Cong so iem cua tat ca cac yeu to e xac nh tong so iem cua ma tran.

1.4.4 Ma tran SWOT (SWOT= Strengths - Weaknesses - Opportunities - Threats)

Viec xay dng va phan tch ma tran SWOT la cong cu giup cac nha xay dng

chien lc tong hp c ket qua nghien cu ve moi trng (bao gom ca cac yeu to

quan trong cua moi trng ben trong va ben ngoai). T o, la chon c chien lc

phu hp cho to chc.

S phoi hp cac iem manh, iem yeu vi c hoi, nguy c hnh thanh ma tran

SWOT va cac phng an chien lc co the la chon. Vi cach tiep can nh vay, co the

co 4 loai chien lc sau:

- Chien lc iem manh- C hoi (SO): s dung iem manh ben trong cua cong ty e

tan dung c hoi ben ngoai.

- Chien lc iem yeu C hoi (WO): khac phuc nhng iem yeu ben trong bang

cach tan dung nhng c hoi ben ngoai.

- Chien lc iem manh Nguy c (ST): s dung nhng iem manh cua cong ty e

tranh khoi hay giam i anh hng cua cac moi e doa ben ngoai.

- Chien lc iem yeu Nguy c (WT): la nhng chien lc phong thu nham lam

giam i nhng iem yeu ben trong va tranh khoi nhng moi e doa t moi trng ben

ngoai.

e xay dng c ma tran SWOT, nha xay dng chien lc can thc hien cac

bc sau:

Bc 1: Liet ke cac iem manh chu yeu ben trong to chc.

- 28 -

Bc 2: Liet ke cac iem yeu ben trong to chc.

Bc 3: Liet ke cac c hoi ln ben ngoai to chc.

Bc 4: Liet ke cac moi e doa nghiem trong ben ngoai to chc.

Bang 7: Ma tran SWOT

O: Nhng c hoi

O1

O2...

T: Nhng nguy c

T1

T2...

S: Nhng iem manh

S1

S2

Cac chien lc SO

S dung cac iem manh

e tan dung c hoi

Cac chien lc ST

S dung cac iem manh

e vt qua nhng moi

nguy c hoac moi e doa

ben ngoai

W: Nhng iem yeu

W1

W2...

Cac chien lc WO

Cai thien nhng iem

yeu ben trong bang cach

tan dung nhng c hoi

ben ngoai

Cac chien lc WT

Han che cac mat yeu va

tranh nhng moi nguy c

Nguon : Nguyen Th Lien Diep, 1998. Chien lc va chnh sach kinh doanh. Nha xuat

ban Thong ke, tr 185)

Bc 5: Ket hp iem manh ben trong vi c hoi ben ngoai va ghi ket qua cua chien

lc SO vao o thch hp.

Bc 6: Ket hp gia nhng iem yeu ben trong vi nhng c hoi ben ngoai va ghi ket

qua cua chien lc WO.

Bc 7: Ket hp iem manh ben trong vi moi e doa ben ngoai va ghi ket qua cua

chien lc ST.

- 29 -

Bc 8: Ket hp iem yeu ben trong vi nguy c ben ngoai va ghi ket qua chien lc

WT.

- Sau khi xay dng xong ma tran SWOT, tien hanh tom tat nhng phng an ket hp

e hnh thanh chien lc theo bang tom tat (xem bang 7)

- Sau khi xay dng ma tran SWOT, tien hanh xay dng cac phng an chien lc vi

cac ten goi va noi dung cu the (xem bang 8).

Bang 8 : Cac phng an chien lc

Nhom ket hp Ten chien lc Noi dung chien lc

SO

WO

ST

WT

Nguon : Nghien cu cua tac gia

1.4.5 Ma tran QSPM (Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix)

Ngoai viec phan loai cac chien lc e lap bang danh sach u tien, co mot ky thuat

phan tch c thiet lap e quyet nh tnh hap dan tng oi cua cac chien lc kha

thi co the thay the. Ky thuat nay chnh la Ma tran hoach nh chien lc co the nh

lng (Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix QSPM). No la giai oan 3 cua

khung phan tch hnh thanh chien lc. Ky thuat nay se cho thay mot cach khach quan

cac chien lc thay the nao la tot nhat. Ma tran QSPM s dung cac yeu to au vao nh

nhng phan tch giai oan 1 va ket qua ket hp cua cac phan tch giai oan 2 e

quyet nh khach quan trong so cac chien lc co the thay the. Tc la, Ma tran EFE,

Ma tran hnh anh canh tranh va Ma tran IFE cua giai oan 1, cung vi Ma tran SWOT

va cac Ma tran khac cua giai oan 2, cung cap nhng thong tin can thiet e thiet lap

Ma tran QSPM (giai oan 3). Theo David ( 2006, trang 287) Ma tran QSPM la cong

- 30 -

cu cho phep cac chien lc gia anh gia khach quan cac chien lc co the thay the,

trc tien da tren cac yeu to thanh cong chu yeu ben trong va ben ngoai a c xac

nh. Cung nh cac cong cu phan tch viec hnh thanh chien lc khac, Ma tran QSPM

oi hoi s phan oan tot bang trc giac.

Bang 9 la mo hnh c ban cua Ma tran QSPM. Lu y rang cot ben trai cua Ma tran

QSPM bao gom cac yeu to ben trong va ben ngoai (giai oan 1), hang tren cung bao

gom cac chien lc kha thi co kha nang thay the (t giai oan 2). ac biet, cot ben trai

cua Ma tran QSPM gom co nhng thong tin c lay trc tiep t Ma tran EFE va Ma

tran IFE. Ben canh cot cac yeu to thanh cong chu yeu la cot phan loai tng ng

cua moi yeu to ben trong Ma tran EFE va Ma tran IFE.

Hang tren cung cua Ma tran QSPM bao gom cac chien lc co kha nang thay the

c rut ra t Ma tran SWOT, hoac t cac Ma tran khac nh Ma tran SPACE, Ma tran

BCG, Ma tran IE va Ma tran chien lc ln. Nhng cong cu ket hp nay thng a ra

cac chien lc kha thi co the thay the tng t nhau. Tuy nhien khong phai moi chien

lc cua ky thuat ket hp eu c anh gia trong Ma tran QSPM. Cac chien lc gia

nen s dung cac phan oan tot bang trc giac e la chon cac chien lc cua Ma tran

QSPM.

Da tren cac khai niem, Ma tran QSPM xac nh tnh hap dan cua cac chien lc

khac nhau bang cach tan dung hay cai thien cac yeu to thanh cong then chot ben ngoai

va ben trong. Tnh hap dan tng oi cua moi chien lc trong nhom cac chien lc co

the thay the c tnh toan bang cach xac nh anh hng tch luy cua moi yeu to

thanh cong chu yeu ben ngoai va ben trong.

Bang 9 la mot v du ve Ma tran QSPM. Cac yeu to quan trong, cac chien lc co

the thay the, phan loai, so iem ve tnh hap dan, Tong so iem hap dan, Cong tong so

iem hap dan. Ba thanh phan va c gii thieu: (1) So iem hap dan, (2) Tong so

- 31 -

iem hap dan, (3) Cong tong so iem hap dan se c nh ngha va giai thch di

ay trong 6 bc can thiet e phat trien Ma tran QSPM.

Bc 1: Liet ke cac c hoi/ moi e doa ln ben ngoai va cac iem yeu, iem manh quan

trong ben trong cot ben trai cua Ma tran QSPM. Cac thong tin nay nen c lay trc

tiep t Ma tran EFE va Ma tran IFE. Ma tran QSPM nen bao gom 10-15 yeu to thanh

cong quan trong ben ngoai va 10-15 yeu to thanh cong quan trong ben trong.

Bc 2: Phan loai cho moi yeu to thanh cong quan trong ben trong va ben ngoai. S

phan loai nay cung ging nh trong Ma tran EFE va Ma tran IFE. S phan loai nay

c the hien trong cot doc ben phai cua cot cac yeu to thanh cong quan trong ben

trong va ben ngoai.

Bc 3: Nghien cu cac Ma tran giai oan 2 (ket hp) va xac nh cac chien lc co

the thay the ma to chc nen xem xet va thc hien. Ghi lai cac chien lc nay tren hang

au tien cua Ma tran QSPM. Tap hp cac chien lc thanh cac nhom rieng biet nhau

neu co the.

Bc 4: Xac nh so iem hap dan, o la gia tr bang so bieu th tnh hap dan tng oi

cua moi chien lc trong nhom cac chien lc co the thay the nao o. So iem hap dan

c xac nh bang cach xem xet moi yeu to thanh cong quan trong ben trong va ben

ngoai, tng cai mot, va at cau hoi Co phai yeu to nay anh hng en s la chon cac

chien lc a c anh gia?. Neu cau tra li la phai th cac chien lc nen c so

sanh co lien quan en yeu to quan trong nay.

Xet ve mot yeu to rieng biet, so iem hap dan c phan cho moi chien lc e

bieu th tnh hap dan tng oi cua moi chien lc so vi cac chien lc khac. So iem

hap dan c phan t 1 = khong hap dan, 2 = co hap dan oi chut, 3 = kha hap dan va

4 = rat hap dan. Neu cau tra li cho cau hoi tren la KHONG PHAI, ngha la yeu to

thanh cong quan trong nay khong co anh hng oi vi s chon la, th khong cham

iem hap dan cho cac chien lc trong nhom cac chien lc nay.

- 32 -

Bc 5: Tnh tong so iem hap dan. Tong so iem hap dan la ket qua cua viec nhan so

iem phan loai (bc 2) vi so iem hap dan (bc 4) trong moi hang, ch xet ve anh

hng cua yeu to thanh cong quan trong ben trong va ben ngoai cot ben canh th tong

so iem hap dan bieu th tnh hap dan tng oi cua moi chien lc co the thay the.

Tong so iem hap dan cua moi chien lc c bieu th bang 9, dong tong so. Tong

so iem hap dan cang cao th chien lc cang hap dan (ch xet ve yeu to thanh cong

quan trong ben canh).

Bc 6: Tnh cong cac so iem hap dan. o la phep cong cua tong so iem hap dan

trong cot chien lc cua ma tran QSPM. Cong tong cac so iem hap dan bieu th chien

lc nao la hap dan nhat trong moi nhom chien lc co kha nang thay the. Xet ve tat

ca cac yeu to ben trong va ben ngoai thch hp co the anh hng en cac quyet nh

chien lc th so iem cang cao bieu th chien lc cang hap dan. Mc o chenh lech

gia cong tong so iem hap dan trong mot nhom chien lc nao o cho thay tnh hap

dan tng oi cua chien lc nay so vi chien lc khac

Tuy vay, khi s dung ma tran QSPM, theo tac gia, can lu y cac mat sau:

* Mat tch cc:

1- Khi s dung ma tran QSPM, cac nhom chien lc co the c nghien cu lien tuc

hay ong thi. Chang han, cac chien lc cap nganh co the c anh gia au tien,

sau o la cac nhom chien lc cap chc nang. Khong co s han che oi vi so lng

cac nhom chien lc co the c anh gia hay so lng cac nhom chien lc co the

c nghien cu trong cung mot luc.

2- Ma tran QSPM oi hoi cac chien lc gia phai ket hp cac yeu to thch hp ben

trong va ben ngoai vao qua trnh quyet nh. Phat trien mot ma tran QSPM se lam

giam kha nang bo qua hay khong anh gia phu hp cac yeu to then chot. Ma tran

QSPM thu hut s chu y vao cac moi quan he quan trong gay anh hng en viec quyet

- 33 -

nh chien lc. Ma tran QSPM co the c s dung cho cac to chc nho hoac ln, li

nhuan hoac phi li nhuan, co the thch hp vi gan nh bat c loai to chc nao.

Bang 9 : Ma tran hoach nh chien lc co the nh lng (QSPM)

Cac yeu to chnh

Cac chien lc co the la chon C s cua so

iem hap dan Phan

loai

Chien lc 1 Chien lc 2

AS TAS AS TAS

I. Yeu to ben ngoai

1/

2/

n/

II. Yeu to ben trong

1/

2/

n/

Tong so iem hap dan XX YY

(Nguon: Fredr. David (2006), Khai luan ve Quan tr chien lc, Nha xuat ban Thong

ke, trang 286-289).

(AS: So iem hap dan; TAS: Tong so iem hap dan)

* Mat han che:

Viec s dung ma tran QSPM luon luon oi hoi phai co s phan oan bang trc giac

va da tren c s kinh nghiem. Viec phan loai va cho so iem hap dan oi vi tng

chien lc oi hoi nhng quyet nh phan oan du chung da tren nhng thong tin

khach quan.

- 34 -

S thao luan cua cac chien lc gia, cac nha quan tr va nhan vien trong qua trnh

hnh thanh chien lc co the nay sinh s khac nhau trong viec dien dch cac thong tin

va cac y kien khac nhau.

1.4.6. Phng phap d bao.

D bao chnh la s gia nh hp l ve cac s kien va xu hng trong tng lai.

Tien trnh d bao la mot hoat ong phc tap do cac yeu to nh: s oi mi cong nghe,

bien oi van hoa, san pham mi, dch vu c cai tien, ngi canh tranh hung manh

hn, s thay oi nhng u tien cua chnh phu, s thay oi nhng gia tr xa hoi, cac ieu

kien kinh te khong on nh va cac s kien xay ra ma khong the d oan. Blalock

(1992) trong cun Sosial Statistics nhn nh : Cac nha quan ly thng phai trong cay

vao cac d bao moi trng c tnh toan e nhan dien cac van hoi va moi e doa ve

moi trng mot cach co hieu qua.

Khi nhng d bao t nhng bien so quan trong ben trong va ben ngoai khong co

san, luc o cac to chc phai t mnh phat trien viec d bao. Hau het cac to chc d bao

thu nhap va li nhuan hang nam cua rieng ho. oi khi to chc cung d bao th phan

hoac s trung thanh cua cac khach hang a phng. V hoat ong d bao rat quan

trong trong quan ly chien lc, nen cac cong cu danh cho viec d bao se c xem xet

ky hn.

Cac cong cu d bao chu yeu co the c chia lam hai loai: ky thuat nh tnh va

ky thuat so lng. Ba loai c ban cua ky thuat d bao so lng la mo hnh toan kinh te,

hoi quy va ngoai suy xu hng. Vi s xuat hien cua may ien toan hien ai nhat, mo

hnh toan kinh te tr thanh mot trong nhng phng phap c s dung rong rai nhat

hien nay nham d bao cac bien so kinh te.

Trong luan an nay, tac gia s dung phng phap d bao phan tch hoi qui boi tren

phan mem ien toan SPSS (xin xem phu luc 2)

- 35 -

1.5. Mot so bai hoc can lu y khi xay dng chien lc phat trien doanh nghiep.

e chien lc phat trien doanh nghiep at hieu qua cao, trong qua trnh xay dng

chien lc, theo tac gia, can lu y them mot so bai hoc a c uc ket t mot so

doanh nghiep nh sau:

1/ Chien lc phat trien doanh nghiep, ac biet la Tong cong ty (doanh nghiep co

quy mo ln) phai bam rat sat cac quy hoach cua nganh va ng loi, chu trng ln

cua Nha nc. Chang han, quy hoach nang lc san xuat cua nganh phai phu hp vi

tnh hnh cung- cau xa hoi va mc o canh tranh trong xa hoi. T o nen tnh toan so

lng doanh nghiep ton tai trong nganh va tng doanh nghiep cho phu hp. Bi v,

neu co qua t doanh nghiep se de dan en oc quyen va canh tranh thieu lanh manh.

Nhng ngc lai, neu co qua nhieu doanh nghiep se gay ra canh tranh qua khoc liet

va dan en cung vt cau, gay lang ph cho xa hoi va cho doanh nghiep. Tnh trang

nhieu nha may xi mang hien nay hoat ong cam chng, khong het cong suat la bai hoc

cho quy hoach nganh cong nghiep xi mang Viet Nam va canh bao vi cac nha hoach

nh chien lc phat trien cua Tong cong ty cong nghiep xi mang Viet Nam en nam

2020.

2/ Cac doanh nghiep trc thuoc Tong cong ty cong nghiep xi mang Viet Nam can

phai nhan dang ung cac c hoi va nguy c t cac yeu to moi trng va anh gia ung

cac iem manh, iem yeu cua doanh nghiep mnh. ay la nhng can c rat quan trong

e xay dng va la chon chien lc phat trien phu hp vi bien ong cua moi trng.

ieu nay oi hoi viec thu thap thong tin ve moi trng, ve doanh nghiep phai c

cap nhat thng xuyen va x ly thong tin phai kp thi. Chat lng cua chien lc phat

trien doanh nghiep se phu thuoc vao cac yeu to tren.

- 36 -

3/ Noi dung cua chien lc phat trien doanh nghiep phai e cap en s tac ong

cua moi trng va viec phat trien ben vng cua doanh nghiep ch co the thc hien

c khi bao ve tot moi trng. V vay, oi vi Tong cong ty cong nghiep xi mang

Viet Nam, can tham khao mo hnh xay dng he sinh thai vng manh (xem hnh 1)

Hnh 1: Xay dng mot he sinh thai cho mot nen cong nghiep vng manh

4/ Cac to chc dan au tren th trng xi mang quoc te luon co chien lc au t a

dang hoa san pham sau xi mang tren c s phat huy the manh t san xuat xi mang (xin

xem hnh 2)

Nen cong nghiep

hang au, co the

canh tranh tam

quoc te

San pham xi mang

chat lng cao, vi

mc gia hp ly

Phat trien kinh te

(tao viec lam,

GDP, c s ha

tang)

ong gop cho

cong ong

o hap dan cua

nganh Xi mang oi

vi nha au t

- 37 -

Co the hoc c g t nhng nha dan au tren th trng quoc te

Chien lc danh muc hoat ong kinh doanh

Tron

san

uc san Cot

lieu

Loai hnh khac

VICEM Cao su, thng mai, tai

chnh

Thep

LAFARGE Thach cao

CEMEX Rat t mot vai nc,

nha ng, tam

lp,thach cao

ACC Khong

SCG

Hoa chat, giay, phu tung

o tola phan khong

thuoc ve tap oan,

khong phai xi mang

Khong KD; Co KD

Hnh 2: Chien lc a dang hoa san pham cua nhng hang xi mang hang au

Tom tat chng 1

Trong chng 1, luan an a trnh bay cac van e chnh sau:

- He thong hoa cac ly thuyet ve chien lc va xay dng chien lc cua mot to chc.

Tac gia a trnh bay mot so quan iem cua mnh ve khai niem chien lc va phan tch

noi dung cac bc cua mo hnh xay dng chien lc tong quat cua mot doanh nghiep.

- e xay dng c chien lc, cac nha chien lc co the s dung nhieu phng

phap va cong cu khac nhau tren thc te. Trong luan an a trnh bay mot so cong cu

chnh ho tr cac nha chien lc anh gia c kha toan dien ve mat manh, mat yeu, c

hoi va thach thc, e la chon mot chien lc phu hp.

1

1

- 38 -

- Ngoai ra, trong luan an a neu 04 bai hoc kinh nghiem khi xay dng chien lc

phat trien doanh nghiep e cac nha xay dng chien lc phat trien Tong cong ty cong

nghiep xi mang Viet Nam en nam 2020 tham khao.

Cac van e a trnh bay trong chng 1 se la nhng c s ly thuyet rat quan

trong, giup tac gia xac nh c nhng viec can lam khi xay dng chien lc phat

trien cua Tong cong ty Cong nghiep Xi mang Viet Nam en nam 2020 cac chng

tiep theo.

CHNG 2

GII THIU KHI QUT V TNG CNG TY CNG NGHIP XI MNG

VIT NAM V ANH GIA S ANH HNG CUA CAC YEU TO MOI

- 39 -

TRNG KINH DOANH EN CHIEN LC PHAT TRIEN TNG CNG TY

CNG NGHIP XI MANG VIET NAM EN NAM 2020

2.1. Gii thieu khai quat ve qua trnh hnh thanh va phat trien nganh Cong

nghiep Xi mang Viet Nam va Tong Cong ty Cong nghiep xi mang Viet Nam

(VICEM).

2.1.1. Qua trnh hnh thanh va phat trien nganh Cong nghiep Xi mang Viet Nam

Da vao li the nguon tai nguyen khoang san cua Viet Nam nh: a voi, at set,

phu gia san xuat xi mang vo cung phong phu, nam 1898, ngi Phap khi cong xay

dng nha may xi mang au tien cua nc ta tai Hai Phong. en nay, nganh Cong

nghiep Xi mang Viet Nam a hnh thanh va phat trien c 113 nam. Trong nhng

nam di che o thc dan va trong nhng nam co chien tranh, nganh Xi mang Viet

Nam phat trien khong ang ke. Nganh Cong nghiep Xi mang Viet Nam mi ch thc s

phat trien manh trong 30 nam gan ay, ac biet trong thi ky oi mi. T nam 1985

en nam 2010, san lng san xuat xi mang tang len gan 40 lan (t 1,5 trieu tan xi

mang nam 1985 len tren 62 trieu tan cong suat vao nam 2010) (nguon: Hiep Hoi xi

mang Viet Nam - VNCA).

Nhn mot cach khai quat, qua trnh phat trien nganh Xi mang Viet Nam co the

chia thanh ba giai oan chnh. Cu the:

* Giai oan t nam 1975 tr ve trc: trong giai oan nay, nganh Cong nghiep Xi

mang nc ta con rat nho be.

mien Bac ch co duy nhat mot nha may la Xi mang Hai Phong, bat au san

xuat nam 1901 vi thiet b ch co 04 lo ng san xuat thu cong. en nam 1952, nha

- 40 -

may mi c au t them, tong so co 15 lo ng vi 4 lo ng na c gii, na thu

cong. Tong cong suat thiet ke la 150.000 tan/nam va en nhng nam au thap ky 70,

nha may Xi mang Hai Phong mi ch at san lng 250.000 tan/nam, en nam 1975 la

600.000 tan/nam . Va 20 nha may xi mang lo ng san xuat thu cong, cong suat t

5.000- 20.000 tan/nam. mien Nam cung ch co duy nhat la nha may Xi mang Ha

Tien (bat au san xuat nam 1964) vi cong nghe san xuat theo phng phap t, cong

suat thiet ke khoang 300.000 tan/nam. Tong cong suat cua xi mang Viet Nam en

nam 1975 la xap x 1 trieu tan. (Hoi Vat lieu Xay dng Viet Nam, 2009. Cong nghiep

Vat lieu Xay dng Viet Nam nhng chang ng phat trien, trang 71)

* Giai oan t nam 1976 en nam 1990: trong giai oan nay, co hai nha may mi ra

i la Xi mang Hoang Thach va Xi mang Bm Sn.

Ngay 19/5/1977, khi cong xay dng Nha may Xi mang Hoang Thach vi cong

suat 1,1 trieu tan xi mang/nam. Nha may do hang FL Smidth (an Mach) thiet ke,

cung cap toan bo thiet b va tr giup ky thuat vi lo nung cong suat 3.100 tan

clinker/ngay. Viec au t Xi mang Hoang Thach anh dau mot bc tien bo quan

trong trong viec tiep can cong nghe san xuat mi cua xi mang Viet Nam. Lan au tien

Viet Nam co cong nghe san xuat xi mang theo phng phap kho hien ai.

Thang 10/1976, Nha may Xi mang Bm Sn trien khai thi cong xay dng. Cong

suat san xuat cua nha may at 1,2 trieu tan xi mang/nam, hoan toan c gii hoa va mot

phan t ong hoa trong qua trnh san xuat xi mang.

mien Nam, ngay 6/5/1978, a khi cong xay dng m rong Xi mang Ha Tien

2 a iem sau:

- Kien Lng vi day chuyen san xuat 900.000 tan clinker/nam va lo nung cong

suat at 3.000 tan clinker/ngay, san xuat theo phng phap kho, ot 100% dau

MFO va xng nghien xi mang 500.000 tan xi mang/nam.

- 41 -

- Thu c vi day chuyen san xuat ong bo, at 500.000 tan xi mang/nam va may

nghien co cong suat at t 90 100 tan/gi.

* Giai oan t nam 1991 en nay :

Do thc hien chnh sach oi mi, nen kinh te xa hoi nc ta a co nhng bc

phat trien nhanh trong giai oan nay. ieu o a lam nhu cau tieu dung xi mang trong

xa hoi tang rat manh va xay ra hien tng cung khong u ap ng cau oi vi san

pham xi mang. Trong boi canh o, Chnh phu a tap trung ch ao au t xay dng

nhieu nha may xi mang mi vi cong suat thiet ke ln, cong nghe hien ai va nhieu

nha may xi mang nho c cac a phng au t xay dng. Mat khac, Chnh phu cung

tao ieu kien thu hut cac nha au t nc ngoai vao au t san xuat - kinh doanh xi

mang tai Viet Nam. Ket qua la mot loat cac lien doanh san xuat xi mang vi qui mo

ln hien ai ra i nh: Holcim (Thuy Sy), Lafarge (Phap), Phuc Sn, Chinfon ( ai

Loan), Nghi Sn (Nhat Ban),.. en nam 2010, nganh Cong nghiep Xi mang Viet

Nam a co tong cong suat san xuat xi mang at tren 62 trieu tan/nam.

Qua 35 nam phat trien (t nam 1975 en nam 2010), t con so 0,75 trieu

tan/nam, en nay, nganh Cong nghiep Xi mang Viet Nam a co tong cong suat at

tren 62 trieu tan/nam vi hn 100 cong ty, n v tham gia trc tiep san xuat va phuc

vu san xuat xi mang trong ca nc. Trong o co 33 thanh vien thuoc VICEM, 6 cong ty

lien doanh, gan 60 cong ty nho va mot so tram nghien khac vi san lng san xuat,

tieu thu va nhap khau ngay cang tang (xem bang so 10).

- 42 -

BNG 10 : LNG XI MANG SAN XUAT - TIEU THU GIAI OAN 2000 2010 ( n v : trieu tan)

Nguon : VICEM

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Tng San xuat 13,650 16,669 20,927 23,690 26,114 28,988 32,942 36,448 42,500 46,140 53,134

Vicem 6,477 7,290 9,500 10,980 11,750 12,830 14,081 14,118 16,650 17,747 18,630

Khoi Lien doanh 3,636 5,263 6,343 6,900 6,964 7,608 9,957 10,900 11,980 13,542 16,550

Khoi DN khac 3,537 4,112 5,085 5,810 7,400 8,550 8,899 11,430 13,870 14,851 17,950

Tong Tieu thu 13,674 16,582 20,655 23,680 26,100 28,805 32,900 36,032 42,120 45,648 50,200

Vicem 6,640 7,280 9,377 10,930 11,740 12,820 14,056 14,100 16,400 17,171 17,430

Khoi Lien doanh 3,630 5,238 6,233 6,870 6,964 7,585 9,950 10,890 11,970 14,830 15,442

Khoi DN khac 3,404 4,064 5,045 5,875 7,395 8,400 8,890 11,040 13,750 13,650 17,328

Th phan tieu thu 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

Vicem 48,6% 43,9% 45,4% 46,2% 45,0% 44,5% 42,7% 39,1% 38,9% 37,6% 34,7%

Lien doanh 26,5% 31,6% 30,2% 29,0% 26,7% 26,3% 30,2% 30,2% 28,4% 32,5% 30,8%

Doanh nghiep khac 24,9% 24,5% 24,4% 24,8% 28,3% 29,2% 27,0% 30,6% 32,6% 29,9% 34,5%

- 43 -

Trai qua hn 1 the ky hnh thanh va phat trien, nganh Cong nghiep Xi mang

Viet Nam a anh dau s oi mi va phat trien manh me ca ve qui mo au t,

phng thc au t va trnh o cong nghe san xuat.

Hien nay, nganh Xi mang Vit Nam ong gop mot phan khong nho vao toc

o tang trng nen kinh te xa hoi Viet Nam va tao ra hang tram ngan viec lam

cho ngi lao ong. Nganh cong nghiep xi mang la mot trong nhng nganh quan

trong hang au cua nen kinh te quoc gia, cung vi sat, thep, ien nang V the,

Chnh phu a xac nh xi mang la mot nganh cong nghiep chien lc mui nhon e

ho tr phat trien kinh te xa hoi quoc gia, gop phan tch cc vao s nghiep cong

nghiep hoa, hien ai hoa at nc.

2.1.2 Qua trnh hnh thanh va phat trien cua Tong Cong ty Cong nghiep Xi

mang Viet Nam (VICEM)

Trc yeu cau cap bach ve xi mang chat lng cao phuc vu cho cong cuoc xay

dng at nc va chuan b ke hoach 5 nam lan th III (1981-1985), e phat huy

nang lc san xuat cua cac nha may xi mang a va ang c au t mi, ngay

07/09/1979, Hoi ong Chnh phu a ban hanh Quyet nh so 308/CP ve viec thanh

lap Lien hiep cac X nghiep Xi mang (tin thn ca Tng cng ty Cng nghip Xi

mng Vit Nam VICEM hin nay). Ngay 01/04/1980, Lien hiep cac X nghiep xi

mang bat au i vao hoat ong trong pham vi ca nc.

Sau hn 13 nam hoat ong, ngay 05/10/1993, Bo Xay dng co Quyet nh so

456/BXD-TCL oi ten Lien hiep cac x nghiep Xi mang thanh Tong cong ty Xi

mang Viet Nam, tiep theo o Thu tng Chnh phu co Quyet nh so 670/TTg, ngay

- 44 -

14/11/1994 ve viec thanh lap Tong Cong ty Xi mang Viet Nam, hoat ong theo mo

hnh Tong cong ty 91 tren c s sap xep lai cac n v cua Nganh xi mang vi

nhiem vu chnh tr to ln la san xuat that nhieu xi mang cho To quoc.

Chnh phu giao cho Tong Cong ty Xi mang Viet Nam chu ong trong san xuat

kinh doanh, t khau lap ke hoach san xuat, tieu thu san pham, au t phat trien, xuat

nhap khau, cung ng vat t, thiet b, hp tac lien doanh, lien ket vi cac to chc

trong va ngoai nc theo ung quy nh cua Phap luat.

e ap ng nhu cau xi mang ngay cang tang cua Viet Nam, Tong Cong ty Xi

mang Viet Nam a au t them mot so nha may xi mang nh sau:

Ngay 12/05/1996, day chuyen 2 nha may xi mang Hoang Thach vi cong suat

1,2 trieu tan/nam i vao san xuat, nang tong cong suat Xi mang Hoang Thach len

2,3 trieu tan/nm.

Thang 09/1998, Nha may Xi mang But Sn vi thiet b cua hang Cle -Technip

(Phap), cong suat 1,4 trieu tan/nam chnh thc i vao hoat ong.

Nha may xi mang Hoang Mai (Nghe An): cong suat 1,4 trieu tan/nam, thiet b

cua hang FCB cua Phap. Ngay 06/03/2002, hoan thanh xay dng va i vao hoat

ong.

Nha may xi mang Tam iep (Ninh Bnh): cong suat 1,4 trieu tan/nam, thiet b

cua hang F.L Smidth - an Mach. Ngay 05/11/2004, hoan thanh xay dng va i vao

hoat ong.

Nha may xi mang Hai Van (a Nang): cong suat 0,5 trieu tan/nam, thiet b cua

hang Polysius - c. Ngay 29/03/1998, hoan thanh xay dng va i vao hoat ong.

Tong Cong ty Xi mang Viet Nam con lien doanh vi Tap oan Chinfon va Thanh

- 45 -

pho Hai Phong xay dng nha may xi mang Chinfon, cong suat 1,4 trieu tan/nam;

Lien doanh vi Holderbank Financial Glaris Ltd (Thu Sy) xay dng nha may xi

mang Sao Mai (Hon Chong, Kien Giang) vi cong suat 1,76 trieu tan/nam, thiet b

cua hang Kobe - Nhat Ban; Lien doanh vi Nihon Cement Corporation va

Mitsubishi Materials Corporation (Nhat Ban) xay dng nha may xi mang Nghi Sn

(Thanh Hoa), cong suat 2,2 trieu tan/nam, hoan thanh vao thang 06/2000.

Tong Cong ty Xi mang Viet Nam la 01 trong 17 Tong Cong ty c to chc va

hoat ong theo Quyet nh so 91/TTg, ngay 07/03/1994 cua Thu tng Chnh phu ve

viec th iem thanh lp Tap oan kinh doanh.

Ngay 08/02/1996, Chnh phu co ngh nh so 08/CP phe chuan ieu le to chc

va hoat ong cua Tong cong ty Xi mang Viet Nam.

Qua hn 10 nam hoat ong theo mo hnh Tong cong ty 91, Tong cong ty Xi

mang Viet Nam a tao c chuyen bien tot ve cac mat cong tac, at c nhng

ket qua theo muc tieu va nhiem vu c giao, la lc lng chu lc trong viec am

bao can oi ve xi mang tren th trng trong nc, gi bnh on th trng, la cong cu

vat chat e nha nc ieu tiet nen kinh te theo nh hng Xa hoi chu ngha.

Thc hien Ngh quyet Hoi ngh lan th 3 cua Ban chap hanh Trung ng ang

(Khoa IX), Thu tng Chnh phu a co Quyet nh so 64/2002/Q-TTg, ngay

18/12/2002 ve viec phe duyet quy hoach phat trien cong nghiep xi mang Viet Nam

en nam 2010 va nh hng en nam 2020, trong o cho phep xay dng Tong cong

ty Xi mang Viet Nam thanh Tap oan kinh te manh, co cong nghe san xuat hien ai,

san pham co chat lng cao, co xuat khau mot phan xi mang, ong vai tro chu ao

trong viec cung ng, on nh th trng xi mang trong nc.

- 46 -

Ngay 29/08/2006, Thu tng Chnh phu co quyet nh so 196/2006/Q-TTg,

chuyen oi Tong cong ty Xi mang Viet Nam sang hoat ong theo mo hnh cong ty

me - cong ty con va Quyet nh so 197/2006/Q-TTg ve viec thanh lap Cong ty me

- Tong cong ty Xi mang Viet Nam tren c s to chc lai cung cach quan ly, ieu

hanh Tong cong ty Xi mang Viet Nam va Cong ty Xi mang Hoang Thach.

Ngay 06/12/2007, Thu tng Chnh phu co quyet nh so 189/2007/Q-TTg,

ieu chnh mot so noi dung cua Quyet nh so 196/2006/Q-TTg.197/2006/Q-

TTg:

- oi ten Tong Cong ty Xi mang Viet Nam thanh Tong Cong ty Cong nghiep xi

mang Viet Nam. Ten giao dch quoc te la VIETNAM CEMENT INDUSTRY

CORPORATION. Ten viet tat la VICEM.

- Bo sung them nganh, nghe kinh doanh cua Cong ty me - Tong cong ty Cong

nghiep Xi mang Viet Nam nh sau: xay dng, quan ly, khai thac cang bien, cang

song; xay dng, quan ly, khai thac ng bo cao toc, ng bien, ng sat; au t,

kinh doanh c s ha tang, khu cong nghiep va o th, kinh doanh bat ong san, cho

thue nha xng, kho tang, nha , van phong; san xuat, kinh doanh ien; trong rng,

khai thac va che bien cao su; xuat khau lao ong; ieu tr benh nghe nghiep va khoi

phuc chc nang; du lch, khach san, nha hang va cac dch vu cong cong khac.

- Duy tr Cong ty Xi mang Hoang Thach la Cong ty thanh vien, hach toan oc lap va

co phan hoa trong nam 2008;

- Chuyen Cong ty T van au t Phat trien Xi mang thanh Cong ty trach nhiem hu

han mot thanh vien vao nam 2008.

- 47 -

Ngun : VICEM

Hnh 3 : C cau to chc cua VICEM

- Ngay 13/12/2007, Thu tng Chnh phu co Quyet nh so 193/2007/Q-TTg, ban

hanh ieu le to chc - hoat ong cua Cong ty me - Tong cong ty Cong nghiep Xi

mang Viet Nam. Theo o, VICEM la Cong ty TNHH MTV do Nha nc au t

- 48 -

100% von ieu le, hoat ong theo hnh thc cong ty me - cong ty con. (Xem hnh 3-

c cau to chc cua VICEM). VICEM co ba nganh nghe chnh: cong nghiep xi mang,

c kh va san xuat, kinh doanh cac san pham vat lieu xay dng. Ngoai ra, VICEM

con tham gia xay dng, quan ly khai thac cang bien, ng cao toc, ng sat, au

t kinh doanh ha tang, khu cong nghiep, o th

2.1.3. Vai tro cua VICEM oi vi kinh te - xa hoi cua Viet Nam

Theo chc nng quy nh v trong hot ng thc t, VICEM c vai tr nh

hng khng nh i vi qu trnh pht trin nn kinh t - x hi Vit nam. C th nh

sau:

- VICEM am nhan vai tro ieu tiet th trng xi mang Viet Nam, ieu tiet san

lng linh hoat gia cac khu vc, toi u hoa Cung - Cau trong boi canh mat can

oi Cung Cau, bnh on gia, bnh on th trng, ho tr cong cuoc xay dng va

phat trien kinh te at nc ( Nguyen Ngoc Anh. 1999,trang 25).

- Trong giai oan at nc hoi nhap vi nen kinh te the gii, VICEM con am

nhan trong trach gii thieu va khang nh v the thng hieu hang au cua

VICEM vao th trng khu vc va quoc te.

- VICEM la Doanh nghiep nha nc hang ac biet, co vai tro lam cong cu e Nha

nc ieu tiet v mo nen kinh te, gi v tr then chot trong nen kinh te th trng

theo nh hng xa hoi chu ngha.

- Thc hien s phoi hp th trng gia cac Cong ty thanh vien cung nh cac

Doanh nghiep san xuat xi mang thuoc khoi t nhan, am bao s thong suot th

trng, bnh on gia ca, phat trien san xuat ung hng, cung cap u xi mang cho

nhu cau xay dng, phat trien at nc, hai hoa li ch chung cua cac Doanh

- 49 -

nghiep thuoc nganh Cong nghiep Xi mang Viet Nam. Phan vung va nh hnh

Cong ty dan dat th trng va Cong ty phoi hp th trng.

- La trung tam t van au t cho cac thanh phan kinh te va cac a phng muon

phat trien san xuat xi mang, la trung tam boi dng can bo quan ly, cung cap

chuyen gia quan ly he thong thiet b cong nghe hien ai cho cac d an mi.

ong thi cung la trung tam ao tao cong nhan ky thuat co the van hanh thanh

thao nhng thiet b hien ai trong cong nghe san xuat xi mang cung cap cho cac

nganh va cac a phng.

- Hien nay san lng xi mang do VICEM cung cap khong 18-19 trieu tan/nam,

mc tang trng san lng hang nam khoang 8-10%. Th phan cua VICEM giai

oan t nam 2000 en nay khoang 35 49 % (xem bang 10)

- Hang nam, VICEM ong thue cho Nha nc khoang 3.500 4.000 ty ong, vi

mc li nhuan hang nam khoang 1.000 ty ong (ngoai tr nam 2011).

- Hien nay, VICEM ang duy tr cong an viec lam cho khoang 20.000 lao ong

trc tiep va so lao ong gian tiep do VICEM tao viec lam cung hang chuc ngan.

Hang nam, VICEM tao them khoang 300 - 500 viec lam mi va VICEM ao tao

500 600 cong nhan ky thuat xi mang cho nganh.

2.2. Phan tch va anh gia s anh hng cua cac yeu to moi trng kinh

doanh en chien lc phat trien Tong cong ty Cong nghiep Xi mang Viet

Nam en nam 2020

2.2.1. Phan tch va anh gia s anh hng cua yeu to ben ngoai

2.2.1.1 S anh hng cua cac yeu to v mo

a, Nhng tac ong cua cac yeu to kinh te v mo

- 50 -

Theo Arrold ( 1989, trang 368) th Cac yeu to kinh te v mo la mot trong

nhng yeu to co anh hng tac ong ln en s phat trien lau dai cua bat ky to chc

nao. V vay, viec phan tch va anh gia anh hng cua no la mot cong viec can

thiet va quan trong khi xay dng chien lc phat trien VICEM.

S anh hng cua cac yeu to kinh te v mo en Tong cong ty Cong nghiep Xi

mang Viet Nam, theo tac gia, tren cac kha canh sau:

- Tren thc te, mc tang trng GDP luon lam tang tong mc au t toan xa hoi,

thuc ay nganh xay dng phat trien va qua o lam tang trng nhu cau xi mang.

Cu the: trong giai oan 1990 1995, mc tang trng trung bnh cua GDP ca

nc la 8,2%/nam th mc tang trng tieu thu xi mang trong giai oan nay

tng ng la 22,1%; trong giai oan 1996 2000, mc tang trng GDP trung

bnh la 6,4%/nam th mc tang trng tieu thu xi mang trong giai oan nay tng

ng la 13,5%/nam. Trong giai oan 2000 2004, mc tang trng GDP trung

bnh la 7%/nam th mc tang trng tieu thu xi mang trung bnh la 20%. V vay,

khi xay dng chien lc phat trien Tong cong ty Cong nghiep Xi mang Viet Nam

oi hoi phai xem xet d bao tang GDP cua quoc gia.

- Mc o thc hien von au t toan xa hoi co anh hng trc tiep en tang trng

tieu thu va au t cong nghiep xi mang, ac biet la trong lnh vc xay dng giao

thong, thuy ien, thuy li. au t cho xay dng giao thong, thuy ien, thuy li

tang th nhu cau xi mang tang va la mot yeu to kch thch tang trng au t cong

nghiep xi mang.

- S bien ong lien tuc ve kinh te v cc yu t nh: lam phat, lai sut, t gi cc

ngoi t, tao ra s bien oi manh me ve nhu cau xay dng dan dung va au t,

lam thay oi nhu cau xi mang v lam cho chi ph san xuat xi mang thay oi

- 51 -

- Thc te cho thay, toc o tieu thu xi mang tang trng ty le thuan vi toc o tang

trng dan so. Theo s liu ca tng cc thng k, dn s Vit Nam giai on nam

2009 n 2020 c trnh by trong bng 11. Khi dan so tang th nhu cau xi mang

se tang.

Bang 11: Dan so Viet Nam giai oan 2009 2020

Nm Dn s (ngi) T l tng(gim)

2009 86.024.980

2010 86.927.697 1,05%

2011 87.835.505 1,04%

2012 88.604.000 0,87%

2013 89.609.000 1,13%

2014 90.654.000 1,17%

2015 91.600.000 1,04%

2016 92.564.000 1,05%

2017 93.548.000 1,06%

2018 94.555.000 1,08%

2019 95.586.000 1,09%

2020 96.618.329 1,08%

Nguon: Tong cuc Thong Ke Viet Nam - 2010

b, Nhng tac ong cua cac yeu to chnh tr va phap luat

Cac yeu to chnh tr, chnh phu, luat phap cho thay cac van hoi va moi e doa

chu yeu oi vi nganh Xi mang Viet Nam noi chung va VICEM noi rieng. Cu the:

- T nam 1985 en nay, nh chnh sach oi mi kinh te, chu trng m ca va ho

tr phat trien manh nganh xi mang, nhieu nha au t trong va ngoai nc a

- 52 -

manh dan au t vao nganh xi mang Viet Nam. ieu nay a lam cho nganh xi

mang phat trien manh vi nang lc san xuat tang nhanh, t 1,5 trieu tan/nam

(nam 1985) len tren 62 trieu tan/nam vao nam 2010.

- S thay oi trong luat au t nc ngoai se anh hng en t nhat gan 1/3 san

lng xi mang do cac to chc co yeu to au t nc ngoai san xuat va cung cap

va co the lam thay oi cau truc nganh.

- Nhng chnh sach phap luat va cac quy nh ve xuat nhap khau, thue, lao ong,

se co anh hng ln en s phat trien cua nganh xi mang.

- Viec nha nc tang cng bao ve moi trng sinh thai se lam cho chi ph san

xuat cua nganh xi mang tang len do sc ep bao ve moi trng

- Hoi nhap ngay cang sau cua Viet Nam vao nen kinh te the gii se at ra cho

nganh Cong nghiep Xi mang Viet Nam nhieu c hoi va thach thc mi. Viec cac

nc trong WTO ap dung cac rao can thng mai e han che viec ban pha gia

hoac nham bao ho doanh nghiep chnh quoc, se lam viec xuat khau xi mang cua

Viet Nam kho hn trong tng lai.

Nhng anh hng tren oi hoi, khi xay dng chien lc, cac nha quan ly nganh

phai tnh en nham a ra c mot chien lc phu hp.

c, Nhng tac ong cua tien bo khoa hoc ky thuat - cong nghe

Trong nhng nam qua, s tien bo khoa hoc ky thuat - cong nghe a tac ong

manh me en nganh Xi mang Viet Nam. No tao ra nhng u the canh tranh mi cho

nganh Xi mang Viet Nam. T nhng nam 1980 tr ve trc, hau het cac nha may xi

mang Viet Nam s dung lo ng san xuat theo phng phap t va ban kho, cong

suat va va nho, chi ph cao va chat lng san pham thap. Hien nay, hau het cac nha

- 53 -

may cua VICEM a chuyen sang s dung cong nghe lo quay, san xuat theo phng

phap kho vi cong suat thiet ke ln nham ha gia thanh, nang cao va on nh chat

lng san pham va bao ve tot moi trng. Viec thay oi ky thuat va cong nghe tren

a lam tang tnh canh tranh cua xi mang Viet Nam vi cac nc trong khu vc.

2.2.1.2. S anh hng cua cac yeu to vi mo

a, oi thu canh tranh quoc te

Qua nghien cu ieu tra, co the anh gia kha nang canh tranh quoc te cua xi

mang Viet Nam va cua VICEM, the hien qua nhng iem chnh sau :

- Cac nha may cua VICEM co chi ph san xuat ln hn cac nc lan can, dan en

gia thanh cao, kho co kha nang canh tranh ve gia vi cac nc ang xuat khau xi

mang (xem hnh 4) (VT : 1.000 VN)

194054

643266

49

368

303032

63

75

75

148

68

48

23

56

67

93

60

71

83

845

30

66

84

34

137

88

311848

65

72

71

96

65

947

41

68

81

34

90

85

12

62

29

64

73

93

59

61

164116

60

70

50

100

70

62

45

35

60

60

35

101

72

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Ha

Tien2

Tam

iep

Bm Sn Hoang

Mai

Hai

Phong

But Sn Thai

Lan

Nht Hocim

N Nhiet Nang Khau Hao Nguyen lieu ien Bao B Nhan Cong

Bao dng Khac

Ngun : VICEM

Hnh 4: Bieu o so sanh chi ph san xuat (nam 2011) cua VICEM vi mot so

nc trn th gii

- 54 -

- VICEM t tap trung vao nghien cu & phat trien hn cac cong ty toan cau (xem hnh

5).

VICEM t tap trung vao nghien cu & phat trien hn cac cong ty toan cau

Mc phan bo cho nghien cu & phat trien

rat han che so vi doanh thu Cac cong ty

chenh lech nhau nhieu ( so lieu nam 2010)

Cac hoat ong Nghien cu &

Phat trien phan ln rai rac

cong ty thanh vien

Lafarge 0,25%

Heidelberg 0,21%

Cemex 0,18%

Hocim WORLD 0,10%

Hocim VN 0,15%

Hai Van 0,12%

Ha Tien2 0,07%

Hai Phong 0,04%

But Sn 0,02%

Tam iep 0,01%

Bm Sn 0,01%

N/m cua lien doanh Viet Nam N/m cua VICEM

0,25%

0,21%

0,18%

0,10%

0,15%

0,12%

0,07%

0,04%

0,02%

0,01%

0,01%

0,00% 0,05% 0,10% 0,15% 0,20% 0,25% 0,30%

Lafarge

Heidelberg

Cemex

Hocim WORLD

Hocim VN

Hai Van

Ha Tien2

Hai Phong

But Sn

Tam iep

Bm Sn

Hai Van co ngan sach 120

trieuVND cho nghien cu

ve phu gia

Cac Cty XM toan cau-so lieu toan cau

Cac chng trnh Nghien cu &

Phat trien c cac cong ty

thc hien oc lap

D an s dung kh tha cua

Tam iep/ Hoang Thach

D an tiet kiem mc tieu thu

ien cua Bm Sn

D an giam thanh phan

Clinker cua Ha Tien 1&2 t chia

se ket qua Nghien cu ve phu gia

Xi mang Hai Van

Ngun : VICEM

Hnh 5: VICEM t tap trung vao nghien cu va phat trien

- 55 -

- Ch co mot so d an nghien cu nh nghien cu s dung kh tha cua Tam iep va

Hoang Thach; D an tiet kiem mc tieu thu ien cua Bm Sn; D an giam thanh phan

Clinker cua Ha Tien 1 va 2; Nghien cu ve phu gia Xi mang Hai Van. Con cac d an

khac, viec nghien cu phat trien va cai tien cong nghe rat t. ieu o dan en viec nang

cao chat lng san pham, a dang hoa san pham va giam chi ph san xuat thng kem

hn cac nc tien tien tren the gii.

Nguon : Phan tch cua TNS Taylor Nelson Sofres ( Cong ty Nghien cu Th trng)

Hnh 6: San lng va li nhuan tnh tren 1 nhan vien

San lng va li nhuan tren 1 nhan vien cua VICEM la di mc trung bnh cua cac nc

lan can

( So lieu nam 2010)

L

i n

hu

an

tr

c

th

ue

tre

n 1

nh

an

vie

n (

$U

S)

40.000 Nhat

Ban

30.000 R2=0.67

20.000 (R2=079)

10.000

0

- 10.000

-20.000

1.000 2.000 4.000 5.000 6.000

San lng /1 nhan vien (tan)

Khac

Tam iep

Ha Tien 2

ai Loan

Trung Quoc

Thai Lan Hong Kong

Hoang Thach

B.Sn

Bm sn

Hai Phong

Hoang Mai

Ha tien1

3.000

- 56 -

- Li nhuan tnh tren mot nhan vien va tren tan san pham cua VICEM thap hn so

vi cac nc lan can. San lng cua cac cong ty thuoc VICEM ch khoang 2.000

tan/nhan vien, trong khi cac nc khac la 3.000 4.000 tan/nhan vien. Li

nhuan tren 1 nhan vien cua VICEM ch mc di 10.000USD/ngi/nam, la

di mc trung bnh cua cac nc lan can (xem hnh 6).

- Li nhuan trung bnh tnh tren 1 tan xi mang cua cac cong ty thuoc VICEM ch la

2,3 USD/tan trong khi mc li nhuan nay cua cac cong ty cua ai Loan la 7,5

USD/tan, Nhat Ban la 7,8 USD/tan, Trung Quoc la 8,2 USD/tan va cua Hong

Kong la 8 USD/tan (hnh 7)

2.30

7.50

0.40

7.80 8.00 8.20

-

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

VICEM ai Loan Holcim Nhat Ban Hoong Kong Trung Quoc

Li nhuan trc thue tren 1 tan - USD (Nam 2011)

Nguon : Phan tch cua TNS Taylor Nelson Sofres ( Cong ty Nghien cu Th trng)

Hnh 7 : Li nhuan tnh tren 1 tan san pham

b,Khach hang

Nhu cau xi mang Viet Nam a tang bnh quan khoang 14%/nam trong thap

ky va qua (giai oan 1999 - 2009) va at 50 trieu tan vao nam 2010, c tnh tr gia

gan 2,5 ty USD. Nhu cau xi mang mien Bac at toc o tang trng bnh quan hang

- 57 -

nam la 14%, mien Nam tang 12% va tang trng manh nhat mien Trung trong 10

nam qua la 19%.(Nguon: Hiep Hoi xi mang Viet Nam- VNCA).

D bao nhu cau xi mang cua Viet Nam se tiep tuc tang trong 5 - 10 nam ti

vi lng tieu thu xi mang tnh tren au ngi d kien se at gan ti mc cao nhat

vao nam 2020. Trong o, nhu cau tang bnh quan hang nam t nay cho en nam

2015 la t 6 - 8%. T nam 1016 - 2020, mc tang trng hang nam bnh quan t 5%

- 7% . Theo c tnh cua Bo Xay dng, lng xi mang tieu thu bnh quan au ngi