Chapter 3 Culture. Outline 3 Ways to Measure Culture Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion...

Chapter 3 Culture

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 2

Outline

• 3 Ways to Measure Culture

• Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion• Subjective Feelings

• Behavior (facial expressions, vocalizations)

• Eliciting Events

• Cognitive Appraisals (morality, causality, novelty)

• Physiology

• Gender and Cultural Differences

• Video: Culture and Emotion

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bnYFInTrgUs


In-Class Exercise #2

• Name, username, date

• Number paper from 1 to 2


(Masuda et al., 2005)

1Low Sadness

5High Sadness

1Low

Happiness

5High

Happiness

Central Figure:How Positive? How Negative?



#1


#2



Culture

• “A group-specific practice that emerged from the interaction between a group and its environment.”

• Social Constructivist – cultural differences exist!

• Basic Emotions – no cultural differences!

• Snow Monkey (Japanese Macaque)(Schirmer, 2015, p.357)

http://www.arkive.org/japanese-macaque/macaca-fuscata/video-08c.html


3 Ways to Measure Culture

• Individualism/Collectivism (Markus & Kitayama, 1991)

• Power Distance (Matsumoto, 1996)

• Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology


I often do "my own thing"

The well-being of my coworkers is important to me.

One should live one's life independently of others.

If a coworker gets a prize, I would feel proud.

I like my privacy.

If a relative were in financial difficulty, I would help within

my means.

I prefer to be direct and forthright when discussing with

people. Red = Individualistic; Black = Collectivist

1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree






I like my privacy.


my means.




Individualism/Collectivism (Markus & Kitayama, 1991)

Collectivism

Individualism

“Individual Uniqueness”Equality

“Interdependence”Hierarchy; Status


Individualism/Collectivism (Markus & Kitayama, 1991)

Collectivism

Individualism

“Individual Uniqueness”“Interdependence”

China, Japan

America, Western Europe

Japanese American, Chinese

American


SELF

MOTHER

FATHER

BROTHER

FRIEND

SISTER

ROMANTIC PARTNER


SELFMOTHER FATHER

BROTHERFRIEND

SISTER

ROMANTIC PARTNER


Power Distance(Matsumoto, 1996)

Vertical Society

Horizontal Society

High social hierarchy

Low social hierarchy


Power Distance(Matsumoto, 1996)

Vertical Society

Horizontal Society

High social hierarchy

Low social hierarchy

AmericaJapanPhilippinesGuatemalaMalaysia

AustriaIsrael

Denmark

United Kingdom

High PD Low PD


Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology

• Linear Epistemology:• Aristotle

• Goal = Happiness; optimize positive feelings

• Dialectical Epistemology:• Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism

• Goal = Moderation; balance b/w positive and negative feelings


Religious Basis for Dialecticism

• Daoism = “happiness is unhappiness”

• Buddhism = pursuing happiness/rewards interferes with individual’s ability to resist desire

• Confucianism = pursuit of happiness disrupts group harmony because it makes other in-group members jealous


Happiness for winning an

award

Quickly turns to

Shame for making other

group members feel

bad


Emotions and Language


• Think about a time when you felt joyful because of someone else’s misery.

• What would you label this emotion?


Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Looking to language for

cultural differences in emotion

• We only have experiences and thoughts that are represented by our words.

• We experience only the emotions for which we have words in a language

• Implications

(Sapir, 1921; Whorf, 1956)


Evidence Against Sapir-Whorf

• Does the underlying structure (i.e., valence, activation) of emotions differ across culture?

• Sample 1: Estonia, Greek, Polish Ps rated similarity of pairs of emotions

• Sample 2: Chinese living in Canada and Hong Kong; Greek

• Emotions mapped onto circumplex model

• Cross-cultural similarity of emotional experience


Cultural Differences in Emotion Components


Cultural Differences in Emotion Components

• Subjective Feelings

• Behavior – Facial Expressions, Vocalizations

• Eliciting Events

• Cognitive Appraisals

• Physiological Responses


Subjective Feelings

• Socially Disengaged Emotions: Ego-Focused Emotions• Anger, Pride

• Socially Engaged Emotions: Other-Focused Emotions• Guilt, Friendliness, Shame

• Diary Study: Japanese vs. American university students• Engaging = Guilt, Friendliness; Disengaging = Anger, Pride

(Kitayama et al., 2004)


Engaging Disengaging2

3

4

Positive situtaion

JapaneseAmericans

Positive Emotions

Sel

f-re

port

ed i

n-

ten

sity

of

exper

i-en

ce




3

4

Positive situtaion

JapaneseAmericans

Positive Emotions

Sel

f-re

port

ed i

n-

ten

sity

of

exper

i-en

ce




3

4

Positive situtaion

JapaneseAmericans

Positive Emotions

Sel

f-re

port

ed i

n-

ten

sity

of

exper

i-en

ce


3

4

Negative situation

JapaneseAmericans

Negative Emotions

Sel

f-re

port

ed i

n-

ten

sity

of

exper

i-en

ce



Subjective Feelings

• Dialectical cultures more likely to experience mixed emotions

• Evidence:

• East Asia > Asian-Americans > Americans

(Scollon et al., 2004; Perunovic et al., 2007; Shiota et al., 2010)


Facial Expressions

• IV = Japanese vs. American Participants

• IV = 1) Central figure expression matches crowd or 2) Central figure expression does not match crowd

• DV = Participants perceived intensity of emotion felt by central figure



Cultural Differences: Interpreting Emotional Expressions







I like my privacy.


my means.




Japanese Americans1

3

5

7

9

Sad-Sad Sad-Happy

Deg

ree

of

sadn

ess

1=

low

; 10 =

hig

hCultural Differences: Interpreting

Emotional Expressions


Japanese Americans1

3

5

7

9

Sad-Sad Sad-Happy

Deg

ree

of

sadn

ess

1=

low

; 10 =

hig

hCultural Differences: Interpreting

Emotional Expressions

Japa

nese

Amer

ican

s1

7

Happy-HappyHappy-Sad

Deg

ree

of

happi-

nes

s1 =

low

; 5 =

hig

h



• Eye Gaze Patterns: Caucasian vs. Asians

• Surprise, Fear, Disgust, Anger

• Face Areas: Left eye, right eye, bridge of nose, center of face, mouth

(Jack et al., 2009)


(SR = Same Race; OR = Other Race; Jack et al., 2009)

WC = Western Cultures

EA = East Asian Cultures

Left eye, right eye, bridge of nose, center of face, mouth


(Jack et al., 2009)

Greatest Focus, Smallest Focus


Cultural Differences in Display Rules (expressions)

• Japanese (vs. Americans)

• More likely to mask negative feelings in front of other people.

• More appropriate to express anger to out-groups

• Americans (vs. Japanese):

• More appropriate to express disgust and sadness to in-group and happiness to public

• :(Ekman, 1972; Friesen, 1972; Matsumoto, 1990)

43

Vocalizations

• European English and Himba tribe in Namibia

• Listened to emotional story, then selected 1 of 2 vocalizations that matched the emotion in story

• Basic Emotions: English and Himba selected correct vocalizations • Did not vary with voice – whether English or

Himba

• More difficulty with positive emotions© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

[Sauter, D.A., Eisner, F., Ekman, P., & Scott, S.K. (2010). Cross-cultural recognition ofbasic emotions through nonverbal emotional vocalizations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 107, 2408-2412. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0908239106]

http://sk8es4mc2l.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&rfr_id=info:sid/ProQ%3Apsycinfo&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS+Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Cross-cultural+recognition+of+basic+emotions+through+nonverbal+emotional+vocalizations.&rft.au=Sauter%2C+Disa+A.%3BEisner%2C+Frank%3BEkman%2C+Paul%3BScott%2C+Sophie+K.&rft.aulast=Sauter&rft.aufirst=Disa&rft.date=2010-02-09&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=6&rft.spage=2408&rft.isbn=&rft.btitle=&rft.title=PNAS+Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.issn=00278424&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0908239106


Physiology


Eliciting Event

• Same Event → Different Emotions• Navajo Indians vs. Americans

• Different Events → Same Emotion • Utko Eskimos vs. Americans


Antecedents and Cognitive Appraisals

• Individualist → Appraisal of the self

• Collectivist → Appraisal of the group OR the self

• Example: Shame, guilt, pride


Cultural Differences in Appraisals: Three Examples

• Appraisals determine type and strength of emotion elicited

• Novelty: Is the event familiar or unfamiliar (novel)?

• Causality: Did I cause this emotion? Someone else? Situation?

• Morality: Is the event moral or immoral?


Novelty

• Are we more likely to show fear to in-group (familiar) or out-group (novel) members?

• Is our fear toward in-group (familiar) or out-group (novel) members more likely to persist?

BLACK PARTICIPANTS – FEAR ACQUISITION

OUT-GROUP CONDITIONING

IN-GROUP CONDITIONING

CS




↑ SCR UCS CR

CS


CS



↑ SCR UCS

UCS

↑ SCR

CR

CR

WHITE PARTICIPANTS – FEAR ACQUISITION



CS




↑ SCR UCS CR

CS


CS



↑ SCR UCS

UCS

↑ SCR

CR

CR


WHITE Ps’SHOWED MORE

FEAR (↑ SCR) TO BLACK VS. WHITE FACES

(Olsson et al., 2005)


WHITE Ps’SHOWED MORE

FEAR (↑ SCR) TO BLACK VS. WHITE FACES

SHOWED EXTINCTION

(NO SCR) TO WHITE FACES, BUT NOT

BLACK FACES



BLACK Ps’SHOWED MORE

FEAR (↑ SCR) TO WHITE VS. BLACK FACES



BLACK Ps’SHOWED MORE

FEAR (↑ SCR) TO WHITE VS. BLACK FACES

SHOWED EXTINCTION

(NO SCR) TO BLACK FACES, BUT NOT

WHITE FACES



Novelty

• People acquire more fear (↑ SCR) in response to out-group members (vs. in-group members)

• Fear slower to extinguish (↑ SCR) in response to out-group members (vs. in-group members)

• We are more likely to experience negative emotions toward people from other cultures


CULTURAL DIFFERENCES: CAUSALITY

• Who caused our emotions? (self or other)?

• Germany vs. Tonga

• Independent vs. Collectivist

• Germany – More Anger, Less Guilt, Less Shame

• Tonga – Less Anger, More Guilt, More Shame

(Bender et al., 2012)


CULTURAL DIFFERENCES: Morality• Is this behavior morally appropriate?

• Compared to other cultures, African cultures view negative emotions as due to more immoral events.

• Compared to other cultures, Latin American cultures view negative emotions as due to more moral events.


(Scherer, 1997)


Do cultural differences exist in the way appraisals → specific emotions?

• Pleasantness, novelty (expectedness), goal conduciveness/obstruction

No Cultural Differenc

es• Control of event,

responsibility, anticipated effort, morality

Cultural Differenc

es

65

Gender and Emotions

• Women = more sadness, fear, shame, guilt, positive emotions

• Men = more anger

• Biological/universal or gender roles/culture?

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

[Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, 87-94. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.87]

66

Gender and Emotions

• Men and women in 37 countries

• Predictor: Gender Empowerment Measure

• Outcome: Intensity, expression• Powerful emotions: anger, disgust

• Powerless emotions: fear, sadness, shame, guilt



67

Gender and Emotion Intensity

• Powerful emotions: no gender differences

• Powerless emotions• Women rated as more intense than men

• Women’s ratings did not depend on GEM

• Men’s ratings varied with GEM – more intense for Low GEM countries



68

Gender and Behavior Changes

• Antagonism• Men reported more antagonism than men

• Women’s antagonism varied with GEM

• Low GEM: women reported less antagonism

• High GEM= no gender differences

• Crying• Women reported more crying than men



69

Eliciting Events of Anger

• Target of Romantic Partners – High-GEM women

• Reasons for Anger• Problems/conflicts in RR – High GEM women

• Attack on status – High GEM men and women



70

Gender Differences: Cultural or Universal?

• Universal for intensity of powerful emotions and crying

• Both!

• Greater gender inequality• For men, leads to more restrictive emotionality (less

intense powerless emotions)

• But, does not lead men to adopt the female role (more intense powerless emotions)

• For women, leads to more expressions of antagonism (more powerful emotions) and adoption of male role




Summary

• Cultural Differences exist in the 4 Components of Emotions

• Self-reported experience (emotions felt, emotional intensity, mixed emotions)

• Appraisals and Antecedent Events (morality, causality, novelty)

• Behavior (expressions)

• Body (brain, physiology)

• Evolution and Social Constructivist may both be right

• Automatic vs. Controlled Appraisals

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