Part II: The TerroristsPart II: The TerroristsChapter 4: Terror From Chapter 4: Terror From

AboveAboveTerrorism by the StateTerrorism by the StateMartin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth

Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Understanding State-Sponsored Understanding State-Sponsored TerrorismTerrorism

The Patronage ModelThe Patronage Model The Assistance ModelThe Assistance Model

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Understanding State-Sponsored TerrorismUnderstanding State-Sponsored Terrorism

State terrorism incorporates many types and State terrorism incorporates many types and degrees of violence.degrees of violence. Cases: Warfare, genocide, assassinations, torture.Cases: Warfare, genocide, assassinations, torture.

Linkages between regimes and terrorism range Linkages between regimes and terrorism range from clear lines to murky “deniable” from clear lines to murky “deniable” associations.associations.

Concepts:Concepts: State patronage for terrorism.State patronage for terrorism. State assistance for terrorism.State assistance for terrorism.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

The Patronage ModelThe Patronage Model

Active state participation in terrorist behavior.Active state participation in terrorist behavior. Foreign and domestic participationForeign and domestic participation

Active involvement by agencies and Active involvement by agencies and personnel.personnel.

Cases: Direct arming, training, providing Cases: Direct arming, training, providing sanctuary.sanctuary.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

The Assistance ModelThe Assistance Model

Tacit state participation in terrorist behavior.Tacit state participation in terrorist behavior. Foreign and domestic participation.Foreign and domestic participation.

Indirect support for extremist proxies.Indirect support for extremist proxies.

Cases: Indirectly arming, training, and Cases: Indirectly arming, training, and sanctuary.sanctuary.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Moral SupportMoral Support Technical SupportTechnical Support Selective ParticipationSelective Participation Active ParticipationActive Participation

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Moral SupportMoral Support

Politically sympathetic sponsorship.Politically sympathetic sponsorship.

Open embracement of the main beliefs and Open embracement of the main beliefs and principles of a cause.principles of a cause.

Governments may act as ideological role Governments may act as ideological role models for championed groups.models for championed groups.

Case: Iranian support for Islamist movements.Case: Iranian support for Islamist movements.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Technical SupportTechnical Support

Logistically supportive sponsorship.Logistically supportive sponsorship.

Providing aid and comfort to a championed Providing aid and comfort to a championed cause, directly or indirectly.cause, directly or indirectly.

Permits an aggressive agenda while allowing Permits an aggressive agenda while allowing “deniability.”“deniability.”

Case: Syrian regime of Hafez el-Assad.Case: Syrian regime of Hafez el-Assad.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Selective ParticipationSelective Participation

Episode-specific sponsorship.Episode-specific sponsorship.

Support for a single incident or a series of Support for a single incident or a series of incidents.incidents.

Carried out by proxies or agents of the state. Carried out by proxies or agents of the state.

Case: Bombing of Pan Am Flight 103.Case: Bombing of Pan Am Flight 103.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Active ParticipationActive Participation

Joint operations.Joint operations.

Government personnel jointly carry out Government personnel jointly carry out campaigns in cooperation with a championed campaigns in cooperation with a championed proxy.proxy.

Case: Phoenix Program.Case: Phoenix Program.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Legitimizing State AuthorityLegitimizing State Authority Vigilante State TerrorismVigilante State Terrorism Official State TerrorismOfficial State Terrorism Genocidal State TerrorismGenocidal State Terrorism

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Legitimizing State AuthorityLegitimizing State Authority

Every type of regime seeks to legitimize its Every type of regime seeks to legitimize its authority and maintain its social order.authority and maintain its social order.

Democracy.Democracy.

Authoritarianism.Authoritarianism.

Totalitarianism.Totalitarianism.

Crazy states.Crazy states.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Vigilante Domestic State TerrorismVigilante Domestic State Terrorism

Unofficial repression.Unofficial repression.

Terrorism perpetrated by nongovernmental Terrorism perpetrated by nongovernmental groups.groups.

Unofficial support from agents of the state.Unofficial support from agents of the state.

Case: Paramilitaries and death squads.Case: Paramilitaries and death squads.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Official Domestic State TerrorismOfficial Domestic State Terrorism

Repression as a state’s domestic policy.Repression as a state’s domestic policy.

Deliberate adoption of domestic terrorism.Deliberate adoption of domestic terrorism.

Overt cases: Policies of Stalinist Russia, Nazi Overt cases: Policies of Stalinist Russia, Nazi Germany, Khmer Rouge Cambodia, and Germany, Khmer Rouge Cambodia, and Taliban Afghanistan.Taliban Afghanistan.

Covert case: Iran during the reign of Shah Covert case: Iran during the reign of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth

Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Genocidal Domestic State TerrorismGenocidal Domestic State Terrorism

Dr. Raphael Lemkin’s 1944 book, Dr. Raphael Lemkin’s 1944 book, Axis Rule in Axis Rule in Occupied EuropeOccupied Europe..

Scapegoating a group of people as policy.Scapegoating a group of people as policy.

Acts classified as genocide against a group:Acts classified as genocide against a group: Killing members of the group.Killing members of the group. Creating conditions leading to the partial or Creating conditions leading to the partial or

complete destruction of the group.complete destruction of the group. Preventing births or forcibly transferring children.Preventing births or forcibly transferring children.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth

Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

U.S. Department of State’s U.S. Department of State’s Country Reports Country Reports on Terrorismon Terrorism

Annual list of countries designated as state Annual list of countries designated as state sponsors of terrorism.sponsors of terrorism.

Private Agencies Monitoring Political Private Agencies Monitoring Political AbusesAbuses

Human Rights WatchHuman Rights Watch

Amnesty InternationalAmnesty InternationalMartin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016