Understanding terror 5e ch 01

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Part 1: Terrorism Part 1: Terrorism A Conceptual Review A Conceptual Review Chapter 1: Terrorism Chapter 1: Terrorism First Impressions First Impressions Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Transcript of Understanding terror 5e ch 01

Part 1: Terrorism Part 1: Terrorism A Conceptual ReviewA Conceptual Review

Chapter 1: Terrorism Chapter 1: Terrorism First ImpressionsFirst Impressions

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

An Overview of Extremism and TerrorismAn Overview of Extremism and Terrorism Terrorism at First GlanceTerrorism at First Glance Sources of Extremism and TerrorismSources of Extremism and Terrorism

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

An Overview of Extremism and TerrorismAn Overview of Extremism and Terrorism

Extremism: A quality that is “radical in Extremism: A quality that is “radical in opinion, especially in political matters; ultra; opinion, especially in political matters; ultra; advanced.”advanced.”

Terrorism: Politically motivated violence Terrorism: Politically motivated violence usually directed against soft targets with an usually directed against soft targets with an intention to affect (terrorize) a target intention to affect (terrorize) a target audience.audience.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Terrorism at First GlanceTerrorism at First Glance

Perpetrators always claim to champion noble Perpetrators always claim to champion noble causes and values.causes and values.

Advocates always cite righteous goals to Advocates always cite righteous goals to justify their behavior.justify their behavior.

Perpetrators uniformly maintain that they are Perpetrators uniformly maintain that they are freedom fighters or champions of law and freedom fighters or champions of law and social order.social order.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Sources of Extremism and TerrorismSources of Extremism and Terrorism

Terrorist acts are grounded in extremist Terrorist acts are grounded in extremist beliefs arising from group identity, intergroup beliefs arising from group identity, intergroup conflict, and a chosen strategy.conflict, and a chosen strategy.

A subject of extensive discussion, debate, and A subject of extensive discussion, debate, and research.research.

Involves many disciplines: Sociology, Involves many disciplines: Sociology, psychology, criminology, political science.psychology, criminology, political science.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

The Significance of SymbolismThe Significance of Symbolism Political Violence:Political Violence: Mala Prohibita Mala Prohibita or or Mala Mala

in Sein Se?? The Just War DoctrineThe Just War Doctrine

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

The Significance of SymbolismThe Significance of Symbolism

A central feature of terrorism.A central feature of terrorism.

Central to terrorists’ public relations and Central to terrorists’ public relations and propaganda campaigns.propaganda campaigns.

Targets symbolize the righteousness of the Targets symbolize the righteousness of the terrorists’ cause and the evil of their opponent.terrorists’ cause and the evil of their opponent.

Cases: Oklahoma City Bombing. 9/11.Cases: Oklahoma City Bombing. 9/11.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Political Violence: Political Violence: Mala ProhibitaMala Prohibita or or Mala in SeMala in Se??

Mala ProhibitaMala Prohibita: Acts that are “crimes that are made : Acts that are “crimes that are made illegal by legislation.”illegal by legislation.” Not inherently immoral, wicked, or evil.Not inherently immoral, wicked, or evil. Cases: Gambling, prostitution, and so forth.Cases: Gambling, prostitution, and so forth.

Mala in SeMala in Se: Acts “that are immoral or wrong in : Acts “that are immoral or wrong in themselves.”themselves.” Cannot be justified in civilized society and have no Cannot be justified in civilized society and have no

acceptable qualities.acceptable qualities. Cases: Murder, rape, and so forthCases: Murder, rape, and so forth.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

The Just War DoctrineThe Just War Doctrine

An ideal and moralistic philosophy.An ideal and moralistic philosophy.

Jus in BelloJus in Bello: Correct behavior while waging war.: Correct behavior while waging war.

Jus ad BellumJus ad Bellum: Correct conditions for waging : Correct conditions for waging war in the first place.war in the first place.

Often used conceptually by extremists to justify Often used conceptually by extremists to justify violence.violence.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

AntiquityAntiquity Tyrannicide.Tyrannicide. Mass exile.Mass exile. Suppression of “dangerous” ideas.Suppression of “dangerous” ideas.

The Roman AgeThe Roman Age Crucifixion.Crucifixion. Extermination and slavery.Extermination and slavery. Regicide.Regicide.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

The Ancient and Medieval Middle EastThe Ancient and Medieval Middle East Zealots and Zealots and sicariisicarii.. Assassins.Assassins.

The Dark Ages: Prelude to Modern The Dark Ages: Prelude to Modern TerrorismTerrorism Medieval EuropeMedieval Europe Post-Assassin Middle EastPost-Assassin Middle East

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution Coined the word Coined the word terrorismterrorism.. Reign of Terror.Reign of Terror. Revolutionary Tribunal and mass executions.Revolutionary Tribunal and mass executions.

Nineteenth Century EuropeNineteenth Century Europe 1919thth Century revolutionary ideologies: Century revolutionary ideologies:

Anarchism and Marxism.Anarchism and Marxism. Luddites.Luddites. People’s Will (Narodnaya Volya).People’s Will (Narodnaya Volya).

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

The Modern Era and the War on The Modern Era and the War on TerrorismTerrorism The “New Terrorism.”The “New Terrorism.” Cell-based, WMDs, politically vague or Cell-based, WMDs, politically vague or

religious. asymmetrical, use of modern religious. asymmetrical, use of modern technologies.technologies.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Anders BreivikAnders Breivik

Low degree of criminal sophistication.Low degree of criminal sophistication. Norwegian neo-Nazi and fascist.Norwegian neo-Nazi and fascist. July 2011 “lone wolf” attacks near Oslo, Norway.July 2011 “lone wolf” attacks near Oslo, Norway.

Theodore “Ted” KaczynskiTheodore “Ted” Kaczynski

Medium degree of criminal sophistication.Medium degree of criminal sophistication. Anarchist “war” against technology.Anarchist “war” against technology. 18-year bombing spree, labeled by FBI as Unabom.18-year bombing spree, labeled by FBI as Unabom.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Ramzi YousefRamzi Yousef

High degree of criminal sophistication.High degree of criminal sophistication. Islamist jihadi.Islamist jihadi. February 26, 1993 bombing of World Trade February 26, 1993 bombing of World Trade

Center.Center.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016