Chapter 6:Chapter 6:

Violence in the Name of the Violence in the Name of the FaithFaith

Religious TerrorismReligious TerrorismMartin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Understanding Jihad as a Primary MotiveUnderstanding Jihad as a Primary Motive

Greater Jihad: Struggling with oneself to do Greater Jihad: Struggling with oneself to do what is right.what is right.

Lesser Jihad: The outward defense of Islam.Lesser Jihad: The outward defense of Islam.

The Protocols of the Learned Elders of ZionThe Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion as a Secondary Motiveas a Secondary Motive

Forgery written by Czarist secret police around Forgery written by Czarist secret police around 1895.1895.

Used repeatedly to scapegoat Jews.Used repeatedly to scapegoat Jews.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Judeo-Christian AntiquityJudeo-Christian Antiquity

Bible references to violence in the name of the Bible references to violence in the name of the faith.faith.

Includes conquest and annihilation of enemies.Includes conquest and annihilation of enemies.

Christian CrusadesChristian Crusades

A series of Western Christian military campaigns.A series of Western Christian military campaigns. Marked by many atrocities against non-Christians.Marked by many atrocities against non-Christians.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

The AssassinsThe Assassins

Founded in 11Founded in 11thth-century Persia to purify the -century Persia to purify the faith.faith.

Adept at disguise, stealth, and surprise killings.Adept at disguise, stealth, and surprise killings.

A Secret Cult of MurderA Secret Cult of Murder

Thuggee cult in 13Thuggee cult in 13thth to 19 to 19thth century India. century India. Ritually strangled and mutilated travelers.Ritually strangled and mutilated travelers.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Modern Arab Nationalism and the Rise of Islamist Modern Arab Nationalism and the Rise of Islamist ExtremismExtremism

A progression from secular phases of Arab nationalism.A progression from secular phases of Arab nationalism. Movement has transcended most ethnic and cultural Movement has transcended most ethnic and cultural

differences.differences.

Cult Case: Mysticism and Rebellion in UgandaCult Case: Mysticism and Rebellion in Uganda

Alice Lakwena’s Holy Spirit Mobile Force.Alice Lakwena’s Holy Spirit Mobile Force. Josef Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army.Josef Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

National Case: IranNational Case: Iran

Revolutionary Guards Corps’ Qods (Jerusalem) Force.Revolutionary Guards Corps’ Qods (Jerusalem) Force. Cases: Support for Lebanon’s Hezbollah and Palestinian Cases: Support for Lebanon’s Hezbollah and Palestinian

Islamists.Islamists.

Regional Case: Pakistan and IndiaRegional Case: Pakistan and India

Hindu-Muslim conflict.Hindu-Muslim conflict. Pakistan’s Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence Pakistan’s Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence

(ISI).(ISI). Cases: War in Jammu and Kashmir and Golden Temple Cases: War in Jammu and Kashmir and Golden Temple

massacre.massacre.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Regional Case: Religious Zealotry in the Middle Regional Case: Religious Zealotry in the Middle EastEast

Convergence of claims by Islam, Judaism, and Convergence of claims by Islam, Judaism, and Christianity.Christianity.

Case: Competing claims to Jerusalem and sacred sites.Case: Competing claims to Jerusalem and sacred sites.

Movement Case: The International Movement Case: The International MujahideenMujahideen

Islamist “holy warriors” sworn to defend the faith.Islamist “holy warriors” sworn to defend the faith. Case: The Afghan Arabs.Case: The Afghan Arabs.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Organization Case: Al-Qa’ida’s Religious Organization Case: Al-Qa’ida’s Religious FoundationFoundation A movement and loose network.A movement and loose network. Inspired by Osama bin Laden’s worldview.Inspired by Osama bin Laden’s worldview. Belief that Islamist armed resistance is Belief that Islamist armed resistance is

required.required.

Transnational Case: The Algerian Transnational Case: The Algerian JihadisJihadis Civil war in Algeria during 1990s.Civil war in Algeria during 1990s. Violent Islamist uprising.Violent Islamist uprising.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Internecine Case: Sectarian Civil War in Internecine Case: Sectarian Civil War in IraqIraq Sectarian conflict between Sunni and Shi’a Sectarian conflict between Sunni and Shi’a

Muslims.Muslims. Presence of Al-Qa’ida inspired Sunni Islamists.Presence of Al-Qa’ida inspired Sunni Islamists. Backlash by Shi’a majority.Backlash by Shi’a majority.

National Case: Boko Haram in NigeriaNational Case: Boko Haram in Nigeria Sectarian conflict in northeast Nigeria.Sectarian conflict in northeast Nigeria. Boko Haram’s opposition to Western Boko Haram’s opposition to Western

influence.influence. Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Cult Case: Aum ShinrikyōCult Case: Aum Shinrikyō

Japan-based cult founded in 1987 by Shoko Japan-based cult founded in 1987 by Shoko Asahara.Asahara.

At peak, 9,000 members inn Japan and 40,000 At peak, 9,000 members inn Japan and 40,000 worldwide.worldwide.

March, 1995 Tokyo subway sarin nerve gas March, 1995 Tokyo subway sarin nerve gas attack.attack. 5,000 to 6,000 people were injured.5,000 to 6,000 people were injured.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016