Part IV: Final AnalysisPart IV: Final Analysis

Chapter 13: Chapter 13: CounterterrorismCounterterrorism

The OptionsThe OptionsMartin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Use of ForceUse of Force Operations Other than War (OOTW)Operations Other than War (OOTW) Legalistic OptionsLegalistic Options

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Suppression CampaignsSuppression Campaigns

Military suppression campaigns.Military suppression campaigns. Case: Operation Enduring Freedom.Case: Operation Enduring Freedom. Case: Operation Peace for Galilee.Case: Operation Peace for Galilee.

Paramilitary suppression campaigns.Paramilitary suppression campaigns. Case: Algeria.Case: Algeria. Case: Colombia.Case: Colombia.

Punitive and preemptive strikes.Punitive and preemptive strikes.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Coercive Covert OperationsCoercive Covert Operations

““War in the shadows.”War in the shadows.” Case: The Achille Lauro operation.Case: The Achille Lauro operation. Case: Assassinations.Case: Assassinations.

Special Operations ForcesSpecial Operations Forces

Elite military and police units specializing in Elite military and police units specializing in unconventional operations.unconventional operations.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth

Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Nonviolent Covert OperationsNonviolent Covert Operations

Encompasses a number of options.Encompasses a number of options.

Inherently secretive. Often creative.Inherently secretive. Often creative.

Examples:Examples: Infiltration.Infiltration. Disinformation.Disinformation. CyberwarCyberwar

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

IntelligenceIntelligence

SIGINT (Signal Intelligence)SIGINT (Signal Intelligence) HUMINT (Human Intelligence)HUMINT (Human Intelligence) Intelligence agencies.Intelligence agencies. Problems of intelligence coordination.Problems of intelligence coordination.

Enhanced SecurityEnhanced Security

Target hardening.Target hardening. Case: Morocco’s desert wall.Case: Morocco’s desert wall. Case: Israel’s walls on the border.Case: Israel’s walls on the border.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Economic SanctionsEconomic Sanctions

Directed against governments.Directed against governments.

Conditions for success.Conditions for success. Cooperation must remain firm.Cooperation must remain firm. Trade leaks must be controlled.Trade leaks must be controlled. Sanctioned Sanctioned regimeregime must be made to suffer. must be made to suffer.

Problems.Problems. Sanctioned regimes rarely suffer—their people Sanctioned regimes rarely suffer—their people

do.do. Coalitions do not always remain firm.Coalitions do not always remain firm. Leaks are difficult to control.Leaks are difficult to control.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Diplomatic OptionsDiplomatic Options

Reasoned dialogue.Reasoned dialogue. Peace processes.Peace processes. Negotiations.Negotiations.

Social ReformSocial Reform

Responding to underlying grievances.Responding to underlying grievances. Case: Peru and Shining Path.Case: Peru and Shining Path. Case: Spain and ETA.Case: Spain and ETA.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth

Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Concessionary OptionsConcessionary Options

Giving the terrorists what they want.Giving the terrorists what they want.

Examples:Examples:

Payment of ransoms.Payment of ransoms. Releases of imprisoned comrades.Releases of imprisoned comrades. Broadcast or publication of extremist Broadcast or publication of extremist

propaganda.propaganda. Political amnesty.Political amnesty.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Law Enforcement and CounterterrorismLaw Enforcement and Counterterrorism

Responding to terrorist environments.Responding to terrorist environments. Terrorism as inherently criminal behavior under Terrorism as inherently criminal behavior under

law.law. Taking the lead in investigating terrorist Taking the lead in investigating terrorist

incidents.incidents.

Police repression.Police repression.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Domestic Laws and CounterterrorismDomestic Laws and Counterterrorism

Balancing the need for counterterrorist laws Balancing the need for counterterrorist laws and the protection of constitutional rights.and the protection of constitutional rights.

Cases: Cases: Counterterrorist courts in Algeria.Counterterrorist courts in Algeria. Amnesty in Italy.Amnesty in Italy. Outcome of the Achille Lauro incident.Outcome of the Achille Lauro incident.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

International LawInternational Law

Responses by the world community.Responses by the world community. International conventions on hijacking International conventions on hijacking

offenses.offenses. Protecting diplomats.Protecting diplomats. Extradition treaties.Extradition treaties. International courts and tribunals.International courts and tribunals.

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016