Industrialization Spreads

p. 196

Western Industrialization

• Britain tried, but failed, to keep the secrets of industrialization from getting out.

• Other countries would acquire British technology and create new technologies.– The US and Germany would surpass Britain in steel

production• New techniques and inventions made mass

production possible.

Heavy Metals Industry

Henry Bessemer: • developed a steel mass-production

process. • EC: Effects of steel included: (3)

– It allowed for great amounts of very strong steel to be made quickly.

– Steel will allow bigger ships, buildings, and bridges to be built.

– It will also make stronger tools and railroads.

Alfred Nobel:

• Swedish chemist. Developed dynamite. • It is a powerful, concentrated explosive.

– safer and more stable than nitro-glycerin, – safer than black powder.

• He envisioned it being used by mine and construction companies.– Militaries found it useful too.

• Upset by the violent use of his invention, Nobel funded a prize for people whose ideas and inventions worked to make the world safer and peaceful.

Michael Faraday:

• British; changed the energy industry by developing the dynamo.

• electricity generator. – produces electricity – Will change millions of factories,

businesses, cities, and homes.

Thomas Edison:

• US electrical inventor. – He and his technical staff developed the electric “incandescent

lamp” (light bulb).• Would develop the motion picture

– camera – projector

– Since there were no electric companies, he started the first power plant.

– He would start General Electric which made • electric appliances, • generators• transformers.

– Many related companies would wire the industrialized nations.

Interchangeable parts:

• parts that could fit many different kinds of machines.

• Made production efficient, simpler, faster, and cheaper.

• Also did the same for maintenance.– Eli Whitney was a strong proponent and

developer of interchangeable parts.

Assembly line:• Technique used to make production

fast and efficient.• Uses a series of production stages

– each building on the previous one.• not a new idea, • the 20th century saw new ideas to

make the assembly line the best way for a factory to operate.

Henry Ford• credited with developing the

assembly line on a massive scale• EC: What did he do? Why?

–made cars that ordinary people, like his workers, could afford.

–EC: What was his car called?• Ford model T (1919) • “You can have any color you want, so

long as it is black!”

Orville and Wilbur Wright:

• US; flew the first successful, controlled, powered airplane in 1903.

Guglielmo Marconi:• Italy, developed the “wireless telegraph”, 1890s.

• the forerunner of radio,

Corporation:• the business, not the owners or

shareholders, is liable for any legal or financial problems that arise from doing business.

• If business loses money, owners and shareholders do not lose any or much of their own personal money.– Status granted by the government.– Reduces risk to investors, who are more likely

to put their money into a company.

Stock:• Business would sell this to

investors to raise money to operate.

• Investors became part owners as long as they owned the stock (share).

• Two types of investors– Speculator—short term (buy low, sell high)– Long-term—retirement, build up assets

Cartel:• a group of competing businesses join

to control prices, set production quotas, and/or control markets.

• Called “trusts” and illegal in the United States.

• Not illegal internationally--– OPEC (Oil Producing and Exporting Countries) is a cartel

of oil-nations that control global petroleum production and pricing.)

Homework ends

• Class work begins

Factories were spreading all across Europe and across the seas to America and Japan.

– Countries like France, Germany, the US, and Japan industrialized very quickly:

• France, US and Germany had plentiful resources.• All four copied and modified British techniques, often with

British expatriates.• US development was accelerated by the large-scale civil war

it fought using many industrial methods and inventions. • German development moved rapidly after unification in 1870.

– Strict pushing of businesses and the people by the new German leader, Otto von Bismarck.

• Japan also unified under a modernist emperor, Meiji. – Meiji’s government, copying the new German empire, also

strictly pushed businesses and the people to industrialize quickly.

Map Skills, p. 197

• 2. Which American city probably grew because of its location near coal fields?

• Pittsburgh

• 3. Why would you expect Lyon, France, to become a major industrial city?

• It was located near both coal fields and iron ore deposits

Graph Skills, p. 198

• Which nation had the greatest increase in steel production and which had the smallest?

• Largest: United States

• Smallest: Great Britain

Standards Check, p. 198

• What factors led to the industrialization of other nations after Britain?

• Other nations had abundant supplies of natural resources and were able to use the ideas and technology that Great Britain had developed.

Standards Check, p. 199

• Question What was the dynamo’s impact on the Industrial Revolution?

• The dynamo generated electricity that powered other machines.

Image, p. 199

• Judging from this print, how did electricity make life easier for people in the city?

• They could travel at night

Image, p. 200,

• 1. • as corporations expanded, they needed

more office space; also show off• 2. • sample: telephones would have had the

greatest impact on offices,– they would have enabled faster

communication– therefore, faster production

The transportation industry sees more innovations:

• Steamships replace sailing ships: bigger, faster– Huge, powerful engines (scale) make great size (turn off sound)

possible.• Jobs

– Though Harland & Wolfe hired both Irish Protestant and Catholic workers, Protestant workers bullied and drove out many Catholics.

• Millions can afford to migrate to the Americas from Europe.

• The wealthy can travel in segregated style.

• Hundreds of thousands of miles of rail lines built by developed nations

– Resources– Harbor cities– Speedily deliver military forces– Cross continents, joining coasts

Automobile– EC: Name the inventor and the country

• Internal combustion engine—– Small, powerful, uses gasoline (a cheap

fuel source)• Nikolaus Otto, Germany:

– First three-wheel automobile• Karl Benz, Germany:

– First four-wheel automobile • Gottlieb Daimler, Germany:

Communications Industry—

• EC: What was developed?• Samuel Morse--

– US, telegraph, 1830s. Develops a code for tones as no voice could be used.

– An English entrepreneur lays Transatlantic Cable between Ireland and Canada

• Allows telegraph to send across the Atlantic Ocean.

• Alexander Bell--– US, telephone, 1870s

Image, p. 201

• Did Marconi’s prediction come true? Explain.

• Yes, advances in communications such as mobile phones and e-mail have made worldwide communication almost instantaneous.

Standards Check, p. 201

• How did technological advances in transportation and communications affect the Industrial Revolution?

• Travel was faster by steamship, railroad, autos, and airplanes

• National and international communication was possible through telegraph, telephone, and radio.

Political cartoon, p. 202

• Is the cartoonist for or against government control of businesses –Favored government

control/regulation of big business.–Portrays business as a monster;

making businesses look dangerous to the public.

Standards Check, p. 202

• Why were big business leaders “captains of industry” to some, but “robber barons” to others?

• Pro:• Business owners created economic benefits• Con:• Business owners exploited consumers,

workers, and free enterprise