25-1 25-1 The Beginnings of The Beginnings of

IndustrializationIndustrialization

The Industrial Revolution starts in The Industrial Revolution starts in England and soon spreads to England and soon spreads to

other countries.other countries.

Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain

New Ways of WorkingNew Ways of Working Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution—greatly increases —greatly increases

output of machine-made goods.output of machine-made goods. Revolution begins in England in the middle Revolution begins in England in the middle

1700s.1700s.

Disadvantages of the old Disadvantages of the old systemsystem

Field left fallowPeople have to walk over your strips to reach theirs

No proper drainage

Animals can trample crops and spread disease

Difficult to take advantage of new farming techniques

Because land in different fields takes time to get to each field

No hedges or fences

Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain

The Agricultural Revolution Paves the WayThe Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way EnclosuresEnclosures—large farm fields enclosed by —large farm fields enclosed by

fences or hedgesfences or hedges Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once

owned by village farmers.owned by village farmers. Enclosures allowed experimentation with new Enclosures allowed experimentation with new

agricultural methodsagricultural methods Small farmers forced to become tenant farmers Small farmers forced to become tenant farmers

or give up farming and move to citiesor give up farming and move to cities

Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain

Rotating CropsRotating Crops Crop rotationCrop rotation——

switching crops each switching crops each year to avoid depleting year to avoid depleting soilsoil

Livestock breeders Livestock breeders allow only the best to allow only the best to breed, improve food breed, improve food supply.supply.

Satellite image of rotated crops in Kansas in June 2001

Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain

Why the Industrial Revolution Began in Why the Industrial Revolution Began in EnglandEngland IndustrializationIndustrialization—move to machine —move to machine

production of goodsproduction of goods Britain has natural resources—coal, iron, Britain has natural resources—coal, iron,

rivers, harborsrivers, harbors Expanding economy in Britain encourages Expanding economy in Britain encourages

investmentinvestment Britain has all needed factors of production—Britain has all needed factors of production—

land, labor, capitalland, labor, capital

Factors of Production: LandFactors of Production: Land

Great Britain had great natural resourcesGreat Britain had great natural resources coal for fuelcoal for fuel iron for steel & machineryiron for steel & machinery waterways (rivers & canals) to generate waterways (rivers & canals) to generate

power and transport raw materials and goodspower and transport raw materials and goods

Early CanalsEarly Canals

Britain’s Earliest Britain’s Earliest Transportation Transportation InfrastructureInfrastructure

Factors of Production: LaborFactors of Production: Labor

Great Britain’s population grew because of Great Britain’s population grew because of greater food supplygreater food supply

enclosure movement took land away from enclosure movement took land away from small farmerssmall farmers resulted in surplus of available workersresulted in surplus of available workers

Factors of Production: CapitalFactors of Production: Capital

capitalcapital is the money or property a is the money or property a business needs to stay in businessbusiness needs to stay in business

capital can be money, machines, or capital can be money, machines, or peoplepeople people who specialized in one area had people who specialized in one area had

abilities and skills to their advantagesabilities and skills to their advantages

A Revolution in TextilesA Revolution in Textiles

a a cottage industrycottage industry is an occupation in is an occupation in which you make a craft and it is done in which you make a craft and it is done in your homeyour home

making cloth had been a cottage industrymaking cloth had been a cottage industry cloth was made mostly with woolcloth was made mostly with wool

A New Way of Making ClothA New Way of Making Cloth

cloth was now made from wool and cottoncloth was now made from wool and cotton more sheep could be raised due to the more sheep could be raised due to the

enclosure movementenclosure movement cotton came to Great Britain from the coloniescotton came to Great Britain from the colonies

new inventions helped the process of cloth new inventions helped the process of cloth makingmaking

Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization Changes in the Changes in the

Textile IndustryTextile Industry Weavers work Weavers work

faster with faster with flying shuttlesflying shuttles and and spinning spinning jenniesjennies

Water frameWater frame uses water uses water power to drive power to drive spinning wheelsspinning wheels

Cotton GinCotton Gin

invented by Eli Whitneyinvented by Eli Whitney removed seeds from raw cottonremoved seeds from raw cotton

Spinning JennySpinning Jenny

invented by James Hargreavesinvented by James Hargreaves spun multiple threads at one timespun multiple threads at one time

threads were still thick and broke easilythreads were still thick and broke easily

Spinning FrameSpinning Frame

invented by Richard Arkwrightinvented by Richard Arkwright similar to the spinning jennysimilar to the spinning jenny

spun stronger, thinner threadsspun stronger, thinner threads

““Flying Shuttle”Flying Shuttle”

invented by John Kayinvented by John Kay pushed thread back and forth on loom pushed thread back and forth on loom

automaticallyautomatically had been done by the weaver pushing the had been done by the weaver pushing the

shuttle back and forthshuttle back and forth allowed for looms to be wider than arm’s widthallowed for looms to be wider than arm’s width

Power LoomPower Loom

invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785 automated the weaving processautomated the weaving process

Cloth Making Outside the HomeCloth Making Outside the Home

new inventions to speed up the cloth new inventions to speed up the cloth making process were big machinesmaking process were big machines

machines needed a special place to house machines needed a special place to house themthem

cloth now made cloth now made in in FACTORIESFACTORIES

Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation

Watt’s Steam EngineWatt’s Steam Engine Need for cheap, convenient power spurs Need for cheap, convenient power spurs

development for steam enginedevelopment for steam engine James Watt improves steam engine, James Watt improves steam engine,

financed by Matthew Boultonfinanced by Matthew Boulton Boulton was an entrepreneur – Boulton was an entrepreneur –

organizes, manages, takes business organizes, manages, takes business risksrisks

James WattMichael Boulton

Steam engine designed by Boulton & Watt. Engraving of a 1784 engine.

Reproduction of James Watt's steam engine

Water TransportationWater Transportation

Robert Fulton builds first steamboat, the Robert Fulton builds first steamboat, the ClermontClermont, in 1807, in 1807

England’s water transport improved by England’s water transport improved by system of canalssystem of canals

Road TransportationRoad Transportation British roads are improved; British roads are improved;

companies operate them as toll companies operate them as toll roadsroads

The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins

Steam-Driven LocomotivesSteam-Driven Locomotives In 1804, Richard Trevithick builds first In 1804, Richard Trevithick builds first

steam-driven locomotivesteam-driven locomotive In 1825, George Stephenson builds In 1825, George Stephenson builds

world’s first railroad lineworld’s first railroad line

The Liverpool-Manchester RailroadThe Liverpool-Manchester Railroad

Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurs build railroad from build railroad from Liverpool to Liverpool to ManchesterManchester

Stephenson’s Stephenson’s RocketRocket acknowledged as acknowledged as best locomotive best locomotive (1829)(1829)

The Impact of the Railroad

The Impact of the Railroad

Railroads Revolutionize Life in Railroads Revolutionize Life in BritainBritain

Railroads spur industrial growthRailroads spur industrial growth Creates jobsCreates jobs Cheaper transportation boosts many Cheaper transportation boosts many

industriesindustries People move to citiesPeople move to cities

A cutaway view of the cylinder and steam valve of the replica Rocket

Rocket replica