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CHAPTER 1BACKGROUND

1.1 Background

Dengue virus infection is an acute fever caused by a virus of the genus

flavivirus, family Flaviviridae which has four serotypes are DEN-1, DEN-,

DEN-!, and DEN-", through the intermediary by Aedes aegypti or Aedes

albopictus. #ourth dengue serotypes are in $ndonesia. DEN-! is the

predominant serotype and is associated with severe cases, followed by DEN-.1

%t this time, the number of dengue cases is still high at around 1&-' per

1&&.&&& population. (he age at which most children affected by dengue are

aged "-1& years. (he death rate due to dengue fever from &&1 to &&) is 1**

people.$n $ndonesia reported as many as 11.!!" cases of dengue fever with a

mortality rate of +*+ cases.!

(he clinical spectrum of dengue can be divided

into silent dengue infection, dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever and

dengue shock syndrome.1

1. bective

(his paper is one of the reuirements to fullfil in the senior clinical

assistance programs in /ediatric Department of 0ai %dam alik 2eneral

0ospital, 3niversity of 4umatera 3tara. $n addition, this paper can be used asreference to know and understanding a little about dengue infection.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

.1. Dengue 5irus $nfection

.1.1 Definition

Dengue 5irus $nfection is a disease that caused by mosuito6s bite, such

asAedes AegyptyandAedes Albopictus.1

Dengue hemorrhagic fever 7/hilippine, (hai, or 4ingapore hemorrhagic

fever8 hemorrhagic dengue8 acute infectious thrombocytopenic purpura9 is an

acute and severe, oftenfatal, febrile disease causedby the dengue viruses, a group of

four antigenically related flaviviruses designated serotypes 1 through ". $t is

characteri:edby capillary permeability, abnormalities of hemostasis, and in severe

cases, a protein-losing shock syndrome (dengue shoc s!nd"o#e$% which is

thought to have an immunopathologic basis.

.1. Epidemiology

Dengue disease is endemic disease in many countries such as $ndonesia,

yamar, (hailand, (imor ;este, and others. $n $ndonesia, dengue disease is a

contagious disease and a freuent cause of outbreaks. (his disease is second rank

disease of the top ten diseases that hospitali:ed patients in $ndonesia in &&*.

Based on the data, the cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever as much as 11.!!"

with the death as many as +*+ cases.!,"4till high number of deaths due to dengue

fever can not be separated from risk factor of dengue shock syndrome. Based on

the results of research conducted 4ubahagio 7&&*9 that 1)< of patients with

dengue fever will develop into dengue shock syndrome.'eanwhile, according to

research conducted by %nders, et al., that children aged = to 1& years are at risk of

developing into dengue shock syndrome and girls are more likely to suffer from

dengue shock syndrome than boys.=

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.1.! Etiology

Dengue fever is the cause of dengue virus has four serotypes 7dengue-1,

dengue-, dengue-!, dengue-"9, which included in the %rbovirus group, genus

Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. %rbovirus is a virus that is transmitted by

arthropods such as mosuitoes.1Dengue virus entered to the human body through

the bite of aedes aegypti. $n general, these mosuitoes bite during the day 7*>&& to

1&>&& pm9 and afternoon 71=>&& to 1)>&&9. %edes aegypty lives in tropical to

subtropical lowland. %dult mosuitoes are medium-si:ed, dark brown body, and

the body and legs are covered with scales and silvery white stripes.

%edes aegypty likes the cool house, damp, dark, and alighted on clothing or

belongings hanging. % place to live in clear stagnant water such as a bath tub and

water reservoirs. %edes aegypti mosuito lifespan of about to ! weeks, laying

about && to "&& grains, and flew a distance of about 1&& meters.)

Aedes aegypti is a small, dark mosuito with white lyre shaped markings

and banded legs. (hey prefer to bite indoors and primarily bite humans. (hese

mosuitoes can use natural locations or habitats 7for e?ample treeholes and plant

a?ils9 and artificial containers with water to lay their eggs. (hey lay eggs during

the day in water containing organic material 7e.g., decaying leaves, algae, etc.9 in

containers with wide openings and prefer dark-colored containers located in the

shade. %bout three days after feeding on blood, the mosuito lays her eggs inside

a container ust above the water line. Eggs are laid over a period of several days,

are resistant to desiccation and can survive for periods of si? or more months.

@hen rain floods the eggs with water, the larvae hatch. 2enerally larvae feed

upon small auatic organisms, algae and particles of plant and animal material in

water-filled containers. (he entire immature or auatic cycle 7i.e., from egg to

adult9 can occur in as little as )-+ days. (he life span for adult mosuitoes is

around three weeks. Egg production sites are within or in close pro?imity to

households.

Aedes albopictus 74kuse9, also called the A%sian tiger mosuito6, is a

vector for a series of human arboviruses among which flaviviruses 7dengue virus,

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yellow fever virus, apanese encephalitis virus, and @est Nile virus9 and

togaviruses 7Coss Civer virus and hikungunya virus9. (he species is known to be

an important vector of dengue, second only to Aedes aegypti, and is suspected to

be the only important vector of the hikungunya outbreak on the $ndian $slands

outbreak in &&=. (he %sian tiger mosuito is a highly invasive mosuito species

and is difficult to control. $t is an aggressive day biting mosuito whose bites can

cause dermatological and allergic reactions. $t is considered a container breeder,

preferring to oviposit in small uantities of water such as drums, tyres, buckets,

flower saucers, tarpaulins, and manholes.

.1." lassification

%ccording to the @0 in &11 that the dengue virus infections are

classified as follows> 1

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/icture 1. lassification of Dengue $nfection

.1.' /athogenesis

/athogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever is still debated. Based on

available data, there is strong evidence that the mechanism of imunopatologis role

occurrence of dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome.

(he immune response that is known to play a role in the pathogenesis of dengue

are>

a9 0umoral response in the form of antibodies that play a role in virus

neutrali:ation process. %ntibodies to dengue virus play a role in virus replication

accelerates in monocytes or macrophages. (his hypothesis is called antibody

dependent enhancement.

b9 ( lymphocytes both (-helper 7D"9 and ( cytoto?ic 7D+9 plays a role in

cellular immune response against dengue virus. (01 differentiation of ( helper

that will produce interferon gamma, $;- and lymphokine, while (h produces

$;-", $;-', $;-= and $;-1&8

c9 onocytes and makrolag role in phagocytosis by opsoni:ation virus

antibodies. 0owever, this causes increased phagocytosis process of viral

replication and secretion of cytokines by macrophages8

d9 $n addition, (he activation of complement by immune comple?es led to

the formation of !a and 'a.

0alstead in 1*)! filed a secondary heterologous infection hypothesis

which states that dengue fever occurs when a person is infected with the dengue

virus with different types. Ce-infection causes anamnestic antibody reaction

resulting in high concentrations of immune comple?es.

;ess and Ennis in 1**" summari:es the opinion 0alstead and other researchers8

states that dengue virus infection causes macrophage activation phagocyte virus-

antibody comple? non neutrali:ation so that the virus replicate in macrophages.

acrophage infection by dengue virus causes the activation of ( helper and

cytoto?ic ( thus produced lymphokines and interferon-gamma. $nterferon gamma

activates monocyte thus secreted a variety of inflammatory mediators such as

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(N#-, $;-1, /%# 7platelet activating factor9, $;-= and histamine that causes

dysfunction of endothelial cells and plasma leakage. $ncreased !a and 'a

occurs through activation of the virus-antibody comple? that also resulted in the

leakage of plasma. (hrombocytopenia in dengue infections occur through the

mechanism of bone marrow suppression and destruction and shortening the life

span of platelets.+

/icture . /athogenesis of D0#

.1.=. (he ourse of Disease

(he course of disease in dengue hemorrhagic fever is divided into !

phases. (here are three phases of dengue hemorrhage fever such as>

1. #ever /hase

/hase fever lasts to ) days with a body temperature of about !* to "&

. $n the acute febrile phase usually accompanied by redness of the face,

erythema of the skin, pain in the whole body, and headache. 4ome patients

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also complain of difficulty swallowing, pharyngeal pain, conunctival pain,

loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. During the initial phase of fever is

difficult to distinguish between dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic

fever. n dengue fever, once free of fever for " hours without fever,

patients will enter a period of healing. 0owever, in patients with

hemorrhagic fever, after the febrile phase is completed it will go into a

critical phase.

. ritical /hase

Body temperature in the critical phase decreased by about !).' or down

below. (his phase generally occurs in the third to fifth day of fever. $n thecritical phase of increased capillary permeability causing leakage of

plasma. ritical phase lasts for " to "+ hours. $f there is no leakage of

plasma, the patientFs condition will improve but if there is leakage of

plasma, the patientFs condition will deteriorate. onditions of prolonged

plasma leakage and delays will cause shock.

!. Cecovery /hase

/atients who have passed the critical phase, there will be a process of re-

absorption of fluids within to ! days and gradually the patientFs condition

will improve. 0ealing phase lasts between to ) days. 2enerally dengue

fever patients who have successfully passed the critical phase will recover

without complications within " to "+ hours after the shock. (he healing

phase is characteri:ed by the condition of the patient began to improve,

appetite begins to increase, and vital signs were stable. $n this phase of

intravenous fluids is usually discontinued, replaced with nutrition orally.

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/icture !. /hase of D0#

.1.) Diagnosis

a. Dengue fever1

$s an acute febrile illness for -) days, characteri:ed by two or more of

the following clinical manifestations>

G 0eadache.

G /ain retro-oebital.

G yalgia H arthralgia.

G 4kin rash.

G Bleeding manifestations 7petechiae or positive bending test9.

G (orniuet test 7I9.

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b. Dengue 0emorrhagic #ever1

Based on the 1**) @0 criteria for D0# diagnosis is made when all of

these things below filled >

G #ever lasts -) days, occasionally biphasic

G 0emorrhagic tendencies

G thrombocytopenia 7J1&&,&&& H mm!9

G Evidence of plasma leakage, manifested

by> - Cise in hematocritK & ompos mentis. Body

temperature> !),* L, B@> !' kg, B0> 1=& cm. anemic 7-H-9, ikteric 7-H-9,dyspnea 7-9, cyanosis7-9, edema 7-9.

Loc.,5ed &+.+us

- 0ead> Eye> eye light reflect IHI, conunctiva palpebral inferior pale -H-,

EarHNoseHouth> within normal range.

- Neck>

ugular 5ein /ressure> CI cm 0o

- (hora?>

4ymetrical fusiformis, Cetractions 7-9, CC> &?HiHregular,

respiratory sound> vesicular, additional sound 7-9, 0C> *& ?Hi,

regular, murmur 7-9.

- %bdomen>

4oepel, /eristaltic 7I9 N, 0epar and ;ien> unpalpable, Epigastric

pain 7I9.

- E?tremities>

/etechial rash is found on the lower of left arm, pulse> *&?Hi,

regular, weak, cold acral, C( J !M, edema pretibial 7-9, blood

pressure> 11&H+& mm0g.

L.)o".+o"! 6,nd,ngs0

=rdan &1'

omplete Blood ount>

(est Cesult 3nit Ceferal

Eye > light refle? IHI, isochoric pupil, conunctiva palpebra

inferior pale 7-H-9

Ear > within normal range

Nose > within normal range

outh > within normal range

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0emoglobin 1'.& g< 1!.-1).!

Erythrocyte '.1! 1&=

Hmm!

".&-".+)

;eucocyte .1* 1&!Hmm! ".'-11.&

(hrombocyte 11! 1&!Hmm! 1'&-"'&

0ematocrite ",+& < "!-"*

Eosinophil &.&& < 1-=

Basophil &.&& < &-1

Neutrophil ==.&& < !)-+&

;ymphocyte 1.)& < &-"&

onocyte 1.1& < -+

Neutrophil

absolute

!.*+ 1&!H; .)-=.'

;ymphocyte

absolute

1.!1 1&!H; 1.'-!.)

onocyte absolute &.)! 1&!H; &.-&."

Basophyl absolute &.&1 1&!H; &-&.1

5 )1.'& f; +'-*'

0 '.'& /g +-!

0 !'.)& g< !!-!'

Blood 2lucose *!.&& mgHd; J&&

4odium 1* mEH; 1!'-1''Oalium '.& mEH; !.=-'.'

hloride 1&1 mEH; *=-1&=

D,.gnos,s0 Dengue hemorrhagic fever without shock

The".!0

- $5#D D'< Nal &."'< "& dropsHminute macro

- $n. /aracetamol '&&mgH$5

- B Diet &&&kkal I *&gr protein

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P"ognos.0

Dubia ad bonam

6oo7 U0

=than &1= &).&&

& O A P

#ever 7I9 4ensorium> ompos

entis , (> !),+ o, B@> "'

kg, B0> 1=& cm.

0ead> Eye Ceflect IHI,

$sochoric /upil, on.

D0# - $5#D D' 4oepel, Normal

peristaltic, 0epar

unpalpable, ;ien>

unpalpable, Epigastric /ain

7I9.

E?tremities> /ulse> +=?Hi,

Cegular, @eak, @arm

%cral, C( J !M, Edema

/retibial 7-9, B/ > 11&H)&

mm0g.

Cumple leed (est 7I9

paracetamol

'&& mgH +

hoursH

intravenous.

- heck for $g2

anti dengue

- omplete

Blood test

6oo7 U0

=th an &1= 1).&&& O A P

#ever 7I9 4ensorium> ompos

entis , (> !),+o, B@> "'

kg, B0> 1=& cm.

0ead> Eye Ceflect IHI,

$sochoric /upil, on.

/alpebral $nferior /ale -H-,

outhHNoseHEar> Normal.

D0# - $5#D D'< Nal

&."'< 1&

dropsHmin micro

- $n. paracetamol

'&& mgH + hoursH

intravenous.

- heck for $g2 anti

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Neck> 5/ CI 0

(hora?> 4ymetris

#usiformis, Cetraction 7-9

0C> *&?Hi, 4ystolic

urmur7-9, CC> ?Hi,

Conchi -H-.

%bdomen> 4oepel, Normal

peristaltic, 0epar

unpalpable, ;ien>

unpalpable, Epigastric /ain

7I9.

E?tremities> /ulse> *&?Hi,

Cegular, %deuate, @arm

acral, C( J !M, Edema

/retibial 7-9, B/ > 11&H)&

mm0g.

Cumple leed (est 7I9

dengue

- omplete blood

test

6oo7 U0

)than &1= &=.&&

& O A P

#ever 7I9 4ensorium> %lert, (> !*.1 o

,

B@> "' kg, B0> 1=& cm.

0ead> Eye Ceflect IHI,

isochoric pupil, on.

/alpebral $nferior /ale -H-,

NouthHnoseHEar> Normal.

Neck> 5/ CI 0

(hora?> 4ymetris #usiformis,

D0# - $5#D D' 4oepel, Normal

/eristaltic, 0epar unpalpable,

;ien> unpalpable. Epigastric

pain 7-9.

E?tremities> /ulse> 11&?Hi,

regular, %deuate, @arm

%cral, C( J !M, Edema

/retibial 7-9, B/ > 11&H=&

mm0g.

Cumple leed (est 7I9

$g > -

$g2 > I

intravenous.

6oo7 U0

+th an &1= 1=.!&

& O A P

#ever 7-9 4ensorium> , (> !), o,

B@> "' kg, B0> 1=& cm.

0ead> Eye Ceflect IHI,

$sochoric /upil, on.

/alpebral $nferior /ale -H-,

outhHNoseHEar> Normal.

Neck> 5/ CI 0

(hora?> 4ymetris #usiformis,

Cetraction 7-9 0C> *=?Hi,

D0# - $5#D D'

G #ever lasts -) days with of the

following such as headache, retroorbital

pain, myalgia, athralgia, and rash.

G 0emorrhagic manifestation.

;aboratory criteria of D0# are >

G(hrombocytopenia 7J1&&,&&& H mm!9

G Evidence of plasma leakage,

manifested by >

- Cise in hematocritK &

- Cumple leed test I

- D0# is classified into grade $, $$, $$$

and $5. D0# is diagnosed with the help

of rumple leed test

/atient was treated with >

- $5#D D'< Nal &."'< 1&

dropsHmin micro

- $n. paracetamol '&& mgH + hoursH

- (he management of dengue

hemorrhagic fever grade $ is >

$5#D D'< Nal &,"'< =-)

mlHkgbwHhour within !-" hours,

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intravenous.

- onitoring for shock sign

and then evaluation. 7if the vital

sign still abnormally, higher the

fluid to 1&-1' mlHkgbwHhour. $f

the vital sign turn normally,

lower the fluid to ' to !

mlHkgbwHhour and then we6ve to

evalution again9. $n this case the

patient also diagnose with mild-

moderate gastroenteritis, so we

give this patient initial therapy

with $5#D D'< Nal &,"' $nfeksi 5irus Dengue. $katan Dokter %nak $ndonesia.

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. @0. &&*. Dengue guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and

control. @orld 0ealth rgani:ation.

!. Depkes C$. &&*. /rofil Oesehatan $ndonesia &&*. Diunduh >

www.depkes.go.id.

". Depkes C$. &&'. /encegahan dan /emberantasan Demam Berdarah di

$ndonesia. akarta > Direktorat enderal /engendalian /enyakit dan Oesehatan

;ingkungan.

'. 4ubahagio. &&*. enentukan #aktor Cesiko Dominan Oeadian Dengue 4yok

4indrome pada /enderita DBD. Diunduh > digilib.bmf.litbang.depkes.go.id.

=. %nders, O.;, et al. &11. Epidemiological factor associated with dengue shock

syndrome and mortality in hospitali:ed dengue patients.

AM.J.Trop.Med.Hyg,84(1).1!"1#4.

). 4aleha 4ungkar. &11. Buku %ar /arasitologi Oedokteran. akarta > #O3$.

+. @ichman, , et al., &1. /athogenesis of Dengue 0emmorhagic #ever. .

(ropical edicine and $nternational 0ealth. 1&-1&+.

http://www.depkes.go.id/http://www.depkes.go.id/