World Civilization Week 8

7/29/2019 World Civilization Week 8

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The Age of Absolutism

The Modern World Develops


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Modern State

The 17th century saw the

development of two different models

of government.

EnglandConstitutionalism

France - Absolutism


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Political Development

Many differences in the two models

of political development:

Religious factors affected the political

destinies of England and France

Major institutional differences between the

two monarchiesPersonalities of the rulers also played a

significant role


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On the Road to

Constitutionalism

In 1603, Elizabeth I dies with no heir James I of Scotland succeeds as the

next English Monarch.

Puritan Movement in England


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James I

1566-1625

Stuart Family

Favored

Absolutism

Parliament too

strong


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The Divine Right

James believed in

an Absolute

Monarchy.

Anglican

Episcopacy

Avoid Parliamentthrough impositions


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Take Heed

1604Millenary Petition at Hampton Court

No Bishops No King!!!

Found issues with both the Puritans and the

Catholics.

Gunpowder Plot of 1605


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Gunpowder Plot 1605


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Absolute Concessions

1611Issued the King James Bible to ease

the tensions with the Puritans

1618Supported Bohemian Calvinists

against the Catholic adversaries.

1618Popular Recreation on Sunday

1620Pilgrims sail to America

1624War with Spain


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Charles I

1625-1649

Married to a

Catholic French

Princess

Levied Taxes

Enforced new laws


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Conflict and War

In 1629, Charles sent Parliamentprorogued.

Fear of Popery among Parliament

In 1640, Scotland rebelled againstCharles religious policies.

He calls Parliament to raise funds,but his efforts were to no avail.


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The Long Parliament

1640-1660

John Pym headed Parliament in the first

phase. During this time, Parliament moved to

establish constitutionalism.

Parliament was uncooperative withCharles I.

Abolished tax and religious laws.


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Eruption of Civil War

In 1641, Parliament issued Charles

the grand remonstrance

In 1642, Charles storms Parliament

and attempts to capture John Pym

Charles withdrew to Nottinghamand raises an army.


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The Civil War: 1642-1646

Fought over two main issues:

1. Government/Politics

2. Religion

England divided . those who supported

Parliament (Roundheads) and those who

supported the King (Cavaliers).


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The New Model

1644Battle of

Marston Moor

1645Battle ofNaseby

Oliver Cromwell

established Puritan

dominance

New Model Army


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The End of the War

Parliamentarians gain the upper hand by

1645, for two reasons:

- alliance with Scotland

- Oliver Cromwell

By 1648, Cromwell had defeated Charles,

but Prides Purge would seal his fate.

- Rump Parliament


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Charles Beheaded on

January 30, 1649


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Oliver Cromwell

Military Genius,

but not a political

one.

Establishes the

Puritan Republic

Lord Protector ofEngland

Died 1658


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The Restoration

Charles II: 1660-85

In 1660, Parliamentallowed for the

restoration of the

throne.

Held secret Catholic

sympathies.


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Renewed Rights

Charles II maintained a policy of

religious toleration.

Religious tolerance for Catholics & Puritans

to worship freely.

Clarendon Code - Parliament

-Book of Common Prayer

- Thirty Nine Articles


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Religious Tension Revisited

Charles attempted to rejoin the

Catholic faith but found problems

1670: Treaty of Dover

1672: Declaration of Indulgence

Parliament responded with the Test

Act.

oath against transubstantiation


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Popish Plot

In 1678, Titus Oates swore thatCharles wife was plotting with

Jesuits and Irishmen to kill Charles. Parliament believed Oates, despite

his track of lying.

Charles II dies in 1685 and hisbrother James becomes king.


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James II:1685-88

Ardent Catholic

Tried to repeal the

Test Act

Tolerance

reinstated

Forced out of

England


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William & Mary


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Glorious Revolution

In 1688, Parliament chased James IIout of England.

Parliament declared throne vacantand proclaimed Wm. & Mary as thenew monarchs in 1689

The Bill of Rights - 1689Constitutionalism Established.


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The Settlement

The Act of Toleration1689

The Mutiny Act1689

The Act of Settlement1701

The Act of Union - 1707


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Absolute France

Rise of King Louis XIV in 1643

one king, one law, one faith

Made the monarchy the most

important and powerful political

institution. Used the system to his advantage.


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Predecessors

Henry IV curtailed the privileges of

the nobility.

In 1610, Louis XIII developed the

role of the intendant.

The role of Cardinal Richelieu


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Richelieu: 1585-1642

Master of politicsand diplomacy

Played both sidesof the fence

Used the arts andprinting press todefine the raisond etat


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The Rise of Sun King

Louis XIV became monarch in 1643, but hewas only FIVE.

Cardinal Mazarin was his chief advisor andruled the government.

1649-1652: Paris Parlement revolted andtook over the government.

1652 - Louis XIV began his career.

Symbolically he was 14 years old.


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L etat, cest moi

Louis XIV had two successful

strategies.

First, he used propaganda to create

a political image.

Second, he gained the favor of theFrench nobles


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Rigaud s Portrait


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King By Divine Right

The Divine right of Kings - cited

examples from the Old Testament

Only God could judge the King

Louis had help from Bishop Bossuetwho was a master of Canon andFrench Law.


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Smoke and Mirrors

Louis XIV continued his propaganda

by moving the royal court to

Versailles in 1683.

Chose the royal emblem of the sun

as it was associated with Apollo the

god of peace and arts.


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Religious Policies

Louis XIV upheld the doctrines of

the Council of Trent

Suppressed the Jansenists and the

French Huguenots.

Appealed to the Jesuit Rule. 1685Revokes the Edict of Nantes


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Absolute Unity

Louis XIV s unification of France

led to a strong military.

Secured international boundaries for

France.

The Great War Machine: Colbert,Louvois, and Vauban.


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Ministers of Defense

Jean-Baptiste Colbert: 1619-1683

-Economic genius, he enhanced the

mercantile system and increased taxes Marquis of Louvois and Sebastien

Vauban

- Perfected the French Military, bothin strength and tactics.


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The Early Wars

The War of Devolution - 1667-68 Louisheld claim to Spanish Belgian

Treaty of the Pyrenees 1659Legally the property devolved to his wife

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1669

Invasion of the Netherlands - 1670-72Louis wanted control of the tradingroutes.

Peace of Nijmwegen 1679


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Charles II of Spain 1661-1700

Son of Philip IV

through his 2nd

marriage. Sufferer because of

ailments

Cause of two of Louis

XIVs wars.


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The Later Wars

League of Augsburg & the Nine Years

WarConquered Alsace

Treaty of Ryswick 1697

War of Spanish Succession - Long and

drawn out war that weighed heavily on

the French military.Treaty of Utrecht 1713

Treaty of Rastatt 1714


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Social Contract Theory

A government is legitimate if people would

voluntarily submit to its authority Central idea: government (and its authority)

are rational

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)John Locke (1632-1704)


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Thomas Hobbes

Life in the state of

nature would be

solitary, poor, nasty,

brutish, and short

What is the basis for

the Hobbesian State of

Nature?

Fear and I were born

twins!


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Hobbess Social Contract

You would give up

Liberty

To gain

Security


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John Locke

Rationality justifies

government But also limits its

authority


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Natural Rights and Freedom

Equality of power and jurisdiction

Liberty, not license

Law of nature: no one ought to harmanother is his life, health, liberty, or

possessions


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Lockes State of Nature

You have natural rights in the state of

nature:

Rights to life, health, liberty, and propertyRight of self-preservation

Right to execute the law of nature

Not a state of war


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Next Week

Pascals Wager: In what way does Pascal

demonstrate that reason is limited? What is his

point in the Wager argument?

Persian Letters: What is the lesson in the parable

of the Troglodytes? How can it be applied to

society in the Enlightenment?

Kants Essay: What does Kant claim theEnlightenment to be exactly? Is he accurate?

World Civilization Week 8

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Transcript of World Civilization Week 8