World Civilization Week 10

7/30/2019 World Civilization Week 10

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Age of Revolutions

French Revolution


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Factors Leading to Revolt

Economic Crisis

- Seven Years

War: 1756-1763- American Revolution

Unstable Monarchy

Enlightenment Ideas

- Reform


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On the Eve of Revolution

The death of Louis XV in 1774

brought political turmoil to France

Depleting economic system

New Tax Scheme failed (Rene

Maupeou) and the Frenchparlements were at war with each

other.


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Assembly of Notables

Charles de Calonne: 1734-1802became the minister of finance in 1786

New Land Tax and Internal Revenues.

In 1787, called for a meeting of theAssembly of Notablesa group of the

top aristocrats in France.

The meeting backfired!


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Estates General TheAssembly of Notables refused

Calonnes policy and demanded direct

control of the government. The Notables called for the reappointment

of Necker and anEstates General.

Enlightenment established a need forREFORM and gave aristocrats leverage.


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The Three Estates

Frances population at the end of the 18th

century was about 25 million.

1st EstateClergy: only included about 100,000owned 15% of the land but paid no taxes. They paid

the don gratuit.

2nd EstateNobility: around 400,000 people and

owned 20% to 25% of the land. The did not paytaxes.

3rd EstateEveryone Else: everyone from wealthy

merchants to peasants.


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Calling of the Estates General

Louis XVI backed off, then dismissed

Necker, and replaced him with the

Archbishop of ToulouseBrienne.

But the clergy, like the aristocracy, refused

the subsidy and reduced the don gratuit.

By 1788, Louis XVI capitulates andconvokes the Estates General and

reappoints Necker.


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Vox Populi

What is the Third Estate?

- Everything; but everythingshackled and oppressed

Abbe Sieyes remarks called the

attention to the nobles for ACTION. The fate of the Nation!!!


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Voting Rights Aristocracy attempted to limit the

influence of the Third Estate.

1. Equal number of representatives

2. One vote per group/estate

This caused dissemination amongthe nobility and the people.


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The Meeting

Versailles: May 5, 1789

Royal council had doubled the

membership of the Third Estate

- economic reform

- political reform Cahiers de doleances - Grievances


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National Assembly

The Third Estate organized astandoff against Louis XVI.

The standoff lasted a few weeks -wanted a new legislative body.

They circumvented the Monarchy

and formed a National Assembly onJune 17, 1789.


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Tennis Court Oath

On June 20, 1789 the Assembly was

locked out of the meeting house.

Moved to a nearby tennis courtjeu

de paume.

Members swore an oath:- A French Constitution


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Jean-Sylvain Bailly


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Constituency

On June 27th Louis XVI acquiesced

and called for a meeting.

The National Constituent Assembly

- composed members from each estate

- shared liberal goals for reform


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Fall of the Bastille

Louis XVI attempts to kibosh the

Assemblydismissed Necker. Bread Riots begin to surface.

On July 14th 800 men stormed the

Bastille. Ninety-eight died and prisoners released.

Bernard-Rene de Launay


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The War Begins

Bastille Day was the foundation forthe heated war that followed.

The Great Fear - popular urbandisturbance. The peasants enter thescene.

August 4, 1789 - abolished the feudalregime.


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Assembly moves to Paris

The National Assembly had four

major goals:

1. Constitutional monarchy

2. Rationalism

3 Laissez- faire economics4. Anticlericalism--Deism


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Political Changes

Active and Passive Citizens.Only men paying annual taxes equal to three

day of local labor could vote. Status based on property, not heritage.

Split up the Provinces into

Departments. What about the Women????


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Economic Policy

Suppressed workers guilds -> Chapelier

Law

Liberated the grain trade.

Confiscated Church Lands.

- Assignats

Established the metric system.


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Problems

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Counterrevolutionary Activity

- migrs

On June 20, 1791 Louis XVIattempted to flee France.

Captured in Varennes on June 24.


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Unstable Elements

Louis XVI was reluctant to change.

Resentment from the aristocracy.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Chapelier Law & the Declaration of Pillnitz

Workers & Peasants felt left out.


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The Jacobins

The Constitution failed for a number

of factors.

Legislative Assembly - 1791-92

Factionalism -- The Jacobins

- wanted a republic- Applied Rousseaus ideas.


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The Girondists

Jacobins who came from the department

of Gironde.

Were adamantly against the counter-revolutionaries.

Jacques-Pierre Brissot (1754-1793)

Declared war on Austria - reactionagainst theDeclaration of Pillnitz


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The Second Wave

Deposed the Monarchy and established

a Republic.

Liberty, Equality, & Brotherhood

In 1792,Paris Commune formed and

the September Massacresbegan.

Sans-Culottes - The Convention


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Sans-Culottes

In French Without Breeches

basically the working man.

Left out of the Constitutionfelt

neglected.

Believed in shared political powerand wanted to end the HUNGER!


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A Turn of Events

The Jacobins and the sans-culottesformed theMountain in Paris.

Main Goal was to overthrow themonarchy and establish aREPUBLIC!

In 1793, they put Louis XVI on trialfor conspiring against liberty.


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Europe At War

After the Convention executed Louis

XVI on January 21, 1793--they went

to war with Europe.

- Great Britain

- Holland- Spain


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The Terror Begins

The Reign of Terror filtered out of

the second wave of the

revolutionJacobins!

Main goal was to protect the new

Republic

The Committees job was to over see

affairs of France.


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Vive la France!

The Committee of Public Safety led

the way in the protection of the

Republic.

- Maximilien Robespierre

- Jacques Danton- Lazare Carnot


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Robespierre

1758-1794

Left-wing Jacobin

Supported thesans culottes

Ruler during the

Terror Festival of the

Supreme Being


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To Arms!!!

Robespierre and the Committee ofPublic Safety issued the levee en

masse. Revolutionary expectations--protect

the REPUBLIC!

Robespierre answer was put terrorinto their hearts!


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The Policies

Exclusion of Women from politics

De-Christianization of France

- Supreme Being

Revolutionary Tribunals against

enemies of the republic- Guillotine


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De-Christianization

Developed a new French Calendar

Norte Dame --- Temple of Reason

Forced priests to marry and sent

many to the guillotine!


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The Supreme Being


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The End of the Terror

Robespierre began to turn against

his own revolutionaries.

Executes many extreme sansculottes, called enrags The other

Jacobins turned against him and

sent him to the guillotine!


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Thermidorian Reaction

A tempering of the revolution

Quell the heated battles of theTerror

Institute rule and law

Ban violent groups like the

Commune

Restructure the government


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White Terror

The second stage of the Reaction

Applied due process to try and

convict former terrorists.

The Catholic Church and refractory

priests. Gender Roles defined!!!


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The Directory

Constitution of the Year III (1795)

Legislature of two houses: (Bicameral)

- Council of Elders

- Council of Five Hundred

Executive Body was a five person

directory.


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Victory???

Some scholars consider the

Thermidorian Reaction the end of

the revolutionary period in France.

If this is true, then what group/side

ended up winning the most?

Who was left out?


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Bourgeoisie

If any one group came out on top,

then it was the bourgeoisie.

What about the peasants?

What happened to the sans culottes?


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Political Issues

The removal the sans-culottes from

political life. Bread riots resurfacedentrance of

Napoleon.

Conspiracy of Equals - GracchusBabeuf.


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Next Week

How was Napoleon both the protector and

destroyer of the revolutionary ideals:Liberty, Equality, and Brotherhood?

World Civilization Week 10

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