World Civilization by jonny depp

8/12/2019 World Civilization by jonny depp

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HUM 1000: WORLD CIVILIZATION

LECTURE NOTES BY PROF. V. G. SIMIYU

Sourc! o" A"r#c$ H#!%or&.

W'& !'ou() * !%u)& !ourc! o" A"r#c$+ '#!%or&,

European scholars had a very strong bias against African History. Karl Marx, for

example, ignored Africa in all his writings. And his professor at the University of erlin,

Hegel said that Africa had not contributed anything to world history. !hese are only two

examples from the nineteenth century European scholars. !hey are called Eurocentric

scholars i.e. they view African history and civili"ation from the European point of view.

#ndeed, they present material on Africa and on other civili"ations in the world from the

European perspective. #n the twentieth century there were others. $e shall cite only two.

%rofessor &eligman who said that Africa did not contribute anything to world civili"ation.

!hat the world civili"ation was the wor' of the white man. #f there was anything that

loo's li'e a civili"ation it was the of the white race, or people with some elements of the

white race. He tal'ed of (ilo)Hamites as an African race with elements of the white man

and that it was responsible for civili"ation in Africa. !he truth is that there are no (ilo)

Hamites in the world. Another one was %rofessor !revor *oper who argued that therewas no African history. He said that before the coming of the white to Africa it was all

tribal warfare and dar'ness. And that dar'ness cannot be a sub+ect of history. !here was

only the history of the white man if Africa.

!he main reason for the argument advanced by these Eurocentric scholars was that there

were no written sources which they could use to write the history of Africa.

However, there were other scholars and historians who believed that it was not only

possible to write African history and civili"ation from the African perspective i.e. from

the Afrocentric viewpoint but that there were sources which one could use to do +ust that.

Here then, we list in any order what can serve as sources of African history. $e also list

other items which may not have historical content as such but which play an important

role in African civili"ation.


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$ays in which African History can be collected.

) Myths and legends

) Archeology

) %hilosophies

) Art sculptures

) -ife style attire

) ideos, photographs

) /ol' tales

) riddles

LANGUAGE FAMILIES OF AFRICA

0. (ilo 1 &aharan

a2 (ilotic

b2 &emitic 1 Arabic, 3ewish 45iddish2

6. $estern &udanic

a2 Mandingo

b2 Malin'e

serere

)wolof

ambara

7 Kongo 1 Kordofanian

8hadian group of languages and the large antu family of languages

stretching from 8ameroon through central and eastern Africa to southern

Africa.

9 8ushitic :roup of languages. !hese are in eastern Horn of Africa.

) &ongs dances

) $ritten sources

) Historical -inguistics

) 8ulture

) Epics

) Historical (arratives and oral

traditions

) /ood agric

) 8lothing;s


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!hey include the languages of Ethiopia,


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described. !here must be a period of at least two 1 three generations between the

generation that witnessed the event and the generation receiving the narrative.

Or$( '#!%or&

!his is the history as told by the living people who participated in the events they

describe.

A+ E$/( o" Or$( %r$)#%#o+!

@ral traditions collected show that in 07 a European man called 3oseph !hompson

passed through Mumias and went to Mt. Elgon, Masai, coast and bac' to Europe.Earlier,

Kenia? for the mountain and later the name, changed to Kenya, was extended

to the country in 0B6C by the ritish colonialists.

e.g. !he Uganda railways construction was started in 0BD in Mombasa.

TIME FRAME

How do Africans deal with time frame in historical perspective.

) they use generations 6F G 6 years

) !hey use leadership cycles, e .g the Ki'uyu have three leadership generations

that alternate in power every period of about 9C years. !hese are Maina, Mwangi,

and #rungu. #rungu has since faded away.

) rites of passage

*ites of passage are stages of transition from childhood to adulthood of young people

through circumcision and other forms of initiation.

!hose that use circumcision follow the Age sets 4Age groups2.

E.g. u'usu Kalen+in

0. Kolongolo 1 0BCC)0B0C Korongoro

6. Ki'wameti 1 0B06)0B66 Kip'oimet


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7. Kananachi 1 0B69 1 0B79 Kaplelach

9. Kinyi'ewi 1 0B7F 1 0B9F Kimnyige

D. (yange 1 0B9 1 0BD (yongi

F. Maina 1 0BFC 1 0BC Maina

. 8huma 1 0B6 1 0BF 8humo

. &awa 0B 1 0BB &awe.

Each set had F age groups and each age group or subset was two years. A =uic'

calculation of the above totals 0CC years. !his system is so good that the :overnment of

Kenya has adopted it for use during the national population census to help enumerators

determine the approximate ages of illiterate citi"ens.

WRITTEN SOURCES

Much as the Eurocentric scholars and historians said that there were no written

documents to use to write African history, there were and are many documents available.

#t was more of the =uestion of attitude rather than the so)called lac' of documents. $e

describe some of these documents.

0. Ancient Egyptian documents

6. Ancient Ethiopian documents in :u;e" language.

7. Ancient European document

0. :ree' 1 herodetus 1 Dthcentury .8

) ptolemy;s :eography 40)6ndA


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9. Muslim scholars

a2 al masud Bth1 0Cthcenturies west Africa :hana 'umbi saleh 4silent trade w"

carried out.

b2 al a'r. Almoravids of :Hna empire 40Cth1 00th2

c2 !raveller from morocco to (orth 1 East 1 Mogadishu he described what he

saw ibn atutta 409th2

D. Early European travelers

0. %ortuguese prince Henry the (avigator who traveled up to the $est

African coast.

6. %ortuguese called de -ogos 40Dth2.

7. -oe Africanus 1 40Dth2.

F. Modern European !ravelers.

0. M.%.8 olner 40Bth2

6. Mungo par'. 0 !ravels in Egypt

7. 8.M.& a2


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#t;s now clear from what we have discussed there were and still are many sources of

African history which anybody interested would have used tho write the history of the

African peoples. #t;s the =uestion of attitude rather than lac' of sources.

II HUMAN ORIGINS

!here are two basic theories about the origins of humanity. !he creation by :od. $e

shall not tal' about that in this lecture. !here;s the scientific origin on the basis of

tangible archaeological findings. !hat is what is going the entire focus of our discussion.

*esearch into human origins is relatively recent. &ir 8harles -yell published a boo'

entitled >%rinciples of :eology? in 07C and in the boo' 8harles -yell wrote that the

earth is a result of many millions of years of great changes. !his raised controversy from

religious =uarters because -yeell seemed to =uestion the creation of the universe by :od.

#n 0DB another 8harles called


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-ovis &. -EAKE5 came to E.A to do further research in primitive society. !hey later

moved to (orthern !anganyi'a at @lduvai 0BDB ) FC,CCC. #n 0B70) !he -ea'ey

excavations were made at oldwai :orge in !an"ania.

!hey came up with 9 layers

!hey didn;t come up with a lot. #n 0BDC


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Homo sapiens sapiens0CC,CCC 1 9C,CCC years.

E:5%!#A( 8##-#JA!#@(

INTRODUCTION

:ree' historian by the name Herodotus lived around 9C)96D 8 said that Egypt is the

gift of the (ile, he was referring to one natural phenomenon that ta'es places every year

in Egypt firm time in memorial. this is t he rising of the (ile and subse=uent loading of

the (ile valley and this process happens with ama"ing regulating waters on river (ile

begin to rise from early 3ul y and by end of 3uly and waters goes beyond the ban's and

floods and valley and for 7 months August, &eptember and @ctober and the valley

remains flooded and by end of @ct the waters are bac' into within the ban's. y that

time the water has deposited very fine and very fertile silt onto the valley. !he river (ile

has two branches, the $hite (ile that starts from -a'e ictoria at 3in+a. And

immediately it leaves la'e ictoria it moves into another la'e Kyoggah then into -a'e

Albert. !he river is still in Uganda. As soon as it leaves Uganda and enters &udan it gets

into the marsh land of ahr 1el) :ha"al. !hus the river;s flow to the north is considerably

slowed down and most of its silt is deposited in these various ecological areas. #ts water

is clear and that;s why it is called the $hite (ile. #t;s the $hite (ile that ma'es it the

longest river in the world, over 9,CCC miles long !he river reaches Khartoum where it

receives its biggest tributary, the lue (ile from -. ictoria to the Mediterranean sea.

!he other branch called lue (ile starts firm la'e !ana in Ethiopia. !he lue (ile is

shorter but itflows in rapids through the vegetation and forests until it +oins the $hite

(ile at Khartoum. #t carries along a lot vegetable matter and the rich silt. !he silt gives

the water a deep dar' blue colour, hence the name !he lue (ile. #ts been estimated that

over three =uarters of the water of the combined river the three =uarters of the silt

deposited onto the Egyptian valley come from the lue (ile.


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!he Egyptians did cultivation of the crops from (ov) on words i.e. wheat barley. And its

said that without the (ile there would be no Egypt. Egyptians reconned that firm one

flooding of the (ile to the next it was a period of 7FD days.

*ising of the (orth starts the appears in the s'y in east in 3uly and will not appear again.

Egyptians rec'oned that from one rising of the (ile to the next it;s a period of 7FD days.

Egyptians were the first to draw a calendar of 7FD days and they divided it into four

seasons of 7 months. Every month was 7C days L 7FC G D. !hey noticed that every years

there was an extra day.

!he valley is long DC miles firm 1 ( it;s widest in the (orth in the lower valley and its

much narowers in the south.

%*E 1


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concentrated on crops. #t retains only one of the large animals, the don'ey as a beast of

burden. Among the birds it develop a breed of birds called (ile :oose.

y 9CCC 8 Egyptians had developed the technology of irrigation , they made canals

to lead the waters to their fields. the 9thmilleneum 8 was characteri"ed by some

developed i.e. irrigation agriculture politically to 'ingdoms emerged one as the upper

Egypt Upper 'ingdom its capital was a town called thinis and the other one was lower

Egypt lower 'ingdom a town 'nown as Memphis. 8ulturally Egyptians begun to

consider their rulers as gods and actual gods that led to ma+or techni=ue inventions.

!he xxxxx of the bodies of the pharaohs who rendered them alive and young. y the

end of 9thmillennium i.e. around 70 8 the rulers of upper 'ingdom upper Egypt was

called menes con=uered the lower 'ingdom and unified the trye 'ingdom 4unification and

he established the capital of the unified 'ingdom at t he unified 'ingdom.

(ama unified the system of pharaoh. He then began to


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#t is also 'nown as the pyramid period and it is the most famous. 0)7


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the pyramids of the 9 thdynasty are t he most famous. 8heaps pyramid 1 one of the

pharaohs it is hug e. Also the pyramid of 'hufu pharaoh. these are some of the wonders

of the world. !he pyramids were tombs, they were not +ust monuments of beauty

therefore for religious purposes they were tombs for pharaohs. After the mummification

bodies were placed in the pyramids in the 9thpoints of the campus e .g. E,&,(,$ and in

an angle of 9DC and Egyptians believed that after the pharaohs become young they passed

through the side of the sunset.

!his was for religious purposes. After F thdynast the societies were fired and had spent a

lot of money in pyramid .Most pharaohs were dying before finishing the pyramids so the

rule was changed to any pharaoh who wanted power had to build a pyramid or his

predecessor it was expensive to build a xxxxx as a lot of people had to be ap id # .e. he

aman preist.

!owards end of Fthdynasty, a period of chaos set in occasioned by several factors

i. pol. leadership was wea' and some of the provides 4(orms2 too' advantages of

the wea'ness of the central government to declare their independent. !heir rule

begun to fight over the central thorn and others claimed immortality li'e the

pharaoh. !he floods of the (ile failed to materiali"e therefore drought and famine

set in and all prosperity vanished. %eople lost confidence in the pharaohs. %eople

rioted and ransac'ed government offices and threw document in the streets. it was a

long period of chaos of 66CC 1 6CDC. #t was called the 0 stintermediate period. !here

were so many tyrants terrosting ordinary people, oppressing them. $hile famine

was on, the state increased taxes that worsened conditions of ordinary people and

foreignness infiltrated the country.

one contemporary complied >All happiness has vanished, # show all the land

intermail each mans heart is for himself a man sits with his bac' turned while one

slays another. !hese dynasties were firm )0C dynasties and the rules firm 00 th

dynasty restores law and order and founded the middle 'ingdom that was 6CDC 1

0CC8.


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!he construction of the pyramids had stopped dwung the first intermediate period

we had been exhausting of the treasury so the pharaoh of the 00 th'ingdom didn;t

construct any pyramids instead promoted people welfare

one said > # gave the destitute and brought up the orphan. # caused him who was

nothing to reach his goal li'e him who was some body?. &o in the promotion of

peoples welfare, the pharaohs of the middle 'ingdom launched public wor's to

provide employment of the youth e .g the drainage and irrigation of some maish

land called fayum near a city melphis were the pro+ect yielded 6,CCC acres of

Arable land.

!hey continues the mummification but in their liberalism they allowed ordinary

people who cud affords to mummify their bodies to their dealt ones. #t has been

called the unfortunately those mimmies were not well preserved.

Mummificatly was a very expensive process and only government could do it well.

After the 06thdynasty, there was yet another period of chaos, the 6nd intermediate

period o ffically form 0CC)0DC 8, 06C 8.


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threw the rulers firm either thrones but he only demanded that t hey give him their

sons whom he brought to Egypt and after introducing t hem to Egyptian values

cultures etc he sent t hem bac' home to become loyal ambassadors and Egyptians

civil.

#n terms of public wor's, he built obelis's that were built on solid stone, broad at

the base and narrow at he top +ust for purposes of beauty and the was saying that

those public monuments were saying his new management endure through out the

future forever and ever. some of those obelis+'s were ta'en illegally to sm of the

ma+or cities in the worlds in -ondon, *ome, #taly and (ew 5or'.

AME(H@!E% ###

he was pharaoh firm 09C6)07F7 8. Historians say that the Egyptian civilians and states

reached that the climax during reign of Amenhotep ###, Egypt had con=uered lands.

!hebe the capital boasted of beautiful temples in honours of the son :od Amon East of

the (ile in 'arna' and -uxer. *ulers of foreign states sent in gifts firm &yria, abylonia,

Hittes and sm either daughters in exchange of as'ed for gold adding for gold is as

common as dust in your land.

After Amenhotep there was a ma+or decline in Egypt and the successors was

Amenhoteps # 0DC)0CBC 8 due to one reason. Amenhotep provo'ed a religious

struggle against the priests of the son :od Amon. up to that time Egptians worshiped the

:od, but Amenhotep orderd that they worship one :od. he even changed his name to

Ahenton the one who had devo ted the city called A'hetaton and remo ved the capital

firm !hebe and the priest weren;t happy so they encourag"ed people to rebel the xxxx

become wea' and so Egypt declined dwung reign of A"menhopte # he died in 079 and

his little boy replaced him 4!utan'hame2. He ruled from 079)077 8 at B years and he

literacy become the puppet of the Amon priests who to ld him to transfer the capital bac'

to !hebe and t he networ' of polytheism.


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His reign was forgotten after firm millemium because it wasn;t so great. After he died

sm short period too' place and a new military too' event and founded the 0B thdynasty

wre tried to establish t he control over %alestine. ut there was a lo ng struggle over

&yria between t he Hittites up to the reign of the last great pharaoh of Egypt *amses ##.

He signed the 0stinternational treaty between states we have been praised for its Hitites

and ranses recogni"ed their mutual sovereignty ever %alestine while Egyptians and the

*amses recogni"ed the Hittite sovereignty over &yria. !he treaty also provided four

mutual assistance incase of attac' firm a 7ty. !hey recogni"ed the respect for each others

bac'. !he treaty provided for extraditions.

*amse ## built public momuments, statues buildings li'e the hypostyle Hall which was

build in honour of the :od Amon at 'anna'.

After *amses these was a long period decadence from 0CBC 1 777 .c.

%E*#@< @/


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Egyptains were able during that period to establish t heir power over %alestine b ut they

were unable. %horaoh (echo who to connect the mouth of the (ile and the red sea. He

also did more. He commissioned a group of phoenicains to circumnavigate the African

con tinent.

#n D6D 8 Egypt was invade by %ersians and that was the end of the 7C dynsties that

had ruled o ver Egypt for nearly 7CC years. /rom 77 8 Macedonian reign over Egy pt

bt Alexander 4Hellenistic periof of civilasation2. Hellenic is gree' civil in gree'. !he

famous rulers of Egypt were called of the ptolemies 4%tolemaic reign of Egpt about 7CC

years. !hgese was a line of female rulers called 8leopatra and they were all ptelomaic

and the Fthwas in power for some time over 6C years and she has on desxcribed as the

most beautiful women in the world. &he was con=uered by Augustus &i""a in 77 8 her

*oman lover was Mar' Antony. the story death and that Mar' Anthony was commom.

$hen the *omans xxx in 77 8 in Egypt she was fed up to mar' Anthony.

from 7C 8 Egypt time a province of *ome until the *oman empire collapsed in 90

A


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Herodotus 49C)96D 82 wrote several Histories and in one of the passangers he wrote

>According to Egyptian and people he callers colichidiasn Ethiopians 2 are blac's and

they are blac's not because they have been burnt by the sun but by race. they have chic'

lips, broad nose and 'in'y hair and of all people in the world Egyptians and Ethiopians

are t he only people who practice circumcisions. +ews of palestines and their neighbors

themselves admit that they borrowed the custom recently from Egyptians. ut among

Egyptians and Ethiopians # could not tell who borrowed the custom firm the other for it

indeed a very ancient practice among them and its interesting to niote that they do it

exactly the same way.

8he' Anta # stone statues very tall want a

human face and body of cat2. # was struc' by the negma of the sphinx, its negroid

features brad nose, thic' lips and multutto faces and then # remembered the famous es

passage the Herndotus and then he =uotes Herndotus passage. then he said that all these

are Arabs, :ree's, *omans etc and they must have lost most of their original negroid

features but have maintained original negroid muold?.

Ho* E-&/%#$+ r/r!+%) %'!(3!.

$hen they were using the pictographic writings, they referred to themselves t hey shared

a picture of woof burnt on one end. they later developed the alphabet 7C letters they

used the letters to KM! to refer to themselves meaning bac'. their religion was also

KM! religion and their :od was An the me ant the great negro.

!hey painted the races of people they 'new that time E.: &emites, -ibyans, Egyptians

and (ubians. Egyptians and (ubians were drawn as blac's were represented as fice


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people in royal places while whites were represented as captives, prisoners or even this

hands tied behind their bac's.

(-$c#! o" %' E-&/%#$+!

the ancient Egyptians civ,. made many contributions to world civ. !hey borrowed firm

other civili"ations e.g Mesopotamian civili"ation in areas li'e ports will. hey also made a

lot of original invasions those invasions have been passed on as aprt of human heritage in

short as part of world civil.

0. Egyptian ligancies can be divided into

6. e.g. materials legacies and scientific legacies. !hose are broad of division and vice

versa in scientific legacies they were a lot.

8raft 4materiasl legacies2

Egyptians excelled in the various craftsmanship and some of their achievements have

been declared as wonders of the world.

S%o+ cr$"%

!hey developed techni=ues of spitting stone, wor'ing on t hem and using them for

building some times of buildings some times e .g. pyramids built during old 'ingdom.

!hey were tombs for housing the pharaohs religious purposes2. %haraohs themselves

were goals and after their bodies had been mummified, the bodies were put there and

supposed to time alive again, pyramids of gi"e near Memphis declared one of the

pyramids were built of solid stones faced from as for as the (ubian desert over 0CC 'm

away, they developed techni=ues of splitting the roc' they heating and cooling during

night and day. that technical has remained in the present as one of the Egyptian legacies

in that filed. Egyptians also developed stone mercenary 4built stone houses2 for the

pharaohs and also ric+ they reached a stage where by they resting cavities in stinmes as a

leisure restign place for the pharaohs. Middle 'ingdom built obelis's in solid stone as

public moments. !hey made stone monuments, statues to represent various aspects of

their civil and creations. !he sphincs for example the me d of solid stone. it portrays a

multiple features symbolism as a human face on one side although ugh its original


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were made special products of glass e.g aves called alabaster was being manufactured

export in the world.

Mosedonian rulers of Egypt after 7CC 8 made Alexandrian of the world of that time

and even roman rulers imported glass firm Egypt.

P$/&u!

#t;s a water need it grows to about 0 O metres 1 6m. Egyptians had multiple uses for

papyus. !hey could use it f or ma'ing strong ropes. @ne of the %ersian generals xerxes

used papynus haursies to ma'e a bridge to Asia for con=uering those states 8ould be used

for ma'ing mats inhotep e.g. introducing construction of pillars using papyrus. #t could

also be used f or ma'ing wic's in lamps. aa the must famous use of papyrus and biggest

legacies of ancient Egyptians was use of payrus for ma'ing paper. %aper 1 for derived

from the ancient Egypt word papers to mena big house. !he greater occupation in Egypt

after Amon priest hood was scribe. &cribes were important because they wrote down

anything went on at the palace of pharaohs.

papyrus paper they very ancient in the Egyptian history and because was used a long time

by :ree's, mostern Arabs etc. several sheets made about 0 meter made one scroll and

Egyptian paper was held in one hand and read while un folded. Egyptian boo's

accounted onto in pages but in length and the scholars say that they were about 7CC 'm

of Egyptian documents and boo's and the world hadn;t interpreted even 0CC 'm. some

of the most famous documents papyus are in different countries e.g (ew 5or' -ondon

moscos etc.

H$+) *r#%#+-

initially Egyptians had a pictographic hand writing 'nown as Hideograms e.g wave 1

water 1 mouth touching a wave of water 1 thirst drin'ing, symbol of an old adn holding

a stic' 1 wisdom. #ts was pictographic writing and then syllabic writing and finally the

alphabet was had 7C letters and to show the unpact of the Egyptians alphabet over the


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modern alphabet was that 69 of t he present la tin alphabet of 6D letters come for firm of

7C Egyptian letters.

FLA5 AD T E5TILE INDUSTRY

/lax is also a plant and that still grown in *ussia as an economic crop but the biggest

world producer of flax that *ussia it grows not mo re than 0 meter. the stem has fibres

which were carefully removed by Egyptian women who made thread through spinning

of the fibres. !he thread was woven in to cloth and that was t he rise of the Egyptian

textile industry. the textile industry was entirely a women;s industry. bac' in D7CC 8

(edithic period. Egyptian woman become experts in cloth ma'ing, by the time of the

new 'ingdom Egyptian women were capable of producing very long thread out of

which they made various types of clothing particularly loose filting clothing for evening

dress. y 0FCC they were producing a special type of flax in materials called yssuss

there was exported. -ong lengths of flax clot h were re=uired for mummification because

mummification process re=uires a lot of rapping of the body in t he flax materials.

$hen *omans con=uered Egypt, they made Alendadria the head =uarters of their textile

industry.

METALLUGY

Egyptians li'e other humans were not good in iron wor'ing, in any case iron techni=ue

was the most recent ma+or techni=ue in world history and civil. but Egyptians wor'ed

on other metals :old and silver. they didn;t have a special word for silver as they tal'ed

of 6 types of :old 5ellow gold obtained firm (ibian in the south and t hey called it

(ub bcuase it come form (ubian ad they had white go ld which was silvers. $hen they

combined t he 6 to ma'e an alloy they called it electrum. they were used in daily life of

Egyptians and all either gold and silver.

Egyptians also wor'ed on cheaper metals e.g copper. y 7DCC before unified they had

developed tactics for wor'ing on copper t hey hammered it in to different ob+ects.

Around 6CCC 8 the years have described as the cop per age in Egypt. Although copper


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has benn more associated with cuprum 8yprus acient latin then for 8yprus. the

scientific short tern for copper was cu. (one the less the Egyptians made medial tools

coins were stamped. copper was also mixture with thin to ma'e a stronger item. copper

on its own was soft in meleable, tin also was the same but when the two are alloyed,

they form a strong metal called bron" so bron" items are much stronger. the bron" age

was superior to the copper age. And tin was rate in the would so humanity searched for a

more serious metal and by the end of 6 ndmellinum 8 in techni=ue was adopt ed from

Mesopotamia. #n Africa, ancient alloy centers were more in &udan, a'sum in Ethiopia

(umidia in (orth Africa, (o' in (igeria.

ur'oba in E.A, Jimbabwe . #ron techni=ue was most superior of its metals.

-E:A8#E& #( &8#E(8E&

ancient Egyptians excelled in sciences as well. under pure sciences applied sciences.

they excelled in areas li'e survey, Astronomy, Math;s, medicine, architecture etc.

A!%ro+o&..

Egyptians were very good observes of the s'y and natural phenomena. their observations

of the rising of the wawtres of the (ile and rising of the north star led them to conceive

the first 7FD days calendar which was in the entire history humanity. !heir year was

divided into for seasons of 7 months each. each month 7C days, giving a total of 7FC

days. they added D days to ma'e t he complete year but they also noticed that every 9

years was a discrepancy of 0 day which was a feast believed to be a gift firm god. !he

extra 0 day of the Egyptian calendar was divided much the Egyptians calendar was

divided much later by a roman called ceasr into 9 =uarters to give birth to what to 'now

as 3ulain calendar from 3ulius 9 8 ceaser which is 7FD P days which was what most of

the world was on. Again much latter in A< 0D6 a pope commissioned a ishop to

recalculate bac' wards to years one when it would be presumed which the year of birth

of the land 3esus 8hrist for 8hristians that how A< and 8 came up. Astronomy so in

his calculations be was off t he mar' by F years. pope :eorge ### had commissioned

him and that calendar was called :egoriasn calendar was differs from the 3ulian calendar

by about 0 days and its used by the athodox church.


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!he Egyptians in pure astronomy identified correctly the 9 cardinal points of the campus

E,(,$,& and in fact t he pyramids were oriented in line the 9 pyramids camps meaning

that the pyramids were not +ust built at random.


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their medicines were mainly herbal medicines. they used oils and ointments potions

suppositories for diarrhea imhotep was the first to introduce professional ethnics in

practice of made. he introduced the oath to be sworn by doctors before they carried out

medicine. the oaths was > # will do my best to give the best medicament to my patients #

will promote they welfare, # will not administer poison through # be as'ed, # will not

procure abortion?.

the :ree' hypocrites had access to the library of imhotep at Memphis, copied it and in

the western civil he was said to be t he father of medicine which every scholar of

medicine should ta'e first before becoming a doctor.

MUMMIFICATION

#t was done for purely religious purposes. it involved a lot of science but it was a process

by which ancient Egyptians believed they rendered the dead pharaoh alive and young

forever because they believed that pharaoahs were gods and gods don;t die, so when t

hey died something was done to their bodies to render them aligning.

in mummification they prepared the body by removing some internal organs which could

be mummified and they not they removed the intestines and stomach and other internal

organs through the side of the body,. !hey drew out the brain through the nostril

meaning they had very good 'nowledge of human anatomy. !hey used a chemical

4natrom2 which was a compound of very serious atoms sodium carbonate, sodium bi

carbonate salt and sodium sulphate. !hey made a solution out of that solution and

nitrate2. the compound of li=uid was extremely poisonous. they also used large amounts

of t heir cloth to wrap the mummify in through many layers and at every layer of flux

cloth they applied a fresh amount o fnatron solution and both layers were re=uired in

huge amounts and that mummification was a very expensive excessive, only the state

could do it well of mind 'ingdom afford so when pharaohs had allowed private

mummify of beloved ones, the result was very poor, the private mummies to middle

'ingdom have rotted but those which were done earlier are in excellent conditions e.g.


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was so much historical linguistic and cultural lin'ages between the ancient Egyptians

civili"ation that stung up in $.A

#n E.A relates between Egypt have been demonstrated in the form of languages (ilotes

languages of even some antu languages li'e Kiswahili. E.A. also had relates which

countries of the %ersian gulf and part of the decline of the Egyptian civili"ation the

con=uest of Egypt by the %ersian empire in D6D 8.

!hat when Egypt was made a province of the %ersian empire. %ersia also threatened to

invade Ethiopia. the threat was serious enough to ma'e the rulers of Ethiopia to begin

paying annul tribute to the rulers of pessia and so form about DCC 8 on wards t here

was a steady relationship between pessia and t he eastern coast of Africa. for a long time

that relationship too' t he form of trade so there was a steady trade between East Africa

went items li'e ivory, twitters shell, *hynosorus horn, !obacco both dry and powered,

ghee honey and must important of all bee wor's. t he bee wor's was extremely important

because it was used for ma'ing boats sailing across #ndian ocean. the dhows depended

on the monsoon winds 4trade winds2 trade winds are those winds that promote trade

between various areas of the world e.g. #ndian ocean;s and countries on shore on the

western shore of the #ndian ocean. $inds are named after the directions form which they

come e.g north eateries because they come from the (.E directions. /orm about the

month of (ovember those winds form the himalayes nad blow towards east coast of E.A.

!hey cross the Arabian desert therefore they shade off their moisture and by the time

reach E.A they are dry. !hey came form the himalaya months so they are cold at night.

!hey blow across E.A from (ovember and mage' direction ie, forms the &. $ of E.A

and they are called &. westelies and due to shape of &.$. at the e=uator which is narrower

at the e=uator, those winds blow form the channel of Mo"ambi=ue they are normally

cool.

but t hey bring rain over E. Africa due o that moisture and its described as period of

long rains over E.A as and so traders form %ersia, #ndia observed the movement of those


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winds and form march they wind load the dhouts with their e=uipment. to E.A they

brought metallic items ie faiallances 4'nives, cutlery2, porcelain ware sil' producrs

4textiles2.

and form E.A to persioan they too' slaves. !he trade went on till the rise to #slam most of

the slaves form E.A were ta'en to particular provinces form %ersia called &hiras. in the

thin &audi Arabia rose #slam Muslims con=uered %ersia so by begin of thA< %ersia

was under #slamic civili"ation. #n fact most of the great Muslims scholars in several fields

e.g Math;s, sciences were %ersians though in history they are written as Muslim scholars.

#slam spread to E0. A. through %ersians in the year 00 A< prince Hassan in Ali sailed

to E. coast of Africa which has F sons and turned the &hira"i state empire. $hen it was

Hassans between the succeed the pap and the throne his half and bros a criminated

against him because has mum which an Ethiopian slave so in anger he migrated to E.A

where he established several states. !here xxxx made a direct pol. impact on E.A by the

4Bth a full empire had established itself to the E. 8oast of Africa. the name become antu

nad become the shira"i empire.

from 406 1 07C the &hora"is empire flourished on the east coast of African and over

shadowed the earlier &in'waya empire. and that when even Kiswahili a antu land

evolved as a commercial long went many %ersians loan words between nonetheless its

antu lang.

the &hira"s empire reached the climax in the 09 thto wards end of 0Dth%ortuguese made

their advert into E.A first it was artholomew


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!he %ortuguese ended the shiga"i %ersian rule over E.A and 0F th1 0ththe %ortuguese;s

rules over the east coast of Africa.

almost very 0 except %ortuguese scholars say that the %ortuguese rule over E.A was the

worst every they intensified he #ndian ocean slave trade ta'ing e. farican to the east

#ndians or bac' into the Atlantic to their American colony 4ra"il2 and they also supplied

slaves to t heir &panish colonies t hey built an entrepot for holding slaves in Mombassa.

#n terms of other trade they didn;t do much, they tried to sulpress the trade between the

countries to the gulf e.g. they made imitations of the porcelain were produced either own

low =uality products they made imitations of all of empire. fort 3esus to the is new part

of national museums of Kenya. !o distinct products of aircrafts.

%ortuguese were around for to and it was the @man Arabs from the middle east who

ended t he %ortuguese rule on the E. coast of Africa. !he @man Arabs ruled form Muscat

firm 40Bth2.

&eyyid said was born in 0C9 died in E.A 0DF. he transferred has capital to Jan"ibar in

09C so he ruled form Jan"ibar be was the sultan. Him and his sons and grand sons

established the Arab state of Jan"ibar. His sons succeeded him in order form !hawaini 1

Ma+id 1 argash 1 Khalifa. arglash introduced clove plantations in Jan"ibar within a

short time Jan"ibar become the longest producer of cloves.

!he cloves plantations and coconut acre wor'ed by slaves. slaves were recruited on the

island themselves and also from the main land when eventually slavery and slave trade

was abolished many of those slaves and either descendants remained xxx and they are

now called mainlanders in E.A slavery was mostly on the islands. %olitically even when

&eyyid said was ruling Mascat, he claimed that has empire @man wasn;t limited to the

islands only but went into the interior of E.A.


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After angash and Khalita the ritish had come and were determined to remove slave

trade from 0 there was fight between the ritish and Arabs. royal families resisted the

ritish because the Arabs wanted to continue slave trade slavery.

$hen the ritish eventually defeated the Arabs they declared their colonial protectorates

over E.A :ermans did the same over !anganyi'a and also get protectorates in *wanda

and urundi the ritish declared ptotectorates in Uganda 0B9, and over Kenya 0BD. #t

was initially 'nown as E.A protectorate.

ritish and :ermany signed treaties declaring Jan"ibar no protectorates around east

Africa except the 0C miles strip from !anganyi'a and a small part of the interior of E.A

one of the provisions of that agreement was that shalai law would be applied in the 0C

mile strip. #n 0B6C ritish declared interior of s'y a colony meanwhile :ermans had been

stripped off either colonies after the 0 st world was :erman was ta'en as under the

mandate league of nations to prepare them for self rule even *wanda and urundi were

given to elgium .

#n 0B6C the interior of E.A was called Kenya colony and the 0C mile strip remained a

protectorate under the sultan of Jan"ibar officially that were the sharia court was to be

established but it become liberali"ed.

#n 0BF6 a new agreement between sultan of Jan"ibar and ritish government for the

sultan to surrender the 0C mile strip in 0BF0. However the sultan re=uested that since has

sub+ects were used to sharuia should law and following the 0C miles under sharia law.

!hat was accepted and put in the agreement.

ZANZIBAR

$hen sayyid said has followers went ahead and started the Arab state. the economy was

in the hands of the Arabs. %lantation econ of cloves ad coconuts, the lab our Bslave

labour2. #t was Arabs who minted the wealth of Jan"ibar the rich Arabs coufl have ha lf a


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million trees of cloves. !hat discrimination made the Arabs bitter education followed the

Arabs i.e. first grad from nlu' called MUH( become an administration.

!he Arabs started as'ing for independent by late 0BDCs Arab wanted indecency of the to

islands i.e. Jan"ibar ad pemba. after were reluctant because many of their were not

educated and giving independent was li'e giving the Arabs more power.

#n Jan"ibar by late FCs three nationalities came up i.e. J(%, J%%%, afro 1 shira"i party

which was the biggest. !he ritish made and electro role which was biased against the

ans and favoured mostly the Arabs i.e. faro)shira"i party. leader of afro)shira"i was abeid

'arume.

A rule was made that when the president was from the island then the .% should come

from the main land. $hen overall president is form island and % was from main land he

was not the president of the main land. when the president is form mainland, therefore a

president in the island what ma'es him the .% overall.

the islanders are not happy about the union they thin' that the main -anders separate

them from the union and they have a strong movement party.

THE INTERIOR PEOPLE OF EAST AFRICA

!he people of the interies of East Africa starting form the coast there are the mi+i'enda 4B

cities2 and each had their own specifics. i.e. :iriama, 8homic,


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as the head of Kaya was M"ee from council of elders called $a"ee was Kaya. !hey are

in charge of xx authority of the Kayas. !hey are in charge of +ustice, law and order,

crime and punishment. !hey are highly respected because they are the custodians of the

'nowledge and culture and civilians of the Mi+i'enda people they also disseminate that

'nowledge to the younger generations. they have some 'ind of hierarchy their mother

Kaya when xxx increases an other Kaya 'nown as daughters Kaya.

the inhabitants be the $a"ee of the mother Kaya. !here are famous Kaya e.g Kaya

/ungo, Kaya Kambe, Kaya


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unyoro

the 'ing was called 'abalega he didn;t collaborate at any one time which the ritish. he

fought the ritish from around 0 1 0B6. around 0B9 Mwanga +oined him. unyoro

is slightly to the north west. Mwanga +oined Kabalega until 0B when they were caught

and exited till they died.

uganda agreement of 0BCC

it was in a way that it had to intentions to enable the ritish not only to control uganda

but also to extend their colonial rule to the rest of Uganda.

to reward the aganda 'ings for collaborating with the ritish. in that regard some

provision to uganda Agreement were unfair to some people of $estern Uganda.

some countries were punished for resisting the ritish e.g. !oro, An'ole, unyoro, lost

some countries to uganda and throughout the history of Uganada the countries are

'nown as the lost countries of uganda.

in 0BC7 signed agreements with the other countries and upto 0B7Cs they signed

treaties but land western returned.

in uganda Kaba'a did not own all land but it was owned by the ata'a leaders

of those clans were called ata'a chiefs. the clan lands were unfairly included in the

uganda Agreement as owned by the Kba'a.

in the 0B7Cs the ata'a chiefs formed ata'a chief associations to fight for their

farm lands.

one of his titles was &abassa+a.

lunda 4in Angola2

lunda 'ingdom was owned by Quen "inga who resisted the %ortuguese for a long time

time. she called herself swana mulunda 4mothers of the lunda2.

$E&! A/*#8A

*ise of the Asante state. the Asante belonged to a language group 'nown as the Edo)

spea'ing people who belonged to the A'an are semi matriarchal.


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) since the thrice items of power came from the gods who descended form osei

tutu, they were above the asante hence e.g no body even sat on the golden stool

not even the Asante hence its more important, higher in authority than even the

asante hene.

when they rule in sessions even the asante hen;s chair which lower than the golden

stool.

) below the asante hene were the leaders of the F oyo'o clans. they are all e=ual in

power nad authority. they are called oman hene each rules the different clans e.g.

dwaben 1 dwaben hene , 'amusi 1 'umasi hene

) 'umasi is the head=uarters of all the asante. asante hene lives in 'umasi. the

'umasi hene is an annual feast ceremony all the oman henes go to 'umasi to

celebrate the year and pledge their loyalty to the 'umasi hene.

) the system of inheritance and authority is very well structured

0. the asante hene

6. heir apparent

7. =ueen mother 4mum of asante hene2

9. =ueen mother but of the apparent succession was not automatic though it limited

the elections

@sei !utu 4first asasnte hene2 he founded the satte 1 40F th2. opo'u was B6ndasante hene2

40th2 about 000 1 0D0. he transformed the small asante state into an empire. the

metropolitan asante composed of F oyo'o clans. the cosmopolitan asante which was

ruled by military governors who con=uered the various areas. they maintained law and

orders. they collected tributes in form of taxes which were given into 'umasi. opo'u were

also expanded internal trade of the asante empire.

there were two types of trade

0. (orthern trade across sahara desert

it brought in items from north Africa and the middle east. ma+or item was desert

salt and several others. the asante hene valued that trade because it was honest

trade. the asante also had their own textiles i.e. che=ued materials


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6. the southern trade 4coast tradeC this was what the Europeans particularly at the

%ortuguese port of Elmina. they brought gun power, spirits and other European

items. there was a "ilo with the coastal trade people at the coast were the fante.

they played middle man role in trade between Europeans and sante people. but

the sante people didn;t li'e it and they wanted to deal with the Europeans directly.

they accused fante of dishonesty. they also accused them of adulterating things

from the Europeans.

/ante traders mixed gun power with base metals. opo'u ware also allowed

Muslim traders to some to his empire but he refused to become a Muslim, he

continued his after religion.

@po'u ware had tried to change the constitution and bring the European system

of ministries and the army refused. the secession asante hene carried out the

reforms he had wanted to carry out by end of 40thbeginning of 0Btht he asante

empire was more efficiently run effectively administered than the e=uivalent

states Europe of that time it had a full cabinet system.

!HE A&A(!E EM%#*E #( !HE 40B!H2

the 40Bth was mar'ed by the continuous fre=uent conflict between the asante and the

ritish. !he struggle was over the ritish intention to coloni"e the interior of the small

possession at the coast around the port city of Accra.

eventually the ritish won the asante hene who opened the continues was called osie

bonus. its said in the asante traditions that asante hene was called bonus because he was

the 0stto the large waters of the Atlantic ocean. He came to the throne in 0CF. and the

0st clashes between the asante army and the ritish occurred during his reign. 0stwar was

0C and it was inconclusive. another clash was 00F and it was also inconclusive. in

069 the very year that osei bonus died there was a ma+or war between the ritish army

and the asante army. the most famous told were the asante achers. that war calminated in

adecisive victory by the asante amry over the ritish army. that ritish defeact by an


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after army sent shoc' through the world and it was the 0sttime an after arm had defeated

that army of humilitain for ritish.

&ession of asante hene osei bonus continued his rebellion against the ritish there were a

number of asante henes; 'wa'u


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ritish. early 0BCC, the ritish resident at Accra went on an official visit toKumasi and

historians say that never had a ruler made such diplomatic blanders.

He addressed elders in very rude language. he told them that your Asante here will never

come bac' am now your Asante here and why haven;t you given me the golden stool to

sit on. tensions and emotions were high so a bullet went off from either side but the

Asante army =uic'ly surrounded the small army the Europeans had gone with.

the ritish were held hostage for two months and many African soldiers were 'illed

by residents managed to send for reinforcement from Accra. finally Asante was stormed

by the ritish and the Asante army was defeated.

yaa Asantewa was also arrested and ta'en to the &eachelles. the top four royals were now

exiled . that;s when the ritish in 0BCC declared a colony over the intention of the

territory was now renamed gold coast colony.

it;s that colony was in 0BD was the 0stblac' African colony to win independent from

ritain after a struggle under a leadership of Kwame ('urumah. on the independent day

Kwame ('urumah changed the new from gold coast to :hana for some reasonsI)

i2 He wanted to honour the great ancient empire of :hana

but he also wanted to show that Africans had great

empires in the past and it should be learned as part of

African history.

world wars

the 0sthalf of the 6Cthwitnessed to very devastating wars that have come to be 'nown as

world wars but they =uic'ly turned into world wars because of globali"ation they

occasioned a lot of destruction of industries, factories, agriculture land but most

important of all they caused great losses of human life.

the to wars caused a total of C million lives. 6D in the 0stworld war and D7 in 6nd. and

while ma+ority of the dead during the 0stworld war were soldiers. many of them died

during the war to trenches, they overwhelming ma+ority of people who died were

civilians. it was because of the nature of the bombings by the already development air

forces of elgioerers. the causes of the 0stworld war can be divided into 6I


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long term causes and short term causes. but as said the 6 ndworld war was caused by 0 st

world war and by the expansionist policy of Hitler.

0stworld war

when the 0stworld war bro'e out in warly August 0B09, the leaders of Europe both

political and military sincerely believed that the war would be =uic' and short that it was

the war to end all the wars. the war to usher in permanent peace in Europe. they were

soon to discover horribly that the war soon turned out to be long, tedious, brutal and

bloody. it lasted more than 7years from 0B09 to end of 0B0 and the same leaders would

rudely discover that it wasn;t going to be the last of the wars. peace would be very

elusive in the inter war period between 0B0B and 0B7B.

the causes of 0stworld war are divided into 6

long term causes and immediate causes. and others as medium causes.

long term causes

the long term causes went far deep into the history of the European nations in the 0Bth.

i.e. rivalry between European states, the spirit of revenge , rise of hostile bloc's, the

ethnic shaverism among bal'ab countries.

rivalry it was one of the ma+or long term causes of 0stworld war. it revolved around

struggle for power among ma+or European states virtually in all fields of human

endeavors especially economically, industrial and military fields.

/rom about the mid of the 0BthEuropean countries were competing against each other

in economy. ritain was the most advanced in economy and intended to continue that

dominancy over other European powers and international trade she was the most leading

country and *ussia begun to coloni"e high colony, but intended to be the ma+or colony in

*ussia but faced competition from /rance. then regard with the @tto man empire was still

bac'ward but she had begun to moderni"e the agdad railway.

ritain wanted to win the tender for that railway and there she faced competition from

/rance and from the newly united :ermany. then there were colonies which were

important economically. which provided raw materials for European industries and so

there was colonial rivalry in the last 6C years between European powers.


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%opulation was an important component of the economy and the powers of the

various European powers grew at the drift rates and that also fueled the economic

competition and other forms of competition. !he ritish population grew at an average of

6 per year between 09 1 0B09.

!he /rench population growth rate grew at the lowest rate of less than 0 per year

between 09 )0B09 and between 0BC;s and 0B09 the /rench population was growing at

C i.e. population was aging and that negatively affected all spheres of development i.e.

social, political and military. *ussian population was growing at a fairly high rate but

*ussia was a bac'ward country between 09 )0B09.

!he only dynamic population was :erman after 00. :erman had weighed a deliberate

war against /rance in 0C)00 with aim of achieving unification of :ermany states.

&he defeated /rance, achieved the unification and embar'ed on all around development

so population of :ermany was growing at a high rate of nearly 7 per year in 000)

0B09.

in the industry, there was also stiff rivalry among European powers especially between

ritain and unified :ermany e.g. in iron production ritain had been for a long time the

leading producer but however after. 00 :ermany begun to increase her iron production

such that by 0B09 :ermany was the leading iron producing in Europe.

steel

in 09 by far the leading production steel was from ritain followed by /rance far

behind. but from 00 :ermany;s development instilled production it was so impressive

that by 0B09 :ermany was producing more steel than both ritain and /rance combined

i.e. in general industries sector :erman was the leading producer in Europe followed by

*ussia.

chemical industry


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ritain and /rance had been the leading countries in chemical instruct but through

aggressive policy by government :erman chemical industry development. by 0B09 one

area of chemical industries i.e dyes.

y 0B09 of all the ritish imports of dyes 709 were being imported from :erman alone

and :erman could produce and colour ritish uniform and tric' the ritish.

military

in the period between 00)0B09 :ermany released a military recruitment achieving a

large army. *ussia had the largest European army but the numbers meant nothing

because of bac'wards.

rivalry in the (aval power between ritain and :ermany for a long time ritain was the

(aval power of the world. ritain had destroyed the &panish Amada in 0D.

from that time ritain was the leading naval power from 0BC;s :ermany development a

deliberate of developing the navy. by 0BC :ermany was at power with ritain.

by 0BC the to nations were even in naval power and the more :ermany approached

e=uality with ritain the more ritain became irritated, nervous etc.

the to sides built huge warships called man of war. :ermany had produced one huge man

of war and ritain had always had one called Queen Eli"abeth 0 and the to men of war

met in the north in a battle and it was a draw. no side won none engaged in battle again.

other powers of rivalry was the creation of hostile diplomatic bloc's of the side of

:ermany, Austria Hungarian empire, @tto man empire and the opposite were the Entete

>mutual understanding?. they normally referred to themselves as Allies. the Entente

cordial was composed of ritain, /rance and *ussia.

the Allies of :ermany were also called triplicate. they were competing for power and

Alliances through secret diplomacy but had small states e.g. were protecting. the

triplicate were protecting &erbia.

the Allies were protecting osnia.

the al'an warethnic &hovinism from 0BC;s the region of the al'an i.e. &outhern of

the Europe was full of ethnic wars in the 0BC;s around 0BCF, 0BC then finally between

0B00, 0B07, those small states were under the @ttoman empire was wea' and couldn;t

control them so they were always fighting hence they heightened the tension.


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the last al'an war of 0B00, 0B07 contributed a lot i.e short term cause.

the Assassination in &erbia of the royal prince of the Austria Hungarian throne, prince

/eddnard together with his wife. they were on an official visit in &erbia and a student

called :avrillo principle who was among a group of militant youth who were against the

government in &erbia and also Austria Hunagarian empire. they were mainly operating

from ritain.

the big powers moved in supporting small ones, &erbia was supported by Austria

Hungaery and :ermany, they mitigated &erbian government to ma'e impossible

demands from osnia that among all conditions the osnia government should

carry out investigations among the small group supported by /rance, #taly and ritain.

hey told the osnian government to refuse so tensions intensified along the lines.

Assassinations was in May 0B09. by 6 th3uly countries were mobili"ing war and by 0st

August they had declared war.

spirits of revenge, war between :ermany in 0 and :ermany had many states and the

most powerful was %russia and when she defeated /rance the occasion was getting

:erman unification. long standing rivary between :erman and /rance between the

territories i.e. Alcers and -orraine. the provinces are very rich and minerals iron and

other minerals and the to countries have been fighting over them.

the highlights

the elgiarans dashed for the war front hoping to ma'e a =uic' victory and ending the

war. nothing of the sort happened. by


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in chief of the Allied forces. #n oct 0B0 the carried out a socialist reunion, they over

throw the imperialist re union and treaty of breast titou'. so *ussia loses 07 of its

territory i.e. western part u'rain.

the Americans entered the war in 0B0 and 0B that changed the fate of the war reason

:erman was sin'ing American troops of ships because they had said they would sin'

any ships heading to the alliance side. &o U&A entered the war on the side of allies to

ma'e the would peaceful for trade.

other allies were 3apan and #taly in 0B09 #taly was told if she +oined the war on Allies

side she would getI

02 the waters around her

62 she would get territories Africa called Heligoland. later

they agveitaly the eastern province of Kenya which

went as far as 3uba land.

the war ended (o 00B0. A peace treaty was signed in paros called ersailles treaty

form nov)3une 0B0B.

8@(&EQUE(8E&

:ermany was dedared the aggression notion, it was to be punished02 she was to pay war

indemnities intrilliosn of dollars she we to pay up to 0BFD to ma+or countries of the war.

:ermany army was to be limited not to be below a certain number of troops. since

:ermany was the one that was aggressing /rance, to Assue /rance there was to be a

bugffer "oe i.e. 6C'm. having been declared t he aggressor, :ermany was also declared

primitive and has colonies were given away i.e. !ogo and 8ameroon 1 r. and /rance.

!anganyi'a 1 ritain, urundi and *wanda to elgium reason was the troops that were

defeated went to those troops.

the establishment of the legue of nations. %resident of U&A wudrof $ilson came up

with 09 points and among the organi"ations whose members would be restricted to states

called league of (ations. under the league of nations they created a mandate to be in

change of the former :ermany colonies.


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finally, the ma+or conse=uences was loss of lives 6D m people died in the war. !he

ma+ority of industries, farmlands and post war famine.

World Civilization by jonny depp

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