World Civilization Week 7

7/31/2019 World Civilization Week 7

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Age of Religious WarsStruggle for Power

Religion or Politics ?


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Protestants vs. Catholics Reformation caused a series of wars.

Europe was trying to RE-Discovery itself.

Wars are both national and internationalconflicts.

1555: Peace of Augsberg -> cuius regio, eius

religio

1563: Council of Trent ended

1564: Calvin dies in Geneva


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Religion into Political Structure

Catholics stressed the episcopal church

system where obedience to the person at the

top was emphasized.

Calvinists adopted a presbyterian church

system where local churches maintainedindividual control.


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Cultural Developments

Baroque Art: Three-dimensional display

of life and energy.

Grandiose and elegant landscapes and

portraits.

Differences in Catholic vs. Protestant

Peter Paul Rubens: 1571-1640

Rembrandt van Rijn: 1606-1669


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Intellectual

Developments

Skepticism, Relativism, & Individualism

To kill a man is not to defend a doctrine,

but to kill a man

Politiques: Rulers who urged tolerance

and moderation for political unity.


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French Wars of Religion

1562-1598

French Protestants- Huguenots

Edict of Fontainebleu 1540

Edict of Chateaubriand 1551

For the most part, France remaineda staunch foe of Protestants.


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Internal Conflicts

Henry II accidentally dies and

breaks Habsburg-Valois peace.

Francis II becomes KING.

Families vie for power:

- Bourbons

- Montmorency-Chatillons

- Guises


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Catherine de Medicis

Ascends to power, as

the regency of her son,

Francis II and thenCharles IX

Guise sympathies

War with the

Huguenots

Machiavellian


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Factors of War

Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye

- In 1570, Granted religious freedom to the

Huguenots.

1571 Battle of Lepanto Spain crushes the

Turks

Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre- August 24, 1572 over 20,000 Protestants

were killed.


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St. Bartholomews Day

Massacre


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A Nominal Peace

In 1589, Henry III was stabbed and

Henry (IV) Navarre, a Huguenot

Protestant, came to power.

A true politique

Edict of Nantes 1598: Granted thereligious freedom of worship.


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Henry IV

1589-1610

Bourbon Dynasty

A true politique whoended the Wars of

Religion in France

Treaty of Vervins

Assassinated in 1610

by a Catholic Monk


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Pillars of Spanish Power

Philip II: Ruler of the Eastern Habsburg

Dynasty, a true Machiavellian ruler

Extremely Catholic

Wealth and Power come from the New

World.

Wanted complete control over Europe


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Philip II: 1556-1598

New World Riches

Silver and Gold

Increased Population Subjugated Poor

Efficient Bureaucracy

Controlled Lesser

Nobles

Supremacy in the

Mediterranean


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The Netherlands

Philips first attempt to seize

northern Europe was in the

Netherlands

His efforts, however, were to no avail

1550s - Calvinism makes its way intothe Netherlands


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Protestant Opposition

William of Orange - Calvinist whoopposed Philip II.

Compromise of 1564: pledge to resistthe decrees of Trent and theInquisition.

Philip sends the Duke Alba to theNetherlands.


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Duke of Alba

Arrives in

Rotterdam 1567

10,000 soldiers

Reign of Terror

Tenth Penny -

Sales Tax


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Resistance & Unification

William of Orange joined forces with

Sea Beggars

In 1572, capture the city of Brill

Pacification of Ghent: 1576 - Splits the

Netherlands.

- North: Protestant

- South: Catholic


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Towards Independence

Union of Arras: supported the Counter-

Reformation -> Trent

Union of Utrecht: supported Calvinism.

1581 - Wm of Orange declares

Independence from Spain

1584 - He was assassinated!

Independence not recognized until 1648


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Englands Religious

Wars Mary Tudor: reinstates Catholicism

Married to Philip IIher cousin

Bloody Mary killed thousands of

Protestants

Died 1558 supposedly giving birth -no heir so Elizabeth I became the

Regent


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Thomas Cranmers

Execution


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Elizabeth I: 1558-1603

A true politique

Political unity in

England

Re-established the

Church of

England

Never marries


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Internal Problems

Catholicism vs. Protestantism in

England.

Elizabeth sought the middle road

Protestants split in England:

- Presbyterians- Congregationalists


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External Problems

Problems stem from Spain

Elizabeth I was the only support and

hope for the Protestants in northern

Europe

1585 - Treaty of Nonsuch 1587 - executes Mary Scots


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Tilbury Speech
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fbjj9Nmn6ZU&feature=player_embeddedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fbjj9Nmn6ZU&feature=player_embedded


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Spanish Armada: 1588


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Political or Religious ?

The Thirty Years War was the last and

most destructive wars of religion.

It established the map of Europe andbrought the world into modernity.

BUT was it a political struggle or a

religious crusade?


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Religious Divisions

Lutherans were established in the

north and protected by the Peace of

Augsburg.

Catholics had established a stronghold

in France, Spain, and HRE.

Calvinist took over the Palatine under

elector Frederick III


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Four Periods of War

Bohemian - 1618-1625

Danish - 1625-1629

Swedish - 1630-1635

Swedish-French - 1635-1648


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Bohemian Period

Ferdinand a Habsburg Catholic makes

an entrance in 1618.

May 1618 - Defenestration of Prague

Calvinists protest and elect Frederick V

to the Palatine.

Ferdinand finds allies in Spain and the

Catholic League.


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Danish Period

King of Denmark - Christian IV was a

Lutheran with BIG goals.

The Catholic League and Albrecht of

Wallenstein, a Catholic mercenary.

Edict of Restitution 1629


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Swedish Period

Gustavos Adolphus wanted to maximize

his interests in the mainland. Backed by the French and the Dutch

Killed in 1632 by Wallenstein in the

Battle of Lutzen. Wallenstein assassinated by Ferdinand


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Swedish-French Period

French moved directly into the war.

The mostly deadly phase of the war,

with over a third of the German

population being wiped out.

Resulted in a politically fragmentedand weak German region.


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Treaty of Westphalia

Clearly this peace treaty is a secular

document, but what exactly does it

establish?

How did it significantly bring about

the entrance into the modern era?


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Interpretations

What was the motivating factor

behind the Thirty Years War?

- Religion

- Politics

- Greed


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Next Week

Briefly trace the paths to power of England

and France in 17th century and define whatthe differences were in the two distinct

formations.

World Civilization Week 7

Documents

Transcript of World Civilization Week 7