World Civilization Week 14

7/30/2019 World Civilization Week 14

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Age of Nation-StatesNineteenth Century in the West

Part II


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World View

Liberalism & Nationalism ultimatelysuffered defeat in 1848.

Conservative regimes ruled theContinent.

But nationalists and liberals did notgo away.


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Crimean War 1853-1856- rooted in Russias long

standing desire to control lands in

the Ottoman Empire. Russia entered the provinces of

Moldavia & Walachia in 1853.

The Ottoman Empire declared waron Russia.


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War Results Britain & France formed an alliance

with the Ottomans, March 1854.

Prussia & Austria remained neutral.

Treaty of Paris: March 1856

- Russia surrender lands in Danube

- Neutrality of the Black Sea


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Italian Unification Nationalism in Italy began in 1820s

- Carbonari - Charcoal Burners

- G. Mazzini On Nationality

- Romantic Republicanism

Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)- used guerilla warfare

- 1848-49 failed attempt


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Republic of 1849

La Traviata (1852), in

many ways, was

Verdis longing for thefailed Republic.

What did you think

about the music?

The storyline

(synopsis) ?


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Camillo Cavour

1810-1861

Prime Minister of

Piedmont Rejected

republicanism

FavoredConstitutionalMonarchy.


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Real Politik

Cavour was a realist and businessman, who

did not possess fuzzy romantic yearnings

like Mazzini and Garabaldi

Economic concerns push for National

Identity.

1855, Piedmont enters the Crimean War togain support of Napoleon III.


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Forging an Italian State

In 1858-59, Count Cavour worked

closely with Victor Emmanuel II and

Napoleon III to defeat Austria.

In 1860, Piedmontese met

Garibaldi

s campaign and Italybecame one unified country.


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Victor Emmanuel II

In March 1861,

Victor Emmanuel

became the King ofItaly.

Cavour died 3

months later

Constitutional

Monarchy.


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Problems

A palpable difference in the economies of

north (industrial/commercial) and south

(rural) Italy.

TransformismoCavours policy of Real

Politik was useful but corrupt.

Italia irredenta

many Italian states, suchas Trieste remained under Austrian control.


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German Unification

In 1858, Frederick William IV wentinsane and his brother William I

assumed the throne. 1862, William I appointed Otto Von

Bismarck as Prime Minister.

Between 1864-71 Bismarck led aseries of campaigns to unite German.


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Otto von Bismarck

1815-1898


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The Fatherland

Bismark, like Cavour, approached

unification through a conservative medium.

He was pragmatic and urged PrussianLiberals/Nationalists to trust power and

action.

Liberal opposition forced him to create theimage of the the Fatherland


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Art of Diplomacy

Bismarck pursued a kleindeutsch or

small German solution to unification

The Danish War - 1864

The Austro-Prussian War1866

North German Confederation - 1867 Bundesrat and Reichstag


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Franco-Prussian War 1870-71

Bismarks last step in completing

unification was ceding southern German

States. Spain gave Germany an excuse for war with

France. Spain deposed Queen Isabella and

chose Leopold Hohenzollern as the King. Ems Dispatch


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German Empire

Battle of Sedan, Germany defeated

France captures Napoleon III.

After defeating the French in 1870,

Bismarck declared theSecond Reich

The unification of Germany willprove to be a chief cause in WWI.


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Salut a la France

Napoleon III had a lot of good ideas forFrance.

1850- Falloux Law, which returnedcontrol of all schools to Churches.

1856- Hired Baron Haussman to revampthe city of Paris

National BankCredit MobilierandCredit Foncier


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Empire Falls

France was on the decline shortly

after Napoleon III seized France.

The Second Empire was broken into

two factions:

- 1851-60: Authoritarian Empire- 1860-71: Liberal Empire


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The Downfall

By 1860, Napoleon III modified his

policy to allow more liberal control

- Free Trade with Britain

- Legislature Debate

- relaxed press laws


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External Pressures

1861-67 supported a military

expedition in Mexico that went awry.

1866-71 Prussia reorganized

German affairs under Bismarck. 1871 Battle of Sedan - Empire Folds!


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Might makes Right!

The Franco-Prussian War brought

down the Second Empire.

Treaty of Frankfurt 1871

Annexation of Alsace & Lorraine


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Paris Commune

In March of 1871, several socialistsformed a commune and stormed

Paris. Separated Paris from the rest of

France

Not happy with the NationalAssembly.


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Political Struggle

The Paris Commune did not last long.

National Assembly took over and politically

France was spilt.- Monarchists

- Republicans

- Socialists

Adolphe Thiers became the acting president in

1871.


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The Third Republic

The majority of the Assembly favored

monarchy, but disagreed over dynasty.

Bourbon: Comte de Chambord

Orleans: Comte de Paris

1871-73: Assembly voted on a Republic

with a president, a two-chamber parliament,and council of ministers, headed by a

premier.


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Republicanism

Adolphe Thiers and Leon Gambetta,although largely different political

goals helped secure the Republic 1871-1873

1873-79: President MarshallMacMahon.


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De Lesseps Scandal

Began to build the

Panama Canal in

1881 but the terrainand climate differed

greatly.

Company bribed

governmentemployees, but went

bankrupt.


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Boulanger Affair

1886General

Georges gave

speeches aboutrecapturing Alsace

and Lorraine.

Elected Chamber of

Deputies 1889, butwas threatened with

treason.


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The Dreyfus Affair

Alfred Dreyfus

1859-1935

1894 - accused ofselling military

secrets to

Germany Anti-Semitism


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Conspiracy

In 1896, Lt. Col. Picquart discovered that

the handwriting was not Dreyfus but a

major in the French Military F. Esterhazy. Another trail and despite the evidence,

Esterhazy found innocent, Dreyfus further

excused. Information continues to leak, splits country

Radicals vs. Conservatives


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Stages of the 3rd Republic

1st Stage: Monarchist Republic 1871-79

2nd Stage: Opportunist Republic 1879-99

3rd Stage: Radical Republic 1899-1914


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The Habsburg Empire

The most diversified Empire in

Europe following the 1848

revolutions.

Nationalists Groups:

- Croats, Slovaks, Germans, Hungarians,Poles, Romanians, and Czechs


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Post 1848

Francis Joseph reassertedabsolutism after 1848 and

implemented reforms.-Reichsrat - parliament

-Ausgleich - Compromise of

1867, which established dualmonarchy Austro-Hungry Empire


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Nationalism

Language became a huge factor in defining a

Nation

Many other national groups in the Habsburgopposed the Ausgleich

Czechs of Bohemia called forTrialism

The theory of nationalityis a retrograde

step in history

~ Lord Acton


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Russian Empire

In many ways, Russia was a

backward-looking Empire.

Defeat in the Crimean War led to

several reforms in the Empire. Repression and Revolution


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Tsar Alexander II

R. 1855-1881

Tsar Liberator

Reforms from the

top-down

Reactionary

Autocracylike

Peter the Great


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Reforms

Abolition of Serfdom- 1861

- serfs had to work off debt

Local Government & Law - 1864

-zemstovs & judicial systems

Military Reform - 1860-80

- lowered service from 25 to 15 years

Russification of Poland: 1863


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Revolutionaries

Tsarist Russia would not go without

critics and opposition.

Alexander Herzen -Populism

- Social revolution based on the

communal life of Russian peasants. 1870 - Radicals appear in Russia


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Radicalism

In January 1878, Vera Zasulich attempted to

assassinate the military governor of St.

Petersburg, which sparked a wave ofterrorism.

Zasulich was acquitted, but the verdict

encouraged other terrorists.


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Political Activism

1879Land and Freedom splits

- education of peasants

-Peoples Willoverthrowing the

autocracy

March 1, 1881assassinated TsarAlexander II.


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Tsar Alexander III

R. 1881-1894

Rolled back his

fathers reforms

Secret police

Autocracy and

Repressive politics


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Democracy in Britian

The site of the Great Exposition of

1851 epitomized the Victorian Age.

Housed some 13,000 exhibits.

Celebration of Industry andPretension.


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Two-Party Democracy

Tory PartyConservatives

- led by Benjamin Disraeli

- Queen Victoria adored him

Whig PartyLiberal

- led by William Gladstone- Queen Victoria disliked him


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The Reform Bill of 1867

Extended the vote to male heads of

households.

Large number of male working-class

voters added to the electorate.

Voters increased about 1million


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William Gladstone

Prime Minister

1868-1874 and

1880-1886 The Great

Reformer

Education Act1870

Ballot Act of 1872

Irish Home Rule


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Benjamin Disraeli

Prime Minster1874-1880

ConservativeSocial Reform

Public Health Actof 1875

Artisan DwellingAct of 1875

World Civilization Week 14

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