World Civilization Week 13

7/30/2019 World Civilization Week 13

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Age of Ideologies

Nineteenth Century in the West


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Revolution of 1830 Louis XVIII died in

1824, leaving his

brother Charles Xheir to the throne Charles X was a firm

believer in rule bydivine right.

Historical mistakeslead to blood shed.


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Reactionary Policies Gave land back to the emigres Restored the primogeniture rule Made Roman Catholicism the official and

only religion of France In 1827, denied the Chamber of Deputies

constitutionality.


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The July Revolution

In 1830, the liberals won themajority vote for seats in theChamber of Deputies

Charles attempted a royalist seizure

of power. Royalist victory in Algeria


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Four OrdinancesJuly 25, 1830

1. Restricted freedom of the press2. Dissolved the recently elected Chamber

of Deputies3. Restricted the franchise to the

wealthiest people in France4. Call for new elections.


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Down goes Charles!!! The royal army could not gain control of

Paris.

On August 2, 1830 Charles abdicated andfled to England

The Chamber of Deputies named LouisPhilippe King of the French


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Fit for a King?


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July Monarchy

The July Monarchy established underLouis Philippe was politically liberal

Socially, however, he was a conservative. Money was the path to power, and the

working class was downtrodden A series of revolts broke out between

1832-1834.


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Les Miserables


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Belgium Becomes Independent

August 25, 1830 disturbances broke out inBrussels following the performance of

Salvatore Rosa. Belgium Catholic and Dutch Calvinis t A rebellion broke out and Belgium defeated

the Dutch. In 1831, Leopold of Saxe-Coburg was declared

King of Belgians


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Toward an Industrial Society

Industrialization was one of the finalsteps in making Europe modern.

Great Britain led the charge for the

Industrial Revolution. Society becomes transformed.


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Great Britain Industrialism started in Great

Britain in 18 th century. By the turn of the century Britain

had successful factories all over theworld.

Textiles, ironmaking, shipbuilding,china production.


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Textile Inventions

1733- John Kay invented the

fly shuttle

allowed one person to operate a loom.

1765- James Hargreaves created the

spinning jenny

, which spun 16 spindlesof thread at a time.

1769 Richard Arkwright appliedwaterpower to the spinning process.


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The Great Reform Bill

1830 George IV died and his brotherWilliam IV became king.

Whigs took control of Parliament andWilliam insisted on coming to anagreement.

1832 Great Reform Bill increased thevoting rights to all middle-class men.


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Political & Economic Reform

Commercial and industrial class was larger in Britain prosperity required attention to

economic interests. Liberal Whig aristocrats regarded as the

protectors of constitutional liberty.

Reaction to conservative policies, such asthe Six Acts


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Take

ACT

ion

1833 Factory Act: limited hours thatchildren under 9 could work.

1838 Anti-Corn League 1842 Mines Act: Forbade women and

children to work as hurriers. 1847 Ten Hours Act: Work shifts were

confined to 10 hours a day.


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Economics Classical Economics - Adam Smith Laissez-Faire -

hands off

Rise of the bourgeoisie

- stable government- competition- industriousness


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Population & Wages The new working class created

problems over population & wages Thomas Malthus: Essay on the

Principle of Population

David Ricardo: Principles of Political Economy


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Thomas Malthus Need to contain population Conditions could not be improved Population must eventually outstrip the

food supply.

Contraceptive or Higher standard of living


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David Ricardo

Iron law of wages

Raise wages = More children Expanded market = Lower wages Lower wages = Fewer children

In the long run, the wages wouldalways tend toward the minimum


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Utilitarianism Nature has placed man between the

two sovereign master of pain and pleasure

That which is ethical is that which promotes the greatest happiness of thegreatest number.


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Socialism Early socialist applauded the new

productive industrialism. Opposed the classical economists Mismanagement, low wages, poor

distribution of goods arose fromunregulated industrial system


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Marxism 1818-1883 German middle

class family University of Berlin Communist

Manifesto


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Communist Manifesto Marx and Engels wrote the manifesto

in 1848.

Communism implied the outrightabolition of private property

Combination of German Hegelianism,French Socialism, and British classicaleconomics.


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Marx

s Revolution Revolution through class conflict Bourgeoisie and Proletariat Proletariat and Communist

All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to facewith sober senses, his real conditions of life, andhis relations with his kind.


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France

Liberal opposition to the corruptregime -> July Monarchy

February 23 rd Guizot resigned, on

February 24th Louis Philippeabdicated.


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National Assembly & Paris

Workers Alphonse de

Lamartine (1790-

1869) Re-write a new

constitution -> 2 nd Republic

But workers wantedsocial revolution too!


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Rise & Fall of the Second

Republic Revolution heats up during June in

Paris

June Days

(Flaubert) Social order & protection of property.

The election of

Little Napoleon


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Dj Vu ???

Like 1795, France turned to a strongleader.Louis Napoleon.

With the popular vote Louis Napoleon

becomes the President of the Republic


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Little Napoleon December 2, 1851

seized power to call

for a reelection. December 2, 1852

declared the 2 nd Empire

Napoleon III


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Habsburg Empire The Habsburg Empire cut across

national lines. Nationalism was preached throughout

the Empire.

1848 rebellions broke out in Vienna,Prague, Hungary, and Italy.


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Louis Kossuth (1802-1894)

Magyar Nationalist March 1848 made

moving speeches atthe Hungarian Diet Independence of

Hungary and aresponsible gov t.


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Vienna Uprising

Kossuth speeches influence studentorganizations riots break out in Vienna.

Metternich resigned and fled the country May 17, 1848 Ferdinand agreed to a

moderately liberal constitution.

Hungarian Diet abolished serfdom.


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Magyar Revolt

The incident in Vienna encouraged Magyar leaders in Hungary.

Magyars wished to have a separateHungarian state within the Habsburgdomains.

Forcing Romanians, Serbs, & Croatians toabide by Magyar policy a revolt broke out!


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Czech Nationalism

At the same time of the Hungarian revolt,Czech nationalism also pique in the spring

of 1848. Czech nationalist demanded Bohemia and

Moravia to be permitted to the Slavic state.

Pan-Slavic Congress called for Slavicrecognition.


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Divide and Conquer

Gen. Alfred Windisch-Graetz

June 17, 1848 movedagainst the Czech Nationalists

Germans and MiddleClasses approved

Radicals suppressed


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Habsburg Victory

Franz-Joseph takesover the Habsburg

Empire Supported by Tsar Nicholas I, theHabsburgs put down

every revolt andreturned order.


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Italy The Italian Revolution was rooted in

deep republican ideals. Nationalists wanted a unified Italy Rally under Pope Pius IX

Radicalism led to downfall for republican ideals.


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Republicanism Defeated November 15, 1848

radicals assassinate theminister of the Papal

States Count Rossi Pius IX fled to Naples for

refuge. February 1849 declare the

Roman Republic Mazzini and Garibaldi


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Arrivederci!!!

In March 1849, radicals forced Piedmont torenew war with Austria.

Piedmont defeated and the new Republicwas on its own.

June 1849, Napoleon III sends 10,000

troops to put down the radical rebellion Pius IX renounces liberalism and returns


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Germany 1848 brought liberalism to the fore-

front of German states. Numerous states such as Wurttemberg,

Saxony, Hanover, and Bavaria calledfor a liberal government and Germanunity.


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Revolution in Prussia

March 15, 1848 large popular disturbanceshad erupted in Berlin.

Frederick William IV called for anassembly to write a constitution.

Appointed a liberal minister to head the

cabinet -> David Hansemann


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Frankfurt Parliament

May 18, 1848 representatives from all over Germany met in St. Paul

s Church.

Revise the organization of the GermanConfederation and write a constitution for all Germany.

Grossdeutsch vs. Kleindeutsch Solution


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The Frankfurt Flounder

Frederick William IV rejected the constitution because

1. There was nothing legal or binding about theactions

2. Junker support was not interested in Germanyunity

3. He feared opposition from Austria4. He did not want

a crown picked up from thegutter.


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Frederick William IV

By April 1849, aconservative ministryreplaced the liberalone in the Assembly

Frederick William IVdissolved the

Assembly and proclaimed its ownconstitution.


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Questions ???

Why did the revolutions of 1848 failthroughout Europe?

What roles did liberals and nationalists play in the revolutions?

Why did they sometimes clash? Idealism vs. Realism Flaubert


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Next Week

Compare and contrast the Italian andGerman unification movements in the latenineteenth century.

World Civilization Week 13

Documents

Transcript of World Civilization Week 13