World Civilization Week 5 6

7/29/2019 World Civilization Week 5 6

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ReformationReform or Revolution?


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Eve of the Reformation

Social and Political Divisions

Centralization of Imperial Governments

Spiritual Problems

Weakened Church Authority

Northern Humanism Literacy & the Printing Press

Laypeoples Religious Revival


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The Printing Press Increase in universities from 1300-

1500.

Johann Guttenberg: 1455 invents the

a movable type of machine

Mass production of pamphlets andindulgences.


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Desiderius Erasmus

1466-1536

Educational and

Religious Reformer

Praise of Folly

Translates the Bible

1516-1519

Ad fontes


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Ecclesiastical Reform ModernDevotionestablished by Gerard

Groote (1340-1384).

-Brothers of a Common Life

- Imitation of Christ

Humanism & Vernacular Lay Control over Religious Life


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Martin Luther 1483-1546

University of Erfurt

Pursued a LawDegree

Augustinian Monk

Studied the worksof Ockham andBiel


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Luther

s Position Reform the Church within, like it

was done in the past.

Two major problems:

1. Gods Righteousness

2. Indulgences


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Sola Fide Luther struggled with the meaningbehind Gods Righteousness

A perfection no one could know, orever achieve.

Justification of Faith Alone:

- To believe is to stand before God

- Romans 1:17


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Attack on Indulgences Luther was concerned on the abuses

of Indulgences.

1476 - Pope Sixtus IV - Purgatory

The selling of Indulgences became a

huge commodity for the Church. Can salvation be bought or sold?


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John Tetzel

Dont you hear the voices of your dead parents and

other relatives crying out, Have mercy on us, for

we suffer great punishment & pain. From this youcould release us with a few alms. We have created

you, fed you, cared for you, and left you land.

Why do you treat us so cruelly and leave us to

suffer in the flames, when it takes only a little tosave us?


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Ninety-Five Theses


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Luthers Break

Luthers ninety-five theses became the rage

of the age.

Sola Scriptura

Excommunicated January 3, 1521

Charles V crowned Emperor

Diet of WormsApril, 1521

A Priesthood of Believers


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Luthers Stand

Unless I am convicted by Scripture and

plain reasonI do not accept the authority

of popes and councils, for they contradictedeach othermy conscience is captive to the

Word of God; I cannot and I will not recant

anything, for to go against conscience isneither right nor safe. God help me, Amen.


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Reformation Spreads

Charles V - Habsburg Dynasty was

too occupied to really quell Luthers

uprising.

War with France and Turkey.

Princely Control over lands. The Printing Press -> Pamphlets!


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Peasants Revolt

Luthers message seeps down to the

peasant class.

Wanted Freedom - end serfdom.

Luther - Not a Social Revolutionary.

1524-1525 - major revolt peasantsare crushed!


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Protestant Movement

Luther not the only Reformer in

Europe.

Other groups spring up all over the

north.

Luther

s success helps these groupsprogress.


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Ulrich Zwingli

1484-1531

Swiss Reformation

Influenced by

Erasmus

Centers his

teaching in Zurich


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Swiss Reformation

Two Main Reasons for Reform:

1. Opposition to Mercenary Service

2. Councils of Constance & Basel

1522 - Zwingli leads the attack onCatholics by breaking the Lenten

Fast.


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Scripture Test

In 1523, Zwingli sanctioned a

Scripture Test re-evaluated the

purposes of sacraments.

Zurich becomes the center of the

Puritanical Protestant Movement. Marburg Colloquy and Civil War


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Marburg Colloquy

Meeting set up by Philip of Hessebetween Luther and Zwingli - 1529.

Did not agree on theological issues,mainly the nature of Christspresence in the Eucharist:

- Zwingli - symbolic presence

- Luther - both spirit & body


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Conflict and Divide

Also argued over the interpretation of thebible.

-Zwingli - literal- Luther - figurative

The conflict splits the Protestant

movement, both politically &theologically.

Radical Reformers break off from thisdivide.


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Swiss Civil Wars

Catholics battle with Protestants

Battles of Kappel, 1529 & 1531

Zwingli wounded badly at the latterbattle, captured and executed.

Heinrich Bullinger (1504-75) takesover as the leader of SwissReformation


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Anabaptists

Founder Conrad Grebel: 1498-1526

Ancestors of the Mennonites and

Amish.

Were very anti-intellectual andbelieved in adult baptism.

Political outsiders - forerunners ofthe Church vs. State issue.


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Other Radicals

Spiritualists - led by Thomas Mntzer,

believed that the only religious authority

was Gods spirit Antitrinitarians - exponents of a

commonsense, rational, and ethical religion.

Opposed Calvin and the belief in theTrinity.


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John Calvin 1509-1564

Born into nobility

Held Church

benefices.

Studied Law &

Philosophy

Geneva Reform


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The Zealous Reformers

Calvinism was a religious ideologycentered on political resistance.

Wanted to transform society to amoral and orderly state.

By 1550, Calvinism replaced

Lutheranism as the most popularProtestant Religion.


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Sovereignty of God

Geneva rare case for protestantism-political turmoil leads to conversion.

Calvin drawn in as political refugeewrites new church doctrine.

By 1540, Calvin takes over Geneva

and preaches his theology of theelect.


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Geneva Church Organization

1. Pastors: of whom there were 5 to preach the

good news

2. Teachers/Doctors: to instruct populace anddefend the new doctrine

3. Elders: Group of 12 layman to oversee the

Church and Society.4. Deacons: to dispense church goods and

services


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Calvins Principles

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Brings works back into faith.

Its all about Gods Glory, not Love.

Doctrine of Predestination

Moral Reform


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Political Consolidation

1530 - Diet of Augsburg: meeting

between Catholics and Protestants

Augsburg Confession - Protestant Creed

Charles V too occupied with the War

against the French and Turks.

1555 - Peace of Augsburg: Made the

divisions in Christendom permanent.


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English Reformation

England a rare reform case

Different Groups:

- Northern Humanists

- Parliament

Reformation in England a Top-Down Process.


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Henry VIII

Early career no

intention of

breaking away. Defender of the

Faith

Attacked Lutherand Protestantism


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A Series of Unfortunate

Events 1527 - problems arose in England

that eventually led to its break with

Rome.

Henry requested an annulment from

Pope Clement VII

Papa said NO


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The Position Shifts

1529- Henry outraged sought advice from

Parliament.

Parliament had many Luther supporters.Thomas Cranmer: 1489-1556

Thomas Cromwell: 1485-1540

Henrys break with Rome was a politicalmove, not religious!


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The Anglican Church

England not concerned with faith and

salvation strictly a politics!

Anglican Churchin its earliest stageCatholic without the Pope.

1534 - Act of Supremacy: officially made

the King of England the head of theEnglish Church.


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Conservative Reform

Six Articles of 1539

1. Priest were not allowed to marry

2. Reaffirmed Transubstantiation

3. Denied Eucharistic cup to the laity

4. Declared celibate vows inviolable

5. Continued Private Mass

6. Continued Oral Confession


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Edward VI

1537-1553

Age 10 becomes

king.

Protestantism

becomes stronger.

Influence ofCalvin.


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Mary I

1553-1558 r.

Married Philip II

of Spain

Brings

Catholicism Back

Bloody Mary


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A Reform Within

Catholic Church attempted reform

before Luther

Fifth Lateran Council 1513-1517

Many new religious orders sprungup, during this time.


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Religious Orders

Theatines - 1524

Capuchins - 1528

Ursulines - 1535

Oratorians - 1575

Carmelites - 1570s


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Teresa of Avila: 1515-1582


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John of the Cross: 1542-1591


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Society of Jesus

Ignatius of Loyola: 1491-1556

Moral and Intellectual warriors of

Christ.

Attacked Luther, Zwingli, and

Calvin followers. Spiritual Exercises


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Ignatius of Loyola


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The Council of Trent

1545 - 1563

Council met over three sessions that

spanned the careers of four differentpopes.

The Council did not give one single

doctrinal concession to theProtestants.


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Issues at Trent

Original Sin - baptism does wash

away original sin.

Predestination - Gods decision to

save people in time.

Justification - faith formed by love,need both faith and good works.


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Other Points

Indulgences - kept them, but youcould no longer sell them.

Cult of the Saints - Important part ofconverting people back to the faith.

Seminary - isolate priests so they can

control themprevent anotherLuther.


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Charles Borromeo

1538 -1584

Humilitas

Archbishop ofMilan

Spearheaded the

Counter Attack onmany fronts


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Sacramental Work


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Tridentine Mass

Latin Mass

Issued by Pope

Pius V - 1570

Conform the rite

of mass

Lasted untilVatican II in 1962.


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Beyond Religion

Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin went

beyond religion when they mounted

their attack on Catholicism.

Magisterial Reformers

Transition into the social andpolitical realm.


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Reform or Revolt???

Both reform and revolt are forms of

change so to determine which is more

accurate think about what actually changed?- Religion?

- Society?

- Politics?


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Sociopolitical

Development

On the surface, the Reformation did

not change politics or society.

Underneath the surface, however, it

greatly affected the sociopolitical

development of Europe.


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Education

Development of Humanism

Creation of Protestant schools and

universities.

Opposition to the scholastics and

counter reformers. The use of the vernacular.


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University of Wittenberg


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The Role of Women

Did the Reformation change the roleof women???

Yes and No! Women gained more out of the

Reformation, but they still remained

subservient to men.


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Womens Rights?

Get rid of

medieval

misogyny. Women were no

longer considered

the downfall ofman.


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Marriages

Family Values changed with the

advent of the Reformation.

Later Marriages - population and

economy affected couples wanting to

get married

Arranged Marriages


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Cultural Shifts

Literature as a way to decipher a

period or time.

Catholic View: Cervantes

-Don Quixote

Protestant View: Shakespeare- Plays -> Dramatist


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Next Week

What exactly were the Wars of Religion?

Were they really about religious beliefs?How did they help propel the development

of nation states in the 17th century.

World Civilization Week 5 6

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Transcript of World Civilization Week 5 6