World Civilization Week 9

7/31/2019 World Civilization Week 9

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Age of ReasonThe Scientific Revolution &

Enlightenment


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Rediscovery of the Universe

The main factors leading up to thescientific revolution: Discovery of the New World Invention of the Printing Press Rivalry among Nation-States

Reformation Renaissance Humanism


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The New Science

The

new

science was a diversestudy of natural philosophy.

- Astronomy

- Math / Logic

- Physics- Biology


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Astronomy

Ptolemy - Geocentric universe Borrowed heavily upon Aristotle

sconception of the universe.

Mathematically based, no scientificreasoning for the model.


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Nicolaus Copernicus 1473-1543 On the Revolutions

of the Heavenly Spheres - 1543

HeliocentricUniverse


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Copernicus

Revolution

The sun-centered universe rejectedAristotle

s cosmology. Revolutions = how long it took to

revolve

around the sun.

Kept the epicycles of Ptolmey

ssystem into his work.


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The New Astronomy Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) worked on

creating a mathematical way toexplain Copernicus.

Did not buy into the sun-centereduniverse.

Collected a larger collection of astronomical data.


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Johannes Kepler 1571-1630 Brahe

s assistant Defends

Copernicus

theory

Elliptical motionof the planets


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Mathematics

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) furthercontributed to the Copernicantheory.

Developed the use of a telescope,

which enabled him to view theheavens.


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The Rational Universe Mathematical

models could

explain the world Patron of the

Medici

Writes a series of articles on hisfindings


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Physics Isaac Newton (1642-1727) discovered

the laws of gravity. Principles of Natural Philosophy His laws are the cornerstone of

modern day physics. Rounded out the Copernican Theory

through his discovery.


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Laws of Motion

Newton s synthesisdeveloped the laws of

motion, dynamics, andmechanics. All motion could be

timed and measured. Until Heisenberg

sUncertainty Principle


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Biology

Until the 16 th century, all knowledge of human body based on Galen.

Four bodily humors: Blood, Phlegm, Yellow Bile, Black Bile Bright Blood (Arteries)

Dark Blood (Veins)


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Medical Advances

Vesalius: On the Fabric of the Human

Body 1543 Studies cadavers and

the first to assemble askeleton

Details the structure of the human body


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Other Advances

William Harvey: 1628 published findingson the nature of blood circulation.

Marcello Malpighi: 1666 made discoveriesregarding blood corpuscles.

Edward Jenner: 1798 inoculated smallpoxusing bovine immunity.


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Francis Bacon 1561- 1626 Father of

Empiricism A man of letters Known mainly for

the inductivemethod


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Empiricism

Empiricism follows the method of experimentation in science.

A natural philosopher that applies

the inductive logic to solve problems.


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Rene Descartes 1596- 1650 Invented analytic

geometry. Discourse of

Method Deductive Method

or Rationalism


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Rationalism Applies the deductive method of logic Cogito Ergo Sum - I think therefore, I

am. From this principle, Descartes derived

the Ontological Proof for the existence of

God. ( SEE St. Anselm) Perceptions of the Universe


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Expanding Knowledge

Middle Ages

Rediscovery of Aristotle. Late Middle Ages Humanism Early Modern Period birth of

the Scientific Method.


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The Method Combination of applied

knowledge, religious toleration,mutual forbearance, andpolitical liberty.

Beginning of the Enlightenment


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Faith and Reason

The new science brought manychallenges to religion.

1. Biblical fallacies

2. Natural philosophers vs.

theologians3. Material vs Spiritual World


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Blaise Pascal 1623-1662 French

mathematician Jansenist - apologist Wrote against

dogmatism andskepticism

Penses


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Leap of Faith Pascal was trying to establish a

means to be a Christian. Christianity = Ultimate Happiness Reason can only take you so far

The heart has its reasons thatreason does not know


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Points of the Wager Man transcends that what kills him

The eternal of these infinite spacesterrifies me.

You do not have the resources in yourself to make yourself happy.

For example, I am the King of France


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What is Enlightenment? Was it a revolutionary body of thought? Was it a unified body of thought

generated by an established canon of thinkers?

Was it a stage in the development of thehuman spirit?


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The Philosophes Not usually

philosophers

butrather

men of letters

. These philosophes

sought to applythe rules of reason and commonsense to nearly all major institutionsand social practices.


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Voltaire: 1694-1778 Born Francois-

Marie Arouet

Play-write andsatirist.

Extremely Witty

Candide


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Influences on the

Enlightenment The Ideas of Newton and Locke British Toleration and Stability after

1688. Progressive religious reforms based on

responsible government Experiments from the Scientific

Revolution Era.


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The Public Sphere

The emergence of the Enlightenment wasopening of the Public Sphere through an

active print culture. The Spectator by Joseph Addison and Richard

Steele

Coffeehouses and Freemason lodges Creation of the Encyclopedia (1751)


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Denis Diderot: 1713-1784


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Jean Le Rond d

Alembert: 1717-

1783


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Adam Smith: 1723-90 Founder of laissez-

faire economics

Mercantilism wasthe way topreserve a nation

Wealth of Nations


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Wealth of Nations

Four-stage Theory1. Hunting and Gathering

2. Pastoral or herding

3. Agricultural

4. Commercial


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Political Theory

Politics was the biggest area of reform in the Enlightenment.

A precursor to the revolutionary agethat followed it.

Philosophes felt discontented withthe way things were run.


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The Spirit of the Laws


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Montesquieu:1689-1755 A lawyer and a member of the

nobility.

The Father of Sociology Looked to England as an example of

what government should be like. Separation of Power - Checks and

Balances.


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Persian Letters: 1721

Montesquieu wrote this tale as acritique of European Societythrough the eyes of foreigners.

Usbek and Mirza


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Troglodyte Parable

Mirza writes Usbek and asks:

Is man happier by pleasure or thepractice of virtue?

Usbek

s response is the parable,

which discusses the three phases of the Troglodytes.


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Balance of Power The final decline of the Troglodytes

was a result of a moral problem, not

a military issue.

Men are born virtuous and ought tobe this way.

Economic connection -

Fable of theBees


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Rousseau:1712-1778 Born in Switzerland of lower middle

class family.

Moved to France and lived awayward life Confessions

Became involved with social circlesof the philosophes throughpublications.


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The First Discourse: 1750

Have the Arts and Sciences contributedto mankind or not?

Rousseau said NO! because they havetended to created needs and destroymorality.

Better to be a first rate cabinet maker,than a third rate geometrician


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The Second Discourse: 1755

What is the origin of inequality? Rousseau gave a speculative analysis

of human beings. Man was not originally social.

The drive for inequality was thedesire to be desired.


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The Social Contract: 1762

The Social Contract was Rousseau

spolitical theory.

All men are born free, buteverywhere they are in chains.

BUT WHY???? What is Rousseau s answer for this

bondage?


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Political Reality

Reform existed on three platforms:1. Those who wanted to reform and

revive the aristocracy (Montesquieu).2. Those who fought for a democraticgovernment (Rousseau).

3. Those who sought to reform themonarchy (Locke and Voltaire).


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Enlightened Absolutism

Use the

reason

of theEnlightenment to reform themonarchies in Europe.

- Frederick II of Prussia

- Joseph II of Austria- Catherine II of Russia


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Joseph II: 1765-1790 The son of Maria

Theresa and co-ruledwith her from 1765-

80. Centralized Authority Church Reforms -

Toleration Economic and

Agrarian Reform


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World Civilization Week 9

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