World Civilization Week 12

7/30/2019 World Civilization Week 12

1/70

Age of Revolutions

Napoleon and the Congress System


2/70

Napoleons Rise to Power

The Directory under

the new Constitution

gave a lot of power tothe military.

Assisted the

antimonarchist coup

detatin 1797 andsaved the Republic.


3/70

Military Victories Early on Napoleon

was very successful.

1797 - Treaty ofCampo Formiocontrolled

Switzerland andItaly.

1799 - Invaded Egypt


4/70

State of France

The Directory encounters problems

- Economic Crisis

- The International War

Constitution of Year VIII - Abbe Sieyes

employed Napoleon to stage a second coup

detat. confidence from below, power from above.


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6/70

Protector of the Republic?

Quickly Napoleon established a balance of

power by applying democratic principles,

such as: Destroyed Feudal Privileges

Security of Property for the Middle Class

Universal Male Suffrage


7/70

Treaties 1801- Treaty of Luneville took Austria

out of the war.

1802- Treaty of Amiens brought peace to

Europe, including Britain.

1802 - Concordat in Rome brought peace

with the pope and the church.


8/70

Napoleonic Code 1802 - Napoleon became Consul for

Life and then led France into a

codification of laws. 1804 - Napoleonic Code helped

establish a Dynasty.

Emperor Napoleon I - December 2,1804.


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13/70

Naval Blunder

Napoleon lost the Battle of Trafalgar

to the British.

He lost all hopes of invading Britain

Launched an Economic War on

Britain and continued his marchacross Europe.


14/70


15/70

Battle of Austerlitz


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20/70

A Dictator of Sorts

Napoleon transformed Europe into a

Continental System.

Instituted Reforms wherever he ruled.

-Napoleonic Code

-Freed serfs and peasants

-social distinctions


21/70

German Nationalism

Most of German lands were subject

to the rule of Napoleon.

Only Prussia governed itself.

Many German Romantics developed

a nationalistic spirit that called toresist French Rule.


22/70

Prussian Reform

Prussia feared another defeat likethe one at Jena, in 1806.

Instituted internal reforms.

- Political Reform

- Military Reform

Baron von Stein (1757-1831)

Count von Hardenberg (1750-1822)


23/70

Europe at War

The Wars of Liberation

Spain - more than any other country

resisted French Rule.

Austria - tried to establish a war ofrevenge, but lost at every chance.

In 1809, Napoleon married theAustrian princess Marie Louise.


24/70

Pyrrhic Dance

Several factors led to the warbetween France and Russia

1. Breaking the Treaty of Tilsit

2. Failed marriage negotiations

3. The Continental System

By 1810, Tsar Alexander declaredwar on the French Empire.


25/70

A Dead End War

Napoleons Grand Army greatly

outnumbered the Russians.

The invasion, however, did not favor

Napoleon.

Russians employed a

scratch and

burn tactic.


26/70

Russian Preparation


27/70

Battle of Borodino


28/70

Moscow, 1812


29/70

European Coalition

Metternich rounded up a coalition torid Napoleon of European

dominance. Russia, Prussia, Austria, & Britain

Battle of Nations, in 1814 forced

Napoleon to abdicate and flee toElba.


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31/70

The Congress of Vienna

Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh &

Prince Metternich headed the congress.

Treaty of ChaumontMarch 9, 1814

- Restoration of Bourbons

- Quadruple Alliance


32/70

Congressional Policy

It is our duty, as well as interest, to

regard, if we cannot avert, the

return of a more contentious order

of things.

~R. S. Castlereagh


33/70

Bourbon Restoration

Louis XVIII agreed to aconstitutional monarchy and

guaranteed the following:- an elected legislature

- religious freedom

- The Napoleonic Code

- equality before the law


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35/70

Battle of Waterloo


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37/70

Napoleons Legacy

Napoleons reign following the

revolutionary government showed the

power of the nationhood, which inspiredEurope.

Birth of the Age of Ideologies

Romanticism, Nationalism, Liberalism


38/70

Bourbon Restoration

Louis XVIII -

political realist

ConstitutionalMonarchy

established

The Charter

Ultraroyalism -

White Terror


39/70

Nationalism

The belief that a nation is composed

of people who are joined by common

bonds.

Opposed the Congress of Vienna

The notion of

popular sovereignty

The Nation and Nationhood.


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Liberalism

Liberalism grew out of the

nineteenth century political turmoil.

Seeped in Enlightenment ideals.

Wanted Constitutions and political

freedom. Responsible Government


44/70

Political & Economic

Goals Wanted boarder political

participation, but not democracy.

Privilege based on wealth and

property.

The rising middle-class

Laissez-faire Economics


45/70

Conservatism

The domestic political order among

European countries tended to be

conservative in form & principle.

Pillars of conservatism were

legitimate monarchies, landed

aristocracies, and established

churches.


46/70

Epitome of Conservatism


47/70

Conservative Tenets

Opposed the rule of popular

sovereignty and economic liberty.

Limited constitutions - power

control by monarchies &

aristocracies.

The alliance system


48/70

Universities

Several student groups rise up

supporting the cause of nationalism.

Burchenschaften - Germany

Karl Sand1819-20 became a

martyr for the student nationalistgroups.


49/70

Sand murders Kotzebue


50/70

Sands Execution


51/70

Carlsbad Decrees

1. Government officials appointed to each

University

2. No teacher/professor allowed to serve as agovernment official

3. Banned secret societies and organizations

4. Rule of expulsion


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St. Peters Field 1819


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Six Acts

1. Forbade large public meetings

2. Raised fines for seditious libel

3. Speedy trial for political agitators4. Increased newspaper tax

5. Prohibited the training of armed groups

6. Allowed local officials to search homeson suspicion.


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The Congress System

1815-1822 European international relations

were controlled by congresses.

1815: Vienna Concert of Europe

1818: Aix-la-Chapelle

1820: Troppau

1821: Laibach

1822: Verona


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58/70

Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle

Arranged for the withdrawal of the

allied army of occupation from

France

Admitted France into the concert of

Europe.


59/70

Latin American Revolution

1804-1824

Inspired by the French Revolution

and the Napoleonic period.

Witnessed the end of Spanish

colonial rule.


60/70

Spanish Revolution

1820-1823

Began with a mutiny of army troops

under Colonel Rafael Riego.

Opposed the persecution of liberals

by Ferdinand VII.


61/70

Congress of Troppau

Summoned by Metternich because of

the outbreak of revolution in Spain.

Protocol of Troppau authorized

armed intervention into any state

that engaged in a revolution.

England opposed.


62/70

Italian Revolution

1820-1821

Secret liberal nationalist

organizations - carbonari

Opposed the absolutist rule of

Ferdinand I of Kingdom of TwoSicilies


63/70

Congress of Laibach

Authorized Austrian troops to end

the revolutionary changes in the

Italy, where the revolution spread toSpain.

No decision made concerning Spain


64/70

Greek Revolution

1821-1830

Primarily a nationalist uprising that

opposed Ottoman Empire (Turks)

Greek Independence recognized by

the Treaty of Adrianople 1829


65/70

Congress of Verona

Was called because of the continuing

Spanish Revolution and the

outbreak of revolution in Greece.

England withdrew from the Concert

under the direction of George

Canning.


66/70

Russian Dismay

In 1825, Russia began to encounter aseries of problems.

Army developed reformistsympathies

Secret Societies spring up and echo

the liberal doctrine Change Russia --- Free the Serfs.


67/70

The Decembrist Revolt

Two crisis breakout in 1825.

The First was Tsar Alexander died

with no direct heir to the throne.

Secondly, Moscow regiment of the

Russian Army refused to swearallegiance to Nicholas.


68/70

Tsar Nicholas I

Orthodoxy, Autocracy, &

Nationalism

Refused to abolish serfdom

Reform Movements:

- Official Nationality- Codification of Russian Law


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Next Week

Why did the revolutions of 1848 fail

throughout Europe?

What roles did liberals and

nationalists play in the revolutions?

Why did they sometimes clash?

World Civilization Week 12

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