Western Civilization Lecture 10

Western Civilization

Mr. Mike Lecture 10


Charles Darwin & Evolution Impact of Darwinism Colonialism Art: Impressionism & Post-Impressionism


Charles Darwin English Naturalist Natural explanation of

the origins and decent of biological species

5-year Voyage on HMS Beagle studying/collecting species specimens


Darwin's Theory All species of life

have descended over time from common ancestry

Transmutation of species – The Process by which one species changes into another species


Darwin's Theory

Natural Selection Survival of the Fittest:

Organisms with traits which are better adapted for immediate, local environment survive to pass the trait on.


Darwin's Theory

Sexual Selection Female choice of

suitable males which impacts what traits get passed on to offspring from the male.


Darwin's Theory

God Believed in God as the

ultimate natural law giver. “I have never been an

atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. – I think that generally ... an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind.”


The Enlightenment & Darwinism Enlightenment concept of “progress” Speculated that societies progressed

through stages of increasing development – Western logic and science as seen as evidence of more developed cultures

Societies begin as primitive then progress toward industrialized Europe

Darwin's theory was seen as “scientific evidence” of progress


Implications of Darwinism

Wider Gap between Religion and Science Origins of man and other

species now had a theory that did not need religion

Rise in Scientific Atheism



Social Darwinism Herbert Spencer drew parallels between

his own economic theories and Darwin's biological ones

Developed a model that applied the law of the survival of the fittest to society

Humanitarian impulses had to be resisted as nothing should be allowed to interfere with nature's laws.

Western CivilizationImplications of Darwinism

Social Darwinism & Eugenics Advocates practices to improve

the human gene pool.

Used in Western countries to support racist immigration laws and laws against inter-racial marriage.

In severe cases used to advocate genocide.

Advocated the killing of old people because they are no longer productive



Social Darwinism & Industry Laissez-faire – French: means “let

do,” but it broadly implies “let it be,” or “leave it alone.”

Argued against regulations of any industries

Social Darwinists supported Laissez-faire politics as a form of economic “natural selection”



Social Darwinism & Racism Ethnic races were

categorized into higher and lower

Led to ideas of racial supremacy

Used as a justification for slavery


Social Implications of Darwinism

Social Darwinism & Politics Imperialism - an unequal economic,

cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination

Social Darwinists supported imperialism as an example of cultural evolution



Social Darwinism & Politics Fascism

Purge forces, ideas, and systems deemed to be the cause of decadence and degeneration

Promote violence and war as actions that create national regeneration

Conflict as a fact of life that is responsible for all human progress.



Social Darwinism & Politics NazismNazism – A form of fascism that – A form of fascism that

incorporated biological racism and incorporated biological racism and antisemitism (against Jews)antisemitism (against Jews)

Believed in the supremacy of an Aryan Believed in the supremacy of an Aryan Master Race (Germans)Master Race (Germans)


Colonialism

A period of history from the late 15th to the 20th century when European nation states established colonies on other continents


Colonialism

Maintained an imperialist ideology World is divided

between civilized and uncivilized

Colonial Imperialists believed themselves to be agents of civilization


Colonialism

The White Man's Burden

Belief that white people have an obligation to rule over, and encourage the “cultural development” of people from other ethnic backgrounds until they fully adopt Western “civilized” culture

Western CivilizationColonialism

The White Man's Burden

By Rudyard Kipling 1899

Take up the White Man's burden--Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.


Colonialism Began in the Age of

Exploration Portugal and Spain

discovered new lands and set up trading posts

Trading posts became colonies under Portuguese and Spanish rule


The British Empire Settlements established

by Royal trading companies

1607 First Permanent Settlement in the Americas by the Virginia Company – Names Jamestown after King James I


The British Empire 1670 - King Charles II

granted the Hudson's Bay Company a monopoly on the fur trade in a vast stretch of territory that would later make up a large proportion of Canada.


The British Empire 1672 - the Royal

African Company established a supply of slaves to British colonies of the Caribbean


The British Empire The Slave Trade became

an important part of the colonial economic system in the British Empire, especially in the American colonies

3.5 million African slaves were brought to the Americas


The British Empire 1639 – British East India

Company established a trading fort in Madras, India.

Trading started with spices then eventually turned to textiles after a long dispute and war with the Netherlands.


The British Empire 1757 – At the Battle of Plassey

the British defeated the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies

British controlled Bengal and as the major military and political power in India.

It gradually increased control by force through the British Indian Army across India.

British India eventually grew into the Empire's most valuable possession, "the Jewel in the Crown"


The British Empire The East India Company

helped to expand the British Empire in Asia.

The Company's army had first joined forces with the Royal Navy

Together they took control of Egypt (1799), Java (1811), Singapore (1819) and Burma (1826).


“The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire”


Impact of British Colonialism English as a Global Language

– About 1.8 Billion people speak English today

The USA Industrial Revolution Spread

through the British Empire Africa ravaged by Slave trade

– Many believe that the poverty in Africa today is a result of the Slave Trade


French Colonial Empire Second Largest Colonial

Empire behind the British 1605 – Founded of Port Royal

in the colony of Acadia in North America (now Nova Scotia, Canada)

1608 – Samuel De Champlain founded Quebec which became the capital of the enormous fur-trading colony of New France


French Colonial Empire 1664 – the colony of Saint-

Domingue (Haiti) was founded on the western half of the Spanish island of Hispaniola. In the 18th century, Saint-Domingue grew to be the richest sugar colony in the Caribbean.


French Colonial Empire 1624 – Establish trading posts

along the coast of West Africa 1664 – French East India

Company was established to compete for trade in the east

1887 – Formed French Indochina which included: Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos

Colonies and Trade Posts were established across North and West Africa


Reasons for Colonialism Economic Trade Spread “Civilization” Extreme National Identities Competition between Trading

Companies and European powers

Religious motivation to “Christianize” the world


The Colonial World in 1914

Western CivilizationImpressionism Impressionism visible brush strokes open composition common, ordinary

subject matter abstraction perception and

experience not reality unusual visual angles Movement of light

Western CivilizationImpressionism Impressionism

Claude Monet The term Impressionism

is derived from the title of his painting Impression, Sunrise

Painted his “impressions” of subjects

Several Paintings of his wife Camille


Claude Monet Claude Monet Impression, Sunrise 1872 Impression, Sunrise 1872


Claude Monet Claude Monet On the Bank of the Seine, Bennecourt (1868) On the Bank of the Seine, Bennecourt (1868)


Claude Monet Claude Monet Lunch on the Grass (1865) Lunch on the Grass (1865)


Claude Monet Claude Monet Woman with a Parasol (1875) Woman with a Parasol (1875)


Claude Monet Claude Monet Vétheuil in the Fog, 1879Vétheuil in the Fog, 1879


Claude Monet Claude Monet Camille Monet on her deathbed, 1879Camille Monet on her deathbed, 1879


Claude Monet Claude Monet Charing Cross Bridge, 1899Charing Cross Bridge, 1899


Claude Monet Claude Monet Rouen Cathedral, Façade (sunset), 1892–1894Rouen Cathedral, Façade (sunset), 1892–1894


Claude Monet Claude Monet Bridge over a Pond of Water Lilies, 1899Bridge over a Pond of Water Lilies, 1899


Claude Monet Claude Monet Poplars on the Epte, 1900Poplars on the Epte, 1900


Claude Monet Claude Monet The Rose-Way in Giverny, 1920–1922The Rose-Way in Giverny, 1920–1922

Western CivilizationImpressionism Impressionism

Edgar Degas depiction of human

isolation


Edgar Degas Edgar Degas A Cotton Office in New Orleans, 1873A Cotton Office in New Orleans, 1873


Edgar Degas Edgar Degas L'Absinthe, 1876L'Absinthe, 1876


Edgar Degas Edgar Degas The Amateur, 1866The Amateur, 1866


Edgar Degas Edgar Degas Édouard Manet and Mme. Manet, 1868–1869Édouard Manet and Mme. Manet, 1868–1869

Western CivilizationPost-Impressionism Post-Impressionism Extended

Impressionism while rejecting its limitations

Thick application of paint

Vivid Colors Unnatural Colors Distorted forms for

Expressive Effects

Western CivilizationPost-Impressionism Post-Impressionism

Paul Cézanne Transitional Painter New Directions in the

use of Color, Design, Composition, and Tone

Combined realism and abstration


Paul Cézanne Paul Cézanne The Bathers 1898–1905The Bathers 1898–1905


Paul Cézanne Paul Cézanne Jas de Bouffan, 1885–1887Jas de Bouffan, 1885–1887


Paul Cézanne Paul Cézanne Pyramid of Skulls 1901Pyramid of Skulls 1901


Paul Gauguin Symbolist – Subject and

items in painting were often metaphors

Interest in “Primitive” Cultures


Paul GauguinPaul GauguinWhere Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?


Paul GauguinPaul GauguinTe aa no areois (The Seed of the Areoi), 1892Te aa no areois (The Seed of the Areoi), 1892


Paul GauguinPaul GauguinSpirit of the Dead Watching 1892Spirit of the Dead Watching 1892


Paul GauguinPaul GauguinVision After the Sermon (Jacob wrestling with the angel), (1888)Vision After the Sermon (Jacob wrestling with the angel), (1888)


Paul GauguinPaul GauguinSelf-portrait, 1889Self-portrait, 1889


Vincent van Gogh Dutch Painter Very thick application of

paint Vivid Colors Movement of Light


Vincent van GoghVincent van GoghThe Potato Eaters, 1885The Potato Eaters, 1885


Vincent van GoghVincent van GoghBedroom in Arles, 1888Bedroom in Arles, 1888


Vincent van GoghVincent van GoghThe Night Café, 1888The Night Café, 1888


Vincent van GoghVincent van GoghThe Starry Night, June 1889The Starry Night, June 1889


Vincent van GoghVincent van GoghThe Church at Auvers, 1890The Church at Auvers, 1890


Vincent van GoghVincent van GoghIrises, 1889Irises, 1889

Western Civilization Lecture 10

Education

Transcript of Western Civilization Lecture 10