HIS 101

European Expansion in the High Middle Ages900 - 1300HIS 101Western CivilizationDuring this period, there were more takeovers, more expansion, and new ruling powersExample: the Bayeux Tapestry showing the Norman, William, the Conqueror taking England from Harold (p. 275). The tapestry is 230 ft. long.

Crusades were taking placeAnother group of Normans took southern ItalyScandinavians took Iceland and GreenlandGermans moved in on northern ItalyFrance expanded its kingdom to the Pyrenees MountainsThe English took Wales, Scotland, and Ireland

Population grew from 900 to 1300 in western EuropeIt doubled between 1000 and 120030 million in 100055 to 60 million by 1200Larger families: 6-7 children by 1200Males lived longer than females

More land was under cultivation and they used the 3-field system

Marshes were drainedForests were cutNo blights affecting cropsMore meat availableThere were innovations in agriculture, transportation, mining, and manufacturingHorses were used instead of oxen; fasterPlows were improvedGrew nitrogen-fixing crops like beans and peasUsed the 3-field systemSurplus was taken to marketThere were better roads, fewer bandits, and sturdy horse-drawn wagonsMined gravel and rockThere was specialization of crops and craftsHerbs from ToulouseWine from Bordeaux and BurgundyCattle from GermanySheep from EnglandSalt fish from the Baltic

Towns grewThere were guildsMain purpose was economicRegulated standards of productionFixed pricesControlled membershipCraft and trade associationsWomen were excluded from guilds

Economic AttitudesChurch Attitude: rich could redeem their souls by helping the poor, by being generous, by not overcharging or taking advantageCommercial View: a fair price was whatever the market could bear12th century, usury was looked down upon13th century, usury was defended because the person who lent money incurred a risk and should be compensated for that riskChanges in European BoundariesAfter Charlemagnes death and that of his son, the Carolingian Empire was divided amongst Charlemagnes grandsons

By 900, the Carolingian Empire was collapsingBy 1300, France was stable, and Italy was divided into regionsGermany began its rise to power by 911 but was in decline in the 13th centuryGermanyLast of Carolingian rulers died in 911They then chose a leader from amongst the dukes3 families led from 919-1250:Saxons, 919-1024 pushed eastward and tried to control Church; they were the OttosSalians, 1024-1125 had political problems and expansion stoppedStaufers, 1138-1250 -- ended problems with Church and papacy stopped making political decisions

Then rule went to the Habsburgs who were influential in German politics until 20th century.The Coming of ItalyThere are 3 regions:

North: Germans and Carolingians had limited success trying to take this areaCenter: Papal States located hereSouth: Outsiders lived here; from various other countriesWhat was the Communal Movement? page289 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Explain Podesta. Page 290 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What is meant by Papal Monarchy? Page 290 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________FranceCapetian FranceCarolingians were replaced by the Capetians and the family of Hugh CapetThey ruled for 300 years

How did France become so strong?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Hugh Capet

British Isles and CeltsViking and Norman InvasionsAlfred, r. 871-899, got the English to fight off the VikingsHis descendants ruled England for 100 yearsThe English pushed back the Danelaw, areas where Danes had lived in eastern and northern England; areas controlled by Viking settlers

In the late 10th century, King Swein Forkbeard conquered England.His son Cnut ruled 1016-1033. Cnuts sons succeeded him. When his sons died in 1042, the English called in Edward the Confessor to rule. He was the son of the last English king.

Edward the Confessor Edward had taken a vow of chastity so no heirs.

Edward promised the throne to William of Normandy.

Most Englishmen preferred Harold of Wessex.

Edward died, and Harold was elected by the English to be king.Harold fought off the Norse invasion .Then William landed in the south.Harold fought William, but lost to him at the Battle of HastingsBayeux Tapestry recounts battle

The CrusadesDramatic expansionist effort directed toward the eastern Mediterranean world over a 2 century periodCrusades were viewed at the time as a series of religious wars against Islam for control of the Holy Land where Christianity originated.The Abbasid Caliphate that ruled Islam was breaking up.There was great rivalry amongst Islamic factions for control.One of these groups was the Seljuk Turks.group from Asia who entered Muslim world in 10th century.Expanded their influence through military efforts.

Seljuk Turks took over Bagdad, the capital of the Abbasids, and made the Abbasids their puppets.This brought about a confrontation with the Fatimids in ByzantiumByzantium became a battleground

So we have: 1. unrest in Byzantium 2. Normans taking over Southern Italy & Sicily 3. Seljuk Turks conquering most of Asia Minor 4. Alexius Comnenus (r.1081-1118) of Byzantium wanted Asia Minor back and asked the popes and the Princes of the West for help The West RespondedBecause they had enough money to undertake military exploitsThere was greater political order that gave them stabilityThey had a strong military born out of feudalismItalian cities wanted to advance their commercial interests in the MediterraneanThere was a longstanding animosity towards IslamReligious reform movements emphasized that Christians must serve God in some outward, collective, active way: pilgrimages to holy places, and holy wars.Pope Urban IIHe proclaimed the idea of organizing an armed pilgrimage of Christian warriors who would achieve a variety of ends for the good of the true faith.

The army would respond to the appeal of Alexius made in 1095, to defend the Byzantine Empire against the Seljuk Turks.By doing this, Urban hoped to reunite the ChurchUrban called on Christian knights to join forces under papal leadership to attack the Muslims, to save Christianity in the East, and to liberate the Holy Land.By the summer of 1096, 4 major armies moved toward the EastThere first goal was to secure Constantinople, the capital of ByzantiumThen, Alexius got each crusading leader to swear allegiance to him and turn over any Byzantine lands they conquered to him.Alexius would give them supplies and military support in return.Armies split up paying little attention to Alexius; they looked for private fortunes.One army took EdessaNormans took over AntiochJuly 1099, Jerusalem was captured by remaining armies using very brutal tacticsThus ended the first crusade as a successIgnoring promises to Alexius and to the pope, crusaders set up their own kingdoms.

Latin Kingdom of JerusalemIn 1100, Baldwin of Flanders was named kingHis royal domain was Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli plus some outlying areasThese were given as fiefs to loyal men.Its major problem was defenseMost knights returned to Europe after the fightThe few who stayed tried to protect themselves by capturing seaports in Syria and PalestineThey built a series of castles for defense

They established 3 crusading orders:Knights TemplarKnights HospitalerTeutonic Knights

But their position there remained weak. These weaknesses caused Europeans over the next 2 centuries to help defend the Latin Kingdom.The Second Crusade was prompted by the loss of Edessa to the Turks: troops had been destroyed by the time the remainder reached the Latin Kingdom; little help could then be given.Saladin was a new and effective Muslim leader .By 1187, Saladin had recaptured most Christian holdingsThe pope then called for a new crusade: The Third CrusadeHenry II of England, Philip II of France, and Frederick Barbarossa of Germany led armies against Saladin.Frederick drowned en routeHenry II died before he could begin his marchHenry was replaced by Richard the Lion-HeartedRichard and Philip stood together against Saladin for awhilePhilip then left early to return to France to snatch up Richards French possessionsRichard remained and agreed to a truce that gave Jerusalem to the Muslims and visiting rights to ChristiansRichard the Lion-Hearted

Fourth CrusadePrompted by Pope Innocent III Pope lost control over troopsNot enough troops were raisedDeal was made between Venetians & crusading leaders and ByzantiumVenetians and Crusaders would back a certain claimant to the throne if Byzantium gave them trade concessions and money for troopsNew Byzantine king did not make good on his promises, so Venetians and crusaders took Constantinople 1204 but lost it in1261There were 3 additional crusades, but the fight had lost its appeal to EuropeansThe Christian position in former Muslim lands and Jerusalem was never very strong In 1291, the Christians were finally ousted from Syria and Palestine Crusades EffectsThey generated interaction between East and WestEuropeans learned about a new way of life, new ideas, and new productsWestern Europeans extended their commercial powerThe most significant legacy of the Crusades was the image projected by western Europeans in the East:GreedFaithlessness Europeans wanted land, wealth, powerCrude waysSlyness