Western Civilization Lecture 7

Western CivilizationMr. Mike Beard

Revolutions

Revolutions The American Revolution

• The French Revolution

The American Revolution

Brittish Colonies Heavily Taxed 1764 – Brittish Prime Minister George

Grenville passed the Sugar Act to tax sugar

The Stamp Act placed a tax on printed materials

The Quartering Act, which required Americans to house and feed British troops.


Taxation without Representation Several colonial leaders convened the

Stamp Act Congress in New York to petition Parliament and King George III to repeal the tax.

Parliament bowed to public pressure and repealed the Stamp Act. But it also quietly passed the Declaratory Act, which stipulated that Parliament reserved the right to tax the colonies anytime it chose.


The Townshend Acts and Boston Massacre

Townshend Acts – a series of taxes on lead, paints, and tea.

March 5, 1770, an angry mob clashed with several British troops. Five colonists died, and news of the Boston Massacre quickly spread throughout the colonies.

The American RevolutionThe American Revolution

The Boston Tea PartyThe Boston Tea Party

1773 – Tea Act, granting the financially troubled 1773 – Tea Act, granting the financially troubled British East India Company a trade monopoly on British East India Company a trade monopoly on the tea exported to the American colonies. the tea exported to the American colonies.

In many American cities, tea agents resigned or In many American cities, tea agents resigned or canceled orders, and merchants refused canceled orders, and merchants refused consignments in response to the unpopular act. consignments in response to the unpopular act.

On the night of December 16, 1773 sixty men On the night of December 16, 1773 sixty men boarded tea ships, disguised as Native boarded tea ships, disguised as Native Americans, and dumped the entire shipment of Americans, and dumped the entire shipment of tea into the harbor. That event is now famously tea into the harbor. That event is now famously known as the Boston Tea Party.known as the Boston Tea Party.


Coercive Acts

1774 – The Coercive Acts shut down Boston Harbor until the British East India Company had been fully reimbursed for the tea destroyed in the Boston Tea Party.

Americans throughout the colonies sent food and supplies to Boston via land to prevent death from hunger and cold in the bitter New England winter.


The First Continental Congress and Boycott

1774 – To protest the Intolerable (Coercive) Acts, prominent colonials gathered in Philadelphia at the First Continental Congress.

They once again petitioned Parliament, King George III, and the British people to repeal the acts and restore friendly relations.

Also instituted a boycott, or ban, of all British goods in the colonies.


Lexington, Concord, and the Second Continental Congress1775 – The British occupation force in Boston marched to the nearby town of Concord, Massachusetts, to seize a colonial militia arsenal.

Militiamen of Lexington and Concord intercepted them and attacked. Thousands of militiamen from nearby colonies flocked to Boston to assist.

Second Continental Congress issued the Olive Branch Petition, they professed their love and loyalty to King George III and begged him to address their grievances. The king rejected the petition and formally declared that the colonies were in a state of rebellion.


The Declaration of The Declaration of IndependenceIndependenceGeorge Washington George Washington appointed Commander in appointed Commander in Chief. Chief.

Thomas Jefferson drafted the Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence which was signed on 4 July which was signed on 4 July 1776. The United States was 1776. The United States was born.born.


The Revolutionary War: 1775–1783

1775 Battle of Lexington

1776 Declaration of Independence

1777 Battle of Saratoga

1778 France and United States form Franco-American Alliance

1779 Spain enters war against Britain

1781 British forces under Cornwallis surrender to Washington at Yorktown

1783 Peace of Paris signed to end war

The French Revolution

Unrest in France Population Increase Famine Enlightenment ideas that promote

democracy and lower prestige of monarchy The Monarchy’s Financial Crisis Feudal Oppression Popular View that the Parliaments and the

Public represent the French nation more than the monarch


Louis XVI Indecisiveness Convservativism Lost Respect of French

Public Viewed as a King of the

Ancient Regime (feudalism)


Louis XVI Became King at age 20 France was facing a

serious financial crises when he became king

French public was frustrated by the king's indicisiveness and financial mismanagement


Palace of Versailles King Louis XVI and

previous kings didn't live in Paris (capital city of France) but in Versailles

A small town near Paris which containted the Royal Palace.

Viewed as very extravagant by the French population.

The French RevolutionThe French RevolutionMarie AntoinetteMarie Antoinette Archduchess of Austria Archduchess of Austria

who married King Louis who married King Louis XVIXVI

French public disliked French public disliked her due to her her due to her extravagance in extravagance in spending money when spending money when France was in a financial France was in a financial crisiscrisis

Also distrusted because Also distrusted because she was Austrianshe was Austrian

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution

Financial Crisis Financial Crisis Financial mismangement and the Financial mismangement and the changing economic world in Europe changing economic world in Europe destablized the French economydestablized the French economy

King Louis XVI brought in a number of King Louis XVI brought in a number of financial advisors to review the financial advisors to review the weakened French treasury. weakened French treasury.

Each advisor reached the same Each advisor reached the same conclusion—that France needed a conclusion—that France needed a radical change in the way it taxed the radical change in the way it taxed the public—and each advisor was, in turn, public—and each advisor was, in turn, kicked out.kicked out.

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution

Financial Crisis Financial Crisis King Louis XVI finallay agreed that this King Louis XVI finallay agreed that this taxation problem really did need to be taxation problem really did need to be addressedaddressed

He appointed a new controller general of He appointed a new controller general of finance, Charles de Calonne, in 1783. finance, Charles de Calonne, in 1783.

Calonne suggested that France begin Calonne suggested that France begin taxing nobility. taxing nobility.

The nobility refused during the Assembly The nobility refused during the Assembly of Notables in 1787. of Notables in 1787.

Financial ruin thus seemed imminent.Financial ruin thus seemed imminent.

The French RevolutionThe French RevolutionThe Estates-GeneralThe Estates-General Clergy, Nobility and French Public (Third Estate)Clergy, Nobility and French Public (Third Estate) 1789 - Louis XVI convened the Estates-General to 1789 - Louis XVI convened the Estates-General to

decide on a tax solution for the finanical crisis. decide on a tax solution for the finanical crisis. The clergy and the nobility were tax-exempt and The clergy and the nobility were tax-exempt and

not willing to be taxed.not willing to be taxed. Outdated rules gave each estate a single voteOutdated rules gave each estate a single vote

The French RevolutionThe French RevolutionThe Estates-GeneralThe Estates-General The Third Estate—consisting of the general French The Third Estate—consisting of the general French

public—was many times larger than either of the public—was many times larger than either of the first two.first two.

The Third Estate declared itself the sovereign The Third Estate declared itself the sovereign National Assembly. Within days of the National Assembly. Within days of the announcement, many members of the other two announcement, many members of the other two estates had switched allegiances over to this estates had switched allegiances over to this revolutionary new assembly.revolutionary new assembly.

The Revolution BeganThe Revolution Began

The French RevolutionThe French RevolutionThe Tennis Court The Tennis Court

OathOathThe new National Assembly The new National Assembly took the Tennis Court Oath, took the Tennis Court Oath, swearing that they would swearing that they would not relent in their efforts not relent in their efforts until a new constitution had until a new constitution had been agreed upon.been agreed upon.

The French RevolutionThe French RevolutionLouis XVI and Antoinette Louis XVI and Antoinette

Forced to Live in ParisForced to Live in Paris

Crowds of French women Crowds of French women stormed the Royal Palace in stormed the Royal Palace in VersaillesVersailles

King and Queen forcibly moved King and Queen forcibly moved to Paristo Paris

King and Queen were not free King and Queen were not free to leave Paristo leave Paris

The French RevolutionThe French RevolutionThe Great FearThe Great Fear

Peasants and farmers revolted Peasants and farmers revolted against their feudal contracts by against their feudal contracts by attacking the manors and estates of attacking the manors and estates of their landlords. their landlords.

Rural attacks continued until the Rural attacks continued until the issuing of the August Decrees, which issuing of the August Decrees, which freed peasants from their oppressive freed peasants from their oppressive contracts. contracts.

The assembly released the The assembly released the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which established a of the Citizen, which established a proper judicial code and the proper judicial code and the autonomy of the French people.autonomy of the French people.

The French RevolutionThe French RevolutionLouis XVI Tries to EscapeLouis XVI Tries to Escape

1791 – Louis XVI tries to flee 1791 – Louis XVI tries to flee France and denounces France and denounces RevolutionRevolution

Louis XVI is caught and Louis XVI is caught and brought back to Parisbrought back to Paris

Louis XVI is place under Louis XVI is place under arrestarrest

1792 – Abolished the 1792 – Abolished the MonarchyMonarchy

The French RevolutionThe French RevolutionFrance Becomes a RepublicFrance Becomes a Republic

1792: France becomes a 1792: France becomes a republic, promoting “liberty, republic, promoting “liberty, equality, and fraternity”equality, and fraternity”

Republic takes control of Republic takes control of Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

Sans-culottes (“without Sans-culottes (“without 'culottes'”) and tricolor (red, 'culottes'”) and tricolor (red, white, blue) flag symbolize white, blue) flag symbolize republican supportrepublican support

The French RevolutionThe French RevolutionEurope at War Europe at War

1792: France wars against 1792: France wars against anti-revolution European anti-revolution European powerspowers

War continues War continues sporadically for 23 years, sporadically for 23 years, spreading nationalism, spreading nationalism, democracy, and suffering democracy, and suffering across the continentacross the continent

The French RevolutionThe French RevolutionReigh of Terror (1793-1794)Reigh of Terror (1793-1794) Government in hands of a Government in hands of a

few radicals (Jacobins) led few radicals (Jacobins) led by Maximilien Robespierreby Maximilien Robespierre

Aristocrats and some Aristocrats and some peasants start peasants start counterrevolutioncounterrevolution

Federalists want Federalists want decentralized revolution; decentralized revolution; crushed by Jacobinscrushed by Jacobins

Over 20,000 people Over 20,000 people guillotinedguillotined

The French RevolutionThe French RevolutionLouis XVI ExecutedLouis XVI Executed 1792 – Louis XVI 1792 – Louis XVI

charged with high charged with high treasontreason

1793 – National 1793 – National Convention finds Louis Convention finds Louis XVI guilty and XVI guilty and sentenced to execution sentenced to execution

21 January 1793 Louis 21 January 1793 Louis XVI was was XVI was was beheaded by guillotinebeheaded by guillotine

The French RevolutionThe French RevolutionMarie Antoinette ExecutedMarie Antoinette Executed 1793 – Revolutionary 1793 – Revolutionary

Tribunal brings Marie Tribunal brings Marie Antoinette to trailAntoinette to trail

No time give to prepareNo time give to prepare Most of the charges Most of the charges

against here were falseagainst here were false Declared guilty of treason Declared guilty of treason

and was beheaded by and was beheaded by guillotine guillotine

The French RevolutionThe French RevolutionDestablized RevolutionDestablized RevolutionMaximilien Robespierre Maximilien Robespierre becomes the leader of the becomes the leader of the National Convention during National Convention during the Reign of Terror and acts the Reign of Terror and acts as a dictatoras a dictator1794 – Robespierre’s 1794 – Robespierre’s regime falls and he is regime falls and he is executedexecutedReplaced by unstable Replaced by unstable government called the government called the Directory (lasts until 1799)Directory (lasts until 1799)

The French RevolutionThe French RevolutionNapoleon BonaparteNapoleon Bonaparte 1799 – General Napolean 1799 – General Napolean

takes control of French takes control of French Government Government

Declares himself Emperor Declares himself Emperor in 1804in 1804

The French RevolutionThe French RevolutionNapoleon BonaparteNapoleon Bonaparte 1801 – Makes peace with pope 1801 – Makes peace with pope

in the Concordatin the Concordat 1804 – Napoleonic Code 1804 – Napoleonic Code

reforms, codifies French law; reforms, codifies French law; promotes traditional ideas promotes traditional ideas about family and womenabout family and women

Strengthens centralized Strengthens centralized administrationadministration

New Social Hierarchy based on New Social Hierarchy based on service to the state rather than service to the state rather than noble birthnoble birth

Censorship, arrest for those Censorship, arrest for those who disagreewho disagree

The French RevolutionThe French RevolutionNapoleon BonaparteNapoleon Bonaparte Napoleon a genius at military Napoleon a genius at military

organization, strategyorganization, strategy 1805 – France defeats Austria 1805 – France defeats Austria

and Russia at Austerlitzand Russia at Austerlitz 1806 – Holy Roman Empire 1806 – Holy Roman Empire

dissolvesdissolves 1808 – Spanish resist French 1808 – Spanish resist French

invasioninvasion 1812 – French invade Russia1812 – French invade Russia 1815 – Coalition of Austrian, 1815 – Coalition of Austrian,

British, Prussian, and Russian British, Prussian, and Russian forces defeat Napoleon at forces defeat Napoleon at WaterlooWaterloo

The French RevolutionThe French RevolutionMore RevolutionsMore Revolutions Bourbon Monarchy Bourbon Monarchy

restored to France under restored to France under Louis XVIII after Louis XVIII after Napolean's DefeatNapolean's Defeat

1830 – Bourbon king 1830 – Bourbon king overthrown in favor of overthrown in favor of constitutional monarchy constitutional monarchy under king Louis-Philippeunder king Louis-Philippe

1848: Revolution 1848: Revolution establishes Second establishes Second RepublicRepublic

The French RevolutionThe French RevolutionMore RevolutionsMore Revolutions 1851: President Louis-1851: President Louis-

Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows republic, overthrows republic, becomes Emperor becomes Emperor Napoleon IIINapoleon III

1870: Napoleon III 1870: Napoleon III overthrown after defeat overthrown after defeat against Prussia against Prussia

Third Republic declaredThird Republic declared

Western Civilization Lecture 7

Education

Transcript of Western Civilization Lecture 7