Western Civilization Lecture 11

Western Civilization

Mr. Mike Lecture 11


World War I Era of Totalitarianism World War II Reaction to Modern War

Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationWorld War IWorld War I

Background Background

Colonialism Colonialism Conflicts in Imperialistic Foreign Policy Conflicts in Imperialistic Foreign Policy

between European Empiresbetween European Empires A complex network of political and military A complex network of political and military

alliances throughout Europe established alliances throughout Europe established Colonial Empires paved the way for war to Colonial Empires paved the way for war to

spread globallyspread globally

Western CivilizationWorld War I

Background

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution Factories used to build up

military weapons and navy fleets

The U.K. and Germany began an weapons race

Eventually every major power in Europe was building up weapons

Modern military weapons were more powerful than any in history.


Background

The Bosnian Crisis The Bosnian Crisis Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria

declares independence and is proclaimed Tsar

1908-09 Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina

1912-13 Balkan Wars


Background

The Bosnian Crisis The Bosnian Crisis 28 June 1914 – Prince Franz

Ferdinand (heir to Austrian-Hungarian throne) assassinated by a Bosnian-Serb

28 July 1914 – Austria-Hungry and Germany declared war on Serbia

Serbia and Allies (U.K., France and Russia) Declare war

World War I Begins


The Central Powers The Central Powers Austro-Hungarian Empire:

entered the war on 28 July 1914

German Empire (including German colonial forces): 1 August 1914

Ottoman Empire: secretly 2 August 1914; openly 29 October 1914

Kingdom of Bulgaria: 14 October 1915


Triple Entente Triple Entente The United Kingdom France Russia


Triple Entente's AlliesTriple Entente's Allies Andorra Belgium Brazil China Costa Rica Cuba Czechoslovak

Legions Greece Guatemala

San Marino Serbia Siam Australia Canada India Newfoundland New Zealand South Africa British crown

colonies United States

Haiti Honduras Italy Japan Liberia Montenegro Nicaragua Panama Portugal Romania


Colonies become battle-Colonies become battle-fields for European War fields for European War

Colonies were required to fight for their European Colonial Authorities Early fighting began in

Africa between French, British and Germany Colonial Troops

Asia and the Pacific Middle East


Modern WeaponsModern Weapons

Trench Warfare Long trenches dug by

opposing armies Slow advances


Modern WeaponsModern Weapons

Hand Grenades Contained explosives

and pieces of metal Thrown into trenches Caused massive

injuries


Tanks


Guns


MACHINE GUN FIRE: CAMBRIN by Robert Graves(September 25 1915)

The torn line wavers, breaks, and falls.'Get up, come on!' the captain calls'Get up, the Welsh, and on we go!'(Christ, that my lads should fail me so!)A dying boy grinned up and said:'The whole damned company, sir; it's dead.''Come on! Cowards!' bawled the captain, thenFell killed, among his writhing men.


Mortars


Poison Gas


Flamethrowers


AirplanesWarshipsSubmarines


Treaty of Versailles Formally Ended the War Formed the League of

Nations Germany agreed to pay

enormous war reparations and award territory to the victors

Caused bitterness in Germany, which gave rise to the Nazis


Impact of WWI Social Trauma Ultra Nationalism Anti-Modernism Pacifism Loss of Optimism Questions the idea

of Progress

Dulce et Decorum EstDulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred OwenDulce et decorum est pro patria mori: Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori: mors et fugacem persequitur virummors et fugacem persequitur virumnec parcit inbellis iuventaenec parcit inbellis iuventaepoplitibus timidove tergo.poplitibus timidove tergo.

How sweet and glorious it is to die for one's country: Death pursues the man who flees, spares not the hamstrings or cowardly backs Of battle-shy youths. (Horace – Roman Poet)

Bent double, like old beggars under sacks,Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge,

Till on the haunting flares we turned our backsAnd towards our distant rest began to trudge.Men marched asleep. Many had lost their bootsBut limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind;Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hootsOf tired, outstripped Five-Nines that dropped behind.

Dulce et Decorum EstDulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred OwenGas! Gas! Quick, boys!---An ecstasy of fumbling,Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time;But someone still was yelling out and stumbling,And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime...Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light,As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.

In all my dreams, before my helpless sight,He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.

If in some smothering dreams you too could paceBehind the wagon that we flung him in,And watch the white eyes writhing in his face,His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin;If you could hear, at every jolt, the bloodCome gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs,Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cudOf vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues,---My friend, you would not tell with such high zestTo children ardent for some desperate glory,The old Lie: Dulce et decorum estPro patria mori.


Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini A founder of Italian

Fascism 1922 Mussolini took

control of Italy by a coup d'état

Established a one-party government which was called the “ National Fascist Party”


Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini Believed that Italy

was the rightful heir of the Roman Empire

Had a policy of expansion of Italy to reclaim territories that were formally part of the Roman Empire


Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini Established policies to

encourage “social progress” (social Darwinism)

Rejected Egalitarianism in favor of a class system

Rejected both Socialism and Democracy

Established a Dictatorship


Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini Between 1925 and 1927

dismantled all constitutional limitations to his power

1925 Became “Head of the Government” was was no longer accountable to the parliament

Established a Police State


Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini Took control of all Italian

media Instituted censorship and

government propaganda 1933 – Italian expansionism

resulted in Italy's take over of Ethiopia


Adolph HitlerAdolph Hitler World War I Veteran Angry that Germany lost

the war and blamed the Jewish Germans

1919 joined the Nazi Party (DAP) – “German Workers Party”

1921 – Became leader of the reorganized Nazi Party (NSDAP)


Adolph HitlerAdolph Hitler 1923 – Attempted to

overthrow the German leadership and establish Nazi rule

The attempt failed and Hitler was imprisoned

In prison he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle)


Adolph HitlerAdolph Hitler 1924 – Released from

prison Gained public support

because of his strong views on German nationalism, anti-Semitism, and anti-communism


Adolph HitlerAdolph Hitler 1933 – Hitler was appointed

Chancellor of Germany Reorganized the

Government into the Third Reich

Established a single-party system of government under Nazi control

Became a Dictator


Adolph HitlerAdolph Hitler 1933 – Withdrew Germany

from the League of Nations 1935 – Hitler rejected parts

of the Versailles Treaty in order to expand his army


Adolph HitlerAdolph Hitler

1935 – Established the anti-Jewish Nuremberg Laws Outlawed marriage between

Jews and non-Jews Banned non-Jewish under 45

from working in Jewish homes Deprived non-Aryans of the

benefits of German citizenship

Western CivilizationAdolph HitlerAdolph Hitler

1936 – Preparation for War Reoccupied the demilitarized

zone in the Rhineland violating the Versailles Treaty

Issued the "Four-Year Plan Memorandum” to prepare Germany for war

Formed an Axis of powers between Germany, Italy and Japan in opposition to Communism

Western CivilizationAdolph HitlerAdolph Hitler

Action T4 Ideology of “Racial Hygiene” -

Cleansing for racially unsound elements

Euthanasia Program

physicians killed thousands of people "judged incurably sick, by critical medical examination"

Blind, Mentally Disabled, Physically disabled

275,000 people were killed under T4 by medication, starvation, or in the gas chambers

“60,000 Reichsmarks is what this person suffering from a hereditary disease costs the People's community during his lifetime. Comrade, that is your money too”

Western CivilizationWorld War II

Pre-War AggressionPre-War Aggression

1935 – Italy invaded and occupied Ethiopia

1937 – Italian and German planes bombed Guernica during the Spanish Civil War

1937 – Japan invaded China as part of its Imperial Expansion



1938 – Japan invaded the USSR and Mongolia

1938 – Germany annexed Austria

1939 – Germany invaded Czechoslovakia

1939 – Italy conquered Albania



Britain and France promise to support and defend Poland from a potential invasion by Germany


World War II Begins

19391939

1 September 1939 Germany attacked Poland

3 September 1939 Britain and France declare war on Germany

United States decided to remain neutral in the conflict


World War II Begins

19391939

Ribbentrop Pact signed between the Soviet Union and Germany

USSR also invaded Poland and divides the country between the USSR and Germany

Russia invaded Finland

U.K. and France vote to remove USSR from the League of Nations


World War II Events

19401940 Germany invaded Denmark and

Norway

German 'Blitzkrieg' overwhelms Belgium, Holland and France.

Churchill becomes Prime Minister of Britain.

Germany attempts to gain air superiority over the U.K.

40,000 Britain civilians killed during German bombings


World War II Events

19411941 Hitler begins Operation

Barbarossa - the invasion of Russia.

Germany invades Greece and Yugoslavia.

Allies take Tobruk in North Africa, and resist German attacks.

Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, and the US enters the war.


World War II Events

19421942 Germany suffers setbacks at

Stalingrad and El Alamein.

Singapore falls to the Japanese in February - around 25,000 prisoners taken.

American naval victory at Battle of Midway, in June, marks turning point in Pacific War.

Mass murder of Jewish people at Auschwitz begins.


World War II Events

19431943 Surrender at Stalingrad marks

Germany's first major defeat.

Allied victory in North Africa enables invasion of Italy to be launched.

Italy surrenders, but Germany takes over the battle.

British and Indian forces fight Japanese in Burma.


World War II Events

19441944 Allies land at Anzio and bomb

monastery at Monte Cassino.

Soviet offensive gathers pace in Eastern Europe.

D-Day: The Allied invasion of France. Paris is liberated in August.

Guam liberated by the US

Okinawa, and Iwo Jima bombed.


World War II Events

19451945 Auschwitz liberated by Soviet

troops.

Russians reach Berlin: Hitler commits suicide and Germany surrenders on 7 May.

Truman becomes President of the US on Roosevelt's death, and Attlee replaces Churchill.

After atomic bombs are dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrenders on 14 August.


World War II Events

The Holocaust The Holocaust

Between 11-17 million people killed Romani, Sinti, Soviet

prisoners of war, Polish and Soviet civilians, homosexuals, people with disabilities, Jehovah's Witnesses and other political and religious opponents

6 million European Jews


World War II Events


Concentration Camps Forced labor (slavery) Many died of hunger,

exhaustion and disease in the camps


World War II Events


Extermination Camps Many built in German

occupied territories Prisoners performed force

labor until they died of starvation, exhaustion or brutal beatings

Gas chambers were used to perform mass executions

Western Civilization Lecture 11

Education

Transcript of Western Civilization Lecture 11