Western Civilization Lecture 3

Western CivilizationWestern Civilization

IS-VNU

Mr. Mike Beard

Session 3

Foundations of Western Civilization – Part 3


The Rise of Islam Islamic Conquests The Crusades Islamic Renaissance


The Rise of Islam Muhammad (c. 570–632) Believed to be the last

messenger of God, through which the Qur'an was revealed.

629 AD – Conquered Mecca

United the Tribes of Arabia into a Single Religious Polity

Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe Rise of Islam Monotheism Influenced by Judaism,

Christianity and Arabian Paganism

Believers of Islam are called Muslims

5 Pillars of Islam - The Creed – “There is no God but

Allah and Mohammed is His Prophet”

Prayer 5 times/day Fasting During Ramadan Alms-giving Pilgrimage to Mecca

Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe Caliphate and Civil War (632–750)The Caliphate and Civil War (632–750) Muhammad Died in 632 ADMuhammad Died in 632 AD Abu Bakr becomes 1Abu Bakr becomes 1stst Caliph Caliph Islam Spits into Sunni and Shi'a branches because of Islam Spits into Sunni and Shi'a branches because of

disputed leadershipdisputed leadership The Umayyad Caliphate Expands Islam West and East The Umayyad Caliphate Expands Islam West and East

Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe Golden Age of Islam (750 – 1258 AD)The Golden Age of Islam (750 – 1258 AD) Islamic Philosopherss such as Ibn Rushd preserve and Islamic Philosopherss such as Ibn Rushd preserve and

revive Ancient Greek philosophy, especially Aristotle revive Ancient Greek philosophy, especially Aristotle Islamic Scholars made major advances in Science, Islamic Scholars made major advances in Science,

Medicine and Mathematics (i.e. Algebra) Medicine and Mathematics (i.e. Algebra) Islam Golden Age had a direct impact on Western Islam Golden Age had a direct impact on Western

Renaissance Renaissance

Ibn Rushd

Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe Golden Age of Islam (750 – 1258 AD)The Golden Age of Islam (750 – 1258 AD)

VideoVideo

Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationExpansion of IslamExpansion of Islam 638 AD - Jerusalem Captured by Islamic Caliphate 638 AD - Jerusalem Captured by Islamic Caliphate By 661 AD Islam controls most of the Middle EastBy 661 AD Islam controls most of the Middle East By 750 AD Islam expanded into North Africa and controlled By 750 AD Islam expanded into North Africa and controlled

parts of Europe (especially Spain)parts of Europe (especially Spain) 1453 AD - Mehmed II leads the Ottomans in conquest of

Constantinople

Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe CrusadesThe Crusades As a result of the expansion As a result of the expansion

of Islam during its Golden of Islam during its Golden Age, much of the “Holy Age, much of the “Holy Land” had been captured by Land” had been captured by Islamic forces including Islamic forces including Jerusalem. Jerusalem.

Islam was beginning to Islam was beginning to spread into Europe and had spread into Europe and had taken over much of the taken over much of the Eastern Christian territories. Eastern Christian territories.

A series of 9 Crusades were A series of 9 Crusades were launched over a 200 year launched over a 200 year period to reclaim the Holy period to reclaim the Holy Lands. Lands.


The CrusadesThe Crusades Byzantine emperor Alexios I Byzantine emperor Alexios I

appeals to Pope Urban II to appeals to Pope Urban II to help him resist Muslim help him resist Muslim advances into territory of the advances into territory of the Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire

1095 AD – Pope Urban II 1095 AD – Pope Urban II preached a sermon at the preached a sermon at the Council of Clermont offering Council of Clermont offering the remission of sins for the remission of sins for fighting to defend the fighting to defend the ByzantinesByzantines

Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationEarly Christian Teaching Early Christian Teaching

about Violenceabout Violence

Bless those who persecute you; Bless those who persecute you; bless and do not curse...Do not bless and do not curse...Do not repay anyone evil for evil. Be repay anyone evil for evil. Be careful to do what is right in the careful to do what is right in the eyes of everybody. If it is possible, eyes of everybody. If it is possible, as far as it depends on you, live at as far as it depends on you, live at peace with everyone. Do not take peace with everyone. Do not take revenge, my friends, but leave revenge, my friends, but leave room for God’s wrath, for it is room for God’s wrath, for it is written: “It is mine to avenge; I will written: “It is mine to avenge; I will repay,” says the Lord. On the repay,” says the Lord. On the contrary: “If your enemy is hungry, contrary: “If your enemy is hungry, feed him; if he is thirsty, give him feed him; if he is thirsty, give him something to drink. something to drink. (Romans 12:14–20)(Romans 12:14–20)

Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationEarly Christian Teaching Early Christian Teaching

about Violenceabout Violence

““Blessed are the peacemakers”Blessed are the peacemakers”

““Do not resist an evil person. If Do not resist an evil person. If someone strikes you on the right someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also.”cheek, turn to him the other also.”

““Love your enemies and pray for Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you.”those who persecute you.”

““I urge that prayers be made for I urge that prayers be made for all people, for kings and all who all people, for kings and all who are in high positions, that we may are in high positions, that we may lead a peaceful and quiet life, lead a peaceful and quiet life, godly and dignified in every way.”godly and dignified in every way.”


The 1The 1stst Crusade Crusade Return lands conquered by Return lands conquered by

Muslims to Byzantine Empire Muslims to Byzantine Empire 1097 AD – Crusader invaded 1097 AD – Crusader invaded

Antioch and massacred most of Antioch and massacred most of the Muslim inhabitants the Muslim inhabitants

Ma'arrat al-Numan (a town near Ma'arrat al-Numan (a town near Antioch) was captured and the Antioch) was captured and the Crusaders ate the bodies of Crusaders ate the bodies of Muslims they killed. Muslims they killed.

Radulph of Caen, an eyewitness Radulph of Caen, an eyewitness to events at Ma'arra in 1098, to events at Ma'arra in 1098, wrote, "In Ma'arra our troops wrote, "In Ma'arra our troops boiled pagan adults in cooking-boiled pagan adults in cooking-pots; they impaled children on pots; they impaled children on spits and devoured them grilled." spits and devoured them grilled."


The 1The 1stst Crusade Crusade

Muslims controlled Jerusalem Muslims controlled Jerusalem for 400 yearsfor 400 years

Jews, Christians and Muslims Jews, Christians and Muslims lived together in Jerusalem in lived together in Jerusalem in peacepeace

1099 AD – Crusaders enter 1099 AD – Crusaders enter Jerusalem and massacre Jews Jerusalem and massacre Jews and Muslimsand Muslims

300 Jews burned alive in a 300 Jews burned alive in a Synagogue Synagogue

Crusaders killed 30,000 Jews Crusaders killed 30,000 Jews and Muslims and Muslims


Kingdom of JerusalemKingdom of Jerusalem

Catholic Kingdom Catholic Kingdom established in Jerusalem established in Jerusalem after the 1after the 1stst Crusade Crusade

Lasted for about 200 yearsLasted for about 200 years 1100 AD Baldwin of 1100 AD Baldwin of

Boulogne became king of the Boulogne became king of the Latins of Jerusalem Latins of Jerusalem


The 3The 3rdrd Crusade Crusade 1187 AD – Saladin, Sultan of 1187 AD – Saladin, Sultan of

Egypt, conquered Jerusalem Egypt, conquered Jerusalem Saladin spared the civilians and Saladin spared the civilians and

for the most part left churches and for the most part left churches and shrines untouched shrines untouched

Pope Gregory VIII called for a Pope Gregory VIII called for a crusadecrusade

Richard the Lionhearted ordered Richard the Lionhearted ordered the execution of Muslim prisoners the execution of Muslim prisoners captured during the crusade. captured during the crusade.

Richard failed in his attempt to Richard failed in his attempt to recapture Jerusalem.recapture Jerusalem.

Richard negotiated a treaty to all Richard negotiated a treaty to all Christian to visit Jerusalem for Christian to visit Jerusalem for pilgrimagepilgrimage


The 4The 4thth Crusade Crusade Western Crusaders sack Western Crusaders sack

Constantinople Constantinople This attack was Western This attack was Western

Christians against Eastern Christians against Eastern ChristiansChristians

1209 AD – Crusaders in 1209 AD – Crusaders in Europe began a 20 year Europe began a 20 year military campaign against military campaign against heretics in France heretics in France

Though Jerusalem remained Though Jerusalem remained the ultimate goals many the ultimate goals many several crusades were several crusades were aimed at non-Catholic aimed at non-Catholic ChristiansChristians


CrusadesCrusades Video (1:19:50)Video (1:19:50)


The CrusadesThe Crusades Crusaders returned to Crusaders returned to

Europe with art, Europe with art, literature, and literature, and knowledge developed knowledge developed by Islam and the by Islam and the ancient Greeks. ancient Greeks.

Islam preserved and Islam preserved and further developed what further developed what the Greeks and the Greeks and Romans produced. Romans produced.


The InquisitionsThe Inquisitions Near the end of the Near the end of the

Crusades the Catholic Crusades the Catholic began to devote attention to began to devote attention to heretics heretics

Those accused of heresy Those accused of heresy stood trial before the stood trial before the Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

The Inquisition was a The Inquisition was a Church court system under Church court system under the authority of the Pope.the authority of the Pope.

Those found guilty were Those found guilty were often tortured until they often tortured until they repented or killed repented or killed


The InquisitionsThe Inquisitions 1233 Gregory IX introduced 1233 Gregory IX introduced

the tribunal to the south of the tribunal to the south of France on a systematic France on a systematic basis. basis.

5,000 heretics were burned 5,000 heretics were burned alive alive


The Inquisition of GalileoThe Inquisition of Galileo Galileo believed the sun was Galileo believed the sun was

at the center of the universeat the center of the universe The Catholic Church taught The Catholic Church taught

the oppositethe opposite Galileo was put on trail for Galileo was put on trail for

heresy and found guilty heresy and found guilty Under threat of torture he Under threat of torture he

“repented”“repented”

Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationImpact of the Crusades and Impact of the Crusades and

Inquisitions on EuropeInquisitions on Europe Very little development in Very little development in

philosophy or the arts for philosophy or the arts for fear of offending the Church fear of offending the Church authoritiesauthorities

Salvation was no longer a Salvation was no longer a simple matter of faith in simple matter of faith in Christ. Salvation was now Christ. Salvation was now something mediated by the something mediated by the Roman Catholic Church.Roman Catholic Church.

The Church offered salvation The Church offered salvation to those who fought in the to those who fought in the Crusades.Crusades.


Inquisitions on EuropeInquisitions on Europe Indulgences - the full or Indulgences - the full or

partial remission of temporal partial remission of temporal punishment due for sins punishment due for sins which have already been which have already been forgivenforgiven

The earliest record of a The earliest record of a plenary indulgence was plenary indulgence was Pope Urban II's declaration Pope Urban II's declaration at the Council of Clermont at the Council of Clermont (1095) that he remitted all (1095) that he remitted all penance incurred by penance incurred by crusaderscrusaders


Inquisitions on EuropeInquisitions on Europe Indulgences were soon sold Indulgences were soon sold

by the Church not just by the Church not just offered in exchange for offered in exchange for fighting the Crusadesfighting the Crusades

Indulgences became a way Indulgences became a way for Catholic rulers to fund for Catholic rulers to fund expensive projects, such as expensive projects, such as Crusades and cathedralsCrusades and cathedrals


The Black DeathThe Black Death 1347–51 Disease entered 1347–51 Disease entered

Europe through ships Europe through ships arriving from the arriving from the MediterraneanMediterranean

Within 4 years 1/3 of the Within 4 years 1/3 of the population of Europe died population of Europe died from disease from disease

Subsequent epidemics Subsequent epidemics occurred regularly in every occurred regularly in every decade until the beginning of decade until the beginning of the eighteenth century the eighteenth century

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Medieval MusicMedieval Music InstrumentsInstruments

FluteFlute

RecorderRecorder

LuteLute

Pipe OrganPipe Organ

HarpHarp

Lyre Lyre

VoiceVoice


Medieval MusicMedieval Music Style Style

Gregorian ChantGregorian Chant

Directed to heavenDirected to heaven

MonophonicMonophonic Melody Melody

without a without a harmonyharmony

Western Civilization Lecture 3

Education

Transcript of Western Civilization Lecture 3