proteasas [Modo de compatibilidad] - UCM-Universidad...

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1 PROTEASAS PROTEASAS Dr. Sinisterra Biotransformations Group Faculty of Pharmacy Universidad Complutense www.biotransformaciones.com The enzymatic hydrolysis of the carboxamide bond is naturally linked to the chemistry of amino acids and peptides. The world production of enantiomerically pure amino acids accounted for more than 0.8 million tons of materials and a market of 4.1 billion US $ per annum in 2008. HYDROLYSIS OF THE AMIDE BOND The three amino acids dominating this area with respect to output and value (L-glutamic acid, L-Lysine and D,L-methionine) are produced by fermentation or by synthesis. However, a considerable number of other optically pure D- and L-amino acids are prepared using one of the available enzymatic methods discussed. HYDROLYSIS OF THE AMIDE BOND COOR 1 R NHR 2 DL COOH R L H 2 N RESOLUTIOM BY HYDROLYSIS (HYDROLASE) ESTERASE METHOD AMIDASE METHOD ACYLASE METHOD HYDANTOINASE METHOD LACTAMASE METHOD

Transcript of proteasas [Modo de compatibilidad] - UCM-Universidad...

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PROTEASASPROTEASAS

Dr. SinisterraBiotransformations Group

Faculty of PharmacyUniversidad Complutense

www.biotransformaciones.com

The enzymatic hydrolysis of the carboxamide bond is naturallylinked to the chemistry of amino acids and peptides.

The world production of enantiomerically pure amino acidsaccounted for more than 0.8 million tons of materials and amarket of 4.1 billion US $ per annum in 2008.

HYDROLYSIS OF THE AMIDE BOND

The three amino acids dominating this area with respect tooutput and value (L-glutamic acid, L-Lysine and D,L-methionine)are produced by fermentation or by synthesis.

However, a considerable number of other optically pure D- andL-amino acids are prepared using one of the available enzymaticmethods discussed.

HYDROLYSIS OF THE AMIDE BOND

COOR1

R

NHR2

DL

COOH

RL

H2N

RESOLUTIOM BY HYDROLYSIS (HYDROLASE)

ESTERASE METHODAMIDASE METHODACYLASE METHODHYDANTOINASE METHODLACTAMASE METHOD

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ESTERASE METHODthe resolution is performed by hydrolysis of the ester bond

COOR1

R

NHR2

DL

COOH

RL

R2HN

ESTERASE or PROTEASE

COOH

R

NHR2

D

+

COOMe

R

NHAc

DL

COOH

RL

AcHN-chymotrypsin

COOH

R

NHAc

D

+

Structure of α-chymotrypsin Catalytic machinery: Ser-195; His-57;

Hidrólisis catalizada por proteasas

Mecanismo de acción de las proteasas dependientes de serina PASO 1

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Mecanismo de acción de las proteasas dependientes de serina PASO 2

Mecanismo de acción de las proteaasas dependientes de serina PASO 3

Mecanismo de acción de las proteasas dependientes de serina PASO 4

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Mecanismo de acción de las hidrolasas dependientes de serinaPASO 5

Mecanismo de acciónde las proteasasdependientes de serina PASO 6

Mecanismo de acción de las proteasas dependientes de serina PASO 7

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COOR2

R1DL

H2NALCALASE

(Bacillus licheniformis)

COOH

R1L

H2N + R2-OHt-BuOH/H2O (19:1)

in situ racemizationpyridoxal 5-phosphate

Other examples of the ESTERASE METHOD

COOR2

R1

pyridoxal 5-phosphate

HNHC

COOR2

R1

HNH2C

NH+

HO

C

OPO3

2-

OH

Pyridoxal-5-phosphate

AMIDASE METHODThe resolution is performed by hydrolysis of the C- terminal amide bond

CONH2

R

NH2

DL

COOH

RL

H2N

AMIDASECONH2

R

NH2

D

+

ACYLASE METHODThe resolution is performed by hydrolysis of the endo-amide group

COOH

R

NHAcyl

DL

COOH

RL

H2NACYLASE

COOH

R

NHAcyl

D

+

DL

NH

HNO

O

R

COOH

R

HN NH2

O

COOH

R

HNH2N

O

D-HYDANTOINASE L-HYDANTOINASE

D N carbamoyl L-N-carbamoyl

HYDANTOINASE METHOD

D-N-carbamoyl amino acid

L N carbamoyl amino acid

COOH

R

NH2

COOH

R

NH2

CARBAMOYLASE CARBAMOYLASE

DL

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LACTAMASE METHOD

ENHO

(R)(S)NH

O

(S)(R)NH2

O

+

OH

O O O OH

Blue: converted enantiomer; Red: non-converted enantiomer

The enzyme is selected according to the DESIRED ENANTIOMER

ENHO

(S)(R)NH

O

(R)(S)NH2

O

+

OH

Peptide synthesisPeptide synthesis

Dr. SinisterraBiotransformations Group

Faculty of PharmacyUniversidad Complutense

www.biotransformaciones.com

PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS

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AMIDE SYNTHESIS.-Can be performed using proteasas or lipases

R1

O

O R2

R3 NH2

R NH NH

HIDROLASEORGANIC SOLVENT

R1

O

HN R3

R1

O

R2 OH+

R2 OH+

R3 NH NH2 HN NH R3

R

NH2

R

NH

R

NHor

LIPASEAcyl Donor

O

R1

O

R1

R1-COO-R2

SÍNTESIS DE PEPTIDOS

1.- Síntesis secuencial.- se usa para sintetizar fragmentos

2.- Síntesis convergente.- es la mas utilizada en procesos industriales

Ventajas de la síntesis enzimática de péptidos1.- ocurre en condiciones sostenibles.- P y T ambiente. Ausencia de disolventes contaminantes2.- no hay epimerización de centros estereogénicos3.- no hay que usar pasos de protección-desprotección4.- se obtiene un péptido homogéneo5.- permite hacer síntesis convergente con fragmentos péptidos

Desventajas de la síntesis enzimática de péptidosj p p

1.- las concentraciones a las que se trabajan son pequeñas2.- la selectividad de las enzimas hacia cierto tipo de sustratos limita su uso.

proteasaS2 S1 active S1’ S2’

site

P2 P1 union P1’ P2’

peptido

PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS

Enzyme-catalyzed peptide synthesis may be conduced via three basic ways:

REVERSAL HYDROLYSIS,

TRANSPEPTIDATION (which is used to a lesser extent)

AMINOLYSIS OF ESTERS.

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One of the reactants is used in excess

THERMODYNAMIC APPROACH: under physiological conditions the equilibrium position in proteases catalyzed reactions is far over on the side of proteolysis. In order to create a driving force in the reverse direction towards peptides synthesis the following constraints may be applied:

PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS

Removal of product via formation of an insoluble derivative byspecific complex formation or by extraction of the product into anorganic phase by using a water-immiscible organic cosolvent.

Lowering the water-activity (concentration) of the system byaddition of water-miscible organic cosolvent.

PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS

KINETIC APPROACH: the aminolysis of esters, involves a kinetically controlledirreversible type of reaction, in which two nucleophiles (water and an amine) arecompeting for the acyl-enzyme intermediate.

As mentioned above this reaction can be regarded as irreversible.

PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS

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CHEMO-ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF AN ENKEPHALIN DERIVATIVE

CHEMO-ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF AN ENKEPHALIN DERIVATIVE

ALCÁNTARA et al.: Peptide synthesis in organic-aqueous media catalysed by α-chymotrypsin immobilized on different supports.Fundamental of biocatalysis in non conventional media, Elsevier Pub., 1992, pp.443-50.

Z Asp + Phe OMe2

Z Asp Phe OMe

Phe OMe

+

Thermolysin

ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF ASPARTAME

Z Asp Phe OMeAsp Phe OMe

Purificatión

Desprotection

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OBTENCIÓN DE INSULINA CATALIZADA POR PROTEASAS

Insulina.-Aislada por primera vez en 1921 a partir de páncreas deperro.

Secuencia identificada por Sanger en 1955.

Regula los niveles de azúcar en sangre, usada para el tratamiento dela diabetes mellitus (aprox. 5% población occidental).

Es una proteína, no puede suministrarse oralmente (proteolisis)

Hoy día existen 4 rutas de obtención de insulina:

1. Extracción de páncreas humano

2. Síntesis a partir de los aminoácidos individuales

3. Conversión de insulina porcina en humana

4. Fermentación a partir de microorganismos modificados genéticamente

Conversión de insulina porcina en humana

Cadena A

Cadena B

Proteasa I de Achromobacter lyticus

4. Fermentación a partir de microorganismos modificados genéticamente

4.1. Producción de pro-insulina, transformada en insulina por transpeptidación (NovoNordisk)

Obtenida a través de fermentación

Ester de la insulina humana

de células de S. cerevisiae Genéticamente modificadas

Pro-insulina

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4. Fermentación a partir de microorganismos modificados genéticamente

4.2. Producción de mono/di-arg-insulina usando células de E. coli modificadasgenéticamente y posteriores pasos de síntesis y purificación (ELI LILY)

Pro-Arg -insulina

Conversión: sobre 70 %.Reactor tipo batch

Mono/di-Arg -insulina

Mono/di-Arg -insulina

Insulina humana

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4. Fermentación a partir de microorganismos modificados genéticamente

4.3. Producción de pre-pro-insulina usando células de E. coli modificadas genéticamente yposteriores pasos de síntesis y purificación (Hoechst, Marion Roussel)

Pre-pro-Arginsulina

Mono/di-Arg -insulina

Mono/di-Arg -insulina

Insulina humana

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PROTEASAS EN SÍNTESIS DE FÁRMACOS

Poteasa usada como esterasa para resolver un racémico