Motivation and Emotion

Chapter 6

Biological MotivesThe Biology of MotivationDrive Reduction Theory

The Biology of MotivationHomeostasis

the tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state

HungerLateral Hypothalamus (LH)

when stimulated animals begin eating

if removed animals stop eating and starve to death

“go” signalVentromedial Hypothalamus

(VMH)when stimulated animals slow or stop eating

if removed animals eat everything

“stop” signalAffected by temperatures

LH by coldVMH by warm

Glucostatic TheoryHypothalamus monitors glucose in the blood

Pancreasinsulin- calories to energyglucogon- converts stored energy back to useful energy

Set point- day to day weight

ObesityStanley Schachter

Obese people respond to external cues

“Taste Test”crackers and almonds

Overweight people respond to external cues

Normal weight people respond to internal cues

Anxiety and depression are not a cause of overeatingoccur just as frequently

Drive Reduction Theory Clark Hull Physiological needs drive an

organism to act in either random or habitual ways until its needs are satisfied

All human motives are extensions of basic biological needs

Harry HarlowSome experiences are inherently

pleasurable but don’t reduce biological drives

Drive for stimulation as plausible as a drive to reduce stimulation

Social MotivesMeasuring the Need for

AchievementMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Social MotivesHenry Murray

Theory of personality includes 16 basic needs

Mostly social motives rather than biological needs

Measuring the Need for AchievementDavid McClelland

Interested in finding a quantitative way of measuring social motives

Thematic Appercetion Test (TAT)series of picturesstories made up for picturescoded for themes and scored according to relevance to various types of needs

coders agree 90% of the time1947 test group

more entrepreneurs scored high than nonentrepreneurs

Fear of SuccessMarina HornerTested 89 men and 90 women“After first term finals,

John/Anne finds himself at the top of his medical school class”

Men- 90% wrote success storiesWomen- 65% predicted doom for

Anne Identified a motive to avoid

successFemale success was odd and

unfeminine

Could mean failure as a woman if successful in a traditionally male field

Later researchhard to define successseen in males and females45% of men and 49% of women

Other TheoriesExpectancy-value Theory

likelihood of successwhat the goal is worth to you

Competency Theoryto prove and improve our competency we choose moderately difficult tasks where both successes and failures may be instructive

ring-toss game

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsFundamental Needs

biological drives, safety, securityPsychological Needs

belong and receive love, acquire self-esteem through competence and achievement

Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsSelf-actualization Needs

pursuit of knowledge and beauty, realization of one’s unique potential

Research does not support that one need must be satisfied before another can be

EmotionExpressing Emotions: Innate and

Learned BehaviorPhysiological TheoriesCognitive Theories

Emotion Difference in biological drives and

emotions both involve changes in physiological

state source of behavior or feelings involved

with behavior May drive us to act May serve as incentive for action

Expressing Emotions: Innate and Learned BehaviorEkman and Friesen

photo study to recognize facial expressions

Facial expressions are innateBlind/Deaf children

laugh, pout, frown, clench fists

Carroll Izard coding system for assessing

emotional states in people 10 different states used to study expressions in infants

James Averill can’t separate thoughts and actions

from experience of emotions from social expectations or

consequencesDifferences among cultures

Physiological TheoriesWilliam James

we associate feelings with energy, tension, relaxation, and sensations in our stomach

James-Lange TheoryCannon-Bard Theory

James-Lange Theory Use emotion to describe our “gut”

reactions to the things that take place around us

Emotions are the perceptions of certain bodily changes

Izzard and feedback from facial muscles

Cannon-Bard TheoryEvidence against James-Lange

physiological changes occur when people are not experiencing emotions

injecting a drug does not change emotions though it changes physical properties

Cannon-Bard TheoryInternal state of body changes slowly, not like the “rush” of emotions we sometimes get

Cannon-Bard TheoryCannon called the thalamus the

seat of emotionTheory says certain experiences

activate the thalamus, and it sends signals simultaneously to the body and the brain

Cognitive TheoriesBodily changes and thinking work

together to produce emotionsFeelings depend on how you

interpret your symptoms

Cognitive TheoriesThe Schachter-Singer

ExperimentOpponent-Process TheoryLie Detection

The Schachter-Singer ExperimentStanley Schachter and Jerome

Singer “Testing the effects of vitamin C

on eyesight”Adrenalin injectionFour Groups

Informed Group- truth (hearts race and bodies tremble)

Misinformed Group- make numb Uninformed Group- not told anything Control Group- received neutral

injection without symptoms and told nothing

Taken to waiting roomAccomplice

wild and crazy with offensive questionnaire became

more and more angry

Results groups 1 and 4 watched with mild

amusement groups 2 and 3 joined in with the

accomplice Internal components of emotion

affect a person differently depending on perception of the social situation

Opponent-Process TheoryHomeostatic theory of emotional

reactionsRichard Solomon and John CorbitAny intense emotion, with

repeated exposure, will bring about an internal counterforce

Lie Detection