Motivation and Emotion

Motivation

Motivation

An internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal

Psychologists infer motivation from goal-directed behavior

Human behavior is energized by many motives that may originate from the outside of us or inside of us

Motivation

z Name some things that motivate you

z We experience motivation in different ways because of:

y Instinct

y Drive-reduction

y Incentive

y Cognitive theories of motivation

Instinct

z Innate tendencies that determine behaviory Psychologist William McDougall was the first

to note the concept that humans are motivated by instinct

y Psychologist William James stated that humans have the instincts of: cleanliness, curiosity, parental, love, sociability, and sympathy.

Instinct

z Flaws with the instinct theory:

y They do not explain behavior, they label it

y It is still studied, but have began to focus on other theories to explain motivation

Motivation

Drive-Reduction Theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Drive-reducing

behaviors

(eating, drinking)

Need

(e.g., for

food, water)

Drive

(hunger, thirst)

Drive-Reduction Theory

Need Biological or psychological requirement of an

organism

Drive A state of tension produced by a need that

motivates an organism toward a goal

Homeostasis tendency to maintain a balanced or constant

internal state regulation of any aspect of body chemistry

around a particular level

Harry Harlow

Monkey Experiment

z Proved that the drive-reduction theory wasn’t necessarily true

z The monkey spent more time with the cloth monkey for comfort and just enough time for getting food from the other

Incentive

An external stimulus, reinforcer, or reward that motivates behavior

People are motivated to obtain positive incentives and to avoid negative incentives

Cognitive Theory

z Extrinsic motivation: engaging in activities that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain external incentives

z Intrinsic motivation- engaging in activities because they are personally rewarding or because they fulfill our beliefs and expectations

Over-justification Effect

z When people are given extrinsic motivation needed to perform a task, their intrinsic motivation declines

z Book example:y You enjoy reading –someone begins paying

you to read

y You question whether you should read or not

y You stop getting paid, you might lose complete interest in the task

Section 2

Biological and

Social Motives

Biological Motives

z Biological needs are critical to our survival and physical well-being

z We have built in regulating systems

y Body temperature

y Blood sugar levels

y Production of hormones

Homeostasis

z The tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state

Hunger

z What motivates us to eat? Smell? Habit?

z Body requires food to grow, to repair itself, and store reserves

y Lateral hypothalamus- the part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals

y Ventromedial- the part of the hypothalamus that can cause one to stop eating

Motivation-Hunger

Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger

Motivation-Hunger

Glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood

provides the major source of energy for body tissues

when its level is low, we feel hunger

Motivation-Hunger

Set Point

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set

when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight

Basal Metabolic Rate

body’s base rate of energy expenditure

Motivation-Hunger

The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

Motivation-Hunger

Eating Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa when a normal-weight person diets and

becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve

usually an adolescent female

Bulimia Nervosa disorder characterized by episodes of

overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

Motivation at Work

Flow

a completely, involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills

Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

Motivation at Work

Personnel Psychology

sub-field of I-O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development

Organizational Psychology

Sub-field of I-O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

Motivation at Work

Motivation at Work

Structured Interview

process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants

rated on established scales

Achievement Motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment

for mastery of things, people, or ideas

for attaining a high standard

Motivation at Work

Personnel psychologists’ tasks

Motivation at Work

360-degree feedback

Motivation at Work

On the right path

Motivation

Task Leadership

goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals

Social Leadership

group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

Motivation

Theory X

assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money

workers should be directed from above

Theory Y

assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity

Maslow’s Hierarchy of

Needs

begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied

then higher-level safety needs become active

then psychological needs become active

Self-actualization needsNeed to live up to one’s

fullest and unique potential

Esteem needsNeed for self-esteem,

achievement, competence,and independence; need for

recognition and respect from others

Safety needsNeed to feel that the world is organized and

predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable

Belongingness and love needsNeed to love and be loved, to belong

and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation

Physiological needsNeed to satisfy hunger and thirst