INDEX [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97805211/14905/index/9780521114905_index… ·...

INDEX

9/11 terrorist attacks, 3681267 Sanctions Regime, 2311999 Ministerial Conference of the

World Trade Organisation, 2152004 Cardoso Report, 6

AB Achema, 448AB Danisco Sugar, 448AB Krekenavos agrofirma, 443AB Lietuvos Telekomas, 446AB Mažeikių nafta oil refinery, 436AB SEB (Vilniaus bankas), 448AB Šiaulių bankas, 448AB Švyturys-Utenos alus, 448AB TEO, 448AB Utenos trikotažas, 448, 449Aba, Nigeria, 51–2Abidjan, 341–2ABIOVE see Brazilian Association of

Vegetable Oil Industriesabsence of violence/terrorism, 146, 149,

152, 174, 176, 184absolute spoilers, 191, 193–4absolutist illicit power structures, 195Abu Ghraib prison, 114abuse, 468academic communities, 451–2accessibility, 288accidents, 395accountability

authority of non-state standardsetters, 508, 509–10

competing claims, 252–7concepts, 21–2construction, 250–2corporate social responsibility, 433, 459Côte d’Ivoire, 335

accountability (cont.)critical information infrastructures,

72–5debates, 244–7democratic legitimacy, 232, 514effectiveness concepts, 25Extractive Industries Transparency

Initiative, 109future research agendas, 554Governance Indicators, 146, 152,

173–82, 184implications for non-state

regulators, 257–62legitimacy, 19, 21, 241–64, 271–2multi-stakeholder initiatives, 90–1organisational responses to competing

claims, 255–7, 258–62political science, 11polycentric regulation, 241private military companies, 142privatisation debate, 73–5to what?, 525–6to whom?, 526–9transnational actors, 270–302

challenges, 293–4concepts, 276–9Global Accountability

Framework, 277–82Global Accountability Project,

277–88legitimacy, 271–2measuring accountability, 279–88methodology, 288–94why measurements, 282–3

accounting standards, 502accreditation, 520acquiescence, 260, 264

563

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Action Aid International, 299actionable indicators, 149adoptio minus plena, 472adoptio plena, 471Adoption of Children Act, 483adoption of children in Tanzania,

465–87, 539Adoption Ordinance of 1953, 474advocacy non-governmental

organisations, 516Africa

child adoption in Tanzania, 465–87environmental standards, 306–21Extractive Industries Transparency

Initiative, 97forest governance, 384, 395, 396, 397infrastructure projects, 306–21limiting violence, 324–45market shares, 306–21public policy, 35–55

African Charter on the Rights andWelfare of the Child of 1990, 483

African Development Bank, 158, 161African Union Convention, 125Afrobarometro, 158Agence Française de Développement,

152, 161Agenda 21, 380agendas for future research, 551–7aggregate governance indicators

1996–2007, 146–87methodology, 162–7

agreement ratios, 174, 181, 182aid organisations, 46, 47–9AIDS, 468, 479–80all-channel networks, 202allegiances, 89Amazon, 383, 391–2, 393, 397American Government Accountability

Office, 80AmericasBarometer, 152, 158, 162Amnesty International, 271, 299ANEC see Brazilian Cereal Exporters’

AssociationAngolan oil extraction, 46Annan, Kofi, 522anthropological basis of legitimacy, 512anthropological limits to violence, 327

anti-corruption regulation, 357–8Anti-Drug Abuse Act (1988), 362Anti-Torture Convention of 1984, 5arbitration, 415Arendt, Hannah, 548armaments, 203armed forces

Côte d’Ivoire, 331–45illicit power structures, 192precarious statehood, 325private military companies, 113–42

arrogatio, 471Article 45 Protocol I, 124Article 50 Protocol I to Geneva

Conventions, 118, 122, 129Asia, 97Asian Development Bank, 158, 161Asia-Pacific region, 396assessment flexibility, 283–5assets of illicit power structures, 198auditing, 391, 415authority, 502–11

accountability, 276capital movements, 351–72concepts, 22–4corporate social responsibility, 413–18democratic legitimacy, 223effectiveness, 25future research agendas, 552legitimacy, accountability and

polycentric regulation, 249sovereignty, 354

averages of governance indicators, 183–6avoidance, 260

Bakassi boys, 51Bank Secrecy Act, 361banned imports, 402Basel Committee on Banking

Regulations and SupervisoryPractices, 358

Basel Committee on BankingStandards, 219

Basel Committee on BankingSupervision (BCBS), 246

Bédié, Konan Henri, 338behavioural effects

Forest Stewardship Council, 394–5

564 index






Bellamy, Carol, 522benefits of environmental standards, 317Bertelsmann Foundation, 158biases of governance indicators, 150biodiversity, 380, 381, 396black-listing, 365Blackwater, 114, 141, 142bombings, 69Booz Allen Hamilton, 370brand name products, 534Brazilian Association of Vegetable Oil

Industries, 384Brazilian Cereal Exporters’ Association

(ANEC), 384Brazilian forest governance, 381, 383,

385, 390, 391–2, 393, 394–5Bremer, Paul L., 125bribery, 198, 357, 361, 368British government, 92British rule, 473–4Brunkhorst, Hauke, 225Budrevičienė, Dalia, 443business responsibility in Lithuania

business attitudes, 445business culture, 436–8business initiatives, 445–50corporate social responsibility, 431–61

businessesauthority concepts, 24critical information infrastructures, 75effectiveness concepts, 25legitimacy in standard setting, 521–5role in standard setting, 495–6

Cabinda, 46Cameroon’s logging operations, 384Canada Standard Association

(CSA), 397capital movements, 351–72Cardoso report, 521CARE, 48cartels, 311Carter Center conference, 101categorisation, 253, 281cattle ranching, 391causality, 498–500CBD see Convention on Biological

Diversity

Central Asia, 97Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 369Certificate of Urgency, 478, 482, 484certification

corporate social responsibility, 416costs, 388, 389, 391environmental standards, 318forest governance, 379–404social standards, 412

CESR see Committee of EuropeanSecurities Regulators

Chad, 97chain networks, 201changes over time, 173–82checkpoints, 343chef de canton, 335chef suprème Sénoufo, 337chemical facilities, 71, 72chiefs, 41child adoption in Tanzania, 465–87, 539children whose parents are still alive,

481–4children within the lineage, 466–8, 476,

477–87Chinese Exim Bank, 311, 312–15Christian organisations, 38–9, 42, 52churches, 38–9, 42, 52CIA see Central Intelligence AgencyCIIP see critical information

infrastructure protectionČilinskas, Kęstutis, 443CITES see Convention on

International Trade inEndangered Species

citizensGovernance Indicators 1996–2007, 148

civil regulationbusiness standard setting, 495

civil servants, 331civil society

CSR standards in Lithuania, 438,441–5

democratic legitimacy, 514Extractive Industries Transparency

Initiative, 106Civil Society Organisation (CSO), 296civil wars, 46, 49, 327civilians, 117, 118, 122–3, 126–7, 130–2

index 565






clarity of CSR, 452–4classical realism, 353Clean Clothes Campaign, 409–10Clean Water Act, 304clearance issues, 469coalition, 92, 304, 521Coalition Provisional Authority, 119codes of conduct

business standard-setting, 495corporate social responsibility, 412,

413, 422–4effectiveness concepts, 26law, 4private military companies, 142transnational corporations, 433

Codex alimentarius standard setting,519–20

CoE see Council of Europecoercion, 198, 199, 207, 262, 505cognitive functions, 399collaboration, 68–9collapsed states, 325collective corporate social

responsibility, 420–2collective multi-stakeholder

initiatives, 85collective representation, 26Collier, Paul, 197Colombia, 122colonial powers, 473colonisation, 42–3combatant status, 117–22command and control regulation, 65commercial contracts, 113commercialisation, 519commitments of CSR, 457–8Committee of European Securities

Regulators (CESR), 515Common Approaches on Environment

and Officially Supported ExportCredits, 309, 310, 311, 312,314–15, 316, 317

communications, 61–81Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)

(CPN(M)), 204–11community based groups, 39community forest certification, 391Compagnie Territoriale de Korhogo, 342

comparisons of governance indicators,159–61, 170–3

complaint mechanisms, 279, 280, 286,292, 295, 297–301, 525

complexity, 241compliance, 98–100, 300, 414Comprehensive Peace Agreement, 205compromise, 260, 264Comrade Prachanda, 207confidence intervals, 150, 170–3conflict

illicit power structures, 190–211conflictual accountability, 509Congo Basin forest concession

monitoring system(FORCOMS), 385

Congo Basin Forest Partnership, 384Congress

critical information infrastructures,71–2, 79

Congressional power, 307consistency, 262Constituent Assembly, 207, 211constitution of public norms, 324–45constitutionalisation, 415constrain, 262construction

accountability, 250–2legitimacy, 250–2

Construction Sector TransparencyInitiative [CoST], 100

constructivists, 354consulting engineers, 320contracts, 137–8, 320contradictory initiatives, 454–5control

authority of non-state standardsetters, 509

capital movements, 366–71corruption, 146, 153, 164, 172,

179, 185Convention on Biological Diversity

(CBD), 380, 381Convention on International Trade in

Endangered Species (CITES), 380Convention to Combat

Desertification, 380cops across borders, 363

566 index






Corporate Governance Code, 449corporate self-regulation, 4, 439corporate social accountability, 245corporate social responsibility (CSR)

accountability of transnationalactors, 272


concepts of standards, 13delegated norm enforcement, 415–17domestic law, 418, 422–4effectiveness concepts, 25elasticity, 432–5freedom of association, 420–2future perspectives in Lithuania,

452–9ILO, 419–21international framework

agreements, 417–18, 422–4international law, 418–22labour markets, 409–26law, 412–26legal authority, 413–18legal form, 412–26legitimacy, 245Lithuania, 431–61national law, 418, 422–4norm enforcement, 413–18origins, 432–5paralegal instruments, 412–13reflexive transnational law, 424–5social standards, 409–12trade unions, 417–18, 421–2transnational companies, 409–26transnational law, 424–5

Corporate Watch, 454corruption, 2


capital movements , 352, 357–8, 360,361, 363–4, 365, 366–8, 371–2

control, 146, 153, 164, 172, 179, 185Extractive Industries Transparency

Initiative, 105Governance Indicators 1996–2007, 146Worldwide Governance Indicators,

153, 163, 164, 172, 179, 185Corruption Perception Index (CPI), 97

cosmopolitan critics, 530COST see Construction Sector

Transparency Initiativecost/benefit ratios, 393costs

certification, 388, 389, 391environmental standards,

316–17forest governance, 394

Côte d’Ivoire, 331–45Coulibaly, Kassoum, 342Coulibaly, Péléforo Gbon, 337Council of Europe (CoE), 358, 532coup d’Etat of 1999, 336coverage of environmental

standards, 305CPI see Corruption Perception IndexCPIA assessmentsCPN(M) see Communist Party of

Nepal (Maoist)credibility, 516credit cards, 356creed, 197, 206crime

capital movements, 357private military companies,

128, 140criminalisation

capital movements, 366–8mercenaries, 124–6

critical information infrastructure(CII), 535

critical information infrastructureprotection (CIIP), 61–81

critical infrastructure, 61Critical Infrastructure Information Act

of 2002, 71, 79critiques of governance indicators, 151cross-border capital movements, 351cross-country comparisons, 170–3cross-sector principles, 270–302CSA see Canada Standard AssociationCSOs see Civil Society OrganisationCSR see corporate social responsibilityculture

public–private distinction, 540,543–4

violence, 324–45

index 567






customary laws, 20, 465–8, 475–6,480, 483

cyber-attacks, 61–81

Dahal, Kamal Pushpa, 207Dahl, Robert, 216dams, 219, 314–15Danisco Sugar, 445data collection, 289data protection agencies, 370data sources, 150, 152–67DDoS see Distributed Denial of Servicede facto authority, 506, 507, 508, 510–11de facto care, 480death of parents, 467, 477–81decision making, 228, 229–33, 273defensive attacks, 127, 128defiance, 260deforestation, 383, 384delegation

accountability, 527corporate social responsibility,

415–17democratic legitimacy, 226future research agendas, 552legitimacy of businesses in standard

setting, 521deliberation, 229democracy

authority concepts, 23challenges, 242governance beyond the state, 215–35multi-stakeholder initiatives, 90–1

democratic deficit, 215–35democratic elections, 529democratic legitimacy, 215–35,

513–16concepts, 20epistemic authority, 229–33NGOs, 516–19sovereign authority, 216–17

Democratic Republic of Congo, 19demonopolisation, 19Denmark, 401Department of International

Development (DFID), 100dependence, 262deregulation, 439

desertification, 380design of accountability

mechanisms, 257Deutsche Rechnungslegungs Standards

Committee, 502DFID see Department of International

Developmentdialogue, 229diffusion, 262direct control of capital movements,

368–71direct participation in hostilities, 126,

127–32disaggregated information, 148, 283–8disclosure

accountability, 293, 533authority, 510CSR standards in Lithuania, 456–7Extractive Industries Transparency

Initiative, 106discourse theory, 244, 252, 262, 264discrimination, 468discursive functions, 399disempowerment mechanisms

see sanctionsdisintegration of authority, 9‘Distributed Denial of Service’ (DDoS)

attacks, 63divergent practices

CSR standards in Lithuania, 454–8diversity of non-state actors, 38–44divorce, 468“dogs of war”

private military companies, 114domestic law, 418, 422–4dozo, 333, 336–40dozoya associations, 338–40drivers in multi-stakeholder initiatives,

92–3DRSC see Deutsche Rechnungslegungs

Standards Committeedrugs and money-laundering, 358

EBRD’s business environment surveys,158

EC see European CommunityEC Code of Conduct on Non-Profit

Oganisations, 246

568 index






ECAs see export credit agenciesECG see Export Credit Groupseco-label, 449economics

critical informationinfrastructures, 75

enforcement mechanisms, 414motivations, 196rewards, 198security provision, 333

Economist Intelligence Unit, 158ECOSOC see United Nations

Economic and Social Councileducation, 451–2effective norms for the south, 409–26effectiveness, 498–502

authority, 508–9concepts, 24–6Governance Indicators, 146, 152,

174, 177, 184multi-stakeholder initiatives, 90–1

Eigen, Peter, 100EITI see Extractive Industries

Transparency InitiativeEkoagros, 449elasticity, 432–5elections, 20, 228, 529Electric Reliability Organisation

(ERO), 71electricity, 70, 71–2empirical research agendas, 552–4employment

standards in Lithuania, 437–8see also labour

Energy Policy Act of 2005, 71enforced self-regulation, 66enforcement of corporate social

responsibility, 413–18, 459engineers, 320English adoption law, 472, 473, 483Enron, 300enterprises and governance

indicators, 148environmental standards

African infrastructure projects,306–21

business standard setting, 496CSR standards in Lithuania, 447

finance, 304–21legitimacy concepts, 20regional variations, 311–16state regulation substitutes, 304–21

EPFIs see Equator Principle financialinstitutions

epistemic authority, 22, 23, 215–16,229–33

Equator Principle financial institutions(EPFIs), 310–11, 315–16

Equator Principles, 247accountability, 276, 535democratic legitimacy, 219environmental standards, 306, 307,

310–11, 312, 315–16, 317ERO see Electric Reliability

OrganisationESTER project, 411Estimates of governance 1996–2007,

167–86Estonia, 63Esty, Daniel, 229ethical legitimacy, 18ethical practices in Lithuania, 447, 449Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI), 94Etzioni, Amitai, 198EU see European UnionEurobarometer survey, 437European adoption laws, 471–3European Bank for Reconstruction and

Development, 158European Commission’s Green Paper,

411, 433European Community (EC) law, 359European Court of Justice, 365European data protection agencies, 370European Parliament, 370European Union (EU), 359

accountability, 528capital movements, 352, 364–5, 372corporate social responsibility, 433,

434, 439, 440, 452democratic legitimacy, 219forest governance, 396legal effects of non-state

standards, 502money laundering, 359Water Framework Directive, 304

index 569






evaluating accountability, 279, 280,286, 291, 295, 525

exclusivity, 499, 514expert assessments, 150exploitation of children, 468export credit agencies (ECAs), 305,

306, 307, 309–10, 311–15, 316,317, 318

Export Credit Groups (ECG), 312Export-Import Bank, 309externalities, 75Extractive Industry Transparency

Initiative (EITI)authority, 510background, 96–100cornerstones, 96–100critique, 100–6drivers, 108intervention areas, 109lessons, 100–6multi-stakeholder initiatives, 85, 92,

94–111partner status and composition, 108Public Private Partnerships, 2

ExxonMobil, 97

F & C Asset Management plc, 105failing states, 36–55, 325Fair Labour Association (FLA),

410, 416fair procedure, 254fair trade, 94, 220, 271, 444family law, 465–87FAO see Food and Agriculture

OrganizationFARC see Fuerzas Armadas

Revolucionarias de Colombia(Revolutionary Armed Forcesof Colombia)

FATF see Financial Action Task ForceFCPA see Foreign Corrupt Practices

Actfederal contracts, 136Federal Energy Regulatory

Commission (FERC), 71–2federal security standards, 71–2fees, 343female workers, 409–10

FERC see Federal Energy RegulatoryCommission

Ferkéssedougou, 336finance

concepts of standards, 13effectiveness concepts, 25environmental standards, 304–21illicit power structures, 199, 202–3Information Sharing and Analysis

Centres, 70non-state environmental standards,

304–21sanctions, 529terrorism, 352, 357, 359–60, 362,

365–72Financial Action Task Force (FATF)

capital movements, 362, 365, 366money laundering, 358–9terrorist financing, 359–60

Financial Intelligence Units (FIU), 359First World War, 472–3fisheries sector, 401Fitchew, Geoffrey, 364FIU see Financial Intelligence UnitsFLA see Fair Labour AssociationFLEG see Forest Law Enforcement and

Governanceflexibility in accountability, 283–5Fofié, Martin Kouakou, 342FOI see Freedom of Information ActFood and Agriculture Organization

(FAO) Committee onForestry, 380

Food processing companies, 448FORCOMS see Congo Basin forest

concession monitoring systemforeign contractors, 445Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA),

361, 367foreign investors in Lithuania, 437, 445Forest Declaration, 380forest governance

certification, 379–404global governance, 379–404intergovernmental negotiations,

379–83land conversion, 393–4land tenure insecurity, 392–3

570 index






multilateralism crisis, 380–1north-south differences, 380–1, 390private governance systems, 385–404public–private partnerships, 382,

384–5transnational advocacy networks,

383–4voluntary certification systems,

397–9Forest Law Enforcement and

Governance (FLEG), 384, 385Forest Stewardship Council (FSC),

379–404accountability of transnational

actors, 271behavioural effects, 394–5legitimacy, 246limitations, 387–94market governance, 387–9north-South disparities, 396political effects, 399–402regulatory effects, 394–402side effects, 396–9

formal actors and organisationspublic policy in Africa, 46, 52–3

fragmentationFrance

adoption, 472bilateral aid agency, 152, 161forest governance, 401, 402FrenchMinistry of Finance, Industry

and Employment, 158France Nature Environnement, 398fraud, 365free market advocates, 455Freedom House, 158, 159freedom of association, 26, 420–2freedom of information, 77, 78Freedom of Information Act (FOI )Freedom of Information Act of

1966, 77Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de

Colombia (RevolutionaryArmed Forces of Colombia)(FARC), 122

functional accountability, 524–5functional challenges, 242future research agendas, 551–7

G7 campaigns, 309G8 commitment, 298Gallieni, Joseph, 337Gallup World Poll, 158, 159GAP see Global Accountability ProjectGbagbo, Laurent, 341GCS surveys, 183GEF see Global Environment Facilitygendarmerie, 332Geneva Conventions

civilian status, 122mercenaries, 126private military companies, 116,

117, 118geo-politics of illicit power

structures, 195Germany

adoption, 470, 472, 473Clean Clothes Campaign, 409–10industry lobby groups, 318legal effects of non-state

standards, 502Global Accountability Framework,

277–82Global Accountability Index

concepts, 279–80development, 280–1disaggregation, 283–8functional accountability, 525interpretation parameters, 281–2transnational actors, 277–88what it measures, 283–8

Global Accountability Project (GAP),22, 277–88, 510

global averages of governanceindicators, 183–6

Global Compactaccountability, 534business responsibility, 434CSR standards in Lithuania, 440,

446, 450, 453, 455, 456Global Competitiveness Report

survey, 159global cooperation in capital

movements, 361–72Global Environment Facility

(GEF), 299Global Fund, 219

index 571






global governanceaccountability of transnational

actors, 271–2capital movements, 361–72concepts, 18democratic legitimacy, 215–35forests, 379–404legitimacy and democracy, 215–35

Global Insight, 158Global Integrity Index, 147global legal pluralism, 549–51Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), 94,

97, 433, 452, 534globalisation

child adoption in Tanzania, 465–87future research agendas, 553–4private–public distinction, 539–40

good practice principles, 295–7governance concepts, 17–18Governance Indicators 1996–2007, 146–87Government Effectiveness, 146, 152,

174, 177, 184Government in the Sunshine Act of

1976, 77governments

corporate social responsibility, 440–1critical information infrastructures,

63–73environmental standards, 309–10legitimacy of businesses in standard

setting, 521legitimacy of NGOs, 519

greed, 197greedy spoilers, 191, 194–5greening finance, 317–20greening policies, 401Greenpeace International, 383grievance, 206–7Grisay, Alain, 105groupes d’autodéfense, 333–6Guantánamo Bay, 131guerillas, 192Guidelines on Multinational

Corporations, 440

halo effects, 150HAPI see Humanitarian Accountability

Partnership International

Hart, H. L. A., 221health and safety, 447Helsinki process, 397hierarchy

effectiveness of non-state standardsetting, 498–500

illicit power structures, 200, 207political science, 11

High Court of Justice of Israel, 131High Courts, 477, 478, 482, 485

child adoption in Tanzania, 477Hindu organisations, 38history of non-state actors in Africa,

42–4HIV/AIDS, 468, 479–80Hoeffler, Anke, 197Homeland Security Appropriations

Act of 2007, 71homogeneity, 500Houphouët-Boigny’s regime, 338House Committee on Oversight and

Reform, 141hub networks, 201Human Life International, 299human rights

accountability, 271, 526business standard-setting, 496China Exim Bank, 314Clean Clothes Campaign, 409–10CSR standards in Lithuania, 435, 449democratic legitimacy , 221legitimacy, 245, 513non-governmental organisations, 519private military companies, 113,

119, 139public–private partnerships, 540–2

Human Rights Monitoring Institute,443, 444

Humanitarian AccountabilityPartnership International(HAPI), 300

humanitarian aid, 47–9humanitarian do-gooders, 131humanitarian law, 115, 116–42hunters’ associations, 336–40Hurd, Ian, 223Hurricane Katrina, 80hydropower, 314

572 index






Iacobucci, E.M., 74IAG see International Advisory Board

GroupIASB see International Accounting

Standards BoardICC see International Chamber of

CommerceICME see International Council on

Metals and the EnvironmentICRC see International Committee of

the Red CrossIDA see International Development

Associationidentity politics, 197IFAs see international framework

agreementsIFC see International Finance

CorporationIFIA see Interafrican Forest Industries

AssociationIFRC see International Federation of

Red Cross and Red CrescentSocieties

IFRS see International FinancialReporting Standards

IGOs see intergovernmentalorganisations

ILA see International Law Associationillegal logging, 384, 392illegal salary payments, 443,

447, 452illicit actor research agendas, 555illicit authority, 503, 505–6,

507–8illicit power structures, 189–211

Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist),204–11

definition, 190–1methods, 198–203morphology, 199–203motivation, 196–7, 206–7power, 198–9typology, 191–204

illness factors, 468ILO see International Labour

OrganizationImboulou Dam, 314IMF see International Monetary Fund

impartiality, 254import bans, 402in-house protection, 64inappropriate firing, 141incentives, 92–3, 101–5inclusion, 513–16, 554indefinite leave, 469Index Report, 277–88Indian Exim Banks, 311indigenous institutions, 42–3indigenous lands, 391–2indigenous people, 380individual governance indicators

1996–2007, 146–87industrial self-regulation, 310–11, 499informal actors and organisations

public policy in Africa, 46, 52–3informal protection groups, 334information deficits, 75, 78information infrastructures, 61Information Sharing and Analysis

Centres (ISAC), 70InfraGard, 70INGOs see international non-

governmental organisationsInstitute for Management

Development’s WorldCompetitiveness Yearbook, 158

Institutional Profiles Database, 152, 161institutional theory, 250–2,

259, 264institutionalism, 107, 244insurgency, 192, 205, 331–45integrative functions, 401Interafrican Forest Industries

Association (IFIA), 385interconnectedness, 262intercultural families, 484–6interdependence, 10, 241intergovernmental negotiations,

379–83intergovernmental organisations (IGOs)

accountability of transnationalactors, 270, 272–4, 283–5, 286,295, 296–9, 301–2

concepts of non-state actors, 14Global Accountability Index, 283–5

internal sovereignty, 216

index 573






internalisation of internationalgovernance, 234

International Accounting StandardsBoard (IASB), 501

International Advisory BoardGroup (IAG), 100–1, 102–6,105–6

international capital movements,355–72

International Chamber of Commerce(ICC)

legitimacy of NGOs, 519Statute of 1998, 5

International Committee of theRed Cross (ICRC), 5, 129,134, 140

international constructioncontracts, 320

International Convention againstthe Recruitment, Use,Financing and Training ofMercenaries, 125

International Convention on the Rightsof the Child, 511

international conventions, 133international corporate social

responsibility, 431–61International Council on Metals

and the Environment(ICME), 87

International Cyanide ManagementCode for the Manufacture,Transport and Use of Cyanidein the Production of Gold, 87

International DevelopmentAssociation (IDA), 161, 307

International Emergency EconomicPowers Act, 360

international environmentalstandards, 20

International Federation of Red Crossand Red Crescent Societies(IFRC), 299

International Finance Corporation(IFC), 310

International Financial AdvisoryCommission (MeltzerCommission), 298

international financial institutionsAfrican infrastructure projects, 306–21environmental standards, 305–11

International Financial ReportingStandards (IFRS), 501

international framework agreements(IFAs), 413, 417–18, 419, 422–4

international governanceby the people, 228–9democratic legitimacy, 218–20for the people, 225–8

international humanitarian law (IHL),115, 116–42

international inequality, 396International LabourOrganization (ILO)

accountability of transnationalactors, 298, 299

business standard setting, 496concepts of standards, 13corporate social responsibility,

419–21, 423–4, 433, 439, 447forest governance, 380Tripartite Declaration of

Principles, 245international law

corporate social responsibility, 418–22democratic legitimacy, 218–35, 513state of debates and emerging

questions, 4–7state’s role in standard setting, 497

International Law Association (ILA),530–1

international legal personality, 551international migration, 465–87International Monetary Fund (IMF),

297, 317–18, 366International Navigation Association

(PIANC), 501international non-governmental

organisations (INGOs)accountability of transnational

actors, 270–1, 274–5, 284, 285,286, 295, 296, 299–300

democratic legitimacy , 219Extractive Industries Transparency

Initiative, 102–5Global Accountability Index, 285legitimacy, 245

574 index






international organisationsaccountability, 525–6, 529–31concepts of non-state actors, 15CSR standards in Lithuania, 445environmental standards, 308multi-stakeholder initiatives, 87NGO’s role in standard setting, 493

International Organization ofSecurities Commissions(IOSCO), 246, 515

International Peace OperationsAssociation (IPOA),138–9, 142

international public–privatepartnerships, 382

international regulation of privatemilitary companies, 133–5

International Relations (IR), 353, 355International Standards Organisation

(ISO), 246, 271, 272International Standards Organisation

(ISO)ISO 14001, 449, 453ISO 26000, 413, 433, 434ISO 9000, 271ISO 9001, 449

international treaties, 124International Tropical Timber

Agreement (ITTA), 380International Tropical Timber

Organization (ITTO), 392Internet Corporation for Assigned

Names and Numbers, 219Interpol, 358inter-state fora, 2inter-state international

conventions, 493inter-state law, 495, 500–2, 513intervention areas

Extractive Industries TransparencyInitiative, 109

multi-stakeholder initiatives, 94intransparency, 514Investors’ Forum, 442, 454IOSCO see International Organization

of Securities CommissionsIPOA see International Peace

Operations Association

IR see International RelationsIraq, 113, 114–15, 118–19, 125–6,

128–9, 141–2ISAC see Information Sharing and

Analysis CentresIslamic groups, 39–40Islamic law, 474–5islands of order, 23, 44–53ISO see International Standards

OrganisationITTA see International Tropical

Timber AgreementITTO see International Tropical

Timber Organization

Jeunes Patriotes, 341judgment of governance indicators, 149justice and legitimacy, 254

Kayapo Indians, 391Keen, David, 196, 197Keohane, Robert, 230Kerry, John, 362key concepts, 12–26kings, 41kinship relations, 466–8, 476,

477–87, 539Kivu, 52Koh, Harold Hongju, 222Korhogo, 336, 337, 339, 342–4Krasner, Stephen, 353Kuria people of Tanzania, 476Kyoto Protocol, 380, 523

labelling, 220, 457labour

business standard setting, 496concepts of standards, 13corporate social responsibility,

409–26Lithuania, 437–8, 443, 445, 447, 449

legitimacy of non-state standard-setting, 511

social standards, 409–26land conversion, 393–4land tenure insecurity, 392–3Landmines Convention of 1997, 5Latin America, 97

index 575






Latin America Public Opinion Project,152, 162

Latinobarometro, 158law

authority concepts, 24business standard setting, 495child adoption in Tanzania, 465–87concepts of standards, 13–14corporate social responsibility,

412–26, 439–41democratic legitimacy, 218–35, 513Extractive Industries Transparency

Initiative, 96–7forest governance, 381Governance Indicators, 146, 153,

173–82, 185legitimacy of NGOs, 518non-state environmental

standards, 304private military companies, 115,

116–42public–private distinction, 549–51public policy in Africa, 44–5state of debates and emerging

questions, 4–7Law of the Sea Convention of 1982, 501LDCs see Least Developed Countriesleaderless networks, 200, 202leadership, 208–9, 287Least Developed Countries (LDCs), 312legal analysis of private military

companies, 116legal authority, 24, 413–18legal effects inter-state law, 500–2legal environments of CSR standards in

Lithuania, 439–41legal form, 412–26legal frameworks

private military companies, 115,134–7

legal norms, 219legal personality, 551legal pluralism, 242

child adoption in Tanzania, 465–87concepts of standards, 13democratic legitimacy , 234–5public–private distinction, 549–51public policy in Africa, 53

legal sanctions, 529legal vacuum, 115legalist legitimacy, 19, 253, 254, 516legislation

Forest Stewardship Council, 402non-state environmental

standards, 304legitimacy, 3

accountability, 19, 21, 241–64, 271–2authority, 22, 223, 503, 505–9competing claims, 252–7concepts, 18–21construction, 250–2corporate social responsibility, 419Côte d’Ivoire, 332–45debates, 244–7democratic governance beyond the

state, 215–35effectiveness, 25, 498–500Extractive Industries Transparency

Initiative, 106future research agendas, 555illicit power structures, 198, 199implications for non-state

regulators, 257–62limiting violence, 330–45multi-stakeholder initiatives, 90–1NGOs, 246, 256, 512, 516–21, 523non-state actors, 215–35non-state standard setting, 511–24organisational responses to

competing claims, 255–7,258–62

polycentric regulation, 241–64public–private distinction, 539, 544public policy in Africa, 41, 215sovereign authority, 216–17transnational actor accountability,

271–2see also democratic legitimacy

legitimate domination, 331, 543legitimisation of children, 483Levey, Stuart, 369lex mercatoria, 4, 495LFMI see Lithuanian Free Market

Instituteliberal model of sovereignty, 353Liberia, 46, 327

576 index






licensing private military companies, 139limited leave, 470limited spoilers, 192, 194Linder, Stephen, 76Lindseth, Peter, 227lineage responsibility, 466–8, 476, 477–87Lithuanian business responsibility,

431–61Lithuanian Confederation of

Industrialists, 459Lithuanian corporate social

responsibility, 431–61Lithuanian Free Market Institute

(LFMI), 455little envelopes, 443, 447LMICs see Lower Middle-Income

Countrieslocal actors and organisations

public policy in Africa, 35–55Local Defence Forces, 52Lockheed scandal, 361logging, 384, 392, 393logistics personnel, 130London conference, 99Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), 190, 199Lowe, Vaughan, 220Lower Kafue Gorge Dam, 314Lower Middle-Income Countries

(LMICs), 312LRA see Lord’s Resistance Army

MAI see Multilateral Agreement onInvestment

Mainland Tanzania, 473–4, 477–86Majone, Giandomenico, 226majority will, 228Mali, 50–1Malinké, 337Manding empire, 334Mano Guru, 448Maoism, 204–11March Terai incidents, 208marginalisation, 468margins of error, 147–8, 151, 170–3marine aquarium organizations, 401marital separations, 468market accountability, 534market authority, 25, 503

market denial, 362market economy transition, 436market for critical information

infrastructures, 75–7market governance, 387–9market regulation, 67, 137market shares of African infrastructure

projects, 306–21Martens, Jens, 86Martins Group, 393Mato Grosso, 383Mau Mau Movement, 43mayors, 337–8McDonald’s restaurants, 383MDB see multilateral development

banksmeasuring accountability, 279–88measuring change, 106media, 451–2mediation, 497Medicines Transparency Alliance

(MeTA), 100, 106MEJA see Military Extraterritorial

Jurisdiction ActMeltzer Commission, 298members of the Forest Stewardship

Council, 386, 390–1menace, 207Mepanda Nkua dam, 314mercenaries, 114, 117, 123–6Merowe Dam, 314, 315MeTA see Medicines Transparency

Alliancemethodology

accountability of transnationalactors, 288–94

illicit power structures, 198–203Worldwide Governance Indicators,

152–67metrics in legitimacy, 511–12Mexico, 402MG Baltic, 448Middle East loans, 315migration, 443, 444, 465–87, 539military

burials, 119critical information infrastructures,

62–3

index 577






military (cont.)effectiveness concepts, 25objectives of private companies,

127, 129private military companies, 113–42

Military Extraterritorial JurisdictionAct (MEJA), 136

militias, 49–52, 120, 192mining 87, 88, 94–111, see also

Extractive IndustriesTransparency Initiative

Minow, Martha, 74mission creep, 530mission societies, 42MNC see multi-national corporationsMoamba-Major dam, 314monarchies, 513money-laundering, 2, 352, 357, 358–63,

364–8, 371–2monopoly control, 190Montreal process, 397moral authority, 503moral legitimacy, 18, 221, 516morality and public policy in

Africa, 52Moravcsik, Andrew, 226morphology of illicit power structures

199–203Morris, Philip, 445motivation factors, 196–7, 206–7Mozambican National Resistance

(RENAMO), 194MSI see multi-stakeholder initiativesMultilateral Agreement on Investment

(MAI), 5multilateral development agencies, 158multilateral development banks

(MDB), 308, 312, 317multilateralism crisis, 380–1multinational corporations (MNC),

102–5multinational enterprises, 14,

245, 276multiple accountability disorder, 243,

256, 263multiple accountability

relationships, 259multi-sectoral networks, 87

multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSI),2–3

authority, 509, 510conceptual understandings, 85–90drivers, 92–3evidence-based typologies, 84–111function, 91–2incentives, 92–3intervention areas, 94partner status and composition, 93–4

Muslim organisations, 38Myanmar, 366

Nagel, Thomas, 225Nam Mang 3 Dam, 314National Commission on Sustainable

Development, 440National Contact Point, 440National Coordinating Centre, 70National Cyber Security Alliance, 70National Cyber Security Partnership, 70National Environmental Policy Act, 304national law, 418, 422–4National Strategy on Sustainable

Development, 440natural disasters, 80natural resources, 46, 94–111Nauru, 366need, 197, 206–7negotiation, 340–4neo-realism, 353neo-traditional actors, 40–1, 42–3, 49,

50–1, 337Nepal, 204–11NERC see North American Electricity

Reliability Corporationnetworked illicit power structures,

200–2New Institutional Economics, 499NGO see non-governmental

organisationsNigeria, 97night watches, 335Nike v. Kasky, 458non-absolutist illicit power

structures, 195non-compliance, 300non-discrimination, 423

578 index






non-governmental organisations (NGOs)accountability, 302, 525, 526, 528,

531–3anti-corruption regulation, 358authority of non-state standard

setters, 505concepts of non-state actors, 14–16, 17corporate social responsibility, 416,

442, 443, 455effectiveness of non-state standard

setting, 498environmental standards, 308, 314forest governance, 381–2, 383,

384–5, 387future research agendas, 551–2Governance Indicators, 148, 158, 159law, 5–6legitimacy, 246, 256, 512, 516–21, 523multi-stakeholder initiatives, 87, 93–4political science, 10public policy in Africa, 36, 38–9, 42,

45, 48, 52–3public–private partnerships,

540–2role in standard setting, 493–4, 495terrorist financing, 360WorldwideGovernance Indicators, 164

non-manipulative persuasion, 90non-profit sector in Africa, 38–9non-state actor concepts, 14–17non-state environmental standards,

304–21normative legitimacy, 18, 511–13norms

enforcement, 413–18NGOs’ role in standard setting, 494

North America, 396North American Electricity Reliability

Corporation (NERC), 70,71–2

North Kivu, 52Northern Côte d’Ivoire, 331–45

ODA see Official DevelopmentAssistance

OECD see Organisation for EconomicCo-operation and Development

offensive attacks, 127, 128

Official Development Assistance(ODA), 189

oil pipelines, 128OLICs see Other Low Income

CountriesOne World Trust, 245, 277, 301, 525online disclosure, 293opportunistic spoilers, 194–5opposition groups and public policy in

Africa, 39–40accountability of transnational

actors, 299anti-corruption regulation,

357–8capital movements, 365, 367corporate social responsibility, 419,

433, 439, 440, 452environmental standards, 309–10,

311–15forest governance, 383law, 6

organisational capabilities, 285–8organisational effectiveness, 25organisational illicit power structures,

199–203, 207organisational responses to competing

claims, 255–7, 258–62organised crime, 192origins of corporate social

responsibility, 432–5orphans, 467, 477–81Other Low Income Countries

(OLIC), 312Oxfam International, 272, 299

PACI see Partnership againstCorruption Initiative

Palermo Convention, 359Pan-European Forest Certification

Scheme (PEFC), 397–9paper market, 388, 397para-lawconcepts of standards, 13corporate social responsibility,

412–13legal effects of non-state

standards, 501parallel economies, 49–52

index 579






para-statehood, 325parent’s deaths, 467, 477–81parental poverty, 467, 468, 482participation

accountability, 279, 280, 286, 290,295, 299, 525, 527

sovereignty, 361partner status and composition, 93–4, 108Partnership against Corruption

Initiative (PACI), 2patrimonial legitimate domination, 331peace, 94, 190Peace Treaties of Westphalia from

1648, 538PEFC see Pan-European Forest

Certification Scheme;Programme for theEndorsement of ForestCertification Schemes

people and international governance,225–33

perception factors, 148–9, 150performance factors, 254PIANC see International Navigation

AssociationPLAID database, 305pluralism

future research agendas, 553political science, 10private–public distinction, 549–51public policy in Africa, 53, 549see also legal pluralism

PMCs see private military companiesPoland, 396police, 325, 331–45policy

accountability of transnationalactors, 290, 291, 292

democratic legitimacy, 228Global Accountability Index, 285, 287public policy in Africa, 35–55

Politburo, 209political authority, 23, 215–35political community, 538–9political effects of the Forest

Stewardship Council, 399–402political enforcement of corporate

social responsibility, 414

political environments of corporatesocial responsibility, 439–41

political movement groups in Africa,39–40

Political Risk Services, 158political sanctions, 529political science, 9–11political self-determination, 216political stability, 146, 152, 174, 176, 184polycentric regulation, 241–64polygyny, 475popular sovereignty, 216poro, 334–6post-Cold War transformation, 432–61power

accountability, 262authority of non-state standard

setters, 506–7concepts, 22–4illicit power structures, 198–9legitimacy, 262polycentric regulation, 262sociology, 7–8

power plants, 314PPPs see Public–Private Partnershipsprecarious statehood, 324, 325, 332pre-colonial values, 43prisoners of war, 116, 117, 121,

123, 124private–public distinction, 536–51

conceptual alternatives, 547–9usefulness, 544–7why continue to use?, 540–4

private authority, 503–8private banks, 305, 306, 307, 310–11, 318private capital movements, 355–6private forest governance, 385–404private governance environmental

standards, 305private institutions and democratic

legitimacy, 219private international financial

institutions, 305private military companies (PMCs),

113–42private sector governance indicators, 148private sector public policy in Africa, 40private security companies, 46–7

580 index






private standards in the north, 409–26private texts, 494private–private partnerships, 495, 496privatisation, 73–5, 436profit, 75–7Programme for the Endorsement of

Forest Certification Schemes(PEFC), 397–9

promotion of CSR standards inLithuania, 456–7

prosecution immunity, 117protection money, 48protection of critical information

infrastructure, 61–81protectionism risks, 401protest movements in Africa, 43public–private distinction, 536–51

conceptual alternatives, 547–9usefulness, 544–7why continue to use?, 540–4

public agencies, 65–6public confidence, 3public goods, 75public inclusion, 554public international financial

institutions, 305public norms, 324–45public policy in Africa, 35–55public pressure and environmental

standards, 307public procurement

forest governance, 402public resources

CSR standards in Lithuania, 451–2public sector governance indicators,

158, 159publications

CSR standards in Lithuania,451–2

public–private partnerships (PPPs), 2accountability, 535–6business standard setting, 495–6critical information infrastructure

protection, 61–81definitions, 67–8democratic legitimacy, 219Extractive Industries Transparency

Initiative, 2

forest governance, 382, 384–5legitimacy of businesses in standard

setting, 523–4multi-stakeholder initiatives, 87regulation relationship, 68–9

Publish What You Pay Campaign, 102pulp and paper market, 388, 397

Quality Management Systems, 271quasi-governmental organisations

(Quangos), 16, 493, 519Quilombo communities, 395

reasserting sovereignty, 351–72rebels, 49–52, 331–45, 505reconciliation, 193reflexive transnational law, 424–5refugees, 47–9regional actors in public policy in

Africa, 35–55regional variations in environmental

standard impacts, 311–16regulation


critical information infrastructureprotection, 63–81

environmental standards, 304–21Forest Stewardship Council,

394–402multi-stakeholder initiatives, 90private military companies, 115,

126–7, 132–40public–private partnerships,

68–9state of debates and emerging

questions, 9–11regulatory quality, 146, 153, 174,

178, 184relatives

child adoption in Tanzania, 466–8,476, 477–87

religious groupspublic policy in Africa, 38–9, 52

religious laws, 465, 474–5Remei, 449RENAMO see Mozambican National

Resistance

index 581






Reporters Without Borders, 158, 159representativeness, 245, 254, 255République de Côte d’Ivoire, 331reputational accountability, 534reputational sanctions, 529residence permits, 469–70resource curse, 96response mechanisms, 279, 280, 286,

292, 295, 297–301, 525, 527Revenue Watch, 102right of innocent passage, 501Right of Peoples to Self-Determination,

114Rio Earth Summit, 380, 383road blocks, 335, 338, 340–2rogue states, 191Roman adoption law, 471–2Rosenau, James, 228, 382Rosenfeld, Michel, 230Rule of Law

governance indicators, 146, 153,173–82, 185

public policy in Africa, 45rule-making


public policy in Africa, 44Rumsfeld, Donald, 128runaway phenomenon, 530Russia, 63

Safeguard Policies, PollutionAbatement Handbook, andOperations Manual, 306

Sahelian countries, 324salary payments, 443, 447, 452SamoriTouré soldiers, 334sanctions, 389–92, 526, 529Sarbanes–Oxley Act, 300SARs see suspicious activity reportsSavas, Emanuel, 67Scharpf, Fritz, 225Schepel, Harm, 12Scientific Certification Systems

(SCS), 394scoring, 281, 289–93SCS see Scientific Certification SystemsSDR see Special Drawing Rights

Second World War, 121, 356secrecy, 334–6, 499sectoral alliances, 384security

business concepts, 333Côte d’Ivoire, 331–45critical information infrastructure,

61–81effectiveness concepts, 25guards, 128–9precarious statehood, 325private military companies, 113–42public policy in Africa, 46–7, 51–2

self-defence groups, 333–6self-determination, 538, 539self-policing, 521, 532self-regulation


critical information infrastructures,66, 72

effectiveness concepts, 25, 26environmental standards, 310–11private military companies, 138–9

Senufo, 334, 337separatist movements, 39–40Serufuli, Eugene, 52service provision, 45, 86, 87Seven Party Alliance (SPA), 205SFI see Sustainable Forestry Initiativeshadow or hierarchy, 498–500shareholders’ accountability, 527Shell, 97Shelton, Dinah, 219Sierra Leone, 46, 51, 327signal-extraction, 162Šimašius, R., 455Slaughter, Anne-Marie, 224social accountability, 449social awareness, 326social capital, 438social legitimacy, 3, 18–20, 250–2,

330–45, 511–13social norms, 329–45social security benefits, 470social standards

authority concepts, 24corporate social responsibility, 409–12

582 index






Côte d’Ivoire, 331–45labour markets, 409–26limiting violence, 329–45transnational companies, 409–26working conditions, 409–26

social theory, 554societal self-determination, 538, 539Society for Worldwide Interbank

Financial Telecommunication(SWIFT), 356, 368–71

capital movements, 372sociology

institutional theory, 261state of debates and emerging

questions, 7–9soft law, 381soldiers of fortune, 124Soro, Guillaume, 342South Africa, 87, 135, 137, 384sovereignty

authority, 216–17, 223capital movements, 351–72Communist Party of Nepal

(Maoist), 206democratic legitimacy, 216–17equality, 218participation, 361private–public distinction, 538transnational actors, 351–72

soy production, 383SPA see Seven Party AllianceSpecial Drawing Rights (SDR), 309Special Rapporteur on the Right of

Peoples to Self-Determination,114

spoilers, 191, 193–5stakeholder accountability, 272, 273,

277, 280, 284, 527–8, 533standard errors, 169standards of violence, 328–31Standing Committee, 209state building in Lithuania, 435–6state laws, 465–6, 471–5, 477–87state of debates and emerging

questions, 4–12state regulation, 134–8, 304–21State Tax Inspectorate, 444statehood beyond the state, 324–31

stateless areas of violence, 324–45states’ role in standard setting, 496–8Statute of the International Court of

Justice, 219Stedman’s illicit power structure

typology, 191, 193–5steel companies, 314stove-piping, 200Strange, Susan, 369structural connectivity, 202structural power, 506subpoenas, 362, 369Sub-Saharan Africa, 312Sudan, 325sugar industry, 445surveys, 148, 158suspicious activity reports (SARs), 367sustainability, 440, 534Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI), 397SWIFT see Society for Worldwide

Interbank FinancialTelecommunication

SWIFTNet FIN, 356Swiss Initiative, 134–5, 142systemic challenges, 242systems

accountability of transnationalactors, 290, 291, 292

Global Accountability Index,287–8

Tamanaha, Brian, 221Tanganyika, 473–4, 475Tanzania, 539

child adoption, 465–87legitimacy concepts, 20

Tanzanian Adoption of ChildrenAct, 480

Tarapoto process, 397Tarullo, Daniel, 367Task Force on Evaluation Capacity

Development, 298tax, 369, 444, 447technical democracy, 400technical enforcement, 414technical standards, 13, 515Tekeze Dam, 314telecommunications, 70, 446

index 583






terrorismcritical information infrastructures,

62–81financing, 352, 357, 359–60, 362,

365–72governance indicators, 149, 174,

176, 184illicit power structures, 191, 192, 200public policy in Africa, 39–40

Terrorist Finance TrackingProgramme (TFTP), 370

textile workers, 409–10TFTP see Terrorist Finance Tracking

Programmethreats to critical information

infrastructures, 62–81three-sector model of society, 35–7, 38timber, 385, 387–8, 389–93, 393–4,

396–7time series changes, 173–82TNCs see transnational corporationstobacco industry, 445, 522Tobin-style tax, 369ton, 336Total, 97tourism, 401Tout pour la Paix et le Développement, 52tozobele, 336–40trade in the Côte d’Ivoire, 341–4trade law, 13trade unions, 26, 417–18, 421–2, 437, 445training factors, 288transnational actors

accountability, 270–302challenges, 293–4concepts, 276–9Index Report, 277–88legitimacy, 271–2measurements, 279–88methodology, 288–94why measurements, 282–3

capital movements, 351–72Global Accountability Framework,

277–82Global Accountability Index, 277–88Global Accountability Project, 277–88sovereignty, 351–72

transnational advocacy networks, 383–4

transnational companiescorporate social responsibility,

409–26forest governance, 382social standards, 409–26

transnational corporations (TNCs)accountability, 525, 526, 528, 531,

533–6accountability of transnational

actors, 270, 275–6, 284, 285,286, 295, 297, 300–1

concepts of non-state actors, 14–15,16, 17

effectiveness of non-state standardsetting, 498

Global Accountability Index, 285human rights, 541law, 5legitimacy of businesses in standard

setting, 522–3legitimacy of NGOs, 519legitimacy of non-state standard

setting, 511role in standard setting, 495–6

transnational financial regulatoryorganisations, 246

transnational law, 424–5transnational non-governmental

organisations, 10transnational production, 21, 26transnational terrorism, 191transparency

accountability, 533accountability of transnational

actors, 278, 280, 286, 290, 295,296–7, 300–1

authority of non-state standardsetters, 508, 510

corporate social responsibility, 442,447, 457

critical information infrastructures,72, 77–9

Extractive Industries TransparencyInitiative, 96, 106, 108, 109

functional accountability, 525future research agendas, 554legitimacy of non-state standard

setting, 513–16

584 index






Transparency International, 97, 100,246, 271, 358

Corruption Perceptions Index, 147transport in the Côte d’Ivoire, 341–4Treasury and Economic Policy

Directorate General of theFrench Ministry of theEconomy, Industry andEmployment, 152, 161

Trebilcock, Michael J., 74trilateral public–private partnerships,

523–4Tripartite Council, 439Tripartite Declaration of Principles, 245tropical timber, 388, 389–93, 396–7trust, 340–4Tuareg rebellion in Northern Mali,

50–1Twining, William, 222typology of illicit power structures,

191–204

US executive order 13224, 360UAB Commercial Union Lietuva

Gyvybės Draudimas, 448UAB Constructus, 448UAB Lietuva Statoil, 448UAB Mėta, 448UAB Narbutas & Ko, 448UAB Rūta, 448Uganda, 51UK see United KingdomUkraine, 366UMICs see Upper Middle Income

CountriesUN see United Nationsuncertainty, 262UNDP see United Nations

Development ProgrammeUNEP see United Nations

Environmental ProgrammeUNFCCC see United Nations

Framework Convention onClimate Change

UNFF see United Nations Forum onForests

UNHCR see United Nations HighCommissioner for Refugees

unilateralism, 381Union matter, 474United Kingdom (UK)

capital movements, 372child adoption in Tanzania, 469–70Foreign Office, 92private military companies, 135

United Nations (UN), 140, 518accountability of transnational

actors, 298capital movements, 298Convention, 125Convention on the Rights of the

Child of 1989, 483corporate social responsibility, 433,

439, 452corruption and capital

movements, 357Global Compact, 245, 276, 419High Commissioner for Human

Rights, 139Kofi Annan, 522law, 6legitimacy of NGOs, 518Norms on the Responsibilities of

Transnational Corporations andother Business Enterprises, 245

Palermo Convention, 359private military companies, 140Security Council, 219, 360Vienna Convention, 358

United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP)

baseline study, 445, 446, 450, 451CSR standards in Lithuania, 446, 456Lithuanian Office, 440

United Nations Economic and SocialCouncil (ECOSOC), 518, 519,520, 532

United Nations EnvironmentalProgramme (UNEP), 87

United Nations Forum on Forests(UNFF), 380, 381

United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change(UNFCCC), 380, 381

United Nations High Commissionerfor Refugees (UNHCR), 47

index 585






United Republic of Tanzania, 465–87United States (US)

adoption, 473armed forces, 113, 118–19, 131–2,

141–2capital movements, 352, 361–4, 367,

368–71, 372critical information infrastructures,

69–81Department of State, 92, 158Export–Import Bank, 309forest governance, 381, 384, 396private military companies, 113, 114,

118–19, 120, 131–2, 135–7,141–2

stock exchange, 300universal human rights, 540–2unobserved components model, 163Upper Middle Income Countries

(UMICs), 312Uspaskich, Viktor, 443

validation, 99–100, 101, 107, 108Vienna Convention, 358vigilante groups, 51–2Vilnius Stock Exchange, 449violence


constitution of public norms,324–45

Côte d’Ivoire, 331–45culture, 324–45entrepreneurs, 40, 45, 49–52, 192, 507governance indicators, 146, 149, 152,

174, 176, 184illicit power structures, 198, 207privatisation, 113public norms, 324–45public policy in Africa, 39–40statehood beyond the state, 324–31

visas, 469–70voice

future research, 551governance indicators, 146, 152,

173–82, 184legitimacy of NGOs, 517

voluntary certification, 397–9, 402

Voluntary Initiative on Human Rightsand Security, 92, 93

voluntary regulation, 97–111, 134, 459voluntary self-regulation, 66, 72volunteer forces, 120voting

accountability, 79–80, 529critical information infrastructures,

79–80Forest Stewardship Council, 390legitimacy of NGOs, 518NGOs’ role in standard setting, 494

vulnerability factors, 61–81

war crimes, 140warlords, 40, 45, 49–52, 192, 507waste trade, 519Water Framework Directive, 304Watergate scandal, 361WCD see World Commission

on Damsweak states


capital movements, 365–6, 372public policy in Africa, 36–55

wealth of illicit power structures, 190weapons, 131, 203, 335weights


governance indicators, 150, 163–7voting, 390

welfare economics, 75WGI see Worldwide Governance

IndicatorsWHO, 298will-formation, 227Williams International, 436WIPO see World Intellectual Property

OrganizationWolfsberg Anti-Money Laundering

Principles, 2woman-to-woman marriage, 476working conditions, 26, 409–26World Bank

accountability, 297, 299, 531capital movements, 366

586 index






Country Policy and InstitutionalAssessment, 161

environmental standards, 305, 306,307, 308, 310

forest governance, 384, 402Inspection Panel, 231Worldwide Governance Indicators,

158, 161World Commission on Dams (WCD),

91, 219World Economic Forum, 158, 534World Heritage Convention, 380World Intellectual Property

Organization (WIPO),298, 299

World Resources Institute, 385World Summit on Sustainable

Development, 96, 384World Trade Organisation (WTO),

402, 531

world views of illicit power structures,192–6

World Vision International, 274,299, 300

World Wide Fund (WWF), 299, 402WorldCom, 300Worldwide Governance Indicators

(WGI), 146–87data sources, 152–67methodology, 152–67

written organisational documents, 287WTO see World Trade OrganisationWWF seeWorld Wide Fund for Nature

Yeywa Dam, 314Young Communists League (YCL), 207

Zanzibar, 473–5Zapatista Movement, 201Zauberlehrling phenomenon, 530

index 587






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