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217

Index

Acción Democrática Nacionalista (ADN), 42n10, 46, 66–7

Acción Popular (AP), 24, 121Acevedo, Angela, 128activism, 12–14, 148

Colombia and, 153Bolivia and, 53–4Ecuador and, 85Guatemala and, 150Peru and, 117Venezuela and, 155

affirmative action, 3, 121Afro-Latinos. See also blacks; mulattos

Andes and, 146–7, 159–61legal restrictions on, 21Nicaragua and, 146prejudice and, 160traditional populism and, 161

agrarian reform, 25, 47–8, 119n11, 151, 168, 176, 180

Aguilar, Josefina, 169Aguinaga, Carlos, 76–7Albó, Xavier, 9, 39n2, 42n10, 47, 48n23, 166,

167n3Alcántara, Manuel Sáez, 3, 9–10, 13, 35, 86,

96Alenda Mary, Stéphanie, 48Alianza Democrática M-19, 152–3Alianza Electoral Frente Popular Llapanchik,

111Alianza Nueva Nación, 150Alianza País, 102, 105, 107, 129Alianza para la Alternative de la Humanidad

(APHU), 110Alianza Social Afrocolombiana, 160Alianza Social Indígena (ASI), 2, 27, 33,

146n1, 153–4

Alonso, Sonia, 191Alvarez, Michael R., 68n49Amazon, 27

Bolivia and, 51n29Colombia and, 153–4Ecuador and, 83–5, 92, 102, 106Peru and, 109–10, 114–19, 130–1, 139,

142, 144Venezuela and, 154–6

Andes activism and, 148, 150, 153, 155Afro-Latinos and, 146–7, 159–61Amazon and, 153–6anti–establishment approach and, 148, 153,

163, 178–9, 183–4Aymara and, 166blacks and, 159–60coca growers and, 180Colombia and, 152–4democracy and, 33, 148, 160, 162–5,

170n7, 171–4demonstrations and, 168discrimination and, 150–1, 161, 163, 175–6,

183disenchantment in, 161education and, 151, 154, 165, 167, 169,

176–7, 181electoral issues and, 146–58, 164, 168–70,

177–8, 182ethnic fluidity and, 164ethnic parties and, 162–5, 183ethnic polarization and, 163–5ethnic representation and, 165–8exclusionary strategies and, 158, 161–5, 183fragmented party systems and, 147, 159Guatemala and, 147–52inclusive strategies and, 148, 151, 161, 183

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Index218

Indians and, 156indigenous languages and, 147, 151, 155,

168–71, 174–7indigenous parties and, 33, 146–69, 171,

175, 178, 183–4inequality and, 163interventionism and, 147leftist parties and, 149–54, 167lower-class-focused appeals and, 132lowlands and, 179marginalization and, 160–2, 165, 174–5,

177, 183mestizos and, 33, 147–8, 151–9, 165–6,

172–4, 183middle classes and, 152mobilizations and, 147, 150, 152, 159, 161,

163, 168, 178–80mulattos and, 159–60nationalist appeals and, 152, 165, 178, 180natural resources and, 176neoliberal populism and, 147, 152–3Nicaragua and, 156–9outside of central, 146–61peasants and, 151, 167n3, 168, 176personalistic appeals and, 163, 178poverty and, 176protests and, 160, 164, 168, 175, 178–80,

183social movements and, 151, 161, 169, 180Venezuela and, 154–6whites and, 150n3, 154, 156, 158–9, 161,

165–6, 172–4, 183Andolina, Robert James, 9, 13, 54, 77, 82–5,

87, 177Andrade, Alberto, 135anti–establishment approach, 7, 26–32, 34,

190–2Andes and, 148, 153, 163, 178–9, 183–4Bolivia and, 47–8, 62, 65–6, 70, 73, 163,

178–9, 183–4Colombia and, 153Ecuador and, 94–104, 163, 178–9, 183–4exclusionary, 4 (see also exclusionary

populism)Guatemala and, 148neoliberal, 8 (see also neoliberal populism)Peru and, 137–42traditional, 8 (see also traditional populism)

anti–immigration rhetoric, 8, 29n28Apoyo Opinión y Mercado S.A., 134–6, 138–9Arabs, 23Arce, Moisés, 133–4Aroca Medina, 110

Arpasi, Paulina, 126Asamblea Soberanía de los Pueblos (ASP),

10–11, 42n13, 49, 53–4, 56, 63, 166Asians, 23Asociación Interétnica de Desarrollo de la

Selva Peruana (AIDESEP), 109–10, 117assimilation, 20–2, 39, 60, 78Atamaint, Shiram Diana, 80, 103–4autonomy

indigenous rights and, 25, 52, 82–3, 87, 137, 146, 156–8, 176, 179, 183

territorial, 82, 176Avanza País, 129Awajum, 131Aymara, 24

Bolivia and, 32, 38, 40–8, 53–9, 71n56, 166identity and, 6, 23n24Peru and, 112, 114–15, 119n12, 126, 128,

130political participation and, 24surveys on, 31Unión de Municipalidades Aymaras and,

112

Báez Rivera, Sara, 106Bailey, Stanley R., 161ballot access, 10, 76, 112Barbaito, Eugenio “Papalindo”, 112Barr, Robert R., 65, 114, 125, 132, 134–5, 190Barrenechea, Rodrigo, 130Barrera Guarderas, Augusto, 84n26, 94n34,

102n40, 104–5Barth, Fredrik, 17Bartolini, Stefano, 191Bastos, Santiago, 148, 150, 152Ba Tiul, Máximo, 1, 151Beck, Scott H., 3, 84–6, 101–2, 104, 178n11Becker, Marc, 9, 82–5Belaúnde, Fernando, 133Bello, Alvaro, 159Belote, Jim, 78Belote, Linda Smith, 78Benavente, Claudia, 64–5Berger, Oscar, 151Bernbaum, Marcia, 135Betz, Hans-Georg, 8, 29n28bilingual education, 3, 56, 82–3, 87, 121, 154Birnir, Jóhanna, 1, 6, 10, 76, 164, 191blacks

Andes and, 159–60Bolivia and, 39n3categorization of, 18, 22n23, 23Ecuador and, 79, 91Peru and, 119n12, 140

Andes (cont.)




Index 219

Blancas Bustamente, Carlos, 113Boggio, María Rosa, 122, 123n20, 133Bohrt Irahola, Carlos, 65Bolivia, 160

activism and, 53–4Amazon and, 51n29Asamblea Soberanía de los Pueblos (ASP)

and, 10–11, 42n13, 49, 53–4, 56, 63, 166assimilation and, 22anti–establishment rhetoric and, 47–8, 62,

65–6, 70, 73, 163, 178–9, 183–4Aymara and, 32, 38, 40–8, 53–9, 71n56,

166Beni,51nn29, 30, 52, 182blacks and, 39n3 Bono Juana Azurduy and, 175–6Bono Juancito Pinto and, 176cholos and, 39n3, 47Chuquisaca, 40n6, 51–2, 182clientelism and, 40n5, 42–3, 46coca growers and, 46, 53–6, 59, 63, 67, 72Cochabamba, 28, 32, 37, 49–54, 56, 62, 72,

179–80, 182Conciencia de Patria (CONDEPA) and, 4,

7–8, 14, 29, 47–8, 67Confederación Sindical Unica de

Trabajadores Campesinos de Bolivia (CSUTCB) and, 41–2, 53–4

constitutional reform and, 52decentralization and, 35, 37–8, 47decline of traditional parties and, 45–8democracy and, 41, 51, 66, 73, 162–5,

171–5, 178–83demonstrations and, 65discrimination and, 38–9, 56, 72, 163,

175–6, 183disenchantment in, 38, 46, 48, 62, 66–7, 72education and, 40, 47, 56, 58n35, 65, 72,

167, 176, 181electoral issues and, 36–8, 40–3, 46n18, 60,

62, 70, 72–3, 74n1enthnopopulism and, 38–40ethnic appeals and, 32, 36, 40, 46–8, 53, 57,

62, 72ethnic fluidity and, 36, 39, 61n38, 72ethnicity and, 38–40, 53–8, 61n38ethnic polarization and, 36, 39–40, 72ethnic representation and, 72, 166–8ethnopopulism and, 38–40exclusionary strategies and, 35, 40, 44–5,

57, 59, 62, 73, 162, 165fragmented party systems and, 35,

38–9, 51highlands and, 51–4, 71n58

inclusive appeals and, 25–6, 28, 35–40, 44, 57–62, 71–2, 183

Indians and, 39, 44, 53–4indigenous languages and, 38–40, 46, 55,

62, 68n48, 71–2, 168–71, 174–7indigenous movements and, 13–14indigenous parties and, 32, 35–8, 41, 45, 49,

162–9, 171, 175, 178, 183–4indigenous voters and, 40–5inequality and, 46, 64, 67, 163interventionism and, 36, 62, 66–70, 73Katarista parties and, 2, 23–4, 38, 41–5, 54,

60, 146n1labor and, 46, 53, 55–6La Paz, 29, 41, 45, 47–8, 51–4, 60, 182Law of Popular Participation and, 37leftist parties and, 48n23, 60, 68, 70, 72lower-class focused appeals and, 36, 62lowlands and, 38, 54, 71, 179marginalization and, 64–5MAS and, 2 (see also Movimiento al

Socialismo (MAS))mestizaje and, 22–3mestizos and, 25–8, 32, 36, 38–41, 44–5,

48, 55, 58–62, 71–3, 166, 172–4, 183middle classes and, 36, 59–61, 65, 73Ministry of Human Development and, 39MITKA and, 41–4mobilizations and, 38, 53, 61, 168, 178–80Morales and, 4, 18, 28, 35–6, 40, 42n13,

49–56, 59, 61–8, 73, 111, 150–2, 163–9, 171–7, 179–83

Movimiento Indígena Pachakuti (MIP) and, 2, 11, 14, 26–7, 42–5, 54, 57

Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria (MIR) and, 12n10, 42n10, 45–6, 64, 66n45, 67, 168

Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (MNR) and, 1n1, 41–6, 47n20, 49, 64, 66–7

MRTK and, 41–5, 47n20National Electoral Court and, 43nationalist appeals and, 36, 38, 44, 57, 62,

66–73, 165, 178, 180nationalization and, 67–70natural resources and, 67neoliberal populism and, 36, 53, 62, 67–8Oruro, 51–2, 182Pando, 51n30, 52, 180, 182peasants and, 39–41, 45, 53–4, 59, 64, 70personalistic appeals and, 63political participation and, 168–70populist appeals and, 62–8Potosí, 182




Index220

poverty and, 38, 46, 64, 67protests and, 53, 65–6, 70PR system of, 36Quechua and, 38, 40, 44–5, 47, 53–8, 71–2research design and, 30–2revolution of 1952 and, 24n26 Santa Cruz, 40n6, 51–2, 54, 179–80, 182social movements and, 54–5, 63, 65subjugation of, 180Tarija, 51–2, 180, 182traditional populism and, 36, 62, 71, 73unions and, 40–1, 45, 53, 59–60, 63, 70U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration and,

181whites and, and, 3, 32, 36, 39n3, 40, 44–5,

55, 58–62, 71–3, 172–4, 183women’s rights and, 53

Bolivian Chamber of Deputies, 10Bono Juana Azurduy, 175–6Bono Juancito Pinto, 176Borja, Rodrigo, 83, 92, 95n35, 101Brazil, 23n25, 25n27, 143, 150n3, 152,

159–60Bretón Solo de Zaldívar, Víctor, 106Brett, Roddy, 150Bruhn, Kathleen, 12Brysk, Alison, 9Bucaram, Abdalá, 94, 101, 178Bucaram, Jacobo, 101Buendía, Fernando, 104Burbano de Lara, Felipe, 78Butler, Judy, 157Buvinic, Mayra, 22

Caballero Martín, 128, 137Cabascango, José María, 11n7, 77, 85n18,

169Cabieses, Hugo, 116Cáceres, Andrés Avelino, 128n25Calapucho, Efrén, 86n20Calderón, Fernando, 46, 66Calli, Fortunato, 112Cambio 14, 90Cameron, John D., 162n1Campbell, Maia Sophia, 158–9Camus, Manuela, 1Canessa, Andrew, 44Canovan, Margaret, 190Cárdenas, Victor Hugo, 41, 47n20, 166, 180Carey, John M., 10Carrión, Julio, 122, 129n28, 132, 133, 190Carvajal Donoso, Hugo, 47Casanova Saínz, Mauricio, 170n5

Castañeda, Luis, 135, 142, 144Catholics, 18, 181Catholic University, 138caudillo. see personalistic appealsCcoari, Claudia, 131Ceto, Pablo, 149chakana, 125Chancosa, Blanca, 83Chandra, Kanchan, 5–6, 15n12, 16–18, 164,

187Chávez, Hugo, 139, 143, 151–2, 155, 163Chávez, Walter, 65Chávez Reyes, Silvia, 65Chila, Macabeo, 41Chile, 152Chiquitano, 40n4cholomobile, 134cholos, 6, 23n4, 26

Bolivia and, 39n3, 47Peru and, 108, 118, 120–7, 134

Clark, A. Kim, 78, 84n26Cleary, Matthew, 20clientelism, 12n9, 17, 24, 191

Bolivia and, 40n5, 42–3, 46Ecuador and, 102Peru and, 121

Coast Power, 158coca growers, 28, 32

Andes and, 180Bolivia and, 46, 53–6, 59, 63, 67, 72eradication programs and, 46, 67, 137Kuska and, 111militancy of, 53–4Peru and, 111, 116, 127, 137

Cojtí Cuxil, Demetrio, 149–50Collier, David, 8n4Collins, Jennifer, 3, 9–10, 13, 36–7, 77, 81,

84–5, 87n21, 90–1, 177Colombia, 10–11, 14, 26, 146–7

Alianza Social Indígena (ASI) and, 2, 33, 153–4

division of, 153–4indigenous parties and, 152–4research design and, 30–2Venezuela and, 154–6

colonial period, 6, 20–1, 56, 78, 118Comercio, El (newspaper), 101Comisión Nacional de Pueblos Andinos,

Amazónicos y Afroperuanos (CONAPA), 126n23

Conaghan, Catherine M., 104n44Concentración de Fuezas Populares (CFP), 24,

82n14Concertación, 152

Bolivia (cont.)




Index 221

Conciencia de Patria (CONDEPA), 4, 7–8, 14, 29, 47–8, 67

Confederación Campesina del Perú (CCP), 115–17, 126, 127, 131

Confederación de Nacionalidades Amazónicas del Perú (CONAP), 117

Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas de la Amazonía Ecuatoriana (CONFENAIE), 84, 92

Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador (CONAIE), 82–6, 91–2, 98, 102–3, 107, 167

Confederación Indígena del Oriente Boliviano (CIDOB), 54

Confederación Nacional Agraria (CNA), 115–17, 127

Confederación Nacional de Communidades del Perú Afectados por la Minería (CONACAMI), 116–17

Confederación Nacional de Productores Agropecuarios de las Cuencas Cocaleras del Perú, 116

Confederación Sindical de Colonizadores Bolivianos, 54

Confederación Sindical Unica de Trabajadores Campesinos de Bolivia (CSUTCB), 41–2, 53–4

Confederation of Rural Social Security Affiliates, 103

Conferencia Permanente de Pueblos Indígenas del Perú (COPPIP), 117

Conniff, Michael, 5, 7, 190–1Consejo Nacional Indio de Venezuela

(CONIVE), 154–5Consejo Regional Indígena del Cauca, 153constitutional reform, 10, 51–2, 91, 98, 168,

181Constitutional Tribunal, 65n42, 97, 177, 182constructivist approach, 6, 16–18, 187Contreras, Alex, 63–4Coordinación de Organizaciones del Pueblo

Maya de Guatemala, 150Coordinadora Andina de Organizaciones

Indígenas (CAOI), 117Coordinadora de Movimientos Sociales

(CMS), 92–3Coordinadora Nacional de Organizaciones

Campesinas (CNOC), 151Coordinadora Nacional para el Cambio

(CONALCAM), 169Córdova C. Ángel Polibio, 97Correa, Rafael, 75, 102–7, 163, 167, 171, 175Cossío, Mario, 180Costas, Rubén, 180

Creole, 158, 180crime, 27, 180criollo, 21Croats, 14, 19Cumbre Continental de Pueblos Y

Nacionalidades de Abya Yala, 151Cupil, Jaime, 149

Dalton, Russel L., 12Darlic Mardesic, Vjekoslav, 81Dary, Claudia, 9, 21Davila Puño, Julio, 114decentralization, 10, 35, 37–8, 47, 166Degler, Carl N., 20Degregori, Carlos Iván, 122, 132de la Cadena, Marisol, 6, 22, 23, 120de la Torre, Carlos 7, 94, 104n44, 106Democracia Cristiana Guatemalteca, 24, 149Democracia Popular (DP), 82, 92n29, 96democracy, 24n26, 193

Andes and, 33, 148, 160, 162–5, 170n7, 171–4

Bolivia and, 41, 51, 66, 73, 162–5, 171–5, 178–83

Catholic Church and, 181Ecuador and, 97, 106, 162–5, 175, 178–83ethnic parties and, 163–5evaluations of, 171–5exclusionary strategies and, 187Guatemala and, 148horizontal accountability and, 3, 33, 163,

178–9, 183, 192indigenous parties and, 3Morales and, 163, 171–4, 179–83Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) and,

178–83, 192Pachakutik and, 175, 178–83, 192Peru and, 138–41populist challenges to, 178–83power concentration and, 3, 7, 33, 43, 63–4,

67, 75, 134, 163, 178, 179, 183, 192racial, 20–1rule of law and, 33, 163, 178, 183satisfaction with, 33, 97, 108, 138, 140–1,

148, 171–5, 183support for, 171–5, 178, 183, 192undermining, 5, 186, 189, 192

demonstrations, 65, 85, 98, 168Diamond, Larry, 15Díaz, Ricardo, 59discrimination, 25

Andes and, 150–1, 161, 163, 175–6, 183Bolivia and, 38–9, 56, 72, 163, 175–6, 183Ecuador and, 78–82, 107, 163, 175, 183




Index222

ethnic mixing and, 19Guatemala and, 150–1marginalization and, 4–5, 22, 26, 30, 34,

64–5, 102, 108, 132, 143, 145, 160–1, 165, 174, 177, 183, 189, 191

mestizaje and, 4, 20–2, 186, 188–9Peru and, 118–20, 123n20, 128United Nations and, 6

disenchantment, Andes and, 161Bolivia and, 38, 46, 48, 62, 66–7, 72Ecuador and, 75, 83, 97–8Peru and, 135politics and, 5, 12, 14, 26–30, 32, 185, 191

Do Alto, Hervé, 35, 53, 56, 59, 65n42Dominican Republic, 159Dornbusch, Rudiger, 7Downs, Anthony, 15Drake, Paul, 191Dunning, Thad, 17Durán Ballén, Sixto, 85, 98Durand Guevara, Anahí, 3, 9, 110, 116, 131

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (CEPAL), 159

Ecuador, 10, 13–14, 160activism and, 85Amazon and, 83–5, 92, 102, 106anti–establishment approach and, 94–104,

163, 178–9, 183–4blacks and, 79, 91clientelism and, 102CONAIE and, 82–6, 91–2, 98, 102–3, 107,

167democracy and, 97, 106, 162–5, 175,

178–83demonstrations and, 85, 98discrimination and, 78–82, 107, 163, 175,

183disenchantment and, 75, 83, 97–8education and, 78, 82, 87, 95, 104, 107,

169, 177Ehlers and, 28, 74, 91–101, 178electoral issues and, 76–7, 81–5, 90, 92,

94–5, 97, 100–1, 105–8emergence of indigenous vote and, 81–3enthnopopulism and, 76, 78–81, 101, 107ethnic appeals and, 74, 76, 80–3, 86–8, 105,

107ethnic fluidity and, 75, 79ethnicity and, 78–81, 87ethnic parties and, 76, 104ethnic polarization and, 75, 80

ethnic representation and, 166, 167ethnopopulism and, 76, 78–81, 101, 104, 107exclusionary strategies and, 78, 80, 89, 104,

162, 165Gutiérrez and, 28, 74–5, 92–102, 105–7,

162, 167, 177–9highlands and, 84–6, 92, 102, 105n46,

106–7inclusive strategies and, 25–6, 32, 75–81,

86, 89–94, 101, 103, 107, 183Indians and, 74, 78, 83, 86, 90–1, 94, 104indigenous languages and, 78–9,

168–9, 177indigenous movements and, 13–14indigenous parties and, 75, 81, 91, 100, 107,

162–9, 171, 175, 178, 183–4institutional explanations and, 76–7interventionism and, 75, 91, 94, 98–9,

101–2, 178labor and, 97, 105leftist parties and, 82–4, 99–100, 103lower-class-focused appeals and, 62Macas and, 24–5, 28, 74, 85, 90–1, 97, 101,

103, 105–6, 167Mahuad and, 92, 95–6, 101, 178marginalization and, 102mestizaje and, 78–80mestizos and, 28, 32, 75–80, 83, 89–94,

100–7, 166, 183middle classes and, 105mobilizations and, 85, 91, 168, 178–9Movimiento Amauta Jatari (MIAJ) and, 14,

27, 92, 94, 146n1mulattos and, 79nationalist appeals and, 74–5, 80, 94,

98–105, 165, 178natural resources and, 87, 104neoliberal populism and, 75, 98–9, 102,

104–5Pachakutik and, 2, 4, 83–6

(see also Pachakutik)Parish Council Laws and, 177peasants and, 78, 104personalistic appeals and, 94–7political participation and, 171poverty and, 80n11, 96–7, 99, 105–6protests and, 84, 111research design and, 30–2social movements and, 93Supreme Electoral Tribunal (TSE) and,

76n3, 77, 82, 97, 105, 168, 177, 182traditional populism and, 75–6, 94–5, 101,

105unions and, 90–3, 103–5

discrimination (cont.)




Index 223

whites and, 75–80, 83, 89–94, 100–3, 107, 166, 183

women’s rights and, 90–2, 177Ecuador Runacunapac Riccharimui

(ECUARUNARI), 84, 103education, 3

Andes and, 151, 154, 165, 167, 169, 176–7, 181

bilingual, 3, 56, 82, 87, 121, 154Bolivia and, 40, 47, 56, 58n35, 65, 72, 167,

176, 181Bono Juancito Pinto and, 176Colombia and, 154Ecuador and, 78, 82, 87, 95, 104, 107, 169,

177Guatemala and, 151illiteracy and, 24n26, 40, 81, 121, 175–6Peru and, 118–21, 128, 133–4, 137–8, 143

Edwards, Sebastian, 7Ehlers, Freddy, 28, 74, 91–101, 178Eje Pachakuti (EJE), 42Ejército Guerrillero Tupak Katari (EGTK), 42electoral issues

Andes and, 146–58, 164, 168–70, 177–8, 182

Bolivia and, 36–43, 46n18, 60, 62, 70, 72–3, 74n1

broken promises and, 191Colombia and, 152–4decentralization and, 10, 35, 37–8, 47, 166Downsian logic and, 15Ecuador and, 76–7, 81–5, 90, 92, 94–5, 97,

100–1, 105–8ethnic mixing and, 189ethnic polarization and, 16Guatemala and, 147–52inclusive appeals and, 188 (see also Inclusive

appeals)indigenous parties and, 7

(see also Indigenous parties)mixed systems and, 35, 38Nicaragua and, 156–9participation rates and, 24n26performance and, 3–4, 26, 30–1, 36–7,

41–3, 60, 77n6, 84, 133, 146, 193personalistic campaigns and, 27Peru and, 109–11, 118n9, 121, 125–7,

130–8, 143–5populist appeals and, 62, 94–5, 109

(see also Populism)proportional representation and, 10, 37provincial data and, 3, 31registration requirements and, 10–11, 76–7,

113

reserved legislative seats and, 10–11, 114n5, 146, 153, 155

rules and, 10, 76–7, 97, 105, 135, 148, 157–8, 164, 168–70, 177–8, 182

single-member districts and, 10–11, 36–7, 63

stability and, 73, 100, 145, 164, 182, 191–3Venezuela and, 154–6volatility and, 83, 100, 148, 179, 191

Encuentro por Guatemala (EG), 150, 152Esteva-Fabregat, Claudio, 21ethnic appeals, 19n19

Bolivia and, 32, 36, 40, 46–8, 53–8, 62, 72, 162–3, 165

Ecuador and, 74, 76, 80–3, 86–8, 105, 107Fujimori and, 32, 118, 120–5, 144–5Guatemala and, 151Humala and, 118, 120–1, 127–31, 144–5inclusive, 4–5, 26, 32, 36, 40, 57, 72, 76,

129, 131, 140, 193indigenous parties and, 2–4, 9, 27, 29, 186Menchú and, 151mestizos and, 24Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) and, 36,

40, 46–8, 53–8, 62, 72, 162–3, 165Pachakutik and, 83, 86–9, 162–3, 165Peru and, 32, 108–9, 118–31, 140, 144–5populism and, 5, 30, 145, 190resonance of, 20Toledo and, 118, 120–1, 125–7, 144–5whites and, 24

ethnic cleavages, 18–20, 23n25, 165, 188ethnic conflict, 5, 17n17, 20, 119, 162, 165,

186–9ethnic fluidity

Andes and, 164Bolivia and, 36, 39, 61n38, 72Ecuador and, 75, 79mestizaje and, 4, 20–3, 39, 44, 78–80, 108,

118–20, 150n3, 185–9multiple identities and, 17, 31polarization and, 5, 17n17, 23, 25, 30, 33,

187, 188–90politics and, 18

ethnic groups, 5–6, 22n23, 23.See also specific group

ethnicity binary, 23Bolivia and, 38–40, 55, 61n38constructivist assumptions on, 6, 187as continuum, 19defined, 5–6Ecuador and, 78–81, 87measurement issues and, 31




Index224

Pachakutik and, 78–81Peru and, 118–22, 125–6political participation and, 1, 15, 17, 26,

190salience and, 15–16voters and, 17

ethnic mixing, 5. See also mestizajeblurred boundaries and, 188electoral consequences of, 189ethnic parties and, 18–20, 33, 190, 192exclusionary appeals and, 23–4indigenous parties and, 18–26mestizos and, 20–3, 39, 44, 78–80, 108,

118–20, 150n3, 185–9negative consequences of, 189Peru and, 144reduction of polarization and, 4, 18–20,

185–6, 188ethnic parties, 1, 3

Andes and, 162–5, 183defined, 6democracy and, 163–5Ecuador and, 76, 104ethnic mixing and, 18–20, 23formation of, 9–10, 76implications for theories of, 186–90inclusive, 4–6, 26, 28, 32, 36, 40, 57, 72, 76,

86, 107, 129, 131, 140, 185–8, 193indigenous parties and, 7

(see also indigenous parties)literature on, 4–5, 162, 183, 186mestizo-led parties and, 7 (see also

mestizo-led parties)multi–ethnic, 4, 47, 73, 91, 119, 189theories of, 14–18, 33, 163, 185–91, 193traditional, 4, 74, 87women’s rights and, 53, 90–2

ethnic polarization Andes and, 163–5Bolivia and, 36, 39–40, 72Ecuador and, 75, 80electoral effects of, 16fluid identities and, 5, 17n17, 23, 25, 30, 33,

187–90future research and, 193mestizaje and, 4, 18–20, 185–6, 188Peru and, 108, 119–20political effects of, 187–9

ethnic proximity Peru and, 144political solidarity and, 19voting behavior and, 4, 20, 186, 188, 192

ethnic representation, 72, 165–8

ethnic voting, 15complexity of, 19Peru and, 144proximity effects on, 4, 20, 186, 188, 192

ethnopopulism Bolivia and, 38–40defined, 8, 190different types of, 8Ecuador and, 9n5, 27, 74–81, 101,

104, 107exclusionary, 8future research agenda for, 192–3inclusive, 8mestizo-led parties and, 4Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) and, 40,

162nationalist appeals and, 8, 12n10, 13, 26–33neoliberal, 8Pachakutik and, 76, 78–81, 101, 104,

107–8, 118, 158–9, 162, 178, 183, 192personalistic appeals and, 190–1Peru and, 108–9, 144–5traditional, 4

etnocacerismo, 128exclusionary ethnic parties, 6n2, 104exclusionary populism, 4, 7–8, 188

Andes and, 158, 161–5, 183antagonism from, 27anti–immigration and, 8, 29n28Bolivia and, 35, 40, 44–5, 57, 59, 62, 73,

162, 165co-ethnic mobilization and, 5democracy and, 187divisions and, 26Ecuador and, 78, 80, 89, 104, 162, 165ethnic mixing and, 23ethnopopulism and, 8identity and, 19, 187marginalization and, 5

(see also marginalization)Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) and,

165nationalism and, 5, 16–20, 23, 27, 40, 158,

161, 164–5, 186, 189, 193Nicaragua and, 158outbidding and, 15–16, 163, 165, 183Pachakutik and, 165Peru and, 118, 128, 131polarization and, 18

Fagoth, Stedman, 157Falla, Ricardo, 1, 148, 152Federación Ecuatoriana de Iglesias Evangélicas

(FEINE), 84, 92, 94

ethnicity (cont.)




Index 225

Federación Ecuatoriana de los Indios, 84Federación Nacional de Mujeres Campesinas

“Bartolina Sisa”, 53–5Federación Nacional de Organizaciones

Campesinas, Indígenas y Negras (FENOCIN), 84, 104

Federación Nacional de Organizaciones Campesinas (FENOC), 84

Felbab-Brown, Vanda, 116Fernández, Leonel, 180Fernández, Max, 47Fernández Fontenoy, Carlos, 115Figueroa, Oscar, 151Flores, Genaro, 41, 42n11Flores, Lourdes, 127, 136, 139Fondo Nacional de Compensación y

Desarrollo, 133fragmented party systems, 32–3

Bolivia and, 35, 38, 51Guatemala and, 147, 159Peru and, 112, 114, 117

Frank, Erwin, 82free trade, 67, 98, 105, 135, 137, 139, 142n37,

143, 152Freidenberg, Flavia, 85–6Frente Amplio de la Izquierda, 82Frente de Defensa Regional Agrario de

Apurímac, 111Frente Democrático Nueva Guatemala, 149Frente Integración Nacional (FIN), 148Frente Nacional de Trabajadores y

Campesinos (FRENATRACA), 122n16Frente Republicano Guatemalteco, 149Frente Único de Liberación Katarista

(FULKA), 41–5Freyre, Gilberto, 20Fuentes, Hernán, 112Fujimori, Alberto

campaign slogan of, 122centralization and, 113as el chino, 122electoral base of, 125ethnic appeals and, 32, 118, 120–5, 144–5market-oriented reforms and, 33neopopulism and, 132–4personalistic appeals and, 132, 134Peru and, 8, 32–3, 108–9, 113–37, 142–5,

190poor people and, 132resignation of, 136restricted powers and, 113San Román and, 123success of, 133–5voter fraud and, 135

Fujimori, Keiko, 142, 144Fundación para la Capacitación e Integración

y Dignificación, 155

Gallo Carhuachinchay, Renán, 126Gálvez Herrera, Ciro, 118n9Gálvez Vera, José Luis 49n27Gamarra, Eduardo, 46, 66Gana Perú, 142–3Garay, Luis, 49n27Garciá, Alan, 117, 127, 133, 136, 138–40, 143García, Aníbal, 152García, María Elena, 115–17, 125–6, 129n28García, Paola, 160García Linera, Alvaro, 37, 59–60, 63–4García Montero, Mercedes, 125–6Goldberg, Philip, 180González, Miguel, 157–8Goodin, Robert E., 17Graham, Carol, 133Great Britain, 188Greene, Shane, 115, 117Grefa, Valerio, 79, 82n14Grijalva, Agustin, 82Grofman, Bernard, 10Guaraní, 40n4Guatemala, 14, 146, 159

assimilation and, 22Democracia Cristiana Guatemalteca and,

24, 149demographics of, 147–8high political dissatisfaction in, 148indigenous parties and, 147–52Mayans and, 148–50Menchú and, 2, 150–2Mirador Electoral and, 151Quetzaltenago, 148research design and, 30–2traditional parties and, 148–9Winaq and, 2, 27, 33, 147, 150

Guerrero Cazar, Fernando, 24–5, 84n26, 91Guevara, Elsa, 168Guevara, Klever, 91Gunther, Richard, 15Gurr, Ted Robert, 20Gutíerrez, Gilmar, 75–6Gutiérrez, Lucio

anti–establishment rhetoric and, 98background of, 92campaign platform of, 95–6, 99centrists and, 99constitutional reform and, 97election of, 74highlands and, 106




Index226

Pachakutik and, 28, 74–5, 92–102, 105–7, 162, 167, 177–9

populism and, 75, 99relations with U.S. and, 102runoff election and, 100supporters of, 96unions and, 93

Guyana, 188Guzmán, Abimael, 134

Hale, Charles R., 148, 157Hall, Gillette, 22Hanchard, Michael George, 21Harmel, Robert, 10Harnecker, Marta, 55–6, 59–60, 181Harrison, Lauren, 17Hawkins, Kirk Andrew, 7health issues, 22, 38, 104, 116, 120, 134–5,

143, 161Healy, Kevin, 53Hernández, Pico, 149Hernández, Virgilio, 104–5highlands, 24, 29

Bolivia and, 51–4, 71n58Ecuador and, 84–6, 92, 102, 105n46,

106–7Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) and, 26Pachakutik and, 26Peru and, 109–16, 119–22, 125, 128,

130–1, 134, 139, 142–4political participation and, 85

Hindus, 14Hoffman, Odile, 160n11Hooker, Juliet, 157, 160n10Hopenhayn, Martin, 159horizontal accountability, 3, 33, 163, 178–9,

183, 192Horowitz, Donald L., 4, 6, 10, 15–16, 163,

164n2, 188–9Htun, Mala, 114Huancahuari, Juana, 127Huascar, Antolín, 116Huber, Ludwig, 3, 9, 110–12, 118n9Hug, Simon, 12Humala, Antauro, 128–9Humala, Isak, 128–9Humala, Ollanta

anti–establishment appeals of, 137–8as ardent nationalist, 137–9Brazilian Workers Party and, 143defeat of, 139ethnic appeals and, 118, 120–1, 127–31,

144–5

etnocacerismo and, 128exclusionary appeals and, 128Incan logo of, 127interventionism and, 132, 136, 138–42majority support and, 139negative characteristics of, 139–40neoliberalism and, 33, 136personalistic appeals of, 137Peru and, 32–3, 108–9, 118, 120–32,

136–45populism and, 33, 131–2, 135–45runoff elections and, 130success of, 129–31, 138–44traditional medicine and, 128traditional populism of, 135–45

Humala, Ulises, 128–9Humala Tasso, Antauro, 128, 137Hurtado, Javier, 41n7, 45–6

Ianni, Octavio, 7Ibarra, Hernán, 84n26Ilaquiche, Raúl, 79, 104Incas, 122n16, 125, 127inclusive appeals, 6–7, 33, 192–3

Andes and, 148, 151, 161, 183Bolivia and, 25–6, 28, 35–40, 44, 57, 59–62,

71–2, 183Ecuador and, 25–6, 32, 75–81, 86, 89–94,

101, 103, 107, 183ethnic appeals and, 4–5, 18, 26, 32, 36, 40,

57, 72, 76, 129, 131, 140, 193ethnic mixing and, 19, 188ethnopopulism and, 8, 13–14, 16, 185–6Guatemala, 148, 151mestizaje and, 4, 188–9Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) and,

35–40, 44, 57–62, 71–2Pachakutik and, 25, 89–94Peru and, 118, 120, 128–31, 140polarization and, 187

inclusive parties, 4–6, 26, 28, 32Bolivia and, 36, 40, 57, 72Ecuador and, 76, 86, 107Peru and, 129, 131, 140political strategies and, 185–8, 193

Index of Human Development, 58n35Indianista parties, 2, 23, 44Indians, 2

Andes and, 156banning use of term, 21Bolivia and, 39, 44, 53–4categorization of, 21–3, 187Ecuador and, 74, 78, 83, 86, 90–1,

94, 104

Gutiérrez, Lucio (cont.)




Index 227

Macas on, 25mestizos and, 21 (see also mestizos)Peru and, 114, 120–1as synonym for indigenous peoples, 6Venezuela and, 156

indigenous languages Andes and, 147, 151, 155, 168–71, 174–7Bolivia and, 38–40, 46, 55, 62, 68n48, 71–2,

168–71, 174–7decline in, 22, 26, 189Ecuador and, 78–9, 168–9, 177Guatemala and, 147, 151identity and, 6, 22, 31–2LAPOP surveys and, 31Peru and, 115, 118–31, 140–2Venezuela and, 155

indigenous movements, 1, 4–5, 9, 191 See also specific group

Andes and, 33Bolivia and, 13–14decline of left and, 12Ecuador and, 13–14fragmentation of, 14key role of, 13–14mestizaje and, 22Peru and, 13, 32resurgence of, 24shortcomings of, 14social movements and, 13traditional demands of, 25

indigenous parties. See also specific political party

Andes and, 33, 146–69, 171, 175, 178, 183–4

Bolivia and, 32, 35–8, 41, 45, 49, 162–9, 171, 175, 178, 183–4

Colombia and, 152–4defined, 7democracy and, 3Ecuador and, 75, 81, 91, 100, 107, 162–9,

171, 175, 178, 183–4emergence of, 11–12, 41, 45, 81–6, 114–18,

121–2, 185ethnic appeals and, 2–4, 7–9, 26–30, 186ethnic mixing and, 18–26formation of, 11Guatemala and, 147–52institutionalism and, 112–14interventionism and, 8

(see also interventionism)literature on, 9–10, 13nationalist appeals and, 8Nicaragua and, 156–9performance of, 12–14, 17–18, 186, 190–3

Peru and, 108–22, 144regional, 109–12representation levels of, 1–2rise of, 3, 5success of, 1–4, 11theories of, 14–18Venezuela and, 154–6

indigenous peoples. See also specific groupdefined, 6identity and, 40n4non-ethnic parties and, 1Pachakutik and, 86, 91recognition of, 3, 82n14, 177rights of, 126, 131, 158, 176unity of, 86

indigenous rights autonomy and, 25, 52, 82–3, 87, 137, 146,

156–8, 176, 179, 183bilingual education and, 3, 56, 82–3, 87,

121, 154plurinational status and, 82, 87, 103, 107,

168, 176–7, 180systems of justice and, 56, 128, 155, 167,

176–9, 182inequality

Andes and, 163Bolivia and, 46, 64, 67, 163Ecuador and, 107, 163entrenchment of, 22marginalization and, 4–5, 22, 26, 30, 34,

64–5, 102, 108, 132, 143, 145, 160–1, 165, 174, 177, 183, 189, 191

mestizaje and, 22, 186, 188–9poverty and, 46

institutionalization, 6, 13Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 147Instrumento Político para la Soberanía de los

Pueblos (IPSP), 49n25, 54Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 158n7inter-ethnic relations, 5, 33, 186–9International Labor Organization, 46International Monetary Fund (IMF), 99, 102,

180interventionism, 185

Andes and, 147Bolivia and, 36, 62, 66–70, 73CONDEPA and, 29Ecuador and, 75, 91, 94, 98–9, 101–2, 178Humala and, 132, 136, 138–42Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) and, 27,

62, 66–70, 73Pachakutik and, 27, 28, 75, 91, 94, 98–9,

101–2, 178Peru and, 33, 132, 136, 138–42




Index228

redistribution and, 4, 7, 98state policies and, 7–8, 12n10, 13, 26–9, 33,

62, 66–70, 73, 75, 91, 94, 99, 101, 132, 136–42, 178

traditional populism and, 8, 26 (see also traditional populism)

interviews, 11n7, 68n46Aguinaga and, 76n3, 77Atamaint and, 80, 103–4Babar and, 105n45Barrera and, 94n34Burbano and, 77Cabascango and, 77, 85n18, 169Calapucho and, 86n20 Carvajal and, 47Collins and, 91Correa and, 102n41Díaz and, 59elite, 3Gallo Carhuachinchay and, 115, 126Garay and, 49n27García and, 152García Linera and, 37, 63Gutíerrez and, 97Huascar and, 116Huber and, 110, 118n9Humala and, 127–8Ilaquiche and, 79, 104indigenous leaders and, 30Lajo and, 110, 117, 118n9 Latin Barometer and, 172–3Lazarte and, 37Macas and, 91Miranda and, 80, 90, 103, 105Montenegro and, 152Morales and, 61, 63Núñez and, 44, 59, 169Pacari and, 169Palacín and, 115, 117party officials and, 30Peredo and, 169Pop and, 151Quiroga and, 49n27Quispe and, 44, 105n45Ramírez and, 59Rivera and, 37Sucuzhañay and, 80, 103Talahua and, 77n5, 103–4Torres and, 103–4, 118n9Torrico and, 37, 55, 169–70Tuesta and, 113–14Vilca and, 112Zurita and, 59, 65

Italy, 188Izquierda Democrática (ID), 24, 82–3, 92,

95n35, 101, 104n43Izquierda Unida (IU),24, 37, 42nn11, 13, 49,

53–4, 56, 61, 63, 122, 132n32, 166

Jesuits, 59Jews, 23Jiménez, David, 112Jiménez Pozo, Wilson, 38justice system, 56, 128, 155, 167, 176–9, 182

Kalyvas, Stathis N., 13Kane, Cheikh, 133Karp, Eliane, 126Katari, Tupaj, 41n7, 55Katarista parties

Bolivia and, 2, 23–4, 38, 41–5, 54, 60, 146n1

Confederación Sindical Única de Trabajadores Campesinos de Bolivia (CSUTCB) and, 41–2, 53–4

Eje Pachakuti and, 42Ejercito Guerrillero Tupak Katari (EGTK)

and, 42Frente Único de Liberación Katarista

(FULKA) and, 41–5Movimiento Indígena Tupak Katari

(MITKA) and, 41–4Movimiento Katarista Nacional (MKN)

and, 42Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionaro

(MNR) and, 1n1, 41–6, 47n20, 49, 64, 66–7

Movimiento Revolucionario Tupak Katari de Liberación (MRTKL) and, 41–5, 47n20

Movimiento Revolucionario Tupak Katari (MRTK) and, 41, 44–5

Kaufman, Robert R., 5, 191Kayap, Eduardo, 131Keck, Margaret E., 13Kennedy, David P., 25n27Kenya, 188K’iche’, 151King, Gary, 70Kitschelt, Herbert, 12Knapp, Gregory, 78Kuczynski, Pedro Pablo, 144Kuska, 111

labor Bolivia and, 46, 53, 55–6Ecuador and, 97, 105International Labor Organization and, 46

interventionism (cont.)




Index 229

organized, 12, 29, 32, 40, 46, 189Peru and, 133Toledo and, 135

Laclau, Ernesto, 7Lago, Ignacio, 12Laitin, David D., 17Lajo, Javier, 110, 117, 118n9Latin American Public Opinion Project

(LAPOP), 25, 31Bolivia and, 39–40, 55, 61, 65–70, 171–5democracy and, 171–5Ecuador and, 79–80, 93–9, 175Peru and, 129–30, 138, 140satisfaction with democracy and, 171–5

Latin Barometer, 171–5Laurent, Virginie, 3, 9, 154Law No. 27505, 113Law of Municipal Elections, 114Law of Popular Participation, 37Law of Regional Elections, 114Lawson, Kay, 12Lazarte, Jorge, 37leftist parties, 12–13, 167

Bolivia and, 48n23, 60, 68, 70, 72Colombia and, 152–4disenchantment and, 28Ecuador and, 82–4, 99–100, 103Guatemala and, 149–52peasant organization and, 24Peru and, 115, 122, 141, 144

Lega Nord, 188León Guzmán, Mauricio, 79León, Jorge, 102n40Levitsky, Steve, 9n5Lijphart, Arend, 10Lipset, Seymour, 17Llano, Hugo, 112Lluco, Miguel, 101n39, 104López, Santiago, 12lower-class-focused appeals

Andes and, 132Bolivia and, 36, 62Ecuador and, 62mestizos and, 190Peru and, 75, 96populism and, 26–30, 34, 191successful indigenous parties and, 185

lowlands, 26Bolivia and, 38, 54, 71, 179Peru and, 116, 179

Loza, Remedios, 48Lucas García, Romeo, 148Lucero, José Antonio, 9, 84n26, 115–17, 125,

126n23, 165

Macas, Luis indigenous identity and, 24–5, 91labor and, 90Pachakutik and, 24–5, 28, 74, 85, 90–1, 97,

101, 103, 105–6, 167stunning setback of, 101

Macdonald Theodore, Jr., 10, 76Machu Picchu, 126Mack, Luis Fernando, 149, 152Mäckelmann, Mathias, 137Madrid, Raúl L., 70n54

democracy and, 164electoral volatility and, 100, 148ethnic voting behavior and, 20indigenous identity and, 1market-oriented policies and, 12n10, 27rise of indigenous parties and, 3, 9, 162, 169traditional parties and, 47, 166

Mahon, James E., 8n4Mahuad, Jamil, 92, 95–6, 101, 178Mainwaring, Scott, 13, 27, 46Mair, Peter, 191Malaysia, 188Maldonado, Nicia, 155Malpartida, Elsa, 127Marenghi, Patricia, 3, 9–10, 13, 35marginalization, 5, 22, 34, 191

Andes and, 160–2, 165, 174–5, 177, 183Bolivia and, 64–5combating, 4Ecuador and, 102indigenous parties and, 26, 30mestizaje and, 22, 189Peru and, 108, 132, 143, 145of women, 177

markets free trade and, 67, 98, 105, 135, 137, 139,

142n37, 143, 152official policies on, 8, 12, 14, 27–9,

33, 36, 46, 66–7, 99, 131–3, 139, 143, 185, 191

privatization and, 67, 85, 98–9, 133, 136reform of, 27, 33, 133, 139

Martínez, Ferran, 12Mártinez Sánchez, Francisco, 146n2Massal, Julie, 85n19Mateos Díaz, Araceli, 96Mathis, William, 180Maxia, Marcial, 148Mayans, 148–50Maybury-Lewis, David, 9Mayorga, René Antonio, 46, 65Mazza, Jacqueline, 22media luna, 72




Index230

Medina García, Oswaldo, 121n13Mejía Acosta, J. Andrés, 97Menchú, Rigoberta, 2, 150–2Merkl, Peter H., 12Mesa, Carlos, 67, 70, 179mestizaje

assimilation and, 20–2Bolivia and, 22–3discrimination and, 4, 20–2, 186, 188–9Ecuador and, 78–80ethnic polarization and, 4, 185–6, 188inclusive strategies and, 188–9indigenous movements and, 22inequality and, 22, 186, 188–9marginalization and, 22, 189Peru and, 118–21prejudice and, 20–1shortage of women and, 21Spanish conquest and, 29, 39

mestizo-led parties, 2, 8–9, 41. See also specific party

alliances and, 75defined, 7indigenous peoples and, 19–20, 24, 186,

189–90multi–ethnic coalitions and, 4populist appeals and, 4, 28–9, 192strides of, 3–4

mestizos, 1–2, 7n3, 17–18, 24, 190alienation of, 26Andes and, 33, 147–8, 151–9, 165–6,

172–4, 183Bolivia and, 25–8, 32, 36, 38–41, 44–5, 48,

55, 58–62, 71–3, 166, 172–4, 183Colombia and, 152–4defined, 6disenchanted, 30Ecuador and, 28, 32, 75–80, 83, 89–94,

100–7, 166, 183ethnic appeals and, 24Guatemala and, 147–8, 151–2indigenous, 6, 22, 25–6, 29, 40, 61–2, 72,

80, 120, 186mestizaje and, 4, 20–3, 39, 44, 78–80, 108,

118–20, 150n3, 185–9middle classes and, 14, 25Nicaragua and, 156–9Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) and, 28,

146, 183Pachakutik and, 27–8, 146, 183Peru and, 118–22, 127, 129–31,

140, 144–5political appeals to, 25–40, 185–6success of, 3–4

unions and, 32urban, 14Venezuela and, 154–6

Mexico, 1n1, 21, 23n25, 146n2middle classes

Bolivia and, 36, 59–61, 65, 73Ecuador and, 105Guatemala and, 152mestizos and, 14, 25Peru and, 144populist leaders and, 7

Mijeski, Kenneth J., 3, 9, 84–6, 101–2, 104, 178n11

Miranda, Patricio, 80, 90Miskitú, 156–8mobilizations, 5, 7, 15–17, 33, 186, 189–92

Afro-Latinos and, 161Andes and, 147, 150, 152, 159, 161, 163,

168, 178–80Bolivia and, 38, 53, 61, 168, 178–80democracy and, 163Ecuador and, 85, 91, 168, 178–9Guatemala and, 147, 150, 152, 159Peru and, 115–16political participation and, 168

(see also political participation)populist appeals and, 26–30, 178–80

Mojeño, 40n4Molina B., Ramiro, 39n2Moncayo, Paco, 92Monge Oviedo, Rodolfo, 160Monsanto, Pablo, 150Montenegro, Luis Fernando, 151–2Montúfar, César, 178Mora, Mesías, 91Morales, Evo

anti–establishment rhetoric and, 65–6Aymara and, 54cabinet of, 61, 177Catholic Church and, 181as caudillo, 63charisma of, 63–4CONALCAM and, 169constitutional reform and, 51–2, 181–2criminal law and, 180democracy and, 163, 171–5, 179–83ethnic policies and, 175–7handpicked candidates of, 55horizontal accountability and, 163IU/ASP and, 49, 54Kuska and, 111Menchú and, 150mestizos and, 59middle class and, 61




Index 231

Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) and, 4, 18, 28, 35–6, 40, 42n13, 49–56, 59, 61–8, 73, 111, 150–2, 163–83

natural gas fields and, 67poor background of, 64–5populism and, 62–3, 73, 151–2, 179power strategies of, 182–3privatization and, 67protests and, 180recall of, 52Reyes Villa and, 49rise of, 4success of, 51–2, 63, 68, 166–8, 171whites and, 59

Moreno Morales, Daniel, 25Morgan Kelly, Jana, 133Mörner, Magnus, 20–1, 23Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS), 25

anti–establishment rhetoric of, 27Catholic Church and, 181Cochabamba and, 28, 32, 37, 49–54, 56, 62,

72, 179–80, 182CONALCAM and, 169constitutional reform and, 52decentralization and, 10, 35, 37–8, 47decline of traditional parties and, 48democracy and, 3, 171, 178–83, 192dominance of, 35ethnic appeals and, 36, 40, 46–8, 53–8, 62,

72, 162–3, 165ethnicity and, 38–40, 53–8ethnic policies and, 175–7ethnic representation and, 167–8ethnopopulism and, 38–40, 162exclusionary appeals and, 165founding of, 35grassroots organizations and, 168harassment by, 3highlands and, 26inclusive appeals and, 35–40, 44, 57–62,

71–2indigenous voters and, 44inequality reduction and, 175institutional explanations and, 35–8interventionism and, 27, 62, 66–70, 73intra-indigenous divisions and, 26Law of Popular Participation and, 37legislative control of, 35media and, 181mestizos and, 28, 146, 183Morales and, 4, 18, 28, 35–6, 40, 42n13,

49–56, 59–68, 73, 111, 150–2, 163–83municipal power of, 35national-level policies and, 177

neoliberal populism and, 36, 53, 62, 67–8, 147

Pachakutik and, 100political appeals of, 4, 8, 26–7, 53–8political participation and, 168–70power concentration and, 3rise of, 49–53stability of, 191–2success of, 2, 11, 14, 27–8, 32–3, 35, 72–3,

146, 162traditional populism and, 17, 27, 36, 62, 71,

73, 75, 147, 180urban support of, 14vote analysis of, 68–72whites and, 28, 183women and, 177

Movimiento Andino Socialista, 112Movimiento Bolivia Libre (MBL), 54, 67,

167n23Movimiento Ciudadano Nuevo País (MCNP),

91–2, 95Movimiento de Autoridades Indígenas de

Colombia (AICO), 152–3Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionario

(MIR), 12n10, 42n10, 45–6, 64, 66n45, 67, 168

Movimiento de Unificatión y Lucha Triqui, 146n2

Movimiento Independiente Amauta Jatari (MIAJ), 14, 27, 92, 94, 146n1

Movimiento Independiente de Campesinos y Profesionales (MINCAP), 110–11

Movimiento Independiente Qatun Tarpuy, 111Movimiento Independiente Tarpuy, 111Movimiento Indígena Amazónico del Perú

(MIAP), 109–10Movimiento Indígena Autónomo de Zulia,

155Movimiento Indígena Pachakuti (MIP)

Bolivia and, 2, 11, 14, 26–7, 42–5, 54, 57ethnic appeals of, 27exclusionary appeals and, 27, 44failure of, 2, 11, 14mestizos and, 26Quispe and, 42social movements and, 54–5success of, 42, 45, 57n34whites and, 26

Movimiento Indio Tupak Katari (MITKA), 41–4

Movimiento Katarista Nacional (MKN), 42Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario

(MNR), 1n1, 24, 40–7, 49, 64, 66–7, 166Movimiento Popular Democrático, 82




Index232

Movimiento Revolucionario Tupak Katari de Liberación (MRTKL), 41–5, 47n20

Movimiento Revolucionario Tupak Katari (MRTK), 41–5, 47n20

Movimiento Rikcharisun Ayllu, 110–11Movimiento Sin Miedo (MSM), 60Movimiento Unidad Plurinacional Pachakutik

– Nuevo País (MUPP-NP). See PachakutikMovimiento Unido de Pueblos Indígenas

(MUPI), 155Mudde, Cas, 8, 29n19mulattos

categorization of, 21, 22n23, 23n25demographics of, 159–60Ecuador and, 79limited rights of, 21Peru and, 119n12, 140

multi–ethnic groups, 4, 47, 73, 91, 119, 189Muñoz Chirinos, Paula, 105, 130Muñoz-Pogossian, Beatriz, 3, 9–10, 35Muslims, 14Mustillo, Thomas J., 12n9, 100Muyba, Pedro Ignacio, 55

Nagler, Jonathan, 68n49National Electoral Court (CNE), 170, 182National Institute of Agrarian Development,

87nationalist appeals

Andes and, 152, 165, 178, 180Bolivia and, 36, 38, 44, 57, 62, 66–73, 165,

178, 180Ecuador and, 74–5, 80, 94, 98–105, 165enthnopopulism and, 8, 12n10, 13, 26–33,

186–7, 189, 192exclusionary strategies and, 5, 16–20, 23,

27, 40, 158, 161, 164–5, 186, 189, 193Peru and, 128–9, 132, 137–42

nationalization Bolivia and, 67–70Ecuador and, 104Peru and, 139

natural resources, 27, 191Bolivia and, 67, 176Ecuador and, 87, 104Peru and, 117, 122, 143

Naula, Manuel, 81–2neoliberal populism, 14, 26, 190

Andes and, 147, 152–3Bolivia and, 36, 53, 62, 67–8Colombia and, 152–3defined, 8Ecuador and, 75, 98–9, 102, 104–5Guatemala and, 152–3

Humala and, 33long night of, 191Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS and, 36,

53, 62, 67–8, 147opposition to, 27, 29, 32–3Pachakutik and, 28, 75, 98, 102, 104–5, 147Peru and, 132–6, 143

Nicaragua, 2, 146–7indigenous parties and, 156–9Miskitú and, 156–8research design and, 30–2YATAMA and, 33, 156–9

Nobel Prize, 2, 151Nobles, Melissa, 21Noboa, Alvaro, 100–1, 106Norris, Pippa, 10North Atlantic Autonomous Region (RAAN),

157–9Nueva Fuerza Republicana (NFR), 47–8, 64,

66–7, 71, 168Núñez, Dionisio, 44, 59, 169Núñez, Rogelio, 143

Oakley, Peter, 160–1Obregón, Nancy, 127Olmos, José, 162Oppenheimer, Andres, 162Ordeshook, Peter C., 10Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression

analysis, 58n36, 88n24, 124n21Orellana, Patricia, 152Organic Law of Elections, 113n4Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia

(ONIC), 152–3Organización Regional de Pueblos Indígenas

de Amazonas, 154Ortiz Laoiza, Paola, 151Ospina Peralta, Pablo, 24–5, 84n26, 91outbidding, 15–16, 163, 165, 183Oxfam, 116

Pacari, Nina, 11n7, 77, 85, 101, 167, 169, 177Pachakutik

ama shua, ama quill, ama llulla principles and, 97

anti–establishment rhetoric of, 27CONAIE and, 82–6, 91–2, 98, 102–3, 107,

167creation of, 10decline of, 28, 32, 75, 99–107democracy and, 175, 178–83, 192Ehlers and, 28, 74, 91–101, 178electoral stability of, 191–2ethnic appeals and, 83, 86–9, 162–3, 165




Index 233

ethnicity and, 78–81ethnic policies and, 177–8ethnic representation and, 166–7ethnopopulism and, 8, 9n5, 27, 74–81,

94–9, 101, 104, 107–8, 118, 158–9, 162, 178, 183, 192

exclusionary appeals and, 165formation of, 76–7grassroots organizations and, 168Gutiérrez and, 28, 74–5, 92–102, 105–7,

162, 167, 177–9highlands and, 26inclusive strategies of, 25, 89–94indigenous peoples and, 86, 91inequality reduction and, 175institutional explanations and, 76–7interventionism and, 27–8, 75, 91, 94, 98–9,

101–2, 178intra-indigenous divisions and, 26Macas and, 24–5, 28, 74, 85, 90–1, 97, 101,

103, 105–6, 167Mahuad and, 92, 95–6, 101, 178mestizos and, 27–8, 146, 183Morales and, 150Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS)

and, 100national-level policies and, 177neoliberal populism and, 28, 75, 98, 102,

104–5, 147Parish Council Laws and, 177political appeals of, 4, 27political participation and, 168–9, 171populist appeals of, 94–9rise of, 83–6, 99–107, 175stability of, 191–2success of, 2, 4, 28, 32, 146, 162, 166–7traditional populism and, 27–8, 32, 76,

94–5, 101, 105, 147urban support of, 14whites and, 27, 183women and, 177

Pachano, Simón, 97Pacheco, Diego, 41Pajuelo Teves, Ramón, 9, 111, 117, 119,

126n23Palacín Quispe, Miguel, 116–17Palenque, Carlos, 48Pallares, Amalia, 84n26Palomino, Nelson, 111Panfichi, Aldo, 128Panizza, Francisco, 7Paredes, José Luis, 52Paredes, Maritza, 109, 116, 120–2, 126–7,

128n26

Paredes Castro, Juan, 137Parish Council Laws, 177Partido Aprista Peruano (APRA), 24, 29, 121,

127, 132n32, 136Partido Comunista de Bolivia, 46n18Partido Comunista de Ecuador, 82Partido de Avanzada Nacional, 149Partido de los Pueblos Costeños, 157Partido Fonavista del Perú, 110Partido Indio de Bolivia, 44Partido Liberal Constitucionalista

(PLC), 157Partido Nacionalista Peruano (PNP), 4, 7–8,

29, 110, 127Partido Popular Cristiano (PPC), 121Partido Renovador Institucional Acción

Nacional (PRIAN), 29, 101, 106Partido Roldosista Ecuatoriano (PRE), 94, 96,

101Partido Social Cristiano (PSC), 82, 96Partido Socialista de Ecuador, 82Partido Socialista – Frente Amplio (PS-FA), 92,

93n31, 105Partido Sociedad Patriótica 21 de Enero (PSP),

92, 95–6, 105–7Party of Wales, 188Paschel, Tianna S., 160–1Patiño, Ninfa, 82Patria Para Todos, 155Patrinos, Harry Anthony, 22patronage, 17, 156Patzi Paco, Félix, 39, 41n7, 53–4, 58, 181Payne, J. Mark, 100peasants

Bolivia and, 39–41, 45, 53–4, 59, 64, 70, 167n3, 168, 176

categorized label of, 21, 39Ecuador and, 78, 104federations and, 53–4, 115, 126Guatemala and, 151Indian term and, 21, 39leftist parties and, 24organizations and, 53, 59, 104, 108, 122Peru and, 108–10, 114–16, 118n9, 119,

121–2, 126–7unions and, 29, 40–1, 45, 70working class groups and, 29

Pedraglio, Santiago, 128n26Peredo, Antonio, 63, 169Perón, Juan, 64, 190personalistic appeals

Andes and, 163, 178Bolivia and, 63caudillos and, 7, 63




Index234

Ecuador and, 94–7Fujimori and, 132Humala and, 137Morales and, 63–4, 163Peru and, 121, 122n16, 132, 134, 137, 145populism and, 4, 7–9, 24, 26–7, 178, 190–1Toledo and, 134–5

Peru, 2, 10activism and, 117Amazon and, 109–10, 114–19, 130–1, 139,

142, 144Andahuaylas, 111, 129n27, 140anti–establishment approach and, 137–42assimilation and, 22Aymara and, 112, 114–15, 119n12, 126,

128, 130blacks and, 119n12, 140cholos and, 108, 118, 120–7, 134clientelism and, 121coca growers and, 111, 116, 127, 137Cusco, 123, 127, 130–1democracy and, 138–41discrimination and, 118–20, 123n20, 128disenchantment and, 135education and, 118–21, 128, 133–4, 137–8,

143electoral issues and, 109–11, 118n9, 121,

125–7, 130–1, 133–8, 143–5emergence of indigenous vote in, 121–2ethnic appeals and, 32, 108–9, 118–31, 140,

144–5ethnicity and, 118–22, 125–6ethnic polarization and, 108, 119–20ethnic proximity and, 144ethnic voting and, 144exclusionary strategies and, 118, 128, 131fragmented party systems and, 112, 114, 117Fujimori and, 8, 32–3, 108–9, 113–14, 116,

118, 120–6, 128–37, 142–5, 190highlands and, 109–16, 119–22, 125, 128,

130–1, 134, 139, 142–4Humala and, 32–3, 108–9, 118, 120–32,

135–45Incas and, 122n16, 125, 127inclusive strategies and, 118, 120, 128–31,

140Indians and, 114, 120–1indigenous languages and, 115, 118–31,

140–2indigenous movements and, 13, 32indigenous parties and, 108–22, 144institutional explanations in, 112–14interventionism and, 33, 132, 136, 138–42

Izquierda Unida and, 24, 37, 42nn11, 13, 49, 53–4, 56, 61, 63, 122, 132n32, 166

labor and, 133Law No. 27505 and, 113Law of Municipal Elections and, 114Law of Regional Elections and, 114leftist parties and, 115, 122, 141, 144Lima, 116, 120–1, 132n31, 134–5, 139,

142, 144lower-class-focused appeals and, 75, 96lowlands and, 116Machu Picchu, 126marginalization and, 108, 132, 143, 145mestizaje and, 118–21mestizos and, 118–22, 127, 129–31, 140,

144–5middle classes and, 144mobilizations and, 115–16mulattos and, 119n12, 140nationalist appeals and, 128–9, 132, 137–42nationalization and, 139natural resources and, 117, 122, 143neoliberal populism and, 104, 132–6, 143Organic Law of Elections and, 113n4Partido Nacionalista Peruano (PNP) and, 4,

7–8, 29, 110, 127peasants and, 108–10, 114–16, 118n9, 119,

121–2, 126–7personalistic appeals and, 121, 122n16, 132,

134, 137, 145populism and, 127–44poverty and, 120, 129, 131, 136–7protests and, 116, 120, 129n27, 138, 141Puno, 111–12, 121n13, 122n16, 126, 130–1Quechua and, 114–16, 118n9, 119nn11, 12,

123, 126–7, 130research design and, 30–2Shining Path guerrillas and, 115, 119,

133–4, 140, 144Toledo and, 8, 32–3, 108–9, 113, 118,

120–1, 125–38, 142–5traditional populism and, 125, 132, 135–45unions and, 127weak indigenous movement of, 114–18whites and, 119n12, 120–2, 125, 127,

129–31, 140, 144–5women’s health and, 134

Perú Posible, 4, 7–8, 14, 29, 126, 134Perz, Stephen G., 25n27Pizango, Alberto, 110Plaid Cymru, 188Plan Progreso para Bolivia – Concertación

Nacional (PPB-CN), 52Plurinational Constitutional Tribunal, 177

personalistic appeals (cont.)




Index 235

plurinational status, 82, 87, 103, 107, 168, 176–7, 180

Pocaterra, Noelí, 155Poder Democrático y Social (PODEMOS), 29,

51, 66, 68–9policy

anti–immigration, 8, 29n28interventionism and, 13

(see also interventionism)Law No. 27505 and, 113Law of Municipal Elections and, 114Law of Popular Participation and, 37Law of Regional Elections and, 114market-oriented, 8, 12, 14, 27–9, 33, 36, 46,

66–7, 99, 131–3, 139, 143, 185, 191Organic Law of Elections and, 113n4 Parish Council Laws and, 177

political participation Aymara and, 24ballot access and, 10, 76, 112Bolivia and, 168–70Ecuador and, 171highlands and, 85Law of Municipal Elections and, 114Law of Regional Elections and, 114Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) and,

168–70Organic Law of Elections and, 113n4 Pachakutik and, 168–9, 171party systems explanation and, 1, 9, 12–13,

164patronage and, 17, 156Quechua and, 31–2Supreme Electoral Tribunal (TSE) and,

76n3, 77, 82, 97, 105, 168, 177, 182voter registration and, 42–3, 81, 121n14,

171n8voter turnout and, 33, 70, 121, 169–71

politics. See also specific politicianactivism and, 12–14, 53–4, 85, 117, 148,

150, 153, 155agrarian reform and, 25, 47–8, 119n11,

151, 168, 176, 180decentralization and, 10, 35, 37–8, 47, 166democracy and, 193 (see also democracy)demonstrations and, 65, 86, 98, 168disenchantment with, 5, 12, 14, 26–30, 32,

36, 38, 46, 48, 62, 66–7, 72, 75, 83, 97–8, 135, 161, 185, 191

electoral issues and, 30–1 (see also electoral issues)

ethnopopulism and, 8 (see also ethnopopulism)

ethnicity and, 1, 15, 17, 26, 190

exclusionary strategies and, 15–17horizontal accountability and, 3, 33, 163,

178–9, 183, 192lower-class-focused appeals and, 26–30, 34,

36, 62, 75, 96, 132, 185, 190–1personalistic appeals and, 190–1

(see also personalistic appeals)power concentration and, 3, 7, 33, 43, 63–4,

67, 75, 134, 163, 178, 179, 183, 192proportional representation and, 10, 37registration requirements and, 10–11, 76–7,

113reserved legislative seats and, 10–11, 114n5,

146, 153, 155single-member districts and, 10–11, 36–7,

63voter turnout and, 33, 70, 121, 169–71women in, 150n3, 177

Pop, Alvaro, 151populism, 185

anti–establishment approach and, 7, 26–32, 34, 47–8, 62, 65–6, 70, 73, 94–104, 137–42, 148, 153, 163, 178–9, 183–4, 190–2

challenges to democracy and, 178–83defined, 7, 26enthopopulism and, 4, 190–1

(see also ethnopopulism)ethnic appeals and, 5, 30, 34, 145, 190flexible ideologies of, 29–30Fujimori and, 8, 108–9, 131–4Humala and, 108–9, 131–2, 135–45implications for theories of, 190–2interventionism and, 4

(see also interventionism)lower-class-focused appeals and, 26–30, 34,

36, 62, 75, 96, 132, 185, 190–1Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS)

and, 62–8nationalist appeals and, 8

(see also nationalist appeals)neoliberal, 104, 132–6 (see also neoliberal

populism)Pachakutik and, 94–9personalistic appeals and, 4, 7–9, 24, 26–7,

63, 94–7, 121, 122n16, 132, 134, 137, 145, 163, 178, 190–1

Peru and, 127–44political appeals and, 26–30redistribution and, 4, 7, 98theories of, 190–2Toledo and, 108–9, 131–2, 134–6traditional, 135–45 (see also traditional

populism)




Index236

Posner, Daniel N., 17–18, 187Postero, Nancy, 9, 65poverty, 22

Bolivia and, 38, 46, 64, 67, 176Ecuador and, 80n11, 96–7, 99, 105–6Peru and, 120, 129, 131, 136–7

Powell, G. Bingham, 17power concentration, 3, 7, 33

Bolivia and, 43, 63–4, 67, 163, 179, 183, 192

Ecuador and, 75Peru and, 134personalistic leadership and, 178

prejudice, 19Afro-Latinos and, 160anti–immigration and, 8, 29n28entrenchment of, 22exaggerated threats and, 163mestizaje and, 20–1reluctance to admit, 80–1

primordialism, 16, 17n17, 164, 185, 187, 193privatization, 67, 85, 98–9, 133, 136proportional representation, 10, 37protests, 1, 24

Afro-Latinos and, 160Bolivia and, 53, 65–6, 70, 175, 179–80, 183cycles of, 178Ecuador and, 84, 111, 178ethnic polarization and, 164Peru and, 116, 120, 129n27, 138, 141political participation and, 168

Psacharopoulos, George, 22Pueblos Unidos Multiétnicos de Amazonas

(PUAMA), 27, 33, 154–5Puente, Rafael, 59

Quechua Bolivia and, 38, 40, 44–5, 47, 53–8, 71–2identity and, 6, 23n24, 31Peru and, 114–16, 118n9, 119nn11, 12,

123, 126–7, 130political participation and, 31–2

Quemé, Rigoberto, 148, 150Quintero López, Rafael, 81n12, 93, 95, 99Quintín Lame, 152–3Quiroga, Jorge, 49n27, 51, 66, 179Quishpe, Salvador, 105n45Quispe, Felipe, 42, 44, 54, 57, 110, 116, 128Quispe Lázaro, Arturo, 110

Rabushka, Alvin, 4, 15, 163–4, 188Ramírez, Santos, 59, 181Ramón Valarezo, Galo, 84n26Recalde, Paulina, 106

redistribution, 4, 7, 98reforms

agrarian, 25, 47, 48, 119n11, 151, 168, 176, 180

constitutional, 10, 91, 98, 168, 181economic, 53, 67education, 47, 181institutional, 3, 10, 11–12, 35–6, 76, 77n6,

97, 121land, 40, 82–3, 87market, 27, 33, 98, 133, 139social, 1tax, 183

registration requirements, 10–12, 76–7, 112–13

Reilly, Benjamin, 5, 10, 15, 16n15Reinaga, Walter, 45n17Relea, Francesca, 126religion

Bolivia and, 44, 59Catholics and, 18, 181Ecuador and, 82, 84, 91–2, 94, 96, 102ethnic cleavages and, 18ethnic proximity and, 19identity and, 18–19, 187

Remy, María Isabel, 119Renacimiento Andino, 118n9research design, 5, 30–2reserved legislative seats, 10–11, 114n5, 146,

153, 155Reyes Villa, Manfred, 47–9, 52, 179–80Reynaga, Fausto, 44Reyna Izaquirre, Carlos, 122Reynolds, Louise, 149Ribando Seelke, Clare, 161Rice, Roberta Lynne, 3, 9–13, 35, 112, 114Rivera, Brooklyn, 157–8Rivera Cusicanqui, Silvia, 41Rivero Pinto, Wigberto, 47n21Roberts, Kenneth M., 9n5, 122, 132–3, 190Robertson, John D., 10Rocha, José Antonio, 41Rocha, Manuel, 67Rodríguez Lara, Guillermo, 78Rodríguez, Eduardo, 179Rojas Ortuste, Gonzalo, 37, 49Rokkan, Stein, 17Roldós, Jaime, 82n14Roldós, León, 101Romero Ballivían, Salvador, 41n7, 48,

65, 68Rosenblatt, Angel, 20Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal, 8, 29n28rule of law, 33, 163, 178, 183




Index 237

Sachs, Jeffrey, 7Sánchez, Basilio, 151Sánchez, Enrique, 160Sánchez de Lozada, Gonzalo, 46–7, 49, 66–7,

179Sánchez López, Francisco, 85Sánchez-Parga, José, 78, 84n26, 95–6Sanjinés C., 39San Martín Arzabe, Hugo, 48San Román, Máximo, 123Santana, Roberto, 84n26Santos, Aldo, 131Sartori, Giovanni, 8n4, 10n6Sawyer, Mark, 160–1Schady, Norbert R., 133Schmidt, Gregory D., 135Scottish National Party, 188Scully, Timothy, 13Seligson, Mitchell A., 39, 40n4, 61n40, 66n43,

68, 69n51Selverston-Scher, Melina, 9, 83, 84n26Sentimiento y Unidad por el Mundo Andino,

112Serbs, 14, 19Shepsle, Kenneth, 4, 15, 163–4, 188Sheriff, Robin, 23Shining Path guerrillas, 115, 119, 133–4, 140,

144Shugart, Matthew Soberg, 10Shvetsova, Olga V., 10Sidanius, Jim, 21Sifuentes Alemán, Ítalo, 137Siles, Hernán, 46n18single-member districts, 10–11, 36–7, 63Sisa, Bartolina, 55Sisk, Timothy D., 5, 10, 15, 163social movements, 3, 9, 13, 18

Afro-Latinos and, 161Bolivia and, 54–5, 63, 65, 169, 180Ecuador and, 93Guatemala and, 151mestizaje and, 189

South Atlantic Autonomous Region (RAAS), 157–8

Spaniards, 20–2Sri Lanka, 188Stallings, Barbara, 5, 191Stanford University, 134Stefanoni, Pablo, 10, 35–6, 53n32, 56, 59,

65n42Suárez, Ernesto, 180Sucuzhañay, Carlos, 80, 103Sulmont Haak, David, 120Sumire, María, 127

Supa, Hilaria, 127, 131Supreme Electoral Tribunal (TSE), 76n3, 77,

82, 97, 105, 168, 177, 182surveys

American Public Opinion Survey and, 79Apoyo and, 134–6, 138–9Aymara and, 31LAPOP and, 25, 31, 39–40, 55, 61, 65–70,

79–80, 93–9, 129–30, 138, 140, 171–5Latin Barometer and, 171–5

Talahua, Gilberto, 77n5, 85, 103–4Tanaka, Martín, 130, 133Tannenbaum, Frank, 20Tapia, Luciano, 41n7Taylor, Lewis, 133Telles, Edward E., 161Ticona Alejo, Esteban, 40n5, 41n7,

45–6, 169Tituaña, Auki, 91–2, 103n42Tobit models, 58n36, 88n24, 124n21Toledo, Alejandro

background of, 134Belgian wife of, 126chakana and, 125cholomobile of, 134ethnic appeals and, 118, 120–1, 125–7,

144–5Humala and, 108–9Machu Picchu ceremony and, 126as man of the people, 134market-oriented reforms and, 33neopopulism and, 134–6personalistic appeals and, 134–5Peru and, 8, 32–3, 108–9, 113, 118, 120–1,

125–38, 142–5populism and, 8, 131–6trabajo and, 135voter fraud and, 135withdrawal of, 135

Torres, Ramsés, 103–4Torres Guzmán, Alfredo, 133Torrico, Gustavo, 37, 55, 169–70traditional populism, 14, 190

Afro-Latino parties and, 161Bolivia and, 36, 62, 71, 73decline of, 45–8defined, 8Ecuador and, 75–6, 94–5, 101, 105foreign intervention and, 4Guatemala and, 148–9Humala and, 135–45Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) and, 27,

36, 62, 71, 73, 75, 147, 180




Index238

Pachakutik and, 27–8, 76, 94–5, 101, 105, 147

Peru and, 125, 132, 135–45state interventionism and, 26

Trinidad and Tobago, 188Trivelli, Carolina, 120Tronconi, Filippo, 188Tuesta, Fernando, 113–14T’ula, Santos Marka, 55Tumpa, Apiawayki, 55

Uganda, 188Unidad Cívica Solidaridad (UCS), 47–8,

67, 71Unidad Nacional (UN), 66n45, 136Unidad Revolucionario Nacional

Guatemalteca (URNG), 149, 152Unidad Nicaragüense Opositora

(UNO), 157Unión Democrática y Popular (UDP), 24, 41,

45–6Unión de Municipalidades Aymaras, 112Unión por el Perú, 137unions, 188–9

Bolivia and, 40–1, 45, 53, 59–60, 63, 70coca growers and, 180Ecuador and, 90–3, 103–5mestizos and, 32peasants and, 29, 40–1, 45, 70Peru and, 127traditional parties and, 17

United Nations, 6, 39, 134, 159University of Salamanca, 64Urioste, Miguel, 10

Vaca, Marcos, 105Valasco Alvarado, Juan, 115, 119, 136Valladares de la Cruz, Laura, 146n2Van Cott, Donna, 6

Bolivia and, 35–7, 41–2, 47, 53–4, 65, 68Ecuador and, 76, 82, 84, 86Peru and, 110, 112–14, 116–17rise of indigenous parties and, 3, 9–13, 17,

24, 146n1, 152n4, 153–6, 162n1, 164–6, 169, 181

voting analysis and, 1Van Evera, Stephen, 17n17Vargas, Antonio, 92, 167Vargas Llosa, Mario, 122, 123n20, 131, 133,

143, 162Velasco Ibarra, José María, 94Véliz, Alejo, 11n7, 47, 49n26, 63, 168

Venezuela, 2, 10–11, 14, 26Chávez and, 139, 143, 151, 155, 163indigenous parties and, 146–7, 154–6, 159research design and, 30–2

Vera, Sofía, 130Verdesoto Custode, Luis, 97Vilca Arpasi, Paulo, 112, 128, 131Villca, Lino, 61voter registration, 42–3, 81, 121n14, 171n8voter turnout, 33, 70, 121, 169–71

Wade, Peter, 21, 23, 160n11Warren, Jonathan, 25n27Washington Post, 128Weismantel, Mary, 23Weyland, Kurt, 5, 7, 8n4, 29, 132–3, 191whites, 1n1, 4, 190

alienation of, 26Bolivia and, 3, 32, 36, 39n3, 40, 44–5, 55,

58–62, 71–3, 172–4, 183categorization of, 23Colombia and, 154Ecuador and, 27, 75–80, 83, 89–94, 100–3,

107, 166, 183ethnic appeals and, 24ethnic cleavage and, 23n25ethnic representation and, 165–6European traditions and, 23exclusionary appeals and, 161leadership and, 24mestizos and, 7n3, 17 (see also mestizos)Nicaragua and, 156, 158–9Peru and, 119n12, 120–2, 125, 127,

129–31, 140, 144–5political appeals to, 25, 27–40, 185–6racial terminology and, 22n23 war against, 44women and, 150n3

Whitten, Norman, 78Wilkinson, Steven, 5, 17–18, 187Willka, Pablo Zárate, 55Winaq, 2, 27, 33, 147, 150wiphala, 48, 86, 176women

Bolivia and, 53Ecuador and, 90–2, 177health issues and, 134, 176identity documents and, 169marginalization of, 177mestizaje and, 21Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) and, 177Pachakutik and, 177peasant federations and, 53

traditional populism (cont.)




Index 239

Peru and, 134in politics, 150n3, 177shortage of, 21

World Bank, 86, 180Wray, Natalia, 87, 169

Xel-jú, 148–9

Yaptí Tasba Masraka Nanih Asla Takanka (YATAMA), 33, 156–9

Yashar, Deborah J., 9, 21, 24, 39, 41n7, 47, 78, 84nn16, 17, 115, 117, 165

Yugoslavia, 19

Zamora, Jaime Paz, 46Zamosc, Leon, 9, 80, 84, 99, 102Zeas, Santiago, 102n41Zegada Claure, María Teresa, 68Zimmerman, Yvonne, 64Zurita, Leonilda, 56, 59, 65


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