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Index Abba ¯sMı ¯rza ¯ , Crown Prince (Qajar), 31, 275, 38889, 400, 401, 461. See also reform Abdülaziz (Ottoman), 134, 259, 261, 506. See Tanzimat Abdülhamid I (Ottoman), 255 Abdülmecid (Ottoman), 259. See also Tanzimat Abdur Rahman, 410 Abul Khayr, 396 Ädälät (Justice), 6045. See also Bolshevism; social democracy Adshead, S. A. M., 12, 39 Aehrenthal, Alois, 44546 Afghanistan, 31, 398411, 469, 49093, 54142 Aga Muhammed Khan, 205, 273, 38233 Ag ˘ aog ˘ lu (Agaev), Ahmed, 507, 508. See also nationalism; revolutions; Young Turks Agency of Convert Affairs, 99100. See also conversion; religion Ahmad Shah Durrani, 272, 398 Ahmed Resmi, 256 Aksakov, Ivan, 120. See also pan-Slavism Aksan, Virginia, 27, 255 Albania, 23, 24, 306, 308, 327, 344, 345, 53940, 54647 Aleksei Mikhailovich (Russia), 97 Alexander I (Russia), 31, 111, 204, 22829 Anglo-Russian rivalry, 401, 402 Balkan policy, 57 Baltic policy, 21618 Bessarabia and the principalities, 21820 Caucasian policy, 384, 38586 Jews, 237 Napoleonic Wars, 310 Ottoman policy, 33235 Polish policy, 156, 22122, 22526 reforms, 211 religious policy, 101 succession, 109 Swedish rivalry, 300 Ukrainian policy, 11213 Alexander II (Russia) as reformer, 278 assassination, 462, 463, 520 Baltic policy, 114, 448 Crimean War (18531856), 204, 34041 death, 347 legacy, 394 Polish policy, 23133 reforms, 21112, 235, 461 religious policy, 103 Trans Caspian policy, 407 Alexander III (Russia), 110 Bulgaria, 444 Bulgarian policy, 34647 death, 450 nationalism, 123, 347 pan-Slavism, 121 pogroms, 453 Russication, 114, 44749 Siberia, 467 Alexandra Fedorovna (Russia), 1056, 123, 544 Allied Supreme Council, 58485 Amanat, Abbas, 388 Amir Kabir, 27576, 513. See also army Anatolia, 12, 2122, 60, 127, 135, 242, 263, 336, 34142, 344, 393, 461, 499500, 5012, 505, 50911, 536, 599601 Andrássy, Count Gyula, 344, 548 Anglo-Iranian Agreement (1920), 606 Anglo-Iranian Treaty (1918), 6045 Anglo-Russian Treaty (1907), 49192, 495, 54142, 604 Apis, Colonel, 441, 444. See also terrorism; Young Bosnians 618 www.cambridge.org © in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04309-1 - The Struggle for the Eurasian Borderlands: From the Rise of Early Modern Empires to the End of the First World War Alfred J. Rieber Index More information

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Index

Abbas Mırza, Crown Prince (Qajar), 31,275, 388–89, 400, 401, 461. See alsoreform

Abdülaziz (Ottoman), 134, 259, 261,506. See Tanzimat

Abdülhamid I (Ottoman), 255Abdülmecid (Ottoman), 259. See also

TanzimatAbdur Rahman, 410Abu’l Khayr, 396Ädälät (Justice), 604–5. See also Bolshevism;

social democracyAdshead, S.A.M., 12, 39Aehrenthal, Alois, 445–46Afghanistan, 31, 398–411, 469, 490–93,

541–42Aga Muhammed Khan, 205, 273, 382–33Agaoglu (Agaev), Ahmed, 507, 508. See also

nationalism; revolutions; YoungTurks

Agency of Convert Affairs, 99–100. See alsoconversion; religion

Ahmad Shah Durrani, 272, 398Ahmed Resmi, 256Aksakov, Ivan, 120. See also pan-SlavismAksan, Virginia, 27, 255Albania, 23, 24, 306, 308, 327, 344, 345,

539–40, 546–47Aleksei Mikhailovich (Russia), 97Alexander I (Russia), 31, 111, 204, 228–29

Anglo-Russian rivalry, 401, 402Balkan policy, 57Baltic policy, 216–18Bessarabia and the principalities,

218–20Caucasian policy, 384, 385–86Jews, 237Napoleonic Wars, 310Ottoman policy, 332–35Polish policy, 156, 221–22, 225–26reforms, 211

religious policy, 101succession, 109Swedish rivalry, 300Ukrainian policy, 112–13

Alexander II (Russia)as reformer, 278assassination, 462, 463, 520Baltic policy, 114, 448Crimean War (1853–1856),

204, 340–41death, 347legacy, 394Polish policy, 231–33reforms, 211–12, 235, 461religious policy, 103Trans Caspian policy, 407

Alexander III (Russia), 110Bulgaria, 444Bulgarian policy, 346–47death, 450nationalism, 123, 347pan-Slavism, 121pogroms, 453Russification, 114, 447–49Siberia, 467

Alexandra Fedorovna (Russia), 105–6,123, 544

Allied Supreme Council, 584–85Amanat, Abbas, 388Amir Kabir, 275–76, 513. See also armyAnatolia, 12, 21–22, 60, 127, 135, 242,

263, 336, 341–42, 344, 393, 461,499–500, 501–2, 505, 509–11,536, 599–601

Andrássy, Count Gyula, 344, 548Anglo-Iranian Agreement (1920), 606Anglo-Iranian Treaty (1918), 604–5Anglo-Russian Treaty (1907), 491–92, 495,

541–42, 604Apis, Colonel, 441, 444. See also terrorism;

Young Bosnians

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architectureBeijing, 147–48Belgrade, 46–47Breitensee Monument, 95Constantinople, 124–25, 127–29Cracow, 154Erevan, 593Isfahan, 141Kirman, 142Ringstrasse, 94Safavid Madreseh, 139Sarajevo, 438Schönbrunn, 85–86St. Petersburg, 107–8, 200–1Tashkent, 412Vienna, 94Warsaw, 155

Armenia, 21, 29, 31, 377–79, 380–81, 383,389–90, 461–65, 502–4, 538, 542–43, 589–90, 593–95

1905 Revolution, 479–82constitutional crisis, 499–502Russification, 461–63Turkish–Soviet rivalry, 593–602

Armenian Committee of Self-Defense, 479Armenian Federation of Revolutionaries

(Dashnaks), 464–65Armenian National Council, 593, 594–95army, 166–67, 290–91

Bulgaria, 346, 547Crimean khanate, 362–63crisisRussian Empire, 472, 483

Czech Legion, 578, 586. See alsonationalism

Czechoslovakia, 184–85, 580–81declineQajar Empire, 278–79

disintegrationHabsburg Empire, 551Ottoman Empire, 551Qajar Empire, 552Qing Empire, 551–52Russian Empire, 551

Egypt, 333, 336Estonia, 560–61Finland, 558–59Habsburg Empire, 176–78, 180–85Hayduks (Haiduks), 73Vlachs, 304

Hungary, 323Honvéd, 181–82

Kingdom of Poland, 230Legionnaire tradition, 75

Latvia, 561

Ottoman Empire, 240–41, 247–48, 252–53Bosnia, 250Gazi tradition, 26–28, 55, 60, 130,

239–40, 373Sekbans, 306

Poland, 224, 563–64Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,

174–75Cossacks, 352

principalities, 316Qajar Empire, 272, 273, 608

Cossack Guard, 517–18Qing Empire, 280–81reforms

Finland, 451–52HabsburgEmpire, 178–79, 181–82, 183Iranian empires, 268Ottoman Empire, 243–45, 254–59,

261–62, 512Qajar Empire, 274–76, 513–14Qing Empire, 287, 520–22, 526, 529Russian Empire, 204–5

Russian Empire, 201–2, 203–4, 205–6,336, 365

Armenian units, 543reforms, 344Streltsy, 359

Safavid Empire, 270, 271Serbia, 577–78Sweden, 298, 299–300Ukraine, 569–70Yugoslavia, 581

Association of Czechoslovak Societies inRussia, 580

Atatürk. See Mustapha Kemal Pasha(Atatürk)

Auckland, J. E., Lord, 404Aufklärung. See EnlightenmentAugustus II (Polish–Lithuanian

Commonwealth), 358, 361Augustus III (Polish–Lithuanian

Commonwealth), 366Ausgleich of 1867, 86. See Settlement of

1867Austria (independent), 533Austro-Marxism, 165, 430–31, See also

Bauer, Otto; Renner, KarlAustro Slavism, 121Azerbaijan, 30, 60, 130, 138, 140, 168, 269,

270–71, 272, 274, 372, 373, 379,385–87, 388–90, 479–82, 492, 507,508, 593–94, 602–7

rebellions, 75–76revolution, 514–18, 589

Azerbaijani National Council, 596

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Badeni, Count Kazimierz, 184, 199, 429Bakunin, Mikhail, 441. See also socialism,

populism; terrorismBalakirev, Mily, 117. See also OrientalismBanat of Temesvár, 25, 46–48, 324, 329,

537, 579, 584banditry, 72–74

Armatolas, 28, 72–74, 333–34Comitadji, 578Cossacks, 73Hayduks (Haiduks), 28, 72, 73–74, 248,

316, 321, 333–34, 343, 503–5Iranian empires, 30Kapitanos, 333–34Klephts, 28, 72–74, 333–34Kurds, 510Macedonia, 503–5Ottoman Empire, 247–48, 331, 333–34Russian Empire, 357Safavid Empire, 142Sekbans, 306Uskoks, 72–74

Barany, George, 196Barfield, Thomas J., 15, 34Bariatinskii, FieldMarshal Prince A. I., 103,

115–16, 238, 392–93, 405,411–12. See also civilizing mission

Barkey, Karen, 250Barrett, Thomas, 375barrière de l’est, 228, 300, 368, 585

Napoleonic revival, 309Barth, Fredrick, 70Bartol’d, V. V., 395Bassin, Mark, 118Bator, Sukhe, 611–12, 613Batory, Stefan, 174, 315–16Bauer, Otto, 430–31. See also Austro-

Slavism; Renner, KarlBeauvois, Daniel, 231, 458Becher, Joseph Joachim, 88–89. See also

cameralismBeck, Friedrich, 181–82. See also army;

reformsBem, Józef, 181, 224. See also revolutionsBerchtold, Count Leopold, 547, 548Bernadotte, Jean Baptiste Jules, 300–1Bessarabia, 54, 218–19, 331, 341, 344–45,

386, 569, 582–83, 585annexation, 57, 225–26colonization, 48

Bestuzhev-Marlinskii, A.A., 116Bethlen, Gábor, 321Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald, 539, 545Beust, Count Friedrich, 195. See also

Settlement of 1867

Bezak, G.G., 406Bezborodko, Alexander, 228Bibikov, Governor General D.G.,

230–31. See also bureaucracy;Inventory Laws (1847)

Bibó, István, 63Black Hand. See Apis, Colonel; Young

BosniansBlack, Jeremy, 170Bobrikov, Nikolai, 451–52. See also

RussificationBocskai, István, 73, 320–21. See also

rebellions (revolts); warsBogd Khan, 613Bohemia, 83, 91–92, 154, 168, 176, 186–87,

428–31Catholicization, 84colonization, 45constitutional crisis, 428–31federalism, 435fiscal reforms, 190–91military, 178, 180pan-Slavism, 120, 121post-First World War, 539railroads, 426

Bolshevism, 457Don, 573exportation, 585–88Hungary, 584Inner Asia, 611–13Iran, 604–6Poland, 459–60Russia, 554, 557–58Russian Empire, 455–56south Caucasus, 481–82, 589–90, 595, 599Ukraine, 477

Bonaparte, Napoleon, 49, 101, 156, 172,179–80, 192, 198, 204, 223–24,226–28, 300–1, 308–10, 386,401. See also Congress of Vienna(1815)

borderland (definition), 59Borodin,Alexander,117.See alsoOrientalismBosnia, 181, 255, 302, 307, 308, 326, 327,

342, 343, 345annexation, 435–46conversion, 24–25crisis, 435–46First World War, 539, 578Habsburg occupation (1907), 87, 121military, 250missionary activity, 25

Bowman, Isaiah, 6Bráncoveanu, Constantin Hospodar of

Wallachia, 318–19

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Branting, Hjalmar, 450Bratianu, Ion, 583, 584Brower, Daniel, 411Brünn Congress of Austrian Social

Democrats, 457Brünn Program of 1899, 429–30, 434Bukovina, 168, 325–26, 369, 549, 565,

570, 583Bulavin, Kondrat, 359Bulgaria, 60, 121, 242–43, 344, 461, 540

Balkan Wars (1912–1913), 495–97Crimean War, 341–42expansion, 443–44First World War, 546–47, 550, 584independence, 342–47Macedonian question, 502–5rebellion, 343trade, 444

Bund, 430, 455–57, 459, 474–75,478, 479

bureaucracy, 82, 167, 169, 291Baltic littoral, 215–17composition, 66–67Finland, 217–18Galicia, 196–97Georgia, 384–85Habsburg Empire, 185–200Iranian empires, 266Poland, 228–29, 234–36Qajar Empire, 272–73Qing Empire, 148, 281–85, 286–87reforms, 152–53

reformsBessarabia, 219–21Bosnia, 440Bulgaria, 346Caucasian isthmus, 392Habsburg Empire, 186–87Hungary, 189–90Ottoman Empire, 243–45, 259–61,

497–98, 505Poland, 230–33principalities, 219–21Qajar Empire, 276–77Qing Empire, 287–89Russian Empire, 206–8, 209–12south Caucasus, 462

Russian Empire, 212–15Caucasian isthmus, 238–39Pale of Settlement, 236–38principalities and Bessarabia,

218–21Turkestan, 412

Burián, István, 437, 440,445, 548

caliphate, 129–32reinvigoration, 134, 135–36

Cameralism. See also EnlightenmentHabsburg Empire, 88–90, 186–87Russian Empire, 107, 109, 206, 209–11,

221von Sonnenfels, Joseph, 89–90

Camojevic, Arsenije, 322. See alsopopulation movements

Canning, George, 132Canning, Stratford, 132–33Cantemir, Dmitrie, 318–19Capo d’Istria, Ioan 218, 228, 335. See also

Greek RevolutionCasimir the Great, 154. See also legitimacyCatherine I (Russia), 109, 110Catherine II, “the Great” (Russia),

209, 225Baltic littoral, 114, 216colonization, 56–58coronation, 110Cossacks, 74, 393economy, 365frontier policy

Caucasian isthmus, 380–83Pontic steppe, 54, 366–67, 370

imperial ideology, 100, 109Jews, 100, 236–37Kalmyks, 361Ottoman Empire, 326, 369–70, 540pan-Slavism, 119Poland, 226, 367–69reforms, 209–11religious policy, 100

Catholicization, 84–85Caucasian Committee, 238Cemal Pasa, 512Chaldiran, battle of (1514), 373–74Charles IV (Habsburg), 185, 581Charles V (Habsburg), 85Charles VI (Habsburg), 84Charles XI (Sweden), 204, 299Charles XII (Sweden), 298–99,

357–9. See also warCharles XIV (Sweden), 301Charles, Archduke of Austria, 179Charles of Lorraine, 84, 178Charter of the Nobility (1785),

209–10. See also Catherine II, “ theGreat” (Russia)

Chavchavadze, Alexander, 385. See alsonationalism

Chechnia, 386, 388, 393, 409Chen Duxiu, 609Cherkasskii, Prince V. A., 234, 462

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Chernaev, General M. G., 405, 407Chernyshevsky, Nikolai, 441. See also

socialism; terrorismChiang Kai-shek, 150, 165, 524, 556Chingghis Khan, 32, 37, 256, 280

descendants, 20, 528Choibalsang, 611, 612, 613Christian socialism, 94civilizing mission

Habsburg Empire, 325Poland, 156–58, 222–23Russian Empire, 103, 114–19, 401, 407,

466Serbia, 547

Cixi (Qing). See Empress Dowagercolonization

Anatolia, 135, 341–42, 501–2Astrakhan, 54Baltic littoral and PolandGerman, 41–44

Bessarabia, 48, 219Bohemia, 45Bosnia, 442Bukovina, 325–26Bulgaria, 242–43Buryat Mongolia, 529Caucasian isthmus, 387Crimean khanate, 363Danubian Frontier, 45–49Dnieper–Dniester Steppe, 55–56Dobrudja, 48, 345Galicia, 198Hungary, 44–45, 322Inner Asia, 38, 40–41, 151Khanate of Kazan, 54, 99Manchuria, 489, 524–25north Caucasus, 57–58, 391Pontic steppe, 54–55, 56–57principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia),

218Qing Empire, 35Russian Empire, 50–51Siberia, 51–54Silesia, 42–43Thrace, 505Trans Caspia, 58Transylvania, 48Triplex Confinium, 22, 45–49, 304Turkestan, 413–14Ukraine, 371Voevodina, 48Volynia, 48Xinjiang, 40–41

Colonization Commission (1766),47. See also colonization

Colonization Patent (1763), 47. See alsocolonization

Commercial Code of 1838, 132, 265Commissariat of Nationalities, 604Commission of National Education,

226. See educationCommission on Industry and Crafts,

227. See economycomplex frontiers (defined), 293Confederation at Tarnogord (1715), 361Confucianism, 32, 149–53, 610

bureaucracy, 66, 281–83, 291frontier policy, 417imperial decline, 285–87imperial ideology, 79–81, 146, 148–53Self-Strengthening Movement, 519strategic cultures, 32

Congress of Berlin (1878), 410, 437, 446,499–500

Congress of Vienna (1815), 1, 222, 226,228, 309–10, 402

Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus(Byzantine), 127

Constitution of 1791 (Poland). Seeconstitutionalism

Constitutional Charter (1815), 222–23, 229constitutionalism, 168

Bosnia, 440Bulgaria, 346crisisHabsburg Empire, 446Ottoman Empire, 497–512Poland, 457–61Qajar Empire, 513–18Qing Empire, 518–29Russian Empire, 446–97south Caucasus, 461–65

Croatia, 433Finland, 217–18Habsburg Empire, 87, 91Hungarycrisis, 432–35

Iranian Empires, 145, 514–18Ottoman Empire, 134, 260, 261Poland, 221–23, 227–28Qing Empire, 289reformsGalicia, 199Hungary, 194–96

Russia, 470–72Russian Empire, 123

Convention of Akkerman (1826), 335–36Convention of Cyprus (1878), 500Convention of St. Petersburg (1826), 336conversion, 68–69

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accommodationism, 65Astrakhan, 99Baltic Prus, 41Bosnia, 438Caucasian isthmus, 98–104, 380Habsburg Empire, 84–85Iranian empires, 69Khanate of Kazan, 99Kholm, 486Mongol princes, 20Ottoman Empire, 124to Islam, 23–25, 29to Roman Catholicism, 25

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, 158Russian Empire, 394Trans Caspia, 396, 402

Cossacks, 349–63, 365, 375–76, 391Crete, 499, 502, 504Crimean khanate, 27, 168, 348–49, 352,

356, 361, 363, 364–65, 367, 551annexation, 130–31, 326, 327, 369–71

Croat Peasant People’s Party. See Radic,Stjepan

Croatia, 83, 176, 180–81, 196, 302, 309,320, 433, 578–79

Crossley, Pamela Kyle, 39, 151Curzon, Lord George, 490, 491Cvijic, Jovan, 301–2Cyril and Methodius Society, 112Czartoryski, Prince Adam Jerzy, 221–22,

225–28, 230, 335, 403. See alsoAlexander I (Russia); reforms;rebellions (revolts)

Czechoslovak National Council, 580. SeeMasaryk, Thomas G.

Czechoslovakia, 580–82revolutionary politics, 585–86

Czernin, Count Otto, 548–49, 583

Daghestan, 31, 385, 387, 393, 409, 598Dalmatia, 25, 302–3, 308–10, 326, 436,

539, 576, 579Damad Ibrahim Pasha, 254Danilevsky, Nikolai, 6. See also pan-SlavismDanubian Confederation, 434–35. See also

Jászi, OscarDavies, Norman, 175, 232Davison, Roderic, 131de Bonneval, Comte Claude Alexandre,

254. See also armyde Reuter, Baron Paul, 276decline, problem of

Ottoman Empire, 245–54Qing Empire, 285–88

Delianov, Count I. V., 447

Denikin, General Anton, 598–99. See alsorevolutions; war

Devlet Giray, 376Devsirme, 23, 66, 240–41. See also Janissary

Corpsexpansion, 242reform, 245

di Borgo, Pozzo, 228Dibich, Field Marshal I. I., 336Dimitrijevic, Dragutin. See Apis, ColonelDisraeli, Benjamin, 344, 410, 500Diugamel, General A. F., 406Dmitriev, Mikhail, 159Dmowski, Roman, 122, 458–59, 476, 484,

543, 564, 571Dobrudja, 48, 342, 344–45, 583,

584, 585Dolgorukov, V. A., 234Dondukov-Korsakov, Prince A. M., 115,

414–15, 492Russification efforts, 462

Doroshenko, Peter, 355, 356Dost Mohammed, 403–5Dostoevsky, Fedor, 6, 120Drahomanov, M. P., 427. SeeUkrainophiliaDrucki-Lubecki, F. S., 227, 230. See also

economyDubrovnik, 306–7Duma, 98, 122–23, 208, 215, 470–72, 474–

75, 477, 483–87, 591Dunsterforce, 595–96, 604Dunsterville, Colonel Lionel, 595–96Dzhungaria, 34, 35–38, 39, 396, 415,

416–17, 418–19, 545Dzierzynski, Felicks, 459–60

economyagriculture

Caucasian isthmus, 115, 375,387, 391

Galicia, 427–28Hungary, 190–91Ottoman Empire, 263Poland, 43Russian Empire, 53Ukraine, 364, 366

bankingManchuria, 489Poland, 227Qajar Empire, 276Russian Empire, 487Trans Caspia, 414

commerceCaucasian isthmus, 387Trans Caspia, 414

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economy (cont.)communicationsCaucasian isthmus, 115Habsburg Empire, 425Iranian empires, 268Manchuria, 488Ottoman Empire, 23, 506Qajar Empire, 277–78, 514Trans Caspia, 414

crisisIranian empires, 269–70Ottoman Empire, 247

developmentTriplex Confinium and Danubian

basin, 47feudalismBanat, 48Hungary, 63, 190, 323Poland, 63Trans Caspia, 395

land distributionTriplex Confinium, 72

lumber, 294Bosnia, 436Sweden, 298

manufacturingIranian empires, 142Ottoman Empire, 264–65Poland, 227Qajar Empire, 278Ukraine, 364

miningBosnia, 436Caucasian isthmus, 115, 387Manchuria, 488Poland, 227Qajar Empire, 276Sweden, 298Trans Caspia, 493

railroadsBosnia, 442Caucasian isthmus, 392Dobruja, 345Habsburg Empire, 425–26Manchuria, 488Mongolia, 526Ottoman Empire, 506–7Poland, 227Qajar Empire, 276Qing Empire, 519–20Trans Caspia, 411, 414–15,

492–93reforms, 291Baltic littoral, 216Galicia, 197–98

Habsburg Empire, 89, 186–87, 197,425–26

Hungary, 190–91Ottoman Empire, 342–43, 511Poland, 227–28Qajar Empire, 276Russian Empire, 202–3, 204, 212Safavid Empire, 268–69Turkestan, 412

serfdom, 89, 191, 294, 365Baltic littoral, 216, 297Bosnia, 435Poland, 160principalities, 328reform, 187Russian Empire, 53, 171, 204, 338,

357, 366Ukraine, 366

shipping, 193Ottoman Empire, 330–31

tax farming, 274Iranian empires, 270Ottoman Empire, 250, 257, 264

taxationHabsburg Balkan frontiers, 46Hungary, 190, 322–23OttomanEmpire, 23, 242, 243, 249, 265Qajar Empire, 274Russian Empire, 72Sweden, 46Triplex Confinium, 72

trade, 11–13, 33, 419–20Baltic littoral, 297Caucasian isthmus, 115, 373, 375, 376,

378Greece, 330–31Hungary, 44Inner Asia, 421Iranian empires, 142, 145, 268–70,

278, 514Ottoman Empire, 23, 243, 262–65principalities, 319, 328Qing Empire, 418Russian Empire, 51–52Serbia, 442, 444Trans Caspia, 395, 404–5, 406Triplex Confinium, 306–7Ukraine, 364

tributary systemChina, 33

educationDorpat University, 114, 448elementary schoolsCaucasus, 103

Galician Academy of Sciences, 427

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Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 193imperial justificationRussian Empire, 117–18

Imperial Lycée, 211Jagiellonian University, 199, 427Kharkov Collegium, 106Kiev Theological Academy, 106madresehIranian empires, 139

mass education, 92Bulgaria, 547Turkestan, 413

Moscow University, 231Orthodox Church, 106Polish Academy of Sciences, 199Polytechnic College (Tehran), 276pressQing Empire, 288

principalities, 319reformsBosnia, 438Caucasian isthmus, 115, 462Iran, 276Ottoman Empire, 260, 507Poland, 226–36Qing Empire, 152–53, 520–21, 526Russian Empire, 107

Riga Institute of Technology, 114Russification, 112St. Vladimir University, 112, 231Theresianum 89, 187Theresianum Academy, 189University of Cracow, 154, 235University of Vienna, 89University of Wilno (Vilnius), 226

Egypt, 250, 308–9, 313, 334, 337, 494Eight Banner System. See army; elitesElias, Norbert, 167elites, 167, 168

Baltic littoral, 295, 448–49Bessarabia, 215, 220–21Bosnia, 307–8, 439Caucasian isthmus, 115co-option, 66–68Caucasian isthmus, 115, 387Habsburg Empire, 66Iranian empires, 66Kabardians, 382Mongolia, 148north Caucasus, 394Ottoman Empire, 66Qing, 40Qing Empire, 35, 66Romanian, 325–26Russian Empire, 66

economicIranian empires, 68Ottoman Empire, 68Qing Empire, 68Russian Empire, 68

Galicia, 427Habsburg Empire, 176, 187–88Kurds, 374military

Qing Empire, 280–81Russian Empire, 203

Moldavia, 218Mongolia, 528nobility

Baltic, 299Baltic littoral, 113–14Georgia, 384Georgian, 83Hungary, 83, 188–90, 191–94, 322,

323–24Mongol, 83Mongolia, 525Poland, 83, 348principalities, 317Qajar Empire, 145Russian Empire, 209–10, 365Ruthenian (Ukrainian), 159–60Swedish, 300

Ottoman Empire, 242, 246–47, 249–52imperial expansion, 26–27qizilbashi, 242, 268–69, 270–71, 397

principalities, 220–21Phanariotes, 327–28

Qing Empire, 35rebellions, 70–72ruling elites (general), 62Russian Empire, 208, 215

Baltic nobility, 215–17Serbia, 312szlachta, 113, 154, 155–56, 157, 161,

172–75, 224–27, 231–32, 358–59,361–62, 366, 367–68, 457–58

Elizabeth Petrovna, 55, 217, 366Empress Dowager (Qing), 288, 289, 424Ems Decree (1876), 113, 427. See also

linguistic policy; RussificationEnglish Muscovy Company, 375,

376. See also economyEnlightenment. See also cameralismHabsburg Empire, 88–90, 325Poland, 222Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,

156–57Russian Empire, 109, 209, 216

Enver Pasha, 163–64, 511–12, 567

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Eötvös, József, 435Eristavi, G., 385Ermolov, A. P., 228Esherick, Joseph, 522Estonia, 448–49, 560–62Ethnographic Exhibition, Moscow (1867),

119. See also OrientalismEttehêd-i Islam, 603Eugène of Savoy, 84, 178, 318Eurasianism, 7Evans, Richard, 186Evans, Robert, 91Evlogii, 486–87examination system (China), 66, 146, 281–82,

283, 418. See bureaucracy; elitesreform of, 152–53

exarchate, Bulgarian, 133–34, 343, 502–3,505. See also religion

External Macedonian RevolutionaryOrganization (SupremeCommittee), 503–5

Fairbank, John K., 285Fath Ali Shah (Qajar), 145, 275, 383,

385–86, 388Fazıl Ahmed Köprülü, 356FebruaryManifesto (1898), 451–52. See also

RussificationFebvre, Lucian, 8federalism

Caucasian isthmus, 383Danubian Confederation, 434–35Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, 154,

158, 160, 174, 295post-First World War, 555–56

Ferdinand (Bulgaria), 497, 504Ferdinand I, Archduke (Habsburg), 45–46,

320Ferdinand II (Habsburg), 45, 176Ferdinand III (Habsburg), 177Ferqeh-ye Ejetma’iyoun Ammiyoun (FEA),

481–82, 517. See also socialdemocracy

Filofei. See imperial ideologyFindley, Carter, 246–47Fine, John V.A., 24–25Finland, 168, 217–18, 294, 300–1,

450–52, 485–86, 553, 558–60Fletcher, Joseph, 34Francis I (Habsburg), 192Francis II (Habsburg), 192–93Franciscan Order, 25, 125, 438. See also

conversion; religionFrankfurt Assembly (1848), 48. See also

nationalism

Franko, Ivan, 426. See also nationalismFranz Ferdinand, Archduke (Habsburg),

435, 442assassination, 428, 441, 446

Franz Joseph (Habsburg), 84, 2781848 Revolution, 181army, 182, 183Balkans, 339, 436Crisis, 87, 424, 432–33imperial ideology, 93–95Settlement of 1867, 195–96

Frederick II, “the Great” (Prussia), 42,178–79, 186, 202, 204, 368, 369

French Revolution (1789–1799). Seerevolutions

frontiers (defined)Baltic littoral, 294Caucasian isthmus, 371–72Danubian Frontier, 314Inner Asia (defined), 415Pontic steppe, 347–48Trans Caspia, 395Triplex Confinium (western Balkans),

301–2Frost, Robert I., 155Fuad Pasha, 261Fulbright, J.William, 6Fuller, William C., 205Fundamental Law (1906), 123, 134,

470–71. See alsoNicholas II (Russia);revolutions

Galdan, 37, 417Galicia, 43, 44, 50, 121, 160, 168, 196–200,

326, 426–28, 535, 538, 539–40,548–50, 563, 565–66, 570–72

Galician Benevolent Society, 121. See alsoneo-Slavism; pan-Slavism

Gartvig (Hartwig), Nikolai, 495Gasford, G.K., 405, 406Gaspıralı (Gasprinskii), Ismail, 163, 484,

507, 508. See also JadīdismGatrell, Peter, 534gazi. See armyGeorge of Trebizond, 127Georgia, 270–71, 274, 374, 377–78,

379–80, 380–87, 4631905 Revolution, 479–80anti-imperial rebellions, 70religion, 30

Georgii XII (Georgia), 383Geraci, Robert, 104Germanization, 91–92, 189–90

Hungary, 44–45Germanophobia, 534–35

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Gerö, András, 196Ginzberg, Asher Zvi (Ahad Ha-Am),

453–54. See also ZionismGladstone, William, 343, 410Golden Bull (1222), 70, 189. See also

constitutionalism; elitesGolden Fleece, Order of the, 83, 189Golitsyn, Prince G. S., 387Golovnin, A. V., 113Gołuchowskli, Agenor, 199Gorchakov, Alexander, 234, 406–7Grabski, Stanisław, 571Great Game (Anglo-Russian rivalry), 116,

274, 279, 338, 340, 343, 400–11,468, 490–94, 515–18

Inner Asia, 119Greece, 309, 326, 344, 496, 540, 546

anti-imperial resistance, 73–74banditry, 28Greek Revolution (1821–1832), 73Macedonian question, 502–5population exchange, 509–10revolution, 330–35

Greek Project, 326–27. See Catherine II, “the Great” (Russia)

Griboedov, A. S., 389–90Grotius, Hugo, 107Grousset, René, 12, 396Guangxu emperor (Qing), 152, 288. See also

Hundred Days’ ReformsGülhane, 133, 259–60. See also reforms;

TanzimatGungsangnorbu, 528Gustavus Adolphus (Sweden), 170,

298. See also army; reforms

Halecki, Oscar, 63Halji Selim Giray, 362Haller, General Józef, 185, 564, 570Hanák, Péter, 87Haugwitz, Count Wilhelm, 186–87. See also

bureacracy; cameralismHaymerlé, Baron Heinrich Karl, 442–43Henry of Valois (Polish–Lithuanian

Commonwealth), 174Herzen, Alexander, 233, 464Herzl, Theodore, 454. See also ZionismHimmät (Hemmet) Party, 481–82, 589,

591, 604Hindenburg, General Paul, 545Hitler, Adolph, 92Hnchak (The Bell). See Hnchak

Revolutionary MovementHnchak Revolutionary Movement, 463–65,

482, 501. See also populism

Hodgson, Marshall G. S., 169Holquist, Peter, 573Holy Synod. See Peter I, “the Great”

(Russia); religionHong Taiji (Qing), 280Hong Xiuquan, 418. See rebellions (revolts)Horthy, Admiral Miklós, 432, 556Hourani, Albert, 245Hovannasian, Richard, 590Hu Shi, 609Hundred Days’ Reforms, 152, 288, 528Hungary, 154, 168, 188–96, 252, 320–24,

533, 537, 551anti-imperial rebellions, 70–71colonization of, 44–45constitutional crisis, 431–35feudalism, 63missionary activity, 25Mongol invasion, 18–19Ottoman Empire, 27

Hunnic myth, 91, 156Hunyadi, János (Hungary), 320Husain (Safavid), 269–70Hüseyin Avni, 261. See also army; reformsHüseyinzâde Ali, 507, 508

Ianovskii, Kirill Petrovich, 462. See alsoeducation

Ibn Khaldûn, 14Ibrahim Müteferrika, 254. See also reformsIbrahim Pasha, 258, 333, 336–37Ignat’ev, Count Nikolai, 120, 133–34, 260–

61, 422, 437. See also pan-Slavismforward policy, 405–7Jewish emigration, 454May Laws of 1882, 453Treaty of San Stefano, 344

Il’minskii, N. I., 103imperial ideology, 79–82, 161Habsburg Empire, 83–95, 161Hungary, 92–93Iranian empires, 137–46, 161nationalism, 165Ottoman Empire, 123–37, 161, 507Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,

154–61Qing Empire, 146–53, 161–62Russian Empire, 95–123, 161threats

nationalism, 82–83rational scientific reasoning, 82

Imperial Russian Bible Society, 101Inalcik, Halil, 244, 246Independence Party (Hungary),

433. See also Settlement of 1867

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Ingrao, Charles, 176, 323Inventory Laws (1847), 230–31. See Bibikov,

Governor-General D.G.;bureaucracy

Ippolitov-Ivanov, Mikhail, 117. See alsoOrientalism

Irakli II (Georgia), 383Islam, 419Italy, 86, 446

First World War, 535, 613Yugoslavia, 579–80

Ivan III (Russia), 350Ivan IV, “the Terrible” (Russia), 267, 376,

378conquest of khanates, 54, 95conversion, 99Cossacks, 351in Baltic, 294–95south Caucasus, 375

Izvol’skii, A. P., 446, 487–88, 490, 491–92,493–94, 495, 544, 564

Jadıdism, 67–68, 163, 465. See also reformsJagchid, Senchin, 34Jamal al-Din Al-Afgani, 262. See also

pan-IslamismJangali Movement, 603–6, 607. SeeKuchuk

KhanJanissary Corps, 24, 127, 240–41, 303, 307,

329, 373–74. See also bureaucracycomposition, 23–24, 66–67decline, 252–53dissolution, 257–58imperial crisis, 247–48purge, 255reform, 245, 254, 256replacement, 259revolt, 313

Jászi, Oscar, 431, 434–35. See also federalismJedlicki, A., 236Jeglic, Anton, 576Jesuits, 25, 85, 90, 96–97, 157–58, 237, 296,

353, 416Jews

1905 Revolution, 473, 474–75conversion, 101, 102education reforms, 452–53emigration, 454First World War, 534, 537Habsburg Empire, 69, 87–88leftist politics, 454–57, 459massacres, 368Ottoman Empire, 69, 124, 242Pale of Settlement, 100–1, 236–38pogroms, 452–53, 478, 566, 571

Poland, 232, 233, 236, 458–59resettlement to Istanbul, 23Romania, 585Russian Empire, 69Zionism, 453–54

Jogiches, Leo, 456, 459–60John Casimir (Polish–Lithuanian

Commonwealth), 155Johnston, A. I., 31–32Jones, Robert E., 210–11Jones, Stephen F., 479–80Joseph I (Habsburg), 188–89, 318Joseph II (Habsburg), 84

cameralism, 89, 90centralization, 186elites, 187Galicia, 197Germanization, 91Hungary, 189–91imperial ideology, 86, 88military policy, 178–79Ottoman Empire, 326–27religious toleration, 48, 88Uniat Church, 198

junxian, 609Justi, J.H.G., 89–90, 109. See also

cameralism

Kaiserforum Project. See architectureKalmyks, 54–55, 360–61Kang Youwei, 152, 288–89. See also reformsKangxi emperor (Qing), 37–38, 147, 150,

416–17Kann, Robert A., 86, 176Kappeler, Andreas, 473Karadjordjevic, Peter (Serbia), 444Karadjordjovic Petrovic, 313Karamzin, Nikolai, 228Károlyi, Mihály, 435, 581, 584Károlyi, Sándor, 189Kasaba, Resat, 22, 252Katkov,Mikhail N., 113, 120, 234, 447, 450Kaunitz, Count Wenzel, 178, 325–26Kennan, George, 6Khmel’nits’ky, Bogdan, 97, 353–54, 356,

358, 364. See also rebellions (revolts)Khodarkovsky, Michael, 53–54, 72Kirby, David, 562Kirghiz, 58Kiselev, Count Pavel, 219–21, 228. See also

bureaucracyKnorring, General K. F., 384, 386Kochubei, V. P., 225. See also Unofficial

CommitteeKoerber Plan, 425–26. See also economy

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Kokovtsov, V.N., 490, 492, 496Kolchak, Admiral Alexander, 556, 612Konstantin Nikolaevich, 232–33Konstantin Pavlovich, Grand Duke, 109,

229, 230, 234, 326Köprülü, Mehmet Fuad, 26, 321Kosciuszko, Tadeusz, 223, 229. See also

rebellionsKossuth, Lajos, 180–81, 194, 434–35. See

revolutionKrasinski, Zygmunt, 157Krasnov, Ataman P.N., 574Kropotkin, Pyotr, 441Krysinski, Dominik, 222Kryzhanovskii, S. E., 472Kublai Khan, 283Kuchuk Khan, 603–7Kún, Béla, 584, 587Kuomintang, 524, 528. See also Chiang

Kai-shek; nationalism; Sun Yat-senKurdish League. See nationalism; Sheikh

UbayadallahKuropatkin, General A.N., 58, 414, 451,

468–69, 483, 490Kysil, Adam, 354

Lambsdorf, N.Z., 468, 490Lambsdorf, V.N., 495Lambton, Anne, 140land and freedom (Zemlia i Volia).

233. See also rebellions (revolts)Language Decree (1784), 91. See also

Germanization; linguistic policyLanguage Manifesto (1900). See linguistic

policy; RussificationLattimore, Owen, 10, 33, 35,

39, 415, 528Latvia, 478–79, 537, 561–62Law Code of 1649, 50, 171, 348, 357LeDonne, John, 211Leibniz, Gottfried, 107Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 430, 457, 470,

557–58, 562, 573, 595, 601Leontiev, Konstantin, 105Leopold I (Habsburg), 84, 321, 323

cameralism, 88–89Catholicization policies, 85imperial ideology, 85military reforms, 177

Leopold II (Habsburg), 191–92, 327Lermontov, XX, 116–17Leszczynski, Stanislaus, 358, 361Li Hongzhang, 519–20, 521Li Yuanhong, 523Liberum Veto. See constitutionalism

Lifan Yuan, 284linguistic policyBohemia, 429Finland, 452Galicia, 427Habsburg Empire, 91–93, 193Hungary, 44–45, 92–93, 189–90, 433Poland, 476Qing Empire, 148Russian Empire, 111–14

Linz Program (1882), 91–92. See alsoGermanization; nationalism; vonSchönerer; Georg

Lithuania, 229, 236, 537, 562–63, 565, 572Livonia, 296Loris-Melikov, M.T., 447, 461Ludendorff, General Erich, 545Luxemburg, Rosa, 456, 459–60Lytton, Lord Edward, 410

Macedonia, 24, 62, 326, 342, 343, 495, 499,502–5, 509, 540, 578

banditry, 248Macedonian Revolutionary Organization

(IMRO), 464, 503–5, 509. See alsonationalism; terrorism

MacKinder, Sir Halford, 556Magdeburg Law, 43Magyarization, 91, 92–93, 431–33, 433–34Mahmud I (Ottoman), 254. See also reformsMahmud II (Ottoman), 133, 136, 257–59,

308, 313, 331–33, 337, 500. See alsoreforms

Maklakov, Nikolai, 543Manasein, N. A., 448–49Manchuria, 33, 168, 414, 545, 553administration, 284autonomy, 610colonization, 524–25Japanese influence, 612military reform, 529Russian influence, 466–69, 487–89, 519warlord period, 609–10

Mandate of Heaven, 80, 148–49,417. See also imperial ideology

Manin, Daniel, 310Mannerheim, Baron Karl Gustav, 556,

559–60, 570Maria Alexandrovna (Russia). See Society

for the Restoration of OrthodoxChristianity

Masaryk, Thomas G., 441, 575, 576,580–81. See also nationalism

Matthias Corvinus (Hungary), 320, 322Mavrocordatos, Constantine, 328

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Maximilian (Habsburg), 84May 4 Movement, 609May Laws of 1882, 453Mazepa, Ivan, 317, 358–59Mazzini, Guiseppe, 441McNeill, William H., 171Mehmet IV (Ottoman), 60, 127, 322Meiji reforms, 289, 528Menshevism, 455–56, 457

Georgia, 590–92south Caucasus, 481–82, 589, 601–2

Merezhkovskii, Dimitri, 105Metternich, Count Klemens (von), 44, 180,

192, 193–94, 221, 232, 425Michael “the Brave,” 315–16Mickiewicz, Adam, 157, 224. See also

nationalismMidhat Pasha, 260–61, 276, 342–43,

498. See also bureaucracy; TanzimatMihajlovich, Draža, 578Mikhail Nikolaevich, Grand Duke, 115,

408, 462, 513military revolutions, 169–72Miliutin, Dmitri, 119, 234–35, 238–39,

344, 405, 407, 410, 412, 422military reforms, 204–5

Miliutin, Nikolai, 235Miller, Alexei, 113Millward, James A., 39Mirza Abdul-quasim Qa’im-maqam

Farahani, 31, 388Mirza Husein Khan, 276Mitteleuropa, 549, 559Mohács, battle of (1526), 314, 320Mohammed Ali (Qajar), 517Mohyla, Peter, 106. See also educationMoldavia. See principalitiesMoldavianDemocratic FederatedRepublic,

582–83Mongol People’s Party. See Bator, SukheMongolia, 12, 168, 545, 553

administration, 284–85Chinese–Russian rivalry, 527–29independence, 526–27post-imperial struggle, 609–13Qing conquest, 35–41Qing reforms, 523–26Russian influence, 417, 422, 469, 489

Mongols (conquest), 15–21Montecuccoli, Count Raimondo, 84,

178. See also armyMontenegro, 121, 312, 343, 345, 436,

496–97, 546–47, 578Montesquieu, baron de, 89–90Mote, F.W., 32

Mughal dynasty, 397–98Muhammed Ali, 258, 265, 276, 309, 311,

331–32, 333, 337Muhammed Ghazali, 143Muhammed Shaibani, 396Münnich, Ferenc, 587Murad I (Ottoman), 239Murad IV (Ottoman), 380Murad V (Ottoman), 134Murev’ev, M.N., 234Muslim National Council. See Azerbaizhani

National CouncilMussavat Party. See Azerbaizhani National

CouncilMussorgsky, Modest, 117. See also

OrientalismMustafa III (Ottoman), 255Mustafa Resit Pasa, 259–60. See also

reforms; TanzimatMustaphaKemal Pasha (Atatürk), 512, 556,

600–1

Nadir Shah, 142–43, 272–73, 379–80, 398Namık Kemal, 261Napier, Sir Charles, 405Napoleon III, 338. See also warnaqshbandi, 12, 74, 103, 135, 380, 392,

419–20, 500. See also religionNarimanov, Nariman, 482Nasir al-Din Shah (Qajar), 144–46, 275–79,

424, 513National Democrats (Endecja)

(Poland). See Dmowski, RomanNational Socialism, 162nationalism, 249, 531, 555

Albanian, 509Armenian, 346, 390, 447, 463–65, 508,

509, 589–90Baltic littoral, 217Bosnian, 438Bulgarian, 133–34, 260–61, 342–47Chinese, 76–77, 153, 289Czech, 87, 94, 428–31, 549Estonian, 448–49Finnish, 553Georgian, 385German, 44–45, 48–49, 91–92, 94Greek, 346, 502–3Hungarian, 44, 91, 92–93, 94, 180–81,

193–95, 431–35, 537Kurdish, 500–2, 509Latvian, 448–49, 537Lithuanian, 537Polish, 156–57, 197–99, 231, 458–59,

460–61

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rebellions, 76–77Romanian, 328Russian, 76, 110–19, 120Serbian, 446supranationalism, 162–64Triplex Confinium, 76Turkish, 346, 511–12Ukrainian, 57, 74, 112–13, 160, 197–98,

366, 370, 426–28, 487, 553Nekliudov, A. V., 495–96Neo-Slav Congress (1908). See neo-SlavismNeo-Slav Congress (1910), 122. See

neo-Slavismneo-Slavism, 121–23Nesselrode, Count Karl, 221, 228, 335,

389, 404New Administration, 40, 524, 526. See also

reformsNew Life Movement. See Chiang Kai-sheknew policy. See bureaucracyNicholas I (Russia), 388

1848 Revolution, 181Anglo-Russian relations, 404Balkan policy, 335–40Caucasian policy, 238death, 231exploration, 117imperial ideology, 204Jews, 102, 237, 454Polish policy, 197, 229–30, 232principalities, 219–21religious policy, 102Russification policies, 111–12, 114Russo-Ottoman War (1828–1829), 390

Nicholas II (Russia), 109, 414, 424, 4681905 Revolution, 123, 134, 470–71bureaucracy, 213–15coronation, 110Finnish policy, 451–52, 486First World War, 496, 535, 541, 577imperial ideology, 105–6, 137Polish policy, 458, 543–44religious policy, 105Russo-Japanese relations, 469

Nikita, King (Montenegro), 496Nikolaevich, Nikolai, 543Nikon, Patriarch of Novgorod, 97Nolde, Boris, 364–65, 369Novosil’tsev, N.N., 225, 229. See also

Unofficial CommitteeNurhaci, 280. See also army; Eight Banner

System

Obrenovic, Milan (Serbia), 442–44Obrenovic, Miloš (Serbia), 312, 313

Occidentalism, 156–57, 222–23. See alsocivilizing mission

October Manifesto (1906), 471–72, 474,476, 478, 482, 486

Old Believers. See religionOld Czech Party, 428–29. See also

nationalismOld Finns, 451. See also nationalismOrbeliani, Grigol, 385Orbeliani, Vakhtang, 385Organic Statute (Poland), 230, 232Organic Statute (principalities). See also

bureaucracy; Kiselev, Count PavelOrientalism, 116–17, 118, 119Orkhan, 241Orlov, Aleksei, 330Orlov, Grigorii, 56, 330Orlov, Prince A. F., 221, 339Orlyk, Filip, 358–59Orthodox Palestine Society, 120–21. See also

pan-SlavismOrzechowski, Stanislaw, 157. See also

SamartismOsterman-Tolstoi, Count A. I., 228Otto I, “The Great” (Holy Roman

Emperor), 43Ottoman Bank demonstration (1896), 464Ottoman Freedom Society. SeeYoung Turk

MovementOttomanism (Osmanlılık), 133, 135, 260,

497–99, 509–10, 512

Paisios, 97Palacký, František, 428–29. See nationalism;

Old Czech PartyPalmerston, H. J.T., Lord, 195, 338,

340. See also warpan-Germanism, 91–92, 94, 162. See also

von Schönerer; Georg RitterFirst World War aims, 545legacy, 164, 165

Panin, Nikita Ivanovich, 367–69pan-Islamism, 135–36, 162–64, 346, 410,

465, 482–83, 505–7, 509, 589, 594,602

pan-Orthodoxy, 97–98pan-Serbism, 438, 546pan-Slavism, 6–7, 87, 119–23, 495–97Poland, 227

pan-Turanianism (Turanism), 163–64,551, 598, 604, 606

pan-Turkism, 346, 551Paris Peace Conference (1919), 6, 185, 552,

554, 555, 579, 584Parker, Geoffrey, 170

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Pašic, Nikola, 444, 576, 577. See alsoRadical Party (Serbia)

Paskevich, Field Marshal I. F., 230, 385,389–90

Paul I (Russia)Baltic littoral, 216death, 384imperial ideology, 204relations with France, 401south Caucasus, 383–84, 385, 600succession regulations, 80, 109

Pazvantoglu, Osman, 329–30. See alsorebellions (revolts)

Pecanac, Kosta, 578People’s Will, 441, 462, 520. See also

Alexander II (Russia); socialism;terrorism

Perdue, Peter, 10–11, 39, 281, 286–87Perovskaia, Sofia. See People’s Will;

terrorismPerovskii, V.A., 403, 404–5Peski, Walenty, 157Peter I, “the Great” (Russia), 89, 532

army, 200–3, 257–58Baltic policy, 215–16, 296–97bureaucracy, 206–8Cossacks, 364exploration and science, 117foreign relations, 298–300frontier policyCaucasus, 57, 378–79, 383Inner Asia, 416–17Pontic steppe, 357–61

imperial ideology, 107–9, 110Poland, 361principalities, 314, 317–19religious policy, 98, 99Russian–Mongol relations, 529

Peter III (Russia), 209, 376Péter, László, 434Petliura, Symon, 569–72Phanariotes, 249–50, 316, 319,

327–28, 331, 332, 333,342. See also elites

Philhellenism, 334Philike Hetairia (the Society of Friends), 331Philip II (Spain), 83Pietism. See religionPig War (1906–1909), 444Piłsudski, Jósef, 165, 224, 459, 475, 556,

563–65, 571Pinsker, Leon, 453–54. See also ZionismPitt, William, 401Plehve, Vyacheslav, 454Plekhanov, Georgii, 457, 464

Poale Zion (Labor Zion), 474–75. See alsoZionism

Pobedonostsev, Konstantin, 120–21, 447Podmaniczky, József, 190Poland, 172–75, 221–36, 352–63, 366–69,

543–44, 548–49, 563–65anti-imperial resistance, 71colonization, 41–44feudalism, 63imperial ideology, 154–61Kingdom of Poland, 168Mongol invasion, 18Ottoman Empire, 27union with Lithuania, 43–44

Polish National Committee, 564Polish Patriotic Society, 229Polish Socialist Party, 459, 475political theology

definition, 79Habsburg Empire, 84–85Iranian empires, 138–40, 143–45Ottoman Empire, 129–37reinvigoration, 135

Russian Empire, 95–106reformulation. 105–6. See also imperial

ideologyPolizeiwissenschaft. See cameralismPolonization, 43, 102, 158–60, 232, 237,

362, 427Polytechnic Exhibition (1874), 119. See also

OrientalismPoniatowski, Prince Joseph, 224Poniatowski, Stanisław, 367–68population movements

Armenian massacres, 536Armenians, 75Balkan Wars, 509Caucasian emigration, 135Circassian settlement in Anatolia, 501depopulation of Hungary, 322deportation of Poles, 230emigration of Crimean Tatars, 74emigration to Banat, 47emigration to Dobrudja, 371emmigration to Russia, 48ethnic cleansing (general), 75expulsion from north Caucasus, 394First World Warevacuation of Italians, 535Refugees, 534–35resettlement of Ruthenians, 535

flight of Oirat Mongols, 74flight of serfs, 210, 367flight to/from principalities, 328Inner Asian borderlands, 34

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Great Serbian migration (1691),46, 74, 322

Kazakh migration, 74mass emigration from Bosnia, 439migration in Pontic steppe, 49–50migration of Cossacks, 74migration to Habsburg Empire, 307migration to the Don, 356–57Muslim migration to Bosnia, 307Muslim mountain tribes, 75Muslims from Triplex Confinium,

134–35nomadic migrations, 13–14Ottoman Empire, 23

Ottoman Empireresettlement of nomads, 27–28

Ottoman refugees, 250–51population exchange, 509–10post-1863 uprising, 75post-Crimean War, 251, 341–42refugees from Transylvania, 584refugees of Russian Civil War, 611repopulation of Hungary, 18–19resettlement of Anatolia, 242resettlement of Azerbaijan, 389–90resettlement of Caucasian isthmus, 393resettlement of Ottoman Christians,

371resettlement of western Rumelia, 242resettlement to Istanbul, 23Slobodskaia Ukraine, 364Turkic migration, 21–22Turkmen migrations, 29

Potemkin, Prince Grigorii, 56, 367,380–82. See also colonization

Potiorek, General Oscar, 442Potocki, Count Alfred, 199Potocki, Count Andrzej, 428Potocki, Count Seweryn, 221–22Potocki, Count Stanisław, 226. See also

education; reformsPrincip, Gavrilo, 441principalities (Moldavia andWallachia), 27,

131, 134, 168, 204, 225, 249, 308,314–20, 325–30, 325–47, 355,369–70, 390, 551, 583

administration, 218–21Crimean War (1853–1856), 338–41

Prokopovich, Feofan, 107Prokopovich, Stefan, 106. See also educationPruth, Campaign (1711), 319, 325. See

Peter I, “the Great” (Russia); warsPrzheval’skii, Nikolai, 119. See also

OrientalismPufendorf, Samuel, 107

Pugachev, Emelian, 376Pushkin, Grigorii, 116–17, 208

Qianlong emperor (Qing), 148, 150–51. Seeimperial ideology

qizilbashi, 138, 373–74. See elites

Radetzky (Radecký) Field Marshal JosefWenzel, 187

Radic, Stjepan, 576Radical Party (Hungary). See Jászi, OscarRadical Party (Serbia), 443, 444, 576. See also

Pašic, Nikola, Ristic, JovanRadoslavov, Vasil, 497Raeff, Mark, 203–4, 218Rákóczi, Ferenc, 189, 318. See also warsRákóczi, György I (Transylvania), 321Rákóczi, György II (Transylvania), 316–17,

321Rákosi, Mátyás, 587Rakovski, Christian, 587Ramishvili, Noe, 591. See also MensheviksRasputin, Grigorii, 106Rawski, Evelyn, 39Razin, Stepan, 350, 357. See also rebellions

(revolts)rebellions (revolts), 69–771830 uprising (Poland), 70, 71, 77, 111,

156–57, 223, 226, 227–28, 230, 337,403

1830–1831 Bosnian rebellion, 3081863 uprising (Poland), 69, 70, 75, 77,

102, 113, 223, 224, 231, 233–34, 403Andijan Holy War (1898), 465Balkan Crisis (1875–1878), 342–47Bashkir uprisings (1662–1774), 72, 77,

357, 360–61Bocskai rebellion (1605–1606), 70, 73,

320–21Bosnian rebellion (1875–1878), 342Boxer Rebellion (1900), 153, 288, 467,

469Bulavin uprising (1707–1708), 359–60Caucasian isthmus, 393–94Cossack insurgency (1919), 573Cossack rebellions (1591–1638), 352–53Cossack uprising (1716), 358Decembrist uprising (1825), 388Dungan rebellion (1862–1877), 75, 420–23Great Chechnia Revolt (1825–1826),

388, 392Great Rebellion (1864–1865), 420Great Rising (1842–1843), 326Haidamak uprisings (1667–1774), 358,

362, 365, 366, 368

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rebellions (cont.)Hercegovinauprising (1875–1878), 436–37Horea Rebellion, 191Khmel’nits’ky uprising, 97, 353–54, 356,

364Koliyivshchyna uprising (1767–1768),

358Kosciuszko rebellion (1791), 70Kosciuszko uprising, 223Muridism, 103, 115, 391–93Nian rebellion (1851–1868), 286Ossetian uprising (1888), 385–86Pazvantoglu rebellion (1790s), 329–30Pugachev rebellion (1773–1775), 72,

209, 350Rákóczi rebellion (1703–1711). See warsRazin rebellion (1670–1671), 357Seiment revolt (1655), 316–17Serb uprising (1804–1813), 311–14Taiping rebellion (1851–1864), 69, 153,

286–87, 418, 525Tashkent cholera riots (1892), 465Thököly rebellion (1678–1681), 70,

321–22Trans Caspia (1537–1744), 397–98Uighur–Mongol–Han rebellions, 75White Lotus Rebellion (1770s), 285

Regional Congress of Soviets of theCaucasus, 591

Reitern, Mikhail, 344religion

Armenian Church, 461Babaism, 144–45Bahai, 144Bektasi, 130Buddhism, 12, 149, 525–26Counter Reformation, 86, 158–60, 317,

353Greek Catholic Church, 198Islam, 12, 69, 102–3, 136, 137–38, 394,

419–20Bosnia, 438Iranian empires, 30–31, 138–40, 142–44Ottoman Empire, 129–31Triplex Confinium, 302

Lama Buddhism, 525Lamaism, 33millets, 125–26missionary activityOttoman Empire, 136Triplex Confinium, 125

naqshbandi, 135, 419–20Old Believers, 56, 96, 105, 208, 257, 356,

359, 371, 449Orthodox Church, 121

Bosnia, 435–36, 438, 439Bulgaria, 343Georgia, 384Great Schism, 96–97Greece, 334imperial ideology, 95–106nationalism, 69, 83Ottoman Empire, 131–32, 338–39Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,

158–60Pontic steppe, 353Russian Empire, 214Serbia, 48, 311–12Siberia, 52Triplex Confinium, 125–26, 131, 302

Pietism, 216reformHussites, 45Ottoman Empire, 133–34Russian Empire, 107Turkestan, 413

Reformation, Protestant, 71Roman Catholic ChurchPontic steppe, 353Triplex Confinium, 125–26, 302

Roman CatholicismBosnia, 438Russian Empire, 69

Shamanism, 138, 151Sufism, 129, 139Taoism, 149Uniat Church, 102, 121, 125,

229, 231Poland, 69Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,

158–60Pontic steppe, 353

Zealots of Piety, 97Renner, Karl, 430–31, 435. See also

Austro-Marxism; Bauer, Otto;federalism

Republic of the Seven United Islands, 310revolutions

1848 Revolution, 44, 77, 87, 93, 180–81,188, 194, 198–99, 224, 310

1905 Revolution, 76, 105, 424, 460–61,466–83

Baltic littoral, 478–79Caucasus, 479–82Pale of Settlement, 474–75Poland, 475–77Pontic steppe, 477–78Trans Caspia, 482–83

Bolshevik Revolution (1917), 561, 564,592, 603

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Chinese Revolution (1911), 77, 488–89,522–24

Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911),145, 274, 514–18

February Revolution (1917), 206,354, 551, 558, 560, 564, 566,582, 589

French Revolution (1789–1799), 191GreekRevolution (1821–1832), 73, 330–35October Revolution (1917), 560Young Turk Revolution (1908), 509

Reynolds, Michael, 536Reza Shah Pahlevi (Reza Khan) (Pahlevi),

518, 556, 607–8Iranian military, 552

Richelieu, Cardinal. See barrière de l’estRieger, František, 428Riezler, Kurt, 545Ringstrasse. See architectureRistic, Jovan, 443rituals

coronationAga Muhammed Khan, 143Catherine I, 110

Corpus Christi procession, 93court ceremonyOttoman Empire, 127, 128–29

foot-washing ceremony, 93funeral of Peter I (Russia), 110imperial ideology, 81imperial inspection toursHabsburg Empire, 94Qing Empire, 147Russian Empire, 110

jubilee of francis Joseph, 94, 182Kow Tow, 417Order of the Golden Fleece, 83rites controversy, 146–47

Roberts, Michael, 170Roemer, H.R., 270Roksandic, Drago, 304Romania, 325–26, 345, 433, 446, 546,

582–85Rosen, Baron Grigorii, 385Rozanov, V.V., 105Rudolph I (Habsburg), 83–84Rudolph II (Habsburg), 315Rudynytsky, Ivan, 426Rumiantsev, Field Marshal Pyotr, 369Russian Liberation Movement, 474Russification, 110–11, 427, 447

Baltic littoral, 113–14, 447–49Buryat Mongolia, 529Finland, 450–52Georgia, 385

hetmanate, 365Poland, 235–36south Caucasus, 462–63Trans Caspia, 482–83Ukraine, 112–13, 371

Russo-Japanese (Izvol’skii-Monoto)Agreement (1910), 488

Russo-Japanese Agreement (1912), 489Russo-Japanese Convention (1907), 488,

489Russophobia, 337, 340, 408Russo-Swedish rivalry, 294–301

Sabler, V.K., 543Samarin, Iuri, 234Sarmatism (Sarmatianism), 71, 155–58,

159, 165, 226, 231Sazonov, Sergei, 489, 492–93, 495–97,

538–44, 545, 580School of Practical Statecraft. See reformsSchwarzenberg, Prince Felix, 187Scott, James, 69–70Secret Committee (f. 1903) (Tabriz),

516. See also nationalism; reformsSelf-Strengthening Movement, 287–88,

467, 519–22Selim I (Ottoman), 73, 129. See also

caliphate; imperial ideologySelim III (Ottoman), 99, 131, 255–57, 265,

329. See also armySemenov, Ataman Grigorii, 612Semenov, Petr, 118September Program, 545Serbia, 46, 121, 311–14, 327, 343, 345,

442–46, 546–47, 553Balkan Wars (1912–1913), 495–97

Settlement of 1867, 60, 86, 87, 193, 194,195–96, 287, 539

affect on bureaucracy, 188crisis and revision, 432–33Habsburg military, 184in Bohemia, 432–33in Galician borderland, 199, 426language policy, 92–93military, 181Russian response, 406

Sevastopol, Siege (1854–1855). See warsShafirov, Peter, 107Shah Abbas I (Safavid), 30, 271. See also

imperial ideologycentralization, 269imperial ideology, 140–42in south Caucasus, 376–77, 593in Trans Caspia, 398

Shah Abbas II (Safavid), 270

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Shah Ismail I (Safavid), 30, 130, 138–40,266, 374

Shah Tahmasp (Safavid), 379Shaibanid dynasty, 396–400Shakhovskii, Prince S. V., 120Shamil, 115–16, 135, 391–94Shaw, Stanford, 242Shcheglovitov, Ivan, 543Sheikh Muhammed Khiabani, 606Sheikh Ubayadallah, 500Sheng Shicai, 611Sheptits’kyi, Andrei, 565–66Sher Ali, 410Sheridan, James, 610Shizong (Ming), 147Shuster, W. Morgan, 518, 606Shuvalov, Count Peter, 203Siberia, 51–54, 104, 117, 417, 466–67, 554,

611–13Sienkewicz, Henryk, 426Sievers, Count Jacob, 216Sigismund I (Polish–Lithuanian

Commonwealth), 154, 174Sigismund II Augustus (Polish–Lithuanian

Commonwealth), 174–75Sigismund III (Polish–Lithuanian

Commonwealth), 155Silesia, 42–43, 179, 539, 554Simonich, Colonel I.O., 403–4Sinicization, 39–41, 524–26, 529,

531. See also colonizationresistance toward, 148Xinjiang, 524

Sinzendorf, Count George-Louis, 89Skalon, General Georgii, 476Skarga, Piotr, 158. See also Jesuits; religionSkinner, G. William, 38, 39Skobolev, M.K., 410–11Skoropads’kyi, Hetman Pavlo, 358,

567–70Slater, David, 64Slavic Benevolent Society, 120–22. See also

pan-SlavismSlavonia, 46Slavophilism, 71, 119Słowacki, Juliusz, 157Sobieski, Jan, 175, 317, 358social Darwinism, 458–59social democracy

Georgia, 594Habsburg EmpireAustro-Marxism, 429–31

Hungary, 432Iran, 604–6south Caucasus, 481–82

social democracy of the Kingdom of Polandand Lithuania, 456

socialism, 530–31Bundism, 454–57Finland, 452Poland, 459–60populismArmenia, 463–64Russia, 454

revolutionary socialismRussia, 455–57Trans Caspia, 604–7Yugoslavia, 586–87

Russia, 7south Caucasus, 463–65

Society for the Promotion ofEnlightenment, 474. See also Jews;revolution

Society for the Restoration of OrthodoxChristianity, 103–4. See alsoAlexander II; conversion; religion

Society of Israelite Christians,101–2. See also Alexander II;reforms; toleration

Society of Reformers, 192Solov’ev, Vladimir, 105Soviet Foreign Commissariat, 604Soviet–Iranian Friendship Treaty (1921),

606Special Transcaucasian Committee

(Ozakom), 590. See also revolutionSpence, Jonathan, 150Speranskii, Mikhail, 53, 217–18Spykman, Nicholas, 6Stadion, Count Franz, 197–98Stalin, Josef, 208, 556, 558

as Commissar of Nationalities, 558–59,573

Austro-Marxism, 165, 430Azerbaijan, 482, 589, 595Eurasianism, 7, 15, 165Finland, 560nationalities question, 430, 457pan-Slavism, 164Russian Revolution (1917), 557Ukraine, 427Winter War (1940), 560

Starr, S. Frederick, 209Staszic, Stanisław, 227Steengaard, Neils, 263Steinkeller, Peter, 238Stephan the Great, Prince of Moldavia, 315Stolypin, P.A., 484–85

Finland, 485frontier security, 487–88

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pan-Islamism, 483Poland, 476–77, 484reforms, 212Ukraine, 486

Straits Convention (1841), 340Straits Convention (1915), 541Strel’tsy. See armyStroganov, P.A., 225. See also Unofficial

CommitteeSturdza, Scarlat, 218Stürgkh, Count Karl, 548Stürmer, Boris, 544Sufism. See religionSugar, Peter, 432Sukhozanet, N.O., 406Suleiman I (Ottoman), 256Suleiman II, “the Magnificant” (Ottoman),

129–30, 243–44Sun Yat-sen, 150, 165, 289, 524,

528. See also Kuomintang;nationalism

Supilo, Frano, 576Supreme Ukrainian Council, 428Suvorov, General Alexander, 327Sweden, 294–301Sykes–Picot–Sazonov Agreement (1916),

542Syr Daria, 58Sysyn, Frank, 354Szamuely, Tibor, 587Szatmár, Peace of (1711), 188–89. See also

rebellions (revolts)Széchenyi, Ferenc, 190Széchenyi, István, 193–94. See also

education; nationalismszlachta. See elites, 154Szücs, Jenö, 63

Talât Pasha, 567Tanzimat, 259–62, 497–98

religious reforms, 133–34Tapper, Richard, 271Taryba, 562–63Ternavtsev, V.A., 105terrorism

Bosnia, 440–41, 446Galicia, 428Russian Empire, 463Serbia, 444

Teutonic Knights, 41, 294, 295Thaden, Edward, 215Thallóczy, Lajos, 437Tian-shanskii. See Semenov, PetrTibet, 490–91, 542Timar. See bureaucracy; elites

Time of Troubles (Russia), 52, 77, 96–97,297–98, 351–52, 377

Timur-i-lang, 19, 593Tisza, Count István, 433, 546–47, 548Tito, Josip Broz, 587Tiuchev, Fedor, 120. See also pan-Slavismtoleration, religious, 100Bosnia, 438Caucasian isthmus, 391Habsburg Empire, 69, 87–88Inner Asia, 33Mongols, 20Ottoman Empire, 69, 124, 242Qing Empire, 69Russian Empire, 69, 98–99, 101, 102–3,

105, 394Tolstoi, Dmitri, 447, 462Tolstoy, Leo, 105, 116Tongzhi, 288Transcaucasian Commissariat, 591Transcaucasian Federation, 594Transylvania, 194, 252, 314, 317, 320–21,

324, 537, 5401848 Revolution, 180–81anti-imperial rebellions, 71colonization, 44communism, 588depopulation, 322peasant revolt, 191rivalry, 315–16Romanian annexation, 584–85

Treaty of Abö (1743), 300. See alsoRusso-Swedish War (1741–1743)

Treaty of Adrianople (Edirne) (1829), 336Treaty of Alliance (1799), 310. See also

Republic of the Seven United IslandsTreaty of Andrussovo (1667), 356Treaty of Batumi (1918), 594–95Treaty of Belgrade (1739), 329Treaty of Berlin (1878), 134, 344–47, 439,

446, 500, 502Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918), 548–50,

553, 557, 559, 566, 572, 578, 594Treaty of Bucharest (1812), 313, 388Treaty of Bucharest (1918), 583Treaty of Constantinople (1724), 379Treaty of Gulistan (1813), 386–88, 403Treaty of Haidach (1658), 355Treaty of Iasi (1792), 330, 367Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), 27, 46, 55, 254,

301, 303, 325, 329Treaty of Kiakhta (1727), 417Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainardji (1774), 58,

130–32, 328, 330, 337–38, 367,370, 389

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Treaty of London (1916), 579. See alsoTreaty of Rapallo (1921)

Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689), 416,528. See also Jesuits

Treaty of Neuilly (1920), 584Treaty of Nystad (1721), 300. See also warsTreaty of Paris (1856), 204, 341. See alsowarsTreaty of Passarowitz (1718), 46, 325Treaty of Peking (1860), 406Treaty of Pereiaslavl (1654), 97, 354–55, 365Treaty of Rapallo (1921), 579Treaty of Riga (1920), 571–72Treaty of Rome, 579Treaty of San Stefano (1878), 344, 406,

461, 495, 499, 540. See alsoCongressof Berlin (1878)

Treaty of Sèvres (1920), 600Treaty of Tartu (1920), 560Treaty of Tilsit (1807), 310Treaty of Trianon (1920), 431Treaty of Turkmanchai (1828), 274, 389,

390, 403, 593Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi (1833), 337, 343,

403, 540Treaty of Vasvár (1664), 321Treaty of Vienna (1815), 234, 575Treaty of Zuhab (1639), 28–29Trotsky, Leon, 457Trumbic, Ante, 576. See also Yugoslav

CommitteeTsitsianov (Tsitishvili), General Prince

Paul, 385, 386Tulip Era, 254Twenty-One Demands (1915), 523, 527

Ukraine, 97, 106, 161, 231, 252, 362,363–71, 477–78, 549–50, 551, 553,554, 565–72

colonization, 56Russification, 112–13

Ukrainophils, 427unification or death, 441. See Apis, Colonel;

Young BosniansUnion of Brest (1596), 158–60, 353. See also

religionUnion of Florence, 158Union of Lublin, 160, 174, 295Union of Ottomans (1899), 507. See also

nationalism; revolutions; YoungTurks

Union of the Russian People, 473Unofficial Committee, 225.

See also Alexander IUratadz, Grigol, 591Urquhart, David, 403

Uskoks, 72–74, 304–6, 441Uvarov, Count Sergei, 102, 112, 120,

231. See also education; pan-Slavism;reforms; Russification

Vakhtang (Georgia), 379Valuev Circular, 113. See Valuev, P. A.Valuev, P.A., 113. See also RussificationVámbéry, Armenius, 163Venetian Republic, 27, 302–3, 309–10Venizelos, Elefthieros, 510. See also

deportations; population movementsVereshchagin, Vasily, 119. See also

OrientalismVerner, Andrew, 471Versailles Conference (1919), 555. See Paris

Peace Conference (1919)Vienna Note, 338–39. See also toleration,

religiousVigel, F. F., 219Vitgenshtein, General Peter, 336Vladimirescu, Tudor, 331, 332Voevodina, 546, 579, 587Volynskii, Artem, 378von Bismarck, Otto, 344, 444, 445von der Goltz, Rüdiger, 561–62vonHötzendorf, FranzConrad, 183, 445, 548von Humboldt, Alexander, 117von Kállay, Benjamin, 437–39, 440. See also

Bosnia; reformsvon Kaufman, General Konstantin P., 119,

239, 408, 411–14, 422, 465–66, 482Orientalism, 119

von Koerber, Ernst, 426. See Koerber Planvon Kübeck, Carl Friederich, 425von Schönerer, Georg Ritter, 92, 94,

164. See also anti-Semitism; pan-Germanism

von Sternberg, Baron Roman Ungern, 612Vorontsov, Prince Mikhail S., 102–3,

114–15, 219, 239, 392, 412. See alsocivilizing mission

Vorontsov-Dashkov, I. I., 481Vrevskii, A. B., 58Vyborg Manifesto (1910), 485

Wakeman, Fredric Jr., 286Waldron, Arthur, 609Wallachia, 27. See principalitiesWandycz, Piotr, 225Wang Yang Ming, 149. See also

neo-Confucianism; religionwarlord period (China), 524, 551–52, 553,

556, 609–12warring states period, 14

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warsAnglo-Persian War (1856–1857), 405Austro-Ottoman War (1683–1697), 27,

254, 322, 329Austro-Ottoman War (1716–1718), 307Austro-Ottoman War (1736–1739), 255,

307, 325, 327Austro-Ottoman War (1788–1792), 191,

313Austro-Prussian War (1866), 92, 93, 181Balkan Wars (1912–1913), 1, 446, 496–

97, 505, 506, 509, 546, 550Caucasian War (1817–1864), 393–94Chinese Civil War (1946–1949), 1Crimean War (1853–1856), 1, 132, 204,

337–42, 500Fifteen Years War (1592–1606), 128–29,

307, 316, 320–21, 322Finnish Civil War (1918), 486, 558–60Finnish War (1808–1809), 300First World War (1914–1918), 77,

183–85, 205–6, 537–52, 613German war aims, 545Habsburg war aims, 546–50Ottoman war aims, 550–51Russian war aims, 538–44

French Revolutionary Wars(1792–1802), 87, 308–11

Great Northern War (1700–1721), 207,298–99, 357, 358

GreatOttomanWar (1683–1699), 303, 317Holy War (1683–1699), 362Hussite Wars (1419–1434), 45Italian War (1859), 92, 93, 181Korean War (1950–1953), 149Kuruc War (1703–1711), 70, 178, 189,

318, 321–22, 323–24Lignica (Liegnitz), battle of, 18Livonian War (1558–1582), 294–96, 297Long War. See also Fifteen Years War

(1592–1606)Nándorfehérvár, battle of (1521), 320Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), 49,

179–80, 308–11, 401Opium Wars (1839–1842), 286, 287,

418, 519Pruth, Campaign (1710–1711), 317–19Russian Civil War (1917–1921), 58, 77,

351, 354, 470, 557–75Inner Asia, 611–13

Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905),205–6, 224, 415, 446, 460, 469, 475,491, 493, 515, 526, 610

Russo-Ottoman War (1710–1711), 307Russo-Ottoman War (1736–1739), 365

Russo-Ottoman War (1769–1774), 255,365, 368–70

Russo-Ottoman War (1787–1792), 130,327, 368–70

Russo-Ottoman War (1806–1812), 57,313, 331, 386, 401

Russo-Ottoman War (1828–1829), 219,390

Russo-Persian War (1804–1811), 386–87, 401

Russo-Persian War (1826–1828), 388–89Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743), 300Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790), 300Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), 120,

134, 205, 251, 343–47, 409–10, 412,437, 500

Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1881),410

Silesian Wars (1740–1763), 186Sino-French War (1884–1885), 520Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), 1, 152,

288, 467, 519Soviet–Finnish conflict (1921–1922),

559–60Soviet–Polish War (1919–1920), 563,

570–72ThirteenYearsWar (Polish-RussianWar)

(1654–1667), 355–56, 358Thirty Years War (1618–1648), 45, 84,

177, 178, 321, 322War of the Austrian Succession

(1740–1748), 80War of the Spanish Succession

(1700–1714), 178Winter War (1940), 560

Weber, Max, 166Westphalia, Peace of (1648), 321, 575Wielopolski, Count Zygmunt, 543Wielopolski, Marquis Alexander, 232–33.

See also reformsWilson, Woodrow, 539, 555, 575Windischgrätz, Field Marshal Prince

Alfred, 187Witkiewicz, J. V., 403–4Witte, Sergius, 414, 467–69, 476, 490, 491Wittek, Paul, 25–26Wladyslaw IV (Polish–Lithuanian

Commonwealth), 155Wolff, Larry, 428Wortman, Richard, 107, 110

Xinjiang, 12, 62, 69, 168, 262, 281, 284–85,415, 419–20, 489, 518–20, 524, 527,553, 609–11

colonization, 39–41

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Xinjiang (cont.)rebellions, 39–41, 75–76, 411

Xinzheng reformperiod, 152. See also reformsXu Shucheng, 611

Yalu timbering concession, 469Yang Zengsin, 610–11Ya’qub Beg, 262, 413, 421–23Yongzheng (Qing), 150Young Bosnians, 440–41. See also terrorismYoung Czechs, 428–29. See also nationalismYoung Finns, 451. See also nationalismYoungOttomans, 134, 260, 261, 498. See also

constitutionalism; reformYoung Turk Committee of Union and

Progress, 507–12. See revolution;Young Turk Movement

Ypsilantis, Alexander, 331–32. See alsorevolutions

Yuan Shikai, 523–24, 528–29Yudenich, General Nikolai, 562Yugoslav Committee, 576, 577,

579. See also Yugoslavism

Yugoslav National Council, 579Yugoslavia, 576–80

revolutionary socialism, 586–87Yugoslavism, 309, 441

Zadruga, 311Zajaczek, General Jóseph, 228Zakrevskii, A. A., 228Zamoyski, Andrzej, 233Zein, Franz-Albert, 486Zemam, Z. A. B., 185Zhang Zuolin, 610–11Zheng Guofan, 287Zhordania, Noe, 591Zionism

in Pale of Settlement, 100–1,453–54

in Poland, 238, 455Poale Zion (Labor Zion), 474–75

Zongli Yamen, 287, 288Zubatov, S. V., 456Zubov, V. A., 383Zürcher, Erik-Jan, 507

640 Index

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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-04309-1 - The Struggle for the Eurasian Borderlands: From the Rise of EarlyModern Empires to the End of the First World WarAlfred J. RieberIndexMore information