Index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97805217/93513/index/9780521793513_index.pdf ·...

A-fibres 873–4

activation 875

brain-derived nerve growth factor 884,

885

sprouted 885, Fig. 58.12

A2M genetic locus 5

A� fibres 874

A� antibody passive transfer 1853–4

A� fibres 874

AD 1844

formation in familial AD 1845

see also amyloid

A� immunization 1853–4

A� peptide 12, 215

AD 255–6, 257, 258

clearance 229

degradation/clearance stimulation 262

immunization against 262

production blocking 262

see also A� amyloid plaques

A�42

AD 1844, 1846

CSF levels 262

ABCC gene mutations 1412

abdominoperineal resection of carcinoma

846

abducens motoneurons 636

abducens nerve

fascicle lesions 650

middle ear disease 670

palsy 649–51

petrous bone infection 651

abducens nucleus

abducens nerve palsy 649

horizontal conjugate eye movements

635, 636, 637

lesions 635

oculomotor nerve neurons 647, 648

abetalipoproteinemia 1139–40, 1882,

1883

abulia 1962

acamprosate, alcoholism treatment 441,

1821

acanthocytosis 1882

acceleration, rotational in brain injury

1799

acetaldehyde 1820, 1821

acetaldehyde–protein adducts 1821

acetaminophen

migraine 1940

shingle pain 1678

acetazolamide

acidification 1235

idiopathic intracranial hypertension

2027

periodic paralysis 1201–2

acetyl CoA 1210

acetylcholine

AD 256

brain aging 198

Lewy body dementia 273, 274

neuromuscular junction 1143, 1144

olfactory deficit 604

parasympathetic system 1341, 1342

quantal release 1143–4

release at neuromuscular junction

1143–4

swallowing 800

acetylcholine receptor (AChR) 1143, 1144,

1144–6

antibody assay 1150–1

channel abnormalities 1145

973

Index

Note : this is a complete two-volume index

Note: page numbers in italics refer to figures and tables; ‘Fig.’ refers to illustrations in the plates section

Abbreviations of conditions used in subheadings (without explanation):

AD Alzheimer’s disease

AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

CJD Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

FTD Frontotemporal dementia

HIV Human immunodeficiency virus

HD Huntington’s disease

PD Parkinson’s disease

SIADH syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone

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acetylcholine receptor (cont.)

clustering at neuromuscular junction

1145

deficiency 1155–7

myasthenia gravis 1148, 1520

acetylcholinesterase 1143, 1146

end-plate deficiency 1160

achondroplasia

craniocervical junction anomaly 732

low back pain 763

achromatopsia 627, 628

acid maltase deficiency 1208, 1217

acoustic neuroma

auditory nerve degeneration 673

childhood 1449

pain 940

radiotherapy 1494

surgery 674

acoustic reflex thresholds 666, 668

acousticomotor system 663

acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans 1757

acromegaly 858–9

glucose-GH suppression test 855, 859

acrylamide neuropathy 1082–3, 1104

actin 1163

fibrous (f-actin) 90

�-actin gene 1171–2

action potentials

bursts in nervous system lesions 897

compound muscle 1111, 1157, 1159

orthodromic 877

propagated and potassium flow 1195

propagation to spinal cord 878

saltatory conduction 1077, 1078, 1595

fast 876, Fig. 58.5

actions, meaningful 472

activation-flow coupling (AFC) 131, 132

spatial extent 136

activator-complex protein-1 (AP-1) 1436

activities of daily living

AD 254

dementia 245

acupuncture

dystonia 543

pain control 917

acute disseminated encephalitis 1529

acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

1514, 1624, 1673–5

imaging 1673–4

management 1674

multiple sclerosis differential diagnosis

1624

onset 1673

optic neuritis 1674–5

acyclovir

herpes simplex encephalitis 1671

herpes simplex meningitis 1664

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency

short-chain 1221

very-long chain 1220

acyl-CoA oxidase deficiency 1913

acylcarnitines, long-chain 1219

adamalysins 1511

addiction 431

definition 916

glutamate pathways 440

Addison’s disease 1175, 2039

Guillain–Barré syndrome 2039

addressins 1595

adeno-associated virus vaccine against

NR1 subunit 68

adenosine

alcohol intoxication 1819

cerebral blood flow regulation 1337–8

peripheral sensitization 880

sleep promotion 819

adenosine diphosphate 1207

muscle glycolytic defects 1211

adenosine triphosphate

hydrolysis 1207

muscle fatigue 1209

adenosyl cobalamin system 2046

adhalin deficiency 1167

adhesion molecules

bacterial meningitis 1733

viral infection 1655

adjustment disorders 364

adoption studies 15

adrenal disease, neurological

complications 2038–40

adrenal hormone replacement therapy

1635

adrenal insufficiency

hypercalcemia 2004

hyperkalemia 2010–11

secondary 862

SIADH differential diagnosis 868

suspected secondary 864

adrenalectomy, bilateral 860

�2-adrenergic agonists 913

�-adrenergic receptor 26

�-adrenoceptors, cerebral circulation

1343

adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

infantile spasms 1240

obsessive–compulsive disorder 394

pituitary adenoma 859–60

rapid stimulation test 864

secretion 854

adrenoleukodystrophy 1138, 1882

neonatal 1633, 1913

X-linked 1633–6, 1913

adrenal function 1635, 2039

animal model 1635

bone marrow transplantation 1635–6

clinical features 1633–4

diagnosis 1635

dietary therapy 1636

gene defect 1634–5

imaging 1635, 1636

pathology/pathogenesis 1635

phenotypes 1634

therapy 1635–6

adrenomyeloneuropathy 1138, 1633–4,

1635

adrenal function 2039

ataxia 1891

bone marrow transplant

contraindication 1636

adult T-cell leukemia 1710–11

advanced sleep phase syndrome 825

Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS)

1796

aerobic fitness 1210

affective disorders see mood disorders

age-related changes

accumulation 242

intrinsic 240–2

molecular mechanisms 239–42

ageusia 614

thalamus injury 615

aggression

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

423

periaqueductal grey 890

aggressive outbursts 1283, 1284

aging

alpha frequency 238

Alzheimer’s disease 253

anatomical changes 237–9

apoptosis 241

brain 237–8

caloric restriction 241

cellular basis 241

cerebral blood flow 238

dementia 237–46, 242–3

974 Index






risk factor 246

electroencephalogram 238

estrogens 242

focal temporal slowing 238

genetic basis 243

neural growth factors 241–2

neurodegeneration 210–11

neurotransmitter function 238–9

olfactory dysfunction 600, 603

penetrating artery disease syndromes

1356

physiological changes 237–9

aging population 3

agnosia, visual associated 628–9

agraphia 321

agrin 1145

AIDS

cytomegalovirus polyradiculitis

1085

dementia complex 1690–6

epidemic 3, 4, 123

epidemiology 1683

gracile tract degeneration 1082

neurological manifestations 123

orphans 3

pandemic 1685

peripheral neuropathy 1081

sensory neuropathy 1093

vacuolar myelopathies 722

see also HIV infection

air emboli 1944–5

air travel 4

airway patency, sleep 821

akathisia 2045

akinesia 333

corticobasal degeneration 495

directional 333

hemispatial 333

liver transplantation 1976

pathophysiology 336–7

akinetic mutism

attention 293

awakeness 293

cingulate gyri 337

consciousness 295, 296

frontal lobes 337

medial thalamus 337

variant CJD 1722

akinetopsia 627

alachryma 792

alanine tract expansion 41

albendazole 1747, 1751

albinism, optic chiasm disorders 625

albuterol in facioscapulohumeral

muscular dystrophy 1169, 1172

alcohol/alcohol abuse 1814

addiction 440–1

acute mechanisms 442

autonomic dysfunction 787

binge drinking 1817, 1824

cerebellar degeneration 1823

dopamine levels in nucleus acumbens

432

drug abuse 1834, 1835

endorphins 440

epidemiology 1814

epilepsy 1255

essential tremor 518

hypomagnesemia 2008

intoxication 438, 1814–16

benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

differential diagnosis 687

severe 1815–16

intraneural injection for multiple

sclerosis 1625

kinetic tremor 519

level of response (LR) 1820

neurotoxicity 1814–24

olfaction 599

opiate mechanisms in reward 440

optic neuropathy 624

pharyngeal muscle tone suppression

822

reward 433

stroke 1943

primary prevention 1416

tolerance 1815

withdrawal 433, 438

delirium tremens 517

nightmares 827

NMDA transmission 441

REM sleep behaviour disorder 828

seizures 440

syndrome 1816–17

alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) 1820

alcoholic blackouts 1815

alcoholic dementia 1823

alcoholic flush reaction 1820

alcoholic myopathy 1824

alcoholic neurological disorders 1821–4

alcoholic neuropathy 1823–4

alcoholism 1814

amplitude P3 on event-related potential

paradigm 1820

antisocial personality disorder

relationship 1820

central pontine myelinolysis 1823

disulfiram sensory–motor

polyneuropathy 1102

dopamine 440

epidemiology 1814

ethanol resistance 1815

ethanol tolerance 1815

genetic risk 1820

genetics 1820

Marchiafava–Bignami disease 1823

treatment 441, 1820–1

see also fetal alcohol syndrome

aldolase A deficiency 1217

aldosterone 2011

ALDP protein 1634

alertness 294

Alexander disease 1642–4

alexia 324

primary reading epilepsy 1258

algal blooms 1809, 1810

alien limb phenomenon, corticobasal

degeneration 495–6

ALK1 gene 2075

allelic association 19, 20

allelic heterogeneity 14–15

allesthesia 332

testing 334

allokinesia testing 334

allopurinol, azathioprine interaction 1532

Alpers disease 1919

alpha beta-crystalline 1643

alpha frequency, aging 238

Alport syndrome 672

alprostadil 848

altered peptide ligands (APLs) 1508

immunomodulation 1543

alternative therapies

cerebral palsy 577

dystonia 543

pain control 917

aluminium

accumulation 241, 1996

intoxication 1998

serum levels 1996

alveolar hypoventilation 822

Alzheimer, Alois 253

Alzheimer’s disease 3, 253–63

activities of daily living 254

aging 253

Alzheimer’s description 253–4

Index 975






Alzheimer’s disease (cont.)

amnesia 254

�-amyloid deposition 240

amyloid hypothesis 5, 256–8

amyloid plaques 135, 214, 255, 258

animal models 8

anomia 254

APP gene 256–7

apraxia 254

assessment scales 260

autosomal dominant 21

biological markers 261–2

brain appearance 254–5

brainstem nuclei damage 296

cerebral amyloid angiopathy 1408

cholinesterase inhibitors 262

clinical course 253–4


clinical signs 1843–5, Fig. 115.2

cognitive function decline 260–1

prediction 205

conceptual priming 312

consciousness impairment 296

cortical myoclonus 525

corticobasal degeneration differential

diagnosis 497

cost of care 211

cytoskeletal abnormalities 1844

dementia 20

degenerative 245

diagnostic accuracy 261

diagnostic evaluation 259–62

Down’s syndrome 256

DSM-IV criteria 259

early-onset 5, 21–2

genetic heterogeneity 14

epidemiology 124, 253

epilepsy 1255

etiology 256–9

extracellular aggregates 1844

familial 220

A�-amyloidogenesis 1853

inheritance 220

mutant genes 1845–6

FTD differential diagnosis 498

functional imaging 140, 141

gene 210

gene targeted mice 1848

genetic risk factors 5, 253

genetics 5

glutamate reduction 256

head injury as risk factor 1800

heritability 22

history 260

ICD-10 criteria 259

imaging 224, 260

incidence 211, 217

inflammatory component 9–10

language impairment 254

late-onset 6, 22

Lewy bodies 479

Lewy body dementia differential

diagnosis 503

memory 254, 260

misfolded protein deposition in

neuronal inclusions 40

molecular genetics 256–8

mutation 220

neurochemical abnormalities 256

neurofibrillary changes 258

neurofibrillary tangles 220, 255, 1800

neuronal loss 238, 256

neuropathology 254–6, 1843–5

neuropsychiatric manifestations 254

NINDS-ADRDA criteria 259

nucleus basalis of Meynert cholinergic

projection loss 238–9


paired helical filaments 1844

with parkinsonism 476, 477

pathogenesis-based treatments 4

perceptual priming 312

point mutations 253

positive family history 253

pre-clinical stage 242

presenilins 258

progression rate 254

protein aggregates 1844

psychometric tests 260

risk factors 5, 253

schizophrenia 376–7

sleep disorder 830

sporadic 215, 220

tau proteins 256, 258–9, 1848,

Fig. 115.4

therapy 262–3

transgenic models 226, 1848

Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale 260

amantadine

neuropathic pain control 914

PD 483

rest tremor 516

Amblyomma americanum 1756

amenorrhea, anorexia nervosa 808

American Academy of Neurology, blood

pressure control guidelines 1383

American College of Obstetricians and

Gynecologists (ACOG) 1941

American College of Rheumatology (ACR)

systemic lupus erythematosus

criteria 1569, 1570

American Heart Association, blood


American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA)

Impairment Scale 696, 698

Americans with Disabilities Act (USA) 576

alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-

isoxazolepropionic acid see AMPA

amino acids, neonatal disorders of

metabolism 1912

gamma amino butyric acid see GABA

aminoacidurias 1881

aminoglutethimide 860

aminoglycosides

cochlear dysfunction 1995

hypomagnesemia 2008

neuromuscular transmission defect

1995

ototoxicity 671

vestibular dysfunction 1995

aminoguanidine 71

aminolevulinic acid (ALA) deficiency 1136

4-aminopyridine 705

amiodarone 1102

amitriptyline

abuse 1833

chronic daily headache 965

migraine prophylaxis 922

motor neuron disease 1874

multiple sclerosis 1627

pain control 912, 913

post-herpetic neuralgia 949

traumatic neuralgia 949

ammonia

hepatic encephalopathy 1975, 1976

hyperammonemia 1977–8

ammonium tetrathiomolybdate 1882

amnesia

AD 254


declarative memory system 304–6

diencephalic 306

global 294, 295, 296–7, 304–5, 312–13

fornix injury 305–6

transient 297

posterior cerebral artery infarction 1356

976 Index






pure 305

repetition priming 312–13

retrograde 304

rostral brainstem infarcts 1355

skill learning 310

see also Korsakoff’s amnestic syndrome

amnesic shellfish poisoning 1810

amnestic syndromes 304–6

amniotic fluid emboli 1944

AMPA 62

AMPA receptors 68, 878

antagonists 72

blocking in spinal cord injury 699

calcium permeable ion channels 1870

dorsal horn neurons 882

redistribution 87

amphetamines 435–7

activity 435

addiction 442

CNS vasculopathy 1553

dependence 1829–30

overdose treatment 1829

reward effect 435

seizures 1834

stroke 1834–5

withdrawal 1830

amphotericin B 1701

amputation, functional imaging 143

amtimyelin-associated glycoprotein

(MAG) antibody associated

neuropathy 1096

amygdala

aversive stimuli explicit/implicit

memory 308

central nucleus 432

depression 369

emotional modulation of memory 306,

308

fear conditioning 311–12

resection 1319

reward function 433

sclerosis 1319

sexual behaviour 843

swallowing 801

amygdalohippocampectomy, selective

1318

amygdaloid nucleus, accessory basal

272–3

amyl nitrite sniffing 1832

amyloid 1119

neuropathy


urinary bladder dysfunction 836

see also cerebral amyloid angiopathy

amyloid A protein 229–30

amyloid hypothesis for Alzheimer’s

disease 5, 256–8

amyloid plaques

AD 255, 258

topographic distribution 256

CJD 218

Lewy body dementia 272

neurodegenerative diseases 214

A� amyloid plaques 220

AD 255–6, 257, 258, 1844

extracellular space of CNS 228

traumatic brain injury 1800

amyloid polyneuropathy 1093

light chain (AL) form 785

amyloid polyneuropathy, familial 775,

785, 1135–6

apolipoprotein A-1 related 1136

gelsolin-related 1136

genetic testing 779

transthyretin 785

reduction 779

amyloid precursor-like protein (APLP)

1849

A�-amyloid precursor protein (APP)

neuron source 1851–2


amyloid precursor protein (APP) 20, 216,

220

AD 258, 259, 1844, Fig. 115.2

axonal injury 1601

axonal transport 1851

enzymatic degradation 240

mutation 21–2, 253, 1842

Tg mice 226

neurons 1851, 1852, Fig. 115.4

A�-amyloidogenesis

secretase inhibition 1853–4

transgenic models 1848

treatment models 1852–5, Fig. 115.3

amyloidopathies 476, 477

amyloidosis

diabetes insipidus differential diagnosis

866

familial 2000

�2-microglobulin 1994, 1995

systemic 229–30

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) 1863

clinical signs 1844–5

familial 221

genetics 1846–7

SOD1 mutations 1846–7, 1854, 1855

genetic factors 1869

genetics 5

incidence 211




paraneoplastic 1481–2

pathogenesis 1872

PD 210

SOD1 accumulation 1850

sporadic 221

symptom control 1873


upper motor neuron involvement

1864

anal continence

mechanisms 804–5

neurophysiology 804

anal incontinence 804–5

anal sphincters 804

electromyelogram 838

analgesics

adjuvant 911–14

multipurpose 912

central sensitization 882

hepatic toxicity 959

migraine 921, 922, 923


neuraxial 917

non-opioid 909–14

overuse syndrome 921, 958–9, 963

inpatient treatment 967

outpatient treatment 966–7

renal toxicity 959

topical therapy 914–16

ANCA-associated vasculitides 1577–9

ANCA tests 1577–8

ancrod 1366–7

Andermann’s syndrome 1134

androgen insensitivity syndrome 35

androgen receptor (AR) gene 35

mutant 36

anemia

HELLP syndrome 2053

iron deficiency 2045

megaloblastic 2045–8

neurological manifestations 2044–8

pernicious 2046

see also sickle cell disease

anergy 1512

Index 977






anesthesia

deep 295

local

nerve block 877

oral 914

pain control 917

topical gels/creams 914

aneurysms 1392–8

anterior circulation 1393

aortic 762

arterial 1345

arteriovenous malformations 1394,

1398

calcium channel blockers 1397

carotid artery 1348, 1394, 2072, 2073

cerebral perfusion pressure 1397

classification 1393, 1394

clinical presentation 1392–3

diagnosis 1396–7

dissecting 1393, 1394

endovascular management 1398

epidemiology 1394

false 1393, 1394

fusiform 1393, 1394

giant unruptured 1394

hypertension 1397

hyponatremia 1397

imaging 1395–7

infectious 1393, 1394

infectious endocarditis 1393, 1955

intracranial 1393, 1394, 2072, 2073

berry 2000

intraoperative angiography 1397

investigations 1396–7

lumbar puncture 1396

medical management 1397

middle cerebral artery 1394

mycotic 1833

natural history 1394–6

non-saccular 1393

obliteration 1397, 1398

oculomotor palsy 652

platinum coil packing of lumen 1398

posterior circulation 1393

prognosis 1394, 1395–6

rebleeding 1396

prevention 1397

rupture 1396

natural history 1395

risk 1394–6

saccular 1393, 1394

subarachnoid hemorrhage 1943

surgical management 1397–8

trapping 1397–8

vasospasm 1396, 1397

ventricular drainage 1397

angel dust 439, 1832–3

Angelman syndrome 15, 39

angiogenic inhibitors 1439

angiographically defined angiopathy of

the CNS (ADACNS) 1547, 1548–9

angiography, intravenous radionuclide 355

angiokeratoma corporis diffusum 1410

angiostatin 1439

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

(angiostrongyloidosis) 1751

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

inhibitors

olfaction 599

stroke secondary prevention 1424

taste disturbance 617

angular gyrus 321

anhidrosis 773

congenital insensitivity to pain 1132–3

animal models

HD 1901–2, 1904–5

knockin 1904

neurological disease 8, 9, 1842

ankylosing spondylitis 739

low back pain 760, 763

myopathy 1176

anomia, AD 254

Anopheles mosquitoes 4

anorexia nervosa 808–10

cholecystokinin 812

clinical assessment 808–10

comorbid psychiatric disorders 809

depression 809

diagnostic criteria 809

genetic linkage studies 811

heritability 808

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid 811

leptin 813


outcome 808

prevalence 808

treatment planning 810

anosmia 597

causes 600

olfactory lesions 597

partial 597

anosodiaphoria 333–4

anosognosia 339–40, 626

defective feedback 340

neglect 342–3

testing 333–4

anoxia

oligodendrocyte sensitivity 1598

visual hallucinations 630

anoxic encephalopathy 1159, 1263

anterior cord syndrome 717, 718

anterior spinal artery occlusion 719

anthrax 3

anti-cholinergics, PD 483

anti-costimulatory agents 1541

anti-epileptic drugs 1235

immune changes in seizures 1235

pregnancy 1945

remission 1249

teratogenic risks 1945

anti-GM1 ganglioside antibodies 1240

anti-GQ1b antibodies 653

anti-Hu antibody 1479, 1480

microvasculitis 1483

anti-PrP 27–30 antibodies 214

anti-Ri antibody 1479–80

anti-Tr antibody 1478

anti-Yo 1478

antiamphiphysin antibody 1480

antibiotics

Lyme disease 1760

neurosyphilis 1772–3

toxicity 1085

see also individual drug names

antibodies

avidity 1503

bacterial infection in blood 1731

TH-cell-dependent production 1508

variable regions 1507–8

antibody-dependent cell-mediated

cytotoxicity (ADCC) 1504

antibody genes 1503

anticardiolipin antibody 2057, 2058

antiphospholipid syndrome 1575

systemic lupus erythematosus 1240

anticholinergic drugs

abuse 1833

detrusor hyperreflexia treatment 840

dystonia 540

PD 483

rest tremor 516

anticholinesterase agents 1157

�1-antichymotrypsin 269

anticipation 32

HD 34

hereditary ataxias 1885

978 Index






Huntington’s disease 1899

anticoagulants

hypothrombinemia 2054

stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation

1423–4

anticonvulsants

arteriovenous malformation 1402

brain metastases 1465


kinetic tremor 519

neuropathic pain control 913–14


antidepressants 367

anorexia nervosa 810

bulimia nervosa 811

chronic daily headache 965, 966

pain control 912–13

pharmacological interactions 366

REM sleep inhibition 829

topical 915

trigeminal dysesthesia 949

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 865

deficiency 2001

ectopic secretion 867

pituitary surgery 869

antidopaminergic drugs 540

antiemetic drugs 681–2, 684

migraine 923

antiepileptic drugs

administration

frequency 1309

route 1308

adverse effects 1305, 1306, 1307

availability 1308

combination therapy 1310

cost 1308

discontinuation 1311

dosage

adjustments 1309–10

escalation 1308–9

individualization 1308

dosing optimization 1308–10

drug selection 1303–5, 1306, 1307–8

ease of use 1308

effect monitoring 1292

efficacy spectrum 1303–4

etiology of disease 1305

formulation 1308

GABA brain studies 153–5

indications 1302–3

initial target maintenance dosage

1308–9

interaction potential 1306, 1307

mechanisms of action 1304–5


mortality/morbidity reduction 1301

objectives 1301–2

patient’s lifestyle 1302

serum drug concentration monitoring

1310

side effects minimization 1301

status epilepticus 1273

strategies for patients not responding

1310

therapeutic index 1308

therapeutic monitoring 1308–10

titration 1308

antiganglioside antibodies 1113

antigen presenting cells 1502, 1505,

1508–9

microglia 1597–9

non-professional 1597–8

professional 1597

antiglutamate therapy in motor neuron

disease 1875

antiglycolipid antibodies 1116

antihypertensive agents 1368

antiinflammatory agents 1748–9

see also non-steroidal anti-

inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

antileukocyte differentiation antigens

1541

antimyelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein

(MOG) 1598

antimyelin protein antibodies 1116

antineoplastic agents 1085

antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody

(ANCA) 1577–8

antioncogene proteins 241

antioxidants

motor neuron disease therapy 1875

protective effects for neurodegenerative

disease 11

antiparkinsonian drug abuse 1833

antiphospholipid antibodies 1569, 1571,

1575

antiphospholipid syndrome 1574–5,

2057–8

catastrophic 1575

chorea gravidarum 1946

antiplatelet therapy

stroke prevention 1417, 1418, 1422–3,

1953

see also aspirin

antipsychotics

atypical 381

drug-induced parkinsonism 478–9

FTD 287

schizophrenia 381

antiretroviral toxic neuropathy (ATN)

1103, 1697

pathology 1697

antiribosomal P antibodies 1569, 1570

antisocial behaviour 552

antisocial personality disorder 1820

antispasmodics 540

antithrombin III deficiency 2057

antituberculous therapy 1701

antivertiginous drugs 681–2, 684

antiviral antibodies 1656

Anton’s syndrome 626–7

anxiety/anxiety disorder


423

generalized 1376–8

migraine 959–60

obsessive–compulsive disorder

comorbidity 390

poststroke 1376–8

anatomical correlation 1377, 1378

diagnosis 1376–7

epidemiology 1376

risk factors 1377

treatment 1377–8


Tourette’s syndrome 553, 554, 555

vasovagal syncope 779

aortic aneurysm 762

aortic dissection 1411

aortic valve incompetence 2000

apathy, poststroke 1378–9

Apert syndrome 730

aphasia 317

anatomy 320–2

brain tumours 1440

classical taxonomy 317

degenerative conditions 325

epileptic 1240

fluent 318

functional imaging 143

global 326

left thalamic hemorrhage 1358

middle cerebral artery ischemia of

superior division 1347

mutism 318

non-fluent 318, 325

Index 979






aphasia (cont.)

non-fluent (cont.)

catastrophic reaction 1379

progressive 286

progressive

non-fluent 286

primary 325

recovery 325–6

semantic 323

signs/symptoms 318–19

treatment 325–6

Wernicke-type 1348, 1357, 1358

see also Wernicke’s aphasia

aphonia 320

APLP2 null mice 1849

Aplysia 301, 302

apnea, brain death 352–3

Apo-E allele 220

carriers 22

genotype testing 1387

variation 5

Apo-E4 allele 5, 22

AD diagnosis 262

cognitive function decline post-cardiac

surgery 1959

dementia risk 243


motor neuron disease risk factor 1869

PD 480

ApoB gene mutations 1140, 1882

apoptosis 8, 9

aging 241

altruism 63

brain development 57

caspase 57

cerebral ischemia 63–5, 72–3

cytokines 242

DNA fragmentation 64

epileptogenesis 1235

growth factors 70–1

head injury 1801–2

molecular markers 64–5

molecular mechanisms 64

neural cell loss 59

neuronal cell bodies 1081

neuronal death 259, 884

neuropsychiatric systemic lupus

erythematosus 1571

pathologic states 58–9

presenilin sensitivity 259

spinal cord injury 699

stem cells 1593

T cells 1511

transmembrane ionic fluxes 70

apoptosome complex 64

apoptotic bodies 64

APP gene 256–7, 1848

familial AD 1845–6

mutations 257–8, 1408

APP null mice 1848, 1849, 1852

apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) 131

approach behaviour 339

APPswe mutation 1846

APPswe/PS1 mutant Tg mice 1848

APPV7171 mice 1852

apraxia(s) 461–73

AD 254

balance 585

callosal 468

conceptual 467

cortico-cortical/-subcortical

connection disruption 467–8


disassociation 468

disequilibrium 587

distribution 473

eyelid 473

gait 473, 585

ideational 461, 467

ideomotor 462–3, 464–6, 467–8

left hemisphere dominance 466

imaging 471

limb 461–4, 465, 466–9, 470, 471–3

dysfunction of parieto-frontal circuits

472

environment modification 473

treatment 472–3

types 467–8

limb-kinetic 468, 472

modality-specific 468

oral non-verbal 473

oral verbal 473

pantomiming 466, 468

sequential errors 471

of speech 321

visuomotor 469

white matter damage 467–8

aprosody 319

aquaporins 865

aquatic neurotoxins 1809–11

arachidonic acid 65

arachnoid cysts 2000

arachnoiditis 1749

arbovirus 1660

encephalitis 1671–2

morbidity/mortality 1668, 1672

arcuate fasciculus 321–2

arcuate gyrus, neglect 342

arecoline 829

areflexia, sensory deafferentation 1085–6

arginine vasopressin 394

argininosuccinic urea 1978

argyrophilic grain disease 245

Arnold–Chiari malformation 645, 724

auditory nerve degeneration 672–3

benign cough headache 934

arousal 294

confusional 826, 827

arsenic neuropathy 1104

arterial aneurysm rupture 1345

arterial dissection 1943, 2073

arterial spin labelling (ASL) 135, 136

arteriovenous fistula

dural 1400, 1402, 1403

endovascular embolization 1403

spinal 1403

arteriovenous malformations 1392–3,

1398–403

aneurysms 1394, 1398

angiomatous change 1398

cerebral 1392

classification 1398–400


dural of spinal cord 713


epidemiology 1400

epilepsy 1255

grading scale 1398–9

hematoma evacuation 1402

hemorrhage 1393

hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

2074

high-flow 1398

imaging 1386–7, 1401–2

incidence 1400

intracerebral 1321

investigation 1401–2

management 1402–3


nidus 1398

pathology 1398–400

pulmonary 1409, 2053

recurrent hemorrhage risk 1402


venous malformations 1399–400,

1401–2

980 Index






artery of Adamkiewicz 720

arthritis

Lyme disease 1757, 1761–2

osteoarthritis 873

see also rheumatoid arthritis

arthrogryposis 1155

aryepiglottic fold closure 798

arylsulfatase A (ASA) deficiency 1636,

1637

Ashworth scale 107

ASIC (acid-sensing ion channel) 875

asomatognosia 332

aspartoacylase (ASPA) deficiency 1641,

1642

Asperger’s syndrome 408

gender 410

social deficit 412

Aspergillus fumigatus 1999

CNS infection after organ

transplantation 2086, 2087

aspirin

acute ischemic stroke 1367

atrial fibrillation prevention 1418–19,

1953

heparin anticoagulation 1366

immunosuppressive neurotoxicity

management 2086

long-term 1416

migraine 923

stroke prevention 1418–19, 1422, 1423

primary 1416, 1417

asterixis

acquired hepatocerebral degeneration

1974

chronic hepatic encephalopathy 1972

asthma

gene identification 18

inhaler abuse 1833

astigmatism, diplopia 648

astrocyte-derived extracellular matrix

molecules 91–2

astrocytes 1594

apoptosis 1692

apoptotic cell death cascades 1802

chemokines 1694

complement cascade 1654

cytokines 1694

foot processes 1439

giant atypical 1702, Fig. 103.19

hepatic encephalopathy 1974–5

hippocampal 1330

HIV dementia 1693–4, 1695

local immune regulation 1656

neurological disease 8

perforin expression 1654

pro-inflammatory cytokines 1654

proliferation in seizures 1235

spinal cord injury Fig. 47.3

TGF-� production 1656

tufted 492, 497, Fig. 34.2

astrocytic gliosis in Creutzfeldt–Jakob

disease 217–18, Fig 15.4

astrocytic plaques 496, 497

astrocytomas 1431–2, 1433

anaplastic 1443

hypothalamic 861, 1454–6

neurofibromatosis type 1 2062

pilocytic 1431

imaging 1441

St. Anne-Mayo classification system

1431–2

subependymal giant cell 1431, 1449,

2067–8

astrocytosis

Alzheimer type II 1975

reactive 1900

astroglia 56

AT gene 1883, 1884

ataxia

combined with myoclonus 1887

episodic 645

ipsilateral limb 1355

multiple sclerosis 1625–6

sensory deafferentation 1085–6

vestibular system abnormalities 1350

ataxia telangiectasia 1140, 1883–4, 1887

Aicardi variant 1884

brain tumours of childhood 1449

ataxia–telangiectasia-like disorder (ATLD)

1884

ataxin(s) 36, 37

genes 227

ataxin-1 1888–9

ataxin-3 1889

atenolol, migraine prophylaxis 922

atheromatous branch disease 1356

atherosclerosis


myopathy 1177

stroke 1346

atherosclerotic plaque 1345, 1346

athetosis, hyperthyroidism 2034

atlanto-occipital joint 747

atlantoaxial instability 730, 732

atlantoaxial joint 747

atlantoaxial subluxation 738

atlas assimilation 731

ATP binding cassette A(ABC) transporter

superfamily 1634

ATP7B gene 1882

atrial fibrillation

lone 1953

pregnancy 1943

stroke association 1417–19, 1419,

1952–3

stroke prevention

aspirin for 1418–19

secondary 1423–4

atrial flutter 1953

atrial myxoma, left 1955

atrial septal defects 1943

atrophin-1 protein 35, 1890

polyglutamine expansion 6

atropine 774


organophosphate intoxication 1160

attention

brainstem 298

consciousness 293

defects and neglect 331

minimal/defective minimal 294


visual perception 160–1, Fig. 12.1–12.3


(ADHD) 422–8

autistic condition components 413

cognitive interventions 428

comorbidity 423

cortical inhibitory pathway 426

diagnosis 422–4

differential diagnosis 423–4

dopamine 426

dopamine D4 gene association 20, 426,

427

DSM-IV 422

environment of child 424

epileptiform activity 426

executive function 424–5

eye movement 425

gender 423

genetic architecture 427

genetic basis 427

heterogeneity 422

imaging 426

language 425

learning disability 425, 428

Index 981







(ADHD) (cont.)

negative reactions to 422–3

neurobiology 424–7

neurophysiology 425–6

neuropsychology 424–5

neurotransmitters 426–7

noradrenergic hypothesis 426

prognosis 424

secondary 423

serotonin 426–7

sleep disturbance 555

social rejection 422–3

subtypes 422

Tourette’s syndrome association 552,

554–5

treatment 427–8, 561

twin concordance studies 16

attentional treatment, bottom-up 343

audiometry

pure-tone 666, 667

speech 666

auditory activation, abnormal 665

auditory adaptation, abnormal 664

auditory brainstem response 667, 669

auditory comprehension 320

auditory cortical area 662

auditory cortical responses 669

auditory nerve 661


lesions 672–3

mononeuritis 672

section 675

auditory neuropathy 673

auditory ossicles 658

auditory pathways 663, 673

auditory stimuli 331

auditory system

disorders 658, 663–75

causes 671

electrophysiological testing 667, 668,

669–70

functional correlates of pathology

663–6

functional imaging 670, Fig. 45.11

investigations 666–7, 668, 669–70

management 673–5

extra-auditory neural connections 663

functional anatomy 658, 659, 660–3

retrocochlear afferent 661–2

retrocochlear efferent 662–3

aura, migraine 920–1, 922

autism 406–18

animal models 412–13

associated conditions 412, 413

behavioural change 416

behavioural treatment 415

broader phenotype 409

causative factors 410–11


diagnosis 406, 414


DSM-IV 407

electroencephalogram abnormalities

412, 413

environmental adaptation 416

epidemiology 409–10

epilepsy 412, 413, 1255

following regression 409

fundamental deficit assignment 415–16

gender 410

genetic factors 410–11

high-functioning 408, 417

ICD-10 407

imaging 412

immunization 409, 411

incidence 406

infants 411

laboratory models 411

language 411

learning processes 415, 416

low-functioning 408

mercury 411


non-genetic factors 411

obsessive–compulsive disorder 393, 395

personhood 415–16

pharmacological treatment 416, 417

prevalence 409–10

prospects 417

risk factors 410–11

secondary to other disorders 409

seizures 412, 413

social deficit 412

subtypes 408–11

symptoms 407–8

treatment 415–17

coordination 416–17


autistic spectrum disorders 406–18


diagnosis 414

immunological etiology 409

treatment 415–17

autoantibodies

autoimmune diseases 1511

generation 1513

natural 1503

removal of circulating 1540

systemic lupus erythematosus 1569–70

tolerance breakdown 1513

autoimmune diseases

autoantibodies 1511

neurological 1513

self-limiting 1514

autoimmune response, dynamic 1542–3

autoimmunity 1511–14

genetic control 1514

nervous system 1514–21

protective 1529–30

autonomic disorders

blood pressure measurement 777


heart rate measurement 777

investigation 776, 777–8, 779

localized 792

management 779, 780

orthostatic hypertension 775–6, 777,

778

surgical intervention 779


cardiovascular 787

autonomic dysreflexia 787, 788

autonomic failure 777, 778

chronic syndromes 780–2, 783, 784

extrinsic neural systems 1341

idiopathic Parkinson’s disease 784

management 780

orthostatic hypotension 782, 783

parkinsonian disorders 784

primary syndromes 780–2, 783, 784

pure 773, 781

secondary 784–7

autonomic nervous system 773–93

classification of disorders 774

function investigation 776, 777–8, 779

tone 1964

autonomic neuropathy



autoregulation 1337

autonomic neural influences 1339


hypertension 1339

avoidance behaviour 339

awareness loss 1281–3

982 Index






axial compression test in cervical

radiculopathy 744

axon(s) 1075–6

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1845

anucleate 1081

backfiring 1235–6

brain aging 198–9

collateral sprouting 85, 86

damage 1509

dying back 1082–3

filopodia 90

function 1077

functional connections 702

growth cone 700

guidance molecules 700, 702

lamellipodium 90

loss



myelin-associated growth inhibitors

90–1

remyelinating 1601, 1602

Schwann cell relationship 1076, 1077


sprouted collateral 885, Fig. 58.12

sprouting 1235

structure 1077

survival factors 1601

transport 1075, 1076

tufted 596, 597

axonal degeneration 1077, 1078, 1080–3

calpain inhibition 1083, 1084

cytoskeletal degradation 1082

distal 1082–3

mechanisms 1081–2


nitric oxide 1599–600

axonal injury 1075

amyloid precursor protein 1601


axonal neuropathy 1085–6

motor 1111, 1113

motor and sensory 1111

axonal polyneuropathies 1092–3

axonal regeneration 703

central nervous system 90–5

age effects 92

neurofilaments 93

neuron-intrinsic factors 95

specificity 93–4

olfactory bulb glia 1603

peripheral nervous system 88–90

axon–glial interactions 1595

axonopathy, central–peripheral distal

1082

axotomy, conditioning 92

azathioprine 2083

Behçet’s disease 1581

chronic inflammatory demyelinating

polyradiculoneuropathy 1117, 1118

Devic’s neuromyelitis optica 1630

drug interactions 1532

immunosuppressive therapy 1531–2

mode of action 1531



neurosarcoidosis 1565, 1566

patient monitoring 1532

polymyositis 1171–2

side effects 1531–2

AZT see zidovudine

B-cell lymphoma 1576

B-cell receptor 1502–4

B cells 1502–4

antigen-presenting function 1508

immunoglobulin secretion regulation

1656


proliferation 1999

receptors 1511

tolerance 1511–12

�-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE) 1851,

1852, Fig. 115.3

�-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1)

1845, 1846


Babesia 1762–3

Babinski sign 1356

bilateral 1352

BACE1-/- mice 1849

bacillary angiomatosis 1702–3

Bacillus anthracis 3

back pain, low 760–7

acute 760–1

management 761

associated conditions 762–5

chronic pain syndrome 761–2


compensation 766–7

diagnostic blocks in decision-making

766

disability 766–7

etiology 762–5

imaging 761

impairment 766–7

infections 762

litigation 766–7

management paradigm 767

national study (NLBPS) 765–6

persistent 761

spinal instability 764–5

spinal stenosis 764

surgery 766

systemic disease 762

transient 760

back pain, spinal cord disease 713

back strain 763

baclofen

abstinence syndrome 914

cerebral palsy 576


dystonia 540

intrathecal 576–7




superior oblique myokymia 652

tic disorders 561

trigeminal neuralgia 945

bacteria 1657

see also individual named bacteria

bacterial infection 1728–40

brain 1728

brain abscess 1736–7, Fig. 106.3–4

epidural abscess 1737–9, Fig. 106.5

hyperammonemia 1977

meningeal 1728

meningo-encephalitis 1253

rickettsia-like 1762

subdural empyema 1739–40

see also endocarditis; meningitis,

bacterial

balance

apraxia 585

brainstem synergies 584–5

disorders 581–90

classification by clinical patterns

585–9

disequilibrium syndromes 586–7

levels of neural function 582, 583,

584–5

spinal synergies 584–5

balloon cells, focal cortical dysplasia 182

Baltic myoclonus see progressive

myoclonic epilepsy type 1

Index 983






Baltimore–Washington Cooperative Stroke

Study 1941

bands of Bünger 88, 89

barbiturate coma 2022

barbiturates 1830–1

addiction 441

altered mentation 1835


hepatic porphyria 15

overuse 963

paradoxical effects 1304

tonic–clonic status epilepticus 1274

withdrawal 1830

Barthel Index 107, 108, 109

Bartonella 1702–3

basal ganglia

absence seizures 1238

akinesia 337

childhood disorders 1919

chronic renal failure 1989

development 178

diseases

sexual dysfunction 844

skill learning 310

strategic declarative memory 310

dysfunction in dystonia 539


hypoxic–ischemic insult 574

injury in extrapyramidal cerebral palsy

573–4

intrinsic connections 481

lateral 1357


PD 480–1

REM sleep 821

saccades control 638, 640

stroke lesions and depression 1374

swallowing 801

Tourette’s syndrome 558


basal temporal language area 322

Basedow’s paraplegia 2034

basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)

56

apoptosis 70

stem cell requirements 59

basilar artery 1349, 1350

atherosclerosis 1348

dissection 1354

intracranial aneurysms 1393, 1394

occlusion 1349, 1354, 1366

pontine ischemia 1353–4

Bassen–Kornzweig disease see

abetalipoproteinemia

Batson’s plexus 1463, 1465

bcl-2 family 57, 64

apoptosis 1593

overexpression 70

BCNU brain tumour therapy 1443, 1444

Beck depression inventory 1375

Becker muscular dystrophy 14, 1165–6

Becker’s myotonia 1184

Beckwith–Wiedemann tumour and

mental retardation syndrome 15

bed head lowering 1367, 1368

Beevor’s sign 719

BEHAVE-AD 244

behaviour/behavioural disorders

antisocial 552

approach 339

autism 408

avoidance 339

brain–behaviour relationships 196–7


mood disorders 365

nocturnal disruption 830

skilled 10

Sturge–Weber syndrome 2070

tuberous sclerosis complex 2067

behavioural adaptation 79, 87

Behçet’s disease 1580–1

diagnostic criteria 1580, 1581


1622

primary angiitis of the central nervous

system differential diagnosis 1552

thalidomide neuropathy 1104

vasculitic neuropathy 1122

Bell’s palsy 123

clinical course 1558

diabetes 1099–100

facial nerve neuritis 947

hyperacusis 665

pregnancy 1948

taste dysfunction 615–16

Bell’s phenomenon 1354

Benedikt’s syndrome 652

benzodiazepines

absence status 1276

abuse 1831

addiction 441

alcohol withdrawal 1816–17

brainstem myoclonus 528

clomethiazole 66

complex partial status epilepticus 1277



dystonia 540


myoclonic status in progressive

myoclonic epilepsies 1278

physiologic tremor 517

poststroke anxiety disorder 1377–8



benztropine 483

benztropine mesylate 527

benzyltetrahydroisoquinolones 494

Bergmann’s gliosis 45

beta blockers



intracerebral hemorrhage 1387




Bethlem myopathy 1170

Betz cells depletion in motor cortex 1867

Bezold–Jarisch reflex 789

Bickerstaff’s encephalitis 653

bicuculline

dystonia induction 538

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials 1233

spike-wave production 1238

Bielschowsky head-tilt test 649, 650

biliary cirrhosis

neuropathies 1100–1



binge eating 809, 810

Bing–Neel syndrome 2056

Binswanger’s disease 269

biofeedback, dystonia 543

biotin-responsive encephalopathy 1296

biperiden 483

bipolar disorders 5, 365

affective 1610

migraine 959–60

panic disorder comorbidity 366

bisphosphonates in Paget’s disease 737

bleomycin hydrolase 22

blepharospasm 473

focal dystonia 534

reciprocal inhibition 538

Blessed Dementia Rating Scale 244

AD 260, 261

984 Index






blindness

entrainment disorders 824

see also cortical blindness

blindsight 627

blood oxygenation level dependent

(BOLD) contrast 135, 136–7

functional localization 138

blood pressure

control

stroke primary prevention 1415, 1417

thrombolytic therapy 1383

lowering in stroke prevention 1422

traumatic brain injury 1797–8

see also hypertension; hypotension

blood vessel abnormalities in

hypercoagulable states 2059

blood–brain barrier

alcohol crossing 1814

angiogenesis 1438–40

antibiotics crossing 1735

antigen presentation 1508

bacterial meningitis transport across

1732

basement membrane 1655


breakdown in HIV dementia 1692, 1695

cellular traffic 1596–7

cerebral autoregulation 2017

CNS infections 1651

cyclosporin crossing 2083–4

disruption in vasogenic edema 1386

function 1516

glucose transport 134

nitric oxide synthase inhibitor

penetration 1338

permeability imaging 1442

post-traumatic 1801

radioactive tracers 134

tuberculosis treatment 1786


blood–nerve barrier function 1516

body dysmorphic disorder 388, 395

Boltzmann distribution 147, 148

bone

Pagetic 737

polyostotic fibrous dysplasia 855

bone-derived nerve growth factor 485

bone marrow transplantation


immunotherapy 1541

metachromatic leukodystrophy 1638

neurological complications 2082–3, 2088

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy 1635–6

bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 55,

56

Borrelia burgdorferi 1754–5

dissemination in body 1757

dual infections 1762–3

immune abnormalities 1761

immune complexes 1762

inflammatory abnormalities 1761

sensu lato complex 1754, 1755

serology 1759

syndromes 1758

vasculopathy 1761, 1762

Borrelia lonestarii 1756

Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination

(BDAE) 317

botulinum toxin 1158

cerebral palsy 576



dystonia 540–1

eyelid apraxia 473


hyperhidrosis 779


orthostatic tremor 518

progressive supranuclear palsy 494

rest tremor 516

tic disorder therapy 561

botulism 1158–9

bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

216, 1726

variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 223,

1718

bowel

functional disorders 805

inflammatory disease 762


Bowman’s glands/ducts 595, 596

brachial neuritis 1483

brachial plexopathy

bone marrow transplantation 2088

inflammatory bowel disease 1980

radiation-induced 1495

brachytherapy, interstitial 1470

bracing for kyphosis 730

bradykinin, peripheral sensitization 880

brain

abscess 1736–7, Fig. 106.3–4

toxoplasmosis 1699–700, Fig. 103.16

acute radiation toxicity 1491

AD 254–5

adult 198

alcohol uptake 1814

apoptosis 57

arborviral encephalitis 1672

areas of functionally relevant activation

relating to neural processes 166–7,

Fig. 12.7

bacterial infection 1728

bionics 143

biopsy 224

cardiac disease development 1963–5

cardiac surgery effects 1955–6

cardiovascular system 1952–65

cognitive function study 160

development 57

dystrophic neurites in Huntington’s

disease 1901

early-delayed radiation toxicity 1491

edema


corticosteroid treatment 2020–1


posttraumatic 1801

endothelial cells 1439–40

functional mapping 1322, 1323

functional properties of motor areas

448–9

genetic/developmental malformations

572

glutamate excess 436–7

heart influence on 1952–5

herniation 1798

hybrid depth electrodes 1326, 1327,

1328

imaging 448–9

cardiac arrest 1961–2

inflammation in multiple sclerosis 1599

inflammatory disease

complement activation 1598

etiology 1599

influence on heart 1962–5

psychosocial risk factors 1963

late radiation toxicity 1492

lesions within posterior circulation

1349

local control of leukocytes 1656

metabolic rate studies 156–7

metabolite pool labelling 146

brain aging 237–8

axons 198–9

function changes 197–201

gross changes 237–8

Index 985






brain aging (cont.)

hemodynamic response 201

imaging 237–8

functional 200, 201

studies 199–201

techniques 197

information recall 195, 196

inter-individual differences 195

longitudinal studies 196

memory

performance 201

primary 202

microscopic pathology 238

myelin 199

neuron number 197

neuronal loss 197–8

neuronal studies 197–9

neurotransmitter changes 197–8

optimally healthy older individuals 195

postmortem examination 196–7

structure changes 197–201

studies 195–6

synaptic integrity 198

white matter 198–9

Brain Attack Coalition 1364, 1365

brain death 348–58

animal models 351

apnea 352–3

apneic oxygenation 353

autonomic storm 351

biophilosophical basis 349–50

breathing 352–3

children 354

chronic 351–2

concept 348, 350

confirmatory tests 354

cranial nerve areflexia 353

criterion 350

declaration of death 353–4

definition 349–50

determination 351–2

diabetes insipidus 351

diagnosis 352–5

electrical potentials 354–5


epidemiology 352

ethics 355–7

history 348–9

hypothalamus function 351

infants 354

intracranial blood flow cessation 354,

355

intracranial pressure 350

legal issues 358

organ procurement 357



pituitary function 351

pregnancy 356

progression to 350

prolonged somatic survival 351–2

religious acceptance/rejection 356–7,

358

research 357

spontaneous movement 352

teaching on subjects 357

unresponsiveness 352

ventilator discontinuation 358

brain-derived nerve growth

(neurotrophic) factor (BDNF) 70,

85, 94

A-fibres 884, 885

autoreactive T cell synthesis 1520

immune-cell derived 1529

inflammation site 884

local injection 96


neuroprotection 1529

receptors 883

sensory neurons 884, 885


substantia nigra 242

Brain III sodium channel 884

brain injury

chronic traumatic syndrome 505

epilepsy 1234

hypoxic–ischemic 9


ischemic 8, 9

neurogenesis 11

traumatic 1793–802

A� plaques 1800

biomechanics 1798–800

calcium-mediated cytoskeleton

proteolysis 1801


cytokines 1801

cytoskeleton-related 1800–1

emergency room treatment 1796

experimental models 1798–800

hospital treatment 1796–801

imaging 1796, 1797

inflammation 1801

long-term disability 1793–4

management 1794, 1795

minor 1796

moderate to severe 1796–801

mortality 1793, 1794, 1796

neurodegenerative disease 1800

pathobiology 1800–1

programmed cell death 1801–2

seizures 1798

skull distortion 1798–9

surveillance 1793–4

survival 1793

transport 1796

treatment in the field 1795–6

Brain Trauma Foundation (BTF),

guidelines for ICP monitoring

2018, 2022

brain tumours


aphasia 1440

cellular pathogenesis 1434–40

chemotherapy 1443–4

children 1448–58

classification 1448

diagnosis 1449–58


pathogenesis 1448–9

treatment 1449–58

clinical features 1440

diagnosis 1442–4

epidemiology 123

epilepsy 1253

epileptogenic 1440

functional imaging 140–1

imaging 1440–2

infants 1457–8

mass effect 1440

metastases 1462–71



diagnosis 1464–5

distribution 1463

follow-up 1471

frequency 1462–3

hemorrhage 1464

imaging 1464–5

interstitial brachytherapy 1470

lung origin 1463, 1465

multiple 1468, 1469

prognosis 1465

radiotherapy 1466–7

seizures 1463–4, 1465

single 1467–8, 1469

986 Index






spread 1463

stereotactic surgery 1469–70

surgery 1467–9

treatment 1465–71

microelectrode recordings 1326

molecular pathogenesis 1434–40

MRI 152, Fig 11.4–11.5

myelin loss 238

neurogenesis 57–8

neuronal proliferation 198


paraneoplastic syndromes 1476–81

parenchyma immune response

deficiency 1654

plasticity 10

polysynaptic transfer of sensory input

879

presurgical mapping 165–6

primary 1431–2, 1433, 1434–44

WHO classification 1431, 1432

proton (1H) spectroscopic imaging 152

radiation necrosis 1493


raised intracranial pressure 1440

regional function 131–2

respiratory 350

restoration of flow in acute ischemic

stroke 1361, 1363

seizures 1440

sensory adaptability 875

sex differences in structure/function

1939

somatostatin receptors 141

stem cells 59

temperature 2024

therapy 1442–4

toxoplasmosis abscesses 1699–700, Fig.

103.16

tract tracing methods 1323–4

tuberculoma 1777

vasogenic edema 1440

viral infection 1253, 1661, 1666, 1667,

1668–9

volume loss 2001

vulnerable tissue 4

watershed areas of arterial circulation

1463

see also deep brain stimulation (DBS)


brain–gut axis 795–7

anal continence 804–5

spinal pathways 797

swallowing 798–804

vagal pathways 795–7

brainstem

anterior–lateral spinal system 888

atrophy in spinocerebellar ataxias

1890–1

attention 298

C-fibres 874

central behavioural testing 670

compression 1358, 1359


damage causing dysgeusia 615, 616

death 350

disturbance in multiple sclerosis 1608

glioma in children 1453–4

hemorrhage 1358–9

lesions and auditory function 673

motor nuclei in motor neuron disease

1867

multiple sclerosis symptoms 1627

myoclonus 527–9


neurosarcoidosis 1560

nuclei

damage in AD 296

Lewy bodies 270

paraneoplastic encephalitis 1480–1

postural control 582

progressive descending signs 1440

respiratory centres 352

reticular reflex myoclonus 529

rostral ischemia 1354–5


saccades premotor commands 638

somatosensory inputs 888, 889

supraspinal nociceptive centres 889–90

swallowing centre 800–1, 801

ventral compression 729

visceral information relay 797

visceral spinal afferents 797

wakefulness 298

waking state 817

branched chain �-keto acid

dehydrogenase 1822

branching enzyme deficiency 1218

breast cancer

metastatic 11

radiation-induced brachial plexopathy

1495

sensorimotor neuropathy 1483

breast-feeding, migraine 1940

breathing and brain death 352–3

Brindley stimulator 842

Broca’s aphasia 317

speech apraxia association 473

Broca’s area 320–1

functional connection with Wernicke’s

area 1324

bromide salts overdose 1831

bromocriptine 483

prolactinoma 857–8

Brown’s syndrome 654

Brown–Séquard syndrome


hemicord 1495

see also hemicord syndrome

buccal hemineglect 615

bulbar dysfunction in motor neuron

disease 1865

bulbar muscle weakness 1353

bulimia nervosa 810–11

cholecystokinin 812



DSM-IV criteria 810

heritability 810


leptin 813


serotonergic responsiveness 811–12

bupivacaine, sodium channel blockade

877

buprenorphine 439

bupropion 440, 826

poststroke apathy 1379

burning mouth syndrome 618, 941

buspirone

kinetic tremor 519

poststroke anxiety disorder 1378

busulfan 1451–2

butyl nitrite sniffing 1832

N-butyldeoxynojirimycin 1915

butyrylcholinesterase 269

bystander activation 1514

cytokine-mediated 1517

C-fibres 873–4, Fig. 85.2

action potential conduction 877

activation 875

antidromic activation 877

cell death 884

central terminal degeneration 884–5,

Fig. 58.12

inflammation 884

Index 987






C-fibres (cont.)

injury 885, Fig. 58.12

nerve injury 884

non-peptidergic/peptidergic 875

synapsing to second-order neurones

87413C metabolic rate studies 156–7

C5b-9 1509

cabergoline 857–8

cachexia

chronic renal failure 1995–6


CACNA1A gene mutation 921

CACNA14 gene 37

CACNL1A4 gene mutations 23

CADASIL 25

dermal vessel 1407



café-au-lait spots 855, 2061, 2062, 2063

caffeine

hypnic headache 935

migraine 921, 922

CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion 33

diseases 1841

HD 34

spinobulbar muscular atrophy 35

spinocerebellar ataxia 36, 37

Caisson disease 725

Cajal–Retzius cells 177

Reelin secretion 185

calbindin D28K 1870, 1871

calcification

dermatomyositis 1172, 1173

gyral 2070

intracranial 2070

meningioma 1441

mitral annulus 1955

oligodendroglioma 1441

optic nerve sheath 624

stylohyoid ligament 947

calcineurin 2083

calcitonin 2005

complex regional pain syndrome 914

calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)

chronic tension-type headache 957

migraine 922, 961

nerve compression 947

calcium

axonal neurofilament degeneration

1082

lead neurotoxicity 1806

seizures 1235

serum concentration 2007

supplementation in hypermagnesemia

2009

calcium-activated potassium in

hyperpolarization 1230

calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein

kinase II (CaMKII) 83, 882

calcium channel blockers 66, 67

alcohol withdrawal seizures 1818

aneurysm 1397



parkinsonism 504


system 1554, 1555

calcium channels

blocking 66

epilepsy 1233–4

ethanol intoxication 1818

genetic defects 2035

hypokalemic periodic paralysis 1197–8

migraine 921–2

missense mutation 1191

N-type 878

post-synaptic voltage-dependent 880


voltage-gated 62, 1144

calcium-controlling genes in epilepsy 1241

calcium gluconate 2007, 2008

calcium ions

concentrations in

ischemia/excitotoxicity 63

homeostasis 2005

hypercalcemia 2005

influx 1144

intracellular 2006

elevation 1082

free concentrations 62

homeostasis derangement in motor

neuron disease 1870–1

neuronal injury 698–9

long-term potentiation 83

low-threshold current 1236

mitochondrial accumulation 69

neuronal homeostasis 70

second messenger function 83

calf muscle hypertrophy 1165, 1166, 1167

calgranulin Mac 387 1561

caloric restriction, aging 241

calpain(s) 1082, 1801

cellular degradation 1082

inhibitors 1083, 1084

calpain II 1870–1

calpainopathy 1167, 1168

cAMP response elements (CRE) 83, 84

Campath-1H, multiple sclerosis 1630

Campylobacter jejuni

acute motor axonal neuropathy 1111

Guillain–Barré syndrome 1110, 1112,

1113, 1519

molecular mimicry 1514

canalolithiasis 685, 686

Canavan disease 1641–2

cancer

pain 915, 916

see also brain tumours; breast cancer;

lung, cancer; malignancy;

metastases; individual tumour

types

Candida infection

burning mouth syndrome 941

esophagitis 1683

cannabinoids

kinetic tremor 519

receptors 439

Cannabis sativa 1831

cannibalism, industrial/ritualistic 222

CANOMAD syndrome 1120

CAP-23 93

capillary-leak syndrome 1537

capillary telangiectasias 1400

imaging 1402

capsaicin 914–15

creams 1679


sympathetically maintained pain 948

VR1 receptor 875, 876–7

capsulotomy, obsessive–compulsive

disorder 398

caput Medusa 1399, 1400, 1401–2

carbamazepine 367

autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal

lobe epilepsy 1250

benign epilepsy of childhood with

centro-temporal spikes 1258


cerebral palsy 576


multiple sclerosis 1608, 1627


non-dystrophic myotonia 1201


shingle pain 1678, 1679

988 Index






short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform

headache with conjunctival

injection and tearing (SUNCT) 943

SIADH 868

side effects 1307


trigeminal neuralgia 944, 945

carbidopa


periodic limb movement disorder 826

carbocysteine 1874

carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein

disorders 1919

carbohydrate intake 1201, 1202

carbon dioxide 1339–40

carbon monoxide

parkinsonism 504

poisoning and visual agnosia 628

carboplatin 1452

carcinoid syndrome 1176

carcinomatous meningitis 723

carcinomatous neuromyopathy 1176

cardiac abnormalities 1283


brain imaging 1961–2

cerebral damage 628

cerebral evoked potentials 1961

neurological outcome 1960–1

neurophysiological testing 1961

recovery 1960–1

treatment 1962

cardiac arrhythmias

stroke 1952–3

transient 1282

cardiac disease

development and brain relationship

1963–5

established and brain relationship 1965

see also congestive heart failure

cardiac rhabdomyoma 2066

cardiac surgery

apo-E4 allele 1959

brain effects 1955–6

depression 1959

neurological injury 1959

stroke probability Fig. 122.1

cardiac valve prostheses 1954

cardioembolic stroke 1943–5, 1952

cardiolipin 1762

cardiomyopathy 1927

cardiomyopathy/ophthalmoplegia,

autosomal recessive (ARCO) 1931

cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction

787

cardiovascular disease, CNS influence

1962

CARE-HD Study (Coenzyme Q and

Remacemide Evaluation in

Huntington’s disease) 1907

caregiver obstreperous behaviour rating

assessment (COBRA) 244

carnitine deficiency 1208

primary myopathic 1220–1

primary systemic 1220

secondary 1221

carnitine palmitoyltransferase II

deficiency 1211, 1214, 1218–20

hepatocardiomuscular 1218, 1219–20

myopathic 1218–19

carnitine–acylcarnitine translocase

deficiency 1221

carotid amytal test 1290

carotid angioplasty/stenting 1426

carotid artery

aneurysms 1348, 2072, 2073

compression by pituitary adenoma 856

dysplasia 2062

occlusion 1348

stenosis and endarterectomy 1420,

1424–5

see also internal carotid artery

carotid cavernous fistula 1403

carotid massage 788, 790

carotid sinus hypersensitivity 788

carotid–cavernous fistula 2072

carotidynia 943

carpal tunnel syndrome 859

diabetes mellitus 1100

hypothyroidism 2037

renal patients 1994, 1995

Tinel sign 884, 1084

vitamin deficiencies 2048

case-control studies 120

case reports 119

case series 119

caspase 241, 1593

activation 35, 57, 64, 65

activity in axons 1082

apoptosis 57, 64, 65

inhibitors 9, 70, 241


polyglutamine diseases 40

caspase 1 activation 9

cat scratch disease 1703

cataplexy 824


catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT)

gene variant 5

inhibitors 483

catheterization

clean intermittent self-catheterization

(CISC) 841

permanent indwelling 841–2

suprapubic 842

cauda equina 716

lesions 719


syndrome 739


caudate hemorrhage 1357


caudate region, obsessive–compulsive

disorder 391

causal inference 118–19

causalgia, sensory symptoms 1084

causality, reverse 119

causation 118–19

deterministic model 119

cavernoma, familial 1405

cavernous angioma

epilepsy 1255

spinal 721

cavernous hemangioma 1399

cavernous malformations 1399, 1400

epidemiology 1400

familial 1400

radiosurgery 1321, 1402

treatment indications 1402

cavernous sinus 856

oculomotor palsy 652–3

pituitary adenoma invasion 856

tumours 652–3

cavernous venous angioma 1399

CBL2 proto-oncogene 44

CCM1 gene mutations 1407, 1408

CCNU

brain tumour therapy 1443

primitive neuroectodermal

tumour/medulloblastoma 1451–2

CCR5 1685

CCS-/- mice 1850–1, 1854

CD1 molecules 1504

CD4 1504

CD4+ T-cells 1504, 1505

cytolytic 1506

HIV infection 1688, 1689–90

Index 989






CD4+ T-cells (cont.)

Lyme disease 1761, 1762

macrophage stimulation 1508

quiescent memory 1688

CD8 1504

CD8+ T-cells 1504

cytotoxic 1506, 1510

suppression 1512

CD11a/CD18 71

CD44 1596

CD80 1505, 1517

CD86 1505, 1517

CD152 1512

celecoxib 931

cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) 86


cell cycle

arrest 1438

primary brain tumours 1437–8

cell death 8, 9

cell division, asymmetric/symmetric 56

cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) 1439,

1516

cellular differentiation process 56

cellular immune response, viral infection

1660

cellular injury mechanisms 8–10


central cord lesions 716

infarction 720

central cord syndrome 717, 718

central core disease 1170–1

central core myopathy 14

central herniation syndrome 2019, 2020

central nervous system (CNS)

acute host response 1654

anatomy and immune response to

infections 1651–3

bacterial meningitis invasion 1732

cardiovascular disease influence 1962

cytokine production 1654

depression in hypermagnesemia 2007

endogenous remyelination 1603

fetal tissue transplantation 703

growth cone collapsing factors 90–2

host responses to infection 1651–7

specific pathogens 1656–7

immune function 1654

immune-mediated damage 1656

immune-mediated demyelination

1516–18, 1519

pathogenesis 1527

infections after organ transplantation

2086–7


inflammatory cell recruitment 1655–6

inflammatory mediator production

1654

injury and swallowing dysfunction

801–3

intraneuronal determinants of

regeneration 92

lead effects 1806–7

lymphoma 123

matrix metalloproteinase production

1655

MHC antigen expression 1654

neoplasms 604

nerve/nerve root disorder symptoms

1083–6

nociception 951

opportunist infections in HIV 1698–704

osmotic receptors 865

pain mechanisms 888–98

primary lymphoma 1703–4, Fig. 103.20

protection by microglial cells 1654

radiation-induced malignancy 1494

regeneration

capacity enhancement 94

conditioning lesion effects 92

cytoskeletal proteins 93

fetal tissue transplants 95

GAP-43 92–3

inhibitory factor neutralization 95

intraneuronal factor modulation 95

neuronal survival 94

neurotrophic factors 94

peripheral nerve bridges 94–5

specificity 93–4

therapeutic approaches 94

spontaneous axonal regeneration 90–5

T cell regulation 1656

tuberculosis 1700–1

vasculitis 1547–55

viral clearance 1656

viral infections 1660–79

viral nucleic acid persistence 1656

Whipple’s disease 1981

central pain syndrome 896–8

mechanism 897–8

spinothalamic tract 897

central pattern generators 88, 581, 582

swallowing 800



central sensitization 881–3

central sensory neurons 1084

central–peripheral distal axonopathy

1082

cerebellar artery

anterior inferior 1349, 1350

infarction 1354

posterior inferior 1349, 1350

cerebellar infarction 1352

superior 1349, 1350

infarction 1355

cerebellar ataxias, autosomal recessive

1886–7

cerebellar mutism with posterior fossa

tumours 1450–1

cerebellar peduncle remyelination 1603–4

cerebellar vermis, congenital

malformations 575

cerebellum

adaptive oculomotor control 640, 642

auditory pathway input 663

degeneration

alcohol 1823

lesions 645

disturbances in acquired

hepatocerebral degeneration 1974


hemorrhage 1359


infarction 1352



olfactory stimulation 597

cerebral abscess

after organ transplantation 2086

epilepsy 1253

cerebral amyloid angiopathy

diagnosis 1387


primary angiitis of the CNS differential

diagnosis 1553–4

sporadic 1408

stroke 1408

cerebral artery

anterior 1348

dysplasia 2062

middle

aneurysms 1394

dysfunction syndromes 1346

infarction 454

ischemia of inferior division 1348

990 Index






ischemia of superior division 1347–8

occlusion 1347

stenosis 1347

posterior 1349, 1350

infarction 1355–6

cerebral atrophy

AD 254–5

spinocerebellar ataxias 1891


cerebral blood flow (CBF) 131, 132, 2017

adenosine in regulation 1337–8

aging 238

autoregulation 1338–9, 1342, 2017


consciousness 297

dystonia 538

hypercapnic vasodilator response 1342

hypoxic vasodilatory response 1342

neurovascular influences 1337

nitric oxide 1338

non-REM sleep 820

oxygen 1339–40

PET 133–4

regional see activation-flow coupling

(AFC)

respiratory gas effects 1337, 1339–40

SPECT 133–4

vasodilatation 1337

cerebral blood volume (CBV) 131, 132

cerebral cavernous malformations 1406–8

cerebral circulation physiology 1337–43

autoregulation 1338–9

neurogenic control 1340–2

extrinsic/intrinsic systems 1340–1

nitric oxide 1338

parasympathetic influences 1341

sympathetic influences 1342–3

vasoneural coupling 1337–8

cerebral contusions 1799

cerebral cortex

afferent input modulation 80–1

anterior 896

association areas 334, 335, 336

injury effects on gustation 615


cingulate 896

motor area medial premotor region

453, 454

saccades control 639

congenital disorders of development

177–89

cell fate 179–82

neuronal migration 182–6

pattern formation in forebrain 178

pial surface integrity 186–8

convergence areas 334, 335

developmental malformations 1288

medical intractability of seizures

1315

MRI 1289

dorsolateral prefrontal 639

eloquent regions 1319–20

focal dysplasia 181–2

functional representation 1313–14

higher function investigations 1324–5


atrophy 1900

inhibitory pathway in attention deficit

hyperactivity disorder 426

insular region

nociception 894, 896

nucleus tractus solitarius projections

797

swallowing 801

lesions

sexual dysfunction 843–6

urinary bladder dysfunction 833–4

limbic region nucleus tractus solitarius

projections 797

lobar hemorrhage 1358–9


localization studies 1313–14, 1322–4

malformations in epilepsy 1253, 1254

mapping during surgery 1322

microelectrode recordings 170–2

motor 449–50, 451, 452–4

action potentials 456, 457

clinical observations 449–50

coding of direction of movement 450,

451, Fig. 31.5

dystonia 538, 539

force field 450, 452

hand trajectories 450, 452

injury to swallowing areas 802

medial areas 455–6

movement 455

neural recording 450, 451, 452, Fig. 31.5

parieto-frontal circuits 469, 471

rehabilitation 455, 456

stimulation 450

motor areas 451, 452–4

motor map reorganization 80–1

movement control 447–58


multiple subpial transections 1320

neural plasticity 80

normal development 177–8

paracentral lobes

bilateral in micturition control 833

hemorrhage 1358

premotor 452–4

dorsal 452, 453

lateral 452–3

medial 453–4

ventral 452, 453

primary angiitis of the CNS 1548

processing 163, 164, 165

regions and immediate memory 309

REM sleep 821

reorganization following injury 455, Fig.

31.8


sensory map reorganization 80–1

somatosensory 893–4, 895

spike-wave generation 1237

stimulation and functional MRI 138

superior frontoparietal atrophy in


supraspinal nociceptive centres 893–5,

896, 897

swallowing 801

ventricular zone 177

waking state 817

see also cingulate gyri; cortical entries;

cortico- entries; frontal lobe; gyrus;

occipital lobe; precentral gyrus;

prefrontal cortex; temporal lobe

cerebral damage and visual agnosia 628

cerebral edema 1385

intracranial pressure monitoring 2025

cerebral embolism see stroke


cerebral herniation in oculomotor palsy

652

cerebral infarction


hemiplegic cerebral palsy 573


2074

neglect 334

cerebral injury

dysphagia 803

swallowing recovery mechanisms 803–4

cerebral ischemia

anti-inflammatory approaches 71

antiapoptotic strategies 70–1

Index 991






cerebral ischemia (cont.)

antiexcitotoxic approaches 66, 67,

68–70, 72–3

apoptosis 63–5, 72–3

clinical trials 72–3

downstream mediator blocking 69–70

inflammation 65

neuroprotection 62–6, 67, 68–73

neuroprotective interventions 66, 67,

68–72

vasoactive mediators 71

white matter injury 71–2

cerebral malaria 1749–50

cerebral malformations in West syndrome

1263

cerebral oxygen metabolism (CMRO2)

131, 132, 134, 2022

cerebral palsy 568–77

associated impairments 576

bilateral spasticity 569

causation 568



epidemiology 569

extrapyramidal 569–70, 573–5

hemiplegia 570, 572–3

hypotonia/ataxia 569–70, 574–5

imaging 575

neuroimaging 568

neuromuscular scoliosis 729

neurosurgery 577

periventricular leukomalacia 568, 570–1

prematurity 569

prenatal origin disorders 569

prognosis 577

rehabilitation 576–7

spastic diplegia 570–2

spastic quadriplegia 570, 572

spasticity 569

syndromes 569–75

unilateral spasticity 569

cerebral perfusion pressure 1387, 2017

aneurysms 1397

cerebral processing, sequential stages

162–3, 164, 165

cerebral tumours, epilepsy 1253

cerebral vasculitis 1255

cerebral vasodilatation, reflex 1387

cerebral venous thrombosis 1943–4


cerebritis after organ transplantation

2086

cerebroretinal vasculopathy 1410–11

cerebroside sulfatide 1137

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

14-3-3 protein 1723

bacterial meningitis entry 1732

drainage in traumatic brain injury 1798


HIV dementia 1692

leakage 2028

Lyme disease 1759–60

monitoring in normal pressure

hydrocephalus 2027

mononuclear cells 1653


neurocysticercosis 1746–7



neutrophilic pleocytosis 1733

nutrients 1651

oligoclonal bands 1622

pH 1340

production 1652

protein antigens 1652

protein content 1651

protein levels in myxedema 2037

spaces and brain aging 199–200

syphilis 1769, 1770, 1771, 1773, 1774

tuberculosis meningitis 1781

viral encephalitis 1653

volume reduction 2022–3, 2024

cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis 1140,

1644, 1882

cerebrovascular disease 3

Borrelia burgdorferi 1758

cardioembolic causes 1943–5

epilepsy 1255


hemodynamic parameters 131

pregnancy 1941, 1942, 1943–5

investigations 1941

treatment 1941, 1943



urinary bladder function 834

cerebrovascular infarction, visual agnosia

628

cerebrovascular injury, myocardial

infarction 1953

ceruloplasmin 1978

cervical cord 716

dorsal column lesions 716

lesions 713, 719

sympathetic efferent pathways 797

cervical lymph nodes, antigen-specific

immune response 1653

cervical nerves Fig. 47.2

cervical osteoarthrosis, neck pain 748

cervical pain 742–55

cervical radicular pain 742, 744, 745–6

diagnosis 746

somatic referred pain differential

diagnosis 754

treatment 746

cervical radiculopathy 742, 743–4

cervical segmental arteries 720

cervical spine

rheumatoid arthritis 738

somatic pain referral 742

cervical spondylosis

cervical radiculopathy 743

myelopathy 723

neck pain 748

cervical zygohypophyseal joint 747

cervicomedullary compression 730

CGG trinucleotide repeats 33

fragile X syndrome 43–4

Chagas’ disease 792

Chamberlain’s line 732

chancre 1767

channelopathies 6–7, 2035

chaperone proteins 38, 39, 241

see also heat shock proteins

Charcot joints, neurosyphilis 1772

Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT)

1077–8, 1129–31

complex 1131

Rosenberg & Chutorian type 1131

severe phenotype with deafness 1130–1

type 1 1083, 1129–31


inheritance 1129–30

onion bulb changes 1129, 1130

type 1A 1134

type 2 1131

Vizioli type 1131

X-linked 1131

Charcot’s joints 715–16

syringomyelia 724

tissue destruction 873

Charles Bonnet syndrome 630

Chédiak–Higashi disease 1134

chemical toxins 787, 789

industrial 605

chemical warfare 1160

992 Index






chemokines 1510–11, 1655

astrocyte-derived 1694

cerebral ischemia 65

demyelination 1597

immune-mediated demyelination 1519

leukocyte migration 1516

receptors 1511, 1685, 1686

chemotherapy

brain metastases 1470–1

conditioned taste aversion 617

chenodeoxycholic acid 1882

Cheyne–Stokes respiration 1440

Chiari malformation 728

craniocervical junction anomaly 731,

732–3


types 733

chiasmal glioma, childhood 1456

chickenpox 1678

see also varicella zoster virus

childhood ataxia with diffuse central

nervous system hypomyelination

(CACH) 152

children

brain death 354

cerebral metastatic disease 1462–3

growth hormone deficiency 863


opsoclonus–myoclonus 1479

therapeutics 129–30

see also brain tumours, children;

progressive cerebral degenerations

of childhood

Chinese Acute Stroke Trial 1367

chlorambucil


IgA/IgG neuropathy 1121

polymyositis 1172

chloramphenicol, optic neuropathy 624

chlordiazepoxide 441

chlorhexidine 618

chloride conductance in acquired

myotonia 1190–1

chloride ion channels 1183

myotonia congenita 1185–7, 1188, 1189

shunt current attenuation 1196

voltage gated 1189, 1190

chlorpromazine



chlorpropamide


syndrome of inappropriate secretion of

antidiuretic hormone 868

cholecystokinin, eating disorders 812

cholestanol 1140

serum levels 1644, 1882

cholestanolosis see cerebrotendinous

xanthomatosis

cholesterol

lowering in stroke prevention 1419–20,

1422

Niemann–Pick disease 1916

synthesis inhibition 1238–9

choline acetyltransferase 273, 274

cholinergic agents 829

cholinergic crisis 1155

cholinesterase inhibitors

AD 262


myasthenia gravis 1152–3

chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans 91–2,

701

chorda tympani-lingual nerve 616

chorda tympani nerve, surgical injury 617

chorea


1974

cerebral palsy 576


gravidarum 1946

Huntington’s disease 1896–7

hyperthyroidism 2034

polycythemia vera 2051

chorea–acanthocytosis 1919

choreoathetosis 1252, 1253

paroxysmal dystonic 533, 536

chorioretinitis in syphilis 1769, Fig.109.3

choroid plexus 1660

choroidal artery, anterior 1348

chromaffin cell tumours 2040

chromatin 64

chromatolysis 1075, 1076

chromosome 17q21 498

chronic fatigue syndrome 1211

depression 366

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

(COPD) 1101

chronic progressive external

ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) 6, 1924,

1925, Fig.120.3


mtDNA deletions 1925

ragged red fibres Fig.120.3

Churg–Strauss vasculitis 1577, 1579


primary angiitis of CNS differential

diagnosis 1552

Chvostek’s sign 2006, 2008

chylomicron retention disease 1140

cidofovir 1676

cytomegalovirus 1702

ciguatera poisoning 1809–10

toxin neuropathy 1093

ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) 59,

1594


Cimino–Brescia forearm

fistula/arteriovenous shunt 1994–5

cingulate gyri

akinetic mutism 337

bimanual interactions 471

cingulotomy in obsessive–compulsive

disorder 398

cinnarazine


parkinsonism 504

Cip/Kip cdk inhibitors 1438

circadian timing

disorders 824

disturbances in elderly 826

pacemaker 818, 819

photoreceptors 818–19

sleep homeostasis 819

sleep–wake regulation 818–19

cis-platinum ototoxicity 671

cisplatin

hypomagnesemia 2008



sensory neuronopathy 1096, 1097, 1103

sensory neuropathy 1102, 1482

citalopram


poststroke depression 1375

poststroke pathological effect 1379

cladistic analysis 20

Claude’s syndrome 652

ClC-1 chloride channel 1189, 1190

ClC-1 protein 1187

CLCN1 gene mutations 1187–90


(CISC) 841

Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 244

clinical trials 10–11, 120–1

double-blinded 128

Index 993






clinical trials (cont.)

evaluation 127–8

randomized 128

clinical variables

latent 107

measurement 106–8

CLN genes 1917

clobazam 1278

clodronate 2005

clofibrate 1190–1

clofibric acid 1201

clomipramine 397, 562, 824

clonal deletion 1504

peripheral 1512

clonazepam 948



cerebral palsy 576

cortical myoclonus 525, 526


dystonia 540


kinetic tremor 519





propriospinal myoclonus 529


segmental spinal myoclonus 529

tic disorders 561

clonidine


opiate withdrawal 438–9

pain control 913


tic disorders 561


clonidine–growth hormone testing 782,

783

cloning, positional 17

clopidogrel 1422–3

Clostridium botulinum 1158–9

Clostridium jejuni 653

clozapine 381

dystonia 540

rest tremor 516

tic disorders 561

coarctation of the aorta 1394

cobalamin deficiency 1836, 2046–8

Cobb angle 727, 728

cobblestone dysplasia 186–8

polymicrogyria 187, 188

cobra bite 1155

cocaine 435–7, 1829

activity 435

addiction 1836



crack 435, 1829

stroke 1835, 1943

violent crime 1833

craving 436

cue craving 433

dopamine depletion 436

fetal effects 1835–6

GABA neurotransmission 437

norepinephrine depletion 437

olfaction 599

overdose 437

reward effect 435

seizures 1834

serotonin depletion 437

signal transduction changes 436

stroke 1835

cochlea 658, 660

abnormal afferent excitation 665

damage 672

destruction 675

dysfunction in chronic renal failure 1995

innervation 660–1

lesions 670–2

reciprocal interaction 667

cochlear nuclei 661

Cockayne syndrome 1140–1, 1884

cod liver oil extract 1220

codeine 923, 1940

coeliac disease 526

coeliac ganglia 797

coenzyme Q 1222


coenzyme Q10 deficiency 1222

Cogan’s syndrome 1583–4

primary angiitis CNS differential

diagnosis 1552

vasculitis of CNS 1548

cognition mapping 137–8

Cognitive Assessment Screening Test

(CAST) 244

cognitive brain mapping, paradigm design

137–8

cognitive decline/dysfunction


1973–4

AD 260–1

aging-related 242



hypothyroidism 2035


mild 242–3




PD 484

poststroke depression 1374–6

prediction 205

cognitive function

AD 205, 260–1

brain aging 205

brain study 160


domains 201–4, 205

lateralization with fMRI 1290–1

localization 1290–1, 1322

maintenance 205

cognitive interventions in attention deficit


cognitive neuroscience, neural basis of

language 322–5

cognitive tasks, fMRI Fig. 1.1

Cohen’s arbitrary criteria 110

coherence 167–8, 169, 170

cohort studies 120

COL3A1 gene mutations 1411

COLA3A1 gene mutations 2072, 2073

colchicine 1102

cold agglutinins 2056

cold allodynia 897, 898

collagenases 1511

collagen–vascular disease 1569–84


systemic vasculitides 1576–7

see also antiphospholipid syndrome;

Behçet’s disease; Churg–Strauss

vasculitis; Cogan’s syndrome;

cryoglobulinemia; microscopic

polyangiitis; polyarteritis nodosa;

Sjögren’s syndrome; systemic lupus

erythematosus (SLE); Wegener’s

granulomatosis

collateral sprouting 85–6

colliculus

inferior 662

neglect 341, 343

Collier’s sign 1354–5

994 Index






colonic motility inhibition 797

colour

acquired disorders of vision 628

constancy 628

cortical lesion disruption of processing

628

visual loss 627

coma 295

acute renal failure 1987

anoxic 1961


fulminant hepatic 1971

hypophosphatemia 2010

myoclonic status 1277–8

paraproteinemia 2055

communication in autism 408

compartment syndrome 1994

compensation in low back pain 766–7

complement 1509

activation 1509, 1595–6


inflammatory brain disease 1598

cascade 1654

pathways 1509

complementarity-determining regions

(CDR) 1506, 1507

see also individual CDs

complementary therapies for pain control

917

complex I, III and IV deficiencies 1222

complex II 1222


calcitonin 914

neurogenic inflammation 877

sensory symptoms 1084

compound muscle potentials 1990

compression neuropathies


pregnancy 1948

compressive neuropathy, renal

transplantation 1994

compulsions 552

see also obsessive–compulsive disorder

computational neuroscience 10

computed tomography (CT) 4

brain aging 197, 199–200

epilepsy 1288


conduction block 1078


polyradiculoneuropathy 1115

Guillain–Barré syndrome 1078, 1111

multifocal motor neuropathy 1116, 1118


conduction velocity, uremic

polyneuropathy 1990

cone snails 1144

confusional states

dialysis dementia 1996


prolonged 1285


congenital cataracts, facial dysmorphism,

neuropathy (CCFDN) syndrome

1134

congenital disorders of glycosylation

(CDG) 1919

congenital insensitivity to pain 26, 873

with anhidrosis (CIPA) 1132–3

congestive heart failure


encephalopathy 1962

connective tissue disease 725, 730

stroke 1411–13


connexin(s) 1235

connexin 32 gene mutations 1131

�-conopeptides 878

consciousness 289–300

AD 296

ancillary tests 297–8

attention 293

basilar artery occlusion 1354

central resources 291–2


clinical evaluation 292–4

complex 290

components 290

core 290, 291, 292

brain structures 298

emotions 291

neural pattern 298

transient global amnesia 297

definitions 289–90

disorders 294–8

disruption 294

emotion 291, 293

extended 290

disruption with preserved core

consciousness 294

external view 289–90

functions separation 291

homeostasis regulation 298

imaged account 298

images 290

imaging 297

impairment 295


neuropathological correlates 297–8

internal view 289–90

neural patterns 290

neurobiological consciousness 298–300

non-verbal account 298

purposeful behaviour 293–4

simple 290

types 290–1

wakefulness 292–3

constipation 716


constraint-induced forced use 87–8

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

(CAPD) 1100

continuous motor unit activity 1083, 1485

Addison’s disease 2039

continuous positive airway pressure

(CPAP) 822

conus medullaris 716, 719

infarction 720

lesions 719

convergence spasm 654

abducens nerve palsy differential

diagnosis 651

convergence:projection pain referral

theory 951

convulsions

alcohol withdrawal 1817

benign familial

infantile 1251, 1252

neonatal 1241, 1251, 1252

benign neonatal 1262

early onset prolonged febrile 1253

febrile 1268

see also epilepsy

convulsive movements, generalized 1283

copaxone 1543

copolymer-1 (COP-1) 1537–8, 1543

see also glatiramer acetate

copper

metabolism disorder 1978

overload 1882

serum levels 1979

copper chaperones 1850–1

copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1)

mutation 1863, 1868

see also SOD1, mutant

coproporphyria, hereditary 1136

Index 995






coproporphyrinogen oxidase 1136

cordotomy, anterolateral 879

corneal grafts 222

corneal reflexes, brain death 353

Cornell Scale for depression in dementia

245

coronary artery bypass surgery

cognitive changes 1957–9

emboli 1959

intraoperative hypotension 1959

postoperative delirium 1956–7

stroke 1955–9

probability Fig. 122.1

coronary artery disease

depression 1963

neurological factors 1963

progeria 2075

psychosocial risk factors 1964–5

coronary spasm 1962

corpus callosotomy 1320

corpus callosum

agenesis

neuropathy 1134

spastic quadriplegia 572

apraxia 468

neglect 341

corpus cavernosa 847

correlation coefficient 106

cortical blindness 626–7

cyclosporin-induced 2084–5

cortical plate formation 178

cortical spreading depression 922

cortico-anal pathway 804

cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CTSC)

circuitry 391, 392

corticobasal degeneration 495–8

atypical phenotypes 497


dementia 495



dystonia 534

familial 497


imaging 497


diagnosis 269

limb-kinetic apraxia 468

multifocal myoclonus of hands 525

neurofibrillary tangles 256

nigrostriatal dopaminergic system

dysfunction 497

pathology 496–7

PD differential diagnosis 489

prevalence 495

prognosis 496

progressive supranuclear palsy


sporadic condition 497

supranuclear gaze palsy 491

tau-positive inclusions 285

therapy 497–8

corticocortical coherence 168

see also cerebral cortex

corticomedial amygdala 597, 598

corticomuscular coherence 168, 169, 170

corticospinal tract disease 713

corticosteroids


brain edema treatment 2020–1




cluster headache 929–30

cyclosporin neurotoxicity 2084

Duchenne muscular dystrophy 1167

immunosuppression for organ



injections 917

Landau–Kleffner syndrome 1240

multiple sclerosis relapses 1628


myopathy 1176


pain control 913

pituitary apoplexy 2002


system 1554, 1555

seizures in viral encephalitis 1669

transverse myelitis 1677


corticostriatal circuits 310

corticosubcortical circuit dysfunction

1379

corticotropin-releasing factor (hormone)

(CRF) 368

ACTH stimulation 854


paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus

819

test 864

cough, benign headache 933–4

COX-assembly gene mutations 1930

COX gene mutations 1928, 1929

COX10 gene mutations 1930

CPI1 189 1696

cracked tooth syndrome 941

cramps in motor neuron disease 1873

cranial epidural hemorrhage,

anticoagulant-induced 2054

cranial nerves

abnormalities

hyperadrenalism 2038


hypothyroidism 2036

areflexia 353

deficit in tuberculosis 1700

dysfunction 1392


palsy

intracranial hypotension 2028

of lower 1346

sarcoidosis 1559


cranial neuropathies

radiation damage 1494


cranial osteosarcoma, radiation-induced

1494

cranial vault

decompression 2023

mechanics 2016

craniocervical junction anomaly 730–2

direct compression 731

craniocervical junction instability 738

craniosynostoses 730

craniovertebral junction anomalies 730–3

causes 731

craving addiction 431

creatine



creatine kinase 1207, 1210

reaction 1211

CREB 83, 84, 1436, 1819

CREB-binding protein (CBP) 38, 1906

cretinism 2037

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 1890

accidental transmission 222

amyloid plaques 218

apo-E allele 22

Brownell–Oppenheimer variant 1718

dementia 20



996 Index






epidemiology 217

familial 215

diagnosis 1724

PrP gene sequencing 224

PrPSc 218

FTD phenotype 498, 504

Heidenhain variant 1718

Huntington’s disease differential

diagnosis 1898

iatrogenic 1717–18


diagnosis 1722, 1724

imaging 1723–4, 1725

incidence 217


diagnosis 269

methionine homozygotes 1716, 1717

myoclonus 254, 525

neuropathology 217–18

new variant 218, 222, 223, Fig. 15.4

parkinsonian syndrome 504

pathology 217–18, Fig 15.4

phenotype 219

presentation 214

sporadic 215, 216, 217, 1716–17, Fig.

15.4

age at death 1718, 1720



imaging 1725

PrPSc 218

signs/symptoms 1719, 1720

variants 1718, 1719, 1721

stroke-like onset 1718

transmission 215

valine homozygotes 1717

variant 1716, 1718, 1721

age at death 1723


diagnosis 1722–3, 1724

imaging 1725

tonsil biopsy 1724

cribriform plate 595

critical illness polyneuropathy 1101–2

Crohn’s disease 1979

complications 1980


cromakalim 1202

Crouzon syndrome 730

cryoglobulinemia 1579–80, 2056


cryoglobulins 1579, 1580, 2056

cryptococcoma 1701, Fig. 103.18

cryptococcosis 1701, Fig 103.18

Cryptococcus neoformans 1657, 1701



renal transplantation complication 1999

CST3 gene mutations 1408

CSTB gene 45

CTG trinucleotide repeats 33

myotonic dystrophy 43

cueing, brain aging 202

Cuprophan membrane 1994–5

cupulolithiasis 685, 686–7

Cushing reflex 351, 1797–8

intracranial hypertension 2020

Cushing’s disease 859–60, 1175

corticosteroid excess 1176

hyponatremia 869

osteopenic disorders of spine 729

polyuria 869

Cushing’s syndrome 367, 859–60

neurological complications 2038–9

cutaneomuscular reflexes (CMR) 735, 736

cutaneous information, postural control

582

cutaneous reflexes, innervation 714

cutaneous signs, spinothalamic tract

715–16

cyanide 504

cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

opiates 438

synaptic plasticity 82, 83


phosphodiesterase 84


response element binding protein

see CREB

cyclin D-associated CDKs 1438

cyclin-dependent kinases 1437

cyclo-oxygenase (COX)


deficiency 1222, 1223

inhibition by NSAIDs 909–10

inhibitors in inflammation treatment

880

isoforms 910

cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-deficient

myopathy, benign infantile 1222–3

cyclo-oxygenase 1 (COX-1) 910

non-selective inhibitors 911


cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors 69

non-selective 911

selective 910, 911

paroxysmal hemicrania 931

cyclophilin 2083

cyclophosphamide




cryoglobulinemia 1580

dosage 1534



multifocal motor neuropathy 1118–19




POEMS neuropathy 1121

polyarteritis nodosa 1577

polymyositis 1172


system 1554, 1555




transverse myelopathy 1574

L-cycloserine 1640

cyclosporin A




hypomagnesemia 2008

immunosuppressive therapy 1532, 1533


polymyositis 1172

cyclosporin neurotoxicity 2082, 2083–5

diagnosis 2085

management 2086

cyclosporin sirolimus 1532–3, 2083

CYP27 gene 1140

cystatin B

deficiency 1296

gene defect 1887

cysticercosis 1177, 1745, Fig. 107.1–2

epilepsy 1289–90

ocular 1749

cysticidals 1747–8

cystometry 837, 839

cytochrome c 1222

apoptosis 64

cytochrome c oxidase 1923, 1925

deficiency 1929

subunit mutations 1869

Index 997






cytokines 1509–10

AD 9

apoptosis 242





Lyme disease 1762

pro-inflammatory 1613

neural cells 1654

production in CNS 1654

synthesis 1509


see also chemokines

cytomegalic inclusion disease, congenital

1679

cytomegalovirus (CMV)

antigen in epilepsy patients 1240

congenital 1679

encephalitis/retinitis 1701–2


1519, 1679

lumbosacral polyradiculitis 1677

polymicrogyria 189

polyradiculitis 1085

renal transplantation complication

1999

West syndrome 1263

cytotoxic agents 1531–4

cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)

clearance of viral infection 1656

HTLV-1 1711

virus-specific 1653

D2 receptors in schizophrenia 379

Dalrymple’s sign 2034

danaparoid 1366

date rape drugs 1831

Datura stramonium abuse 1833

DDAVP see desmopressin

o,p-DDD, Cushing’s disease 860

deafness 1679

death declaration 353–4

death receptors 65

debrancher deficiency see glycogen

debrancher deficiency

debranching enzyme 1218

decompression sickness 725

decorin binding proteins A and B 1755

deep brain stimulation (DBS) 170

dystonia 542–3

epilepsy 1321

essential myoclonus 527


PD 484–5, 514

rest tremor 516

deep brain surgery 398

deep infarction 1356

deep vein thrombosis (DVT) 1368

degenerative disc disease 765

dehydroepiandosterone 1231

Dejerine–Sottas disease 1131

delayed phase sleep syndrome 825

delirium

mood disorders 369–70

postoperative 1956–7

delirium tremens 517, 1817

barbiturate withdrawal 1830

Delta protein 56

Delta32 1686

delusions, poststroke 1379–80

demeclocycline 868–9

dementia 3


adult-onset 20–2

single gene 21

aging 237–46

alcoholic 1823

aphasia 325

assessment scales 243–5


clinical evaluation 245

compulsive rituals 389


definition 243

degenerative 245

depression assessment 244–5

diagnosis 243–6

dialysis 1996–7, 1998


drug abuse 1835

drugs delaying 243

DSM-IV criteria 243

environmental risk factors 243


etiology 245

extrapyramidal 245

focal cortical 245

frontal lobe 269


genetic basis 243

HIV 1685, 1688, 1690–6

hypothyroidism 2035–6

incidence 243

investigations 245

lacking distinctive histology 245

lifetime risk 242



multi-infarct 20, 246


diagnosis 269

normal pressure hydrocephalus 2026



parkinsonism 254

PD 221

prevalence 243

progressive 245

pugilistica 489

radiation 1492

risk factors 246

screening 243–5

semantic 286, 323

smell impairment 599

static 245

of unknown etiology 243

vascular 245–6

see also Alzheimer’s disease;

frontotemporal dementia (FTD);

Lewy body dementia

demyelinating neuropathies 1086, 1114

immune-mediated 1078

perivenular inflammatory cells 1595

progression 1093

progressive multifocal

leukoencephalopathy 1702, Fig.

103.19


demyelinating polyradiculopathy

acute inflammatory 1111, 1113

chronic inflammatory 1114–18, 1134

chronic inflammatory


demyelination 1079


animal models 1517

cellular infiltration of CNS 1595–7

Guillain–Barré syndrome 1112–13

immune-mediated

CNS 1516–18, 1519

pathogenesis 1527


immunotherapy for prevention 1948


microglia 1597

998 Index







multiple sclerosis 1599–601, 1610

multiple sclerosis pathogenesis

1599–601

primary 1078

dendrimers 228–9

dendrites 1075, 1076


protein synthesis 10

schizophrenia 377

dendritic cells 1508

dendritic remodelling 86–7

denervation supersensitivity 84–5

dengue virus 1677

dental trauma 943

dentate gyrus 57–8

dentatorubro-pallidoluysian atrophy

33–4, 35, 1885, 1890, 1919


diagnosis 1898

progressive myoclonic epilepsy 525,

1296

protein misprocessing 222

trinucleotide repeat expansions 42

depolarization, node of Ranvier 1595

deprenyl 561

depression

amygdala 369

anatomy 368–70



423

cardiac surgery 1959

comorbidity with medical illness 366

coronary artery disease 1963

dementia assessment 244–5


epidemiology 364

frontal lobes 369

GABA studies 153–5

grey matter volume of prefrontal cortex

5

Huntington’s disease 1897, 1906


limbic system 369

migraine 959–60

multiple sclerosis 124, 1537, 1609–10,

1626


comorbidity 389–90

parkinsonian syndromes 779

PD 484, 831

poststroke 369, 1371, 1372, 1373–6

anatomical correlates 1373–4

apathy 1379

cognitive impairment 1374–6

cognitive recovery 1376


DSM-IV 1371, 1373

duration 1373


laterality 1373–4

mechanism 1374

minor 1373

physical impairment association 1374

treatment 1375

serotonergic neurotransmitter system

imaging 135

sleep disorders 828–30

with somatic features 388

stress response 367–8



transformed migraine 956

treatment 366–7

ventricular tachycardia 1964

depressive syndromes 364


dermal sinuses 734

dermatomal pain 1678

dermatomes 715, 727

dermatomyositis 1172–3, Fig. 70.10

cancer incidence 1476



myopathy 1176


desipramine

pain control 912


desmopressin 867


detrusor areflexia 834

detrusor hyperreflexia 837


head injury 834

incomplete bladder emptying 841

intravesical agents 840–1

management algorithm 842

Parkinson’s disease 834

spinal cord disease 835

treatment 840–1

detrusor sphincter 835

developed world 3–4

developing world 3–4

Devic’s neuromyelitis optica

azathioprine 1630


1624

dexamethasone



Dexedrine see dextroamphetamine

dextroamphetamine 427

narcolepsy 824

dextromethorphan 914

diabetes insipidus 865–6

brain death 351

central 866


management 867

nephrogenic 866


pituitary tumours 866

diabetes mellitus


compression neuropathies 1100

foot problems 786


juvenile-onset 25, 229

mitochondrial disorders 1927

neuropathic ulcers 873



stroke prevention 1420

taste dysfunction 618

type II 229

diabetic amyotrophy 1097, 1098–9

diabetic autonomic neuropathy 779

diabetic ketoacidosis

hypomagnesemia 2008


diabetic mononeuropathies 1099–100

diabetic neuropathy 1097–100


clinical pain 873

polyneuropathy 1097–8

uremic 1993–4

proximal 1097, 1098–9


truncal 1100


diabetic ophthalmoplegia 1099

diabetic polyneuropathy 1082, 1097–8

acute 1098

progression 1092–3

Index 999






diabetic thoracoabdominal neuropathy

1100

diacylglycerol (DAG) 1436

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of

Mental Disorders (4th edition) see

DSM-IV

dialysis

acute renal failure 1988–9



continuous ambulatory peritoneal

(CAPD) 1100

dementia 1996–7, 1998

disequilibrium 1997–8

myopathy 1177

uremic polyneuropathy 1992–3

3,4-diaminopyridine 1157, 1158

botulism 1159

diastematomyelia 734

diatoms 1810

diazepam

absence status 1276

cerebral palsy 576


motor neuron disease 1873, 1875



2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)

1190

dideoxynucleosides 1697–8

diencephalic regions, declarative memory

306

diet, healthy in stroke primary prevention

1416

diffusion–perfusion mismatch 4

dihydroergotamine see ergotamine

L-dihydroxyphenylserine 786

dilantin 1798

diltiazem 965

dimenhydrinate 1940

DIMOAD 1887

dinoflagellates 1809, 1810

diphenhydramine 1874

diphenoxylate 1153

2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DGP) 2009,

2010

diphtheria, swallowing disruption 802

diplopia

chiasmal syndrome 625

clinical testing 648–9

cover tests 648–9

monocular 630, 648

myasthenia gravis 654


dipole model, equivalent 166

dipyridamole 1423

disability measures 113

disc(s)

degenerative disease 763–5

protrusion in cervical radiculopathy

743

stimulation test 750–1

whiplash 749

discogenic pain 748

disease modifying treatments 11

disequilibrium syndromes 586–7, 681

see also vertigo

disinhibition-dementia-parkinsonism-

amyotrophy complex 498

disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10

(ADAM 10) 1845, 1852

disopyramide, autonomic dysfunction

787

disseminated intravascular coagulation

(DIC) 2054, 2057, 2058

distal myopathies 1168–9

distal watering hypothesis 1082–3

distributed cortical surface model 166

disulfiram

alcoholism treatment 441

sensory–motor polyneuropathy 1102

diuresis, osmotic 866

diuretics

hypomagnesemia 2008

thiazide 867

divalproex sodium 965, 966

divergence paresis 651

DM-20 protein 1640

DMPK gene 43, 1200

DNA

damage and nucleotide excision repair

systems 33

defective repair-associated progressive

ataxias 1883–4

fingerprinting 32

fragmentation 64

metabolic disorder 2045–6

repair defects 1140–1

replication and strand-slippage 33

testing 6

docosahexaenoic acid deficiency 1220

dolichol, urinary sedimentary 1296

domperidone 923

donepezil 262

dopamine

deficiency in PD 479

depletion

by cocaine 436

in putamen 481

extracellular in nucleus acumbens 431,

432

inhibition by opiates 438

neurons 433–4

neurotransmission disruption 437

stimulant reward 435

transporter 435

dopamine agonist therapy

neglect 343

neuroprotection 483


PD 483


tic disorders 561

dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency

785–6

dopamine D4 gene 20

dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

378–9

dopamine neurons, alcohol action 440–1

dopamine neurotransmitter system 440

dopamine projections, ascending 342

dopamine receptor agonists


parkinsonism 504

rest tremor 516

dopamine receptors

dystonia 537

postsynaptic 435–6

schizophrenia 379

dopaminergic agents 539–40

dopaminergic agonists


restless legs syndrome 826

sexual function 844

dopaminergic pathways

obsessive–compulsive disorder 393–4

receptor mapping 131

ventral tegmental area 1374

dorsal column 889

nuclei 889

stimulation 917

dorsal horn 873–5, Fig. 85.2

inputs 879

laminae 874, 885, Fig. 58.2, Fig. 58.12

anterior–lateral system 888

neurons

1000 Index






injury 884

peripheral inflammation 883–4

outputs 879

dorsal motor nucleus 796

swallowing 800

dorsal root ganglia 1075


dorsal root ganglion cells 1084

dorsal–ventral signalling centres 55

doublecortin (DCX) gene 184, 185

Down’s syndrome

AD manifestations 256


craniovertebral junction anomalies 732

ligamentous laxity 732

doxepin


pain control 912

doxorubicin 542

dreaming 820

nightmares 827

REM sleep 820

drop attacks 1283

drowning 2025

DRPLA gene 35, 1890

drug abuse/addiction



anticholinergic drugs 1833


central stimulants 435–7

chronic pain 909

dementia 1835

drug-induced psychosis 374

ethanol use 1834, 1835


hallucinogens 1831–2

HIV infection 1834

HTLV infection 1834

infection 1833–4

inhalants 1832

neural changes in brain 7



neurological consequences 1827–36

opiates 1827–8

phencyclidine 1832–3

psychic dependence 1827

psychostimulants 1828–30

relapse 436

reward circuit 433–5

seizures 1834

sensitization 436

stroke 1834–5

tobacco use 1834, 1835

trauma 1833

treatment 442

tuberculosis 1834

withdrawal 431, 630

see also individual named drugs

drugs, therapeutic

aseptic meningitis 1663

autonomic dysfunction 787, 789

chronic pain 909

dysphagia 802

intoxication 687

metabolism 129

ototoxic 671

proconvulsant 1255, 1256

psychotropic 1255

radioligand challenge studies, 135

risk categories in pregnancy 1940, 1941

tolerance 1827

DSM-III criteria 1376

DSM-IV criteria

AD 259


422

autism 407

bulimia nervosa 810

dementia criteria 243

generalized anxiety disorder 1376


poststroke depression 1371, 1373

schizophrenia 374, 375


Duane’s retraction syndrome 649–50, 735

Duchenne muscular dystrophy 14, 1165–6

Galtonian model 16–17

Mendelian model 16, 17


ductus arteriosus, patent 186

dura, arteriovenous fistula 1400, 1402, 1403

dura mater grafts 222

dural sinus thrombosis 2025

dwarfism, short-limbed 730

dynamic imaging of coherent sources

(DICS) 167

dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)

perfusion MRI 136

dynatomes, cervical radicular pain 745–6

dysarthria

chronic hepatic encephalopathy

1972–3


dysarthria–clumsy hand syndrome 1356,

1358

dysautonomia

acute/subacute 780

cholinergic 780

familial 784–5

dyschromatopsia 628

dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour

1289

focal cortical dysplasia association 182

dysesthesia

cutaneous 715


vesticular system abnormalities 1350

dysferlin protein 1169

dysfibrinogenemia 2057

dysgeusia 614

idiopathic 618

dyslexia, neurocognitive basis 5

dysmetropsia 629

dysnomia 322

aphasia 318

dysosmia 597, 603

dysostosis 729–30

dysphagia

management 803


neurogenic 801


stroke 802–3

videofluoroscopy 803

dysproteinemic neuropathies 1093, 1096

dyssomnias 821–6

dysthymia 365

dystonia 532–44


basal ganglia dysfunction 539

bulbar 1978


cervical 533–4, 542

classification 532

dopa-responsive 533, 536, 539–40, 574,

1919

epidemiology 535

focal 533–4

generalized torsion

early-onset 533

idiopathic 533, 535–6

genetic 574

genetics 535–6

idiopathic 574

Index 1001






dystonia (cont.)

imaging 537

metal deposition 536

myoclonic 527, 533

neurochemistry 537–8

oromandibular 535

pathology 536–7

physiology 538–9

post-hemiplegic 535

primary 533

psychogenic 535


secondary 534–5

sensory system abnormalities 539


striatal gliosis 536

surgery 542

treatment 539–43

dystonia-parkinsonism 534, 536

dystroglycan 1145, 1164, 1166, 1168

dystrophin 14, 1164, 1165, 1166

mutations 1166

proteinopathies 1166–8

dystrophinopathies 1165–6

DYT1 gene mutation 536

E-selectin 1516

E6–AP gene 39

Eagle’s syndrome 947

ear

external 658, 670

inner 658, 659, 660–1

disorders 670–2

middle 658, 659, 940

disorders 670

pain 940

surgery and taste dysfunction 616–17

see also hearing loss

eating disorders 808–13

cholecystokinin 812

leptin 812–13


see also anorexia nervosa; bulimia

nervosa

echolalia

aphasia 319

autism 408

eclampsia


pregnancy 1946–7

ecological fallacy 120

ecological studies 119–20

ecstasy 439–40, 1829

Edinger–Westphal nucleus 1355

edrophonium 1150

education

AD risk 253

dementia risk 243

effornithine 1750

EGR2 gene mutation 1131, 1132

EGR2/Krox 20 gene mutation 1130

Ehlers–Danlos syndrome 2072–3

arterial dissection 2073


genetics 2073

intracranial aneurysm 2072, 2073

type IV 1411

Ehrlichia 1763

ejaculation 843

Ekbom syndrome 2045

elastance, intracranial 2016–17

elderly people, therapeutics 129–30

electrical potentials, brain death 354–5

electrocochleogram (ECochG) 667

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) 367


electrodynamic/hemodynamic measures

combination 166–7, Fig. 12.7

electroencephalography (EEG) 160

abnormal findings 1286

aging 238

ambulatory 1286

attention in visual perception 161, Fig.

12.1–12.3

autism 412, 413

brain death 354

cardiac arrest 1961

cerebral changes 1963

cognitive brain function 160

coherence studies 167–8, 169, 170


epilepsy 1285–7

idiopathic generalized 1286–7

partial 1287

photosensitivity 1286, 1287

high resolution 81


memory function 161–2, Fig. 12.4

normal findings 1286

parallel processing 165

recording techniques 1285–6

sequential cerebral processing stages

162–3, 164, 165

sleep 816

sporadic CJD 1723, 1725

temporal lobe seizures 1314

wakefulness 292–3

electrolyte balance in renal disease

2000–2


myopathy with renal failure 1995

electromagnetic activity, intracranial

sources 166

electromyelogram

anal sphincter 838

multiple system atrophy 840

single fibre 1150, 1151

urethral sphincter 838

electron-transfer flavoprotein (ETF)

deficiency 1221

Elk-1 transcription factor 1436

embolism

coronary artery bypass surgery 1959

mitral stenosis 1953

mitral valve prolapse 1953–4

stroke 1345

emotion

consciousness 293

core consciousness 291

neurophysiological properties 1329

emotional syncope see vasovagal syncope

empty sella syndrome 861

EMX2 homeobox gene 181

encephalitis

cytomegalovirus 1701–2

herpes simplex 1287

lead 1806


Rasmussen’s 1240, 1259, 1278

saccadic oscillations 643

varicella zoster virus 1676

viral 1253, 1666, 1667, 1668–9

clinical manifestations 1667–8

CSF 1653

syndromes 1669–73

encephalitis lethargica 221, 478, 489, 490,

504

waking state 817

encephalomalacia, multicystic 572

encephalomyelitis

acute disseminated 1668

chronic progressive in Lyme disease

1757–8

experimental autoimmune (EAE) 1517,

1611

monophasic postinfectious 721

1002 Index






postviral 1673–5

syndrome 1482

see also acute disseminated

encephalomyelitis

encephalopathy

anoxic 1159

West syndrome 1263

congestive heart failure 1962

early-infantile epileptic 1266

EEG 1287

HIV 1690–6

hypertensive 1947

hyponatremic 867


epilepsy 1253

ischemic with raised intracranial

pressure 1385

lead 1832

Lyme disease 1757–8, 1760

mitochondrial 525, 1266

neurogastrointestinal 1924, 1931

neonatal 1912–13

posthypoxic 525

progressive of childhood 1913–14

rejection 1999

sulfasalazine-induced hypersensitivity

vasculitis 1980

uremic 1987–9

viral encephalitis differential diagnosis

1668

see also hepatic encephalopathy;

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

end-plate potentials 1144, 1163

endarteritis, obliterative 1767

endocarditis

drug abuse 1833

emboli 1943

infectious aneurysms 1393

atrial myxoma 1955

infective 1954

Libman–Sacks 2058

non-bacterial thrombotic (NBTE) 2058

endocrine disease 2033–40

endometriosis, low back pain 762

endonuclease 1688

�-endorphin 854

endorphins 440

endostatin 1439

endothelial cells

blood–brain barrier 1508

tight junctions 1655

endothelium

cerebrovascular tone 1338

immune cell trafficking 1516

endotoxins, bacterial 1732


�-enolase deficiency 1217

ENT-1 nucleoside transporter 1819

enteric nervous system 795

enteroviruses



meningitis 1662, 1665–6

diagnosis 1666

management 1664–5

entorhinal area 597, 598

entorhinal cortex 305, 306

entrainment 818

disorders 824–5

environmental toxins 1805–11

aquatic 1809–11

clinician roles 1811


see also chemical toxins; lead poisoning;

manganese

eosinophilic granuloma 2000

ependymoma 1434

brain tumour of childhood 1452–3


hypothalamic 855, 861

infants 1457–8

myxopapillary variant 1434


postoperative tumour staging 1452

radiotherapy 1452

surgical resection 1452

ephedrine, CNS vasculopathy 1553

ephrins 89, 91, 94

epidemiology 118

study design/interpretation 119–22

epidermal growth factor 1594

neuronal growth 1593


tyrosine kinase receptor pathways 1435

epidural abscess 1737–9, 1738, Fig. 106.5


etiology 1738


treatment 1739

epilepsia partialis continua 1259, 1278–9

epilepsy

absence 1236–9

atypical 1264, 1281

childhood 1249, 1262

juvenile 1262

myoclonic 1266

spike-waves 1236–9

typical 1281

acidification 1235

acquired factors 1253, 1254, 1255

AD 1255

adverse drug reaction avoidance 1302

alcohol 1255

arteriovenous malformations 1255

autism 412, 413, 1255


lobe 1250, 1251, 1252

autosomal recessive rolandic with

paroxysmal exercise-induced

dystonia and writer’s cramp 1251,

1253

bacterial meningo-encephalitis 1253

behavioural assessment 1293

benign myoclonic in infants 1262

benign neonatal type 1 6

benign occipital 1287

benign of childhood

with centro-temporal spikes 1249,

1258

with occipital paroxysms 1258

benign rolandic 1283, 1287

benign self-remitting seizure disorders

1303

biochemical screen 1293

biopsies 1297

blood count 1293

blood investigations 1296–7

brain injury 1234

calcium-controlling genes 1241

calcium ion channels 1233–4

cardiac investigations 1293

cavernous angioma 1255

cellular basis 1229–42

central region 1260

cerebral abscess 1253

cerebral tumours 1253


childhood absence 1249

classification of syndromes 1255–7,

1257–8

clinical features of

neurological/cognitive decline

1294

clinical spectrum 1248–68

continuous spike-and-waves during

slow wave sleep 1267

Index 1003






epilepsy (cont.)

contralateral limb function loss 1320

convulsive movements 1283

cortical malformations 1253, 1254

cryptogenic 1256, 1263–4, 1265, 1266

partial 1261

CT 1288

cysticercosis 1289–90, 1746, 1749


early-infantile encephalopathy 1266

EEG 1285–7

epidemiology 124–5, 1248, 1249, 1250

etiology 1250, 1251, 1252–3, 1254, 1255,

1256

excitation 1230

excitation/inhibition imbalance

1229–30

extrasynaptic mechanisms 1235–6

familial clustering 23

familial nocturnal frontal lobe 1240,

1241

familial temporal lobe 1251, 1252

focal 1255–6, 1257–61

focal cortical dysplasia 182

frontal lobe 1260


GABA 1230–3

studies 153–5

GABAergic neurons 1232–3

generalized 1255, 1257, 1261–3

with febrile seizures plus 1251, 1252

with febrile seizures plus type 2 6


with generalized tonic–clonic seizures

1249

genes 1240–1

genetic factors 1250, 1251, 1252–3

grand mal seizure on awakening 1262

HD 1255

head injury 1253, 1255

hearing-induced 1259

hemiconvulsion–hemiparesis 1253

herpes encephalitis 1253

hippocampus 1233, 1235

sclerosis 1253, 1260, 1288

HIV infection 1253


1328



hypocalcemia 1255

hyponatremia 1255

hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy

1253

iatrogenic causes 1294–5

ictal electrographic patterns 1286

ictal hyperperfusion 131

ictal transition 1236

idiopathic 1256

generalized 1261–3, 1286–7

grand mal 23

partial 1257–9

IgA 1239

imaging 1287–92, 1296, 1316, 1317,

1319

inborn errors of metabolism 1293–4

infections 1253

inheritance 1240, 1250

multifactorial 1253

inherited forms 6, 23, 24

inhibition 1229, 1230–3

interictal activity 1236

interictal epileptiform discharges 1286


juvenile

absence 1262

myoclonic 23, 1249, 1253, 1262

lobar 1259–61

magnetencephalography 165

magnetic resonance spectroscopy 151

medical intractability 1315–16

memory assessment 1293

mental handicap assessment 1293

mesial temporal lobe syndrome 1253

metabolic factors 1255

mood assessment 1293

mortality 1248

moyamoya disease 1408

MRI 1287–91, 1317

cavernomas 1290

functional 1290–1

granulomas 1289–90

indications 1288

malformations of cortical

development 1289

structural cerebral abnormalities

1288–90

surgical evaluation 1290

multidisciplinary research techniques

1328–9



myoclonic

early 1266

severe of infancy 1267

with myoclonic absences 1266

myoclonic–astatic 1264, 1266


neural tube defects 1945


neuromodulators 1233

neuronal synchrony 1233

neurophysiology 1296

neuropsychological assessment 1292–3

neurotransmitters 1233

non-epileptiform abnormalities 1286

occipital lobe 1261

parietal lobe 1260–1

partial 1255–6, 1257

and generalized seizures 1267

idiopathic 1257–9

with secondary generalized

tonic–clonic seizures 1249

symptomatic 1259–61

patient assessment 1281–97

cognitive decline 1294–7

data interpretation 1293

diagnosis 1281–5

individual potential assessment 1292


neurological decline 1294–7

periventricular heterotopia 185–6

PET 1292

pharmacodependent 1249

pharmacological factors 1255, 1256

pharmacoresistant 1250

pharmacosensitive 1249

pharmacotherapy 1301–11

photosensitive 1262–3

polyopia 630

post-traumatic 1240

pregnancy 1945–6

presurgical neuropsychological

evaluation 1293

primary generalized 1278

primary reading 1258–9

prognosis 1249–50

progressive myoclonic 525, 1266, 1295

causes 1296

myoclonic status 1278


prolonged confusional state 1285

proton magnetic resonance

spectroscopy 1291

pyridoxine dependency 1253

relapse rate 1249

1004 Index






relapse risk 1311

Rett’s syndrome 1255

seizures

frequency fluctuations 1310

precipitated by specific modes of

activation 1262–3

single 1302–3

with specific modes of presentation

1259


single gene 1250, 1251, 1252–3

SISCOM scanning 1316

sodium channels 1234

special syndromes 1267–8

SPECT 1291

spike-waves 1236

spontaneously benign 1249

startle 528

startle-induced 1259

subclinical activity control 1301–2

sudden unexplained death syndrome

1248

surgery 1313–30

access to brain 1325

anesthesia 1317

complications 1319


curative 1314–15


extratemporal 1319

gamma knife radiosurgery 1321–2

intraoperative recording 1317


outcome 1320

palliative 1314–15

patient evaluation 1315–16

preoperative evaluation 1316

procedures 1314

research 1322–6, 1327, 1328–30

resected tissue investigation 1329–30

resection strategy 1319–20

seizure focus 1325

site determination 1319

temporal lobe resection 1315,

1317–19

types 1317–22

vagal nerve stimulation 1321

susceptibility loci 23, 25

symptomatic 1256

generalized 1263–4, 1265, 1266–7

T cells 1239


temporal lobe 165, 1240, 1259–60

chronic 1232

EEG 1287, 1314

hippocampus 1235

hypometabolism 1292

lateral 1260

medial entorhinal cortex cell loss

1233

medical intractability 1315

mesial 1260, 1317

mesial radiosurgery 1321–2

neocortical 1260

resection 1315, 1317–19

toxic factors 1255

transient focal motor and sensory

attacks 1283

tuberculoma 1289–90


urinary incontinence 834

urine studies 1296

vestibular 689, 690

vigabatrin 153–4, 155

viral DNA 1240


visual sensitive 1262–3

Wada testing of language laterality 1316

wellbeing assessment 1293

without unequivocal generalized/focal

features 1267

see also anti-epileptic drugs;

convulsions; deep brain

stimulation (DBS); Landau–Kleffner

syndrome; Lennox–Gastaut

syndrome; progressive myoclonic

epilepsy type 1; seizures; status

epilepticus; West syndrome

epileptic automatisms

awakeness 293


seizures 295

epileptic fugue 295

epileptic syndromes 1257–61

epileptiform activity


426

ictal/interictal 1290

epileptiform neuron, disordered 1233

epileptogenesis 1234–5

apoptosis 1235

prevention 1302

episodic ataxia 6, 37, 1891

type 1 (EA1) and type 2 (EA2) 1891

episodic control disorders 553, 554, 555

epitope spreading 1543

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)





optic neuritis 1674

primary CNS lymphoma 1703


1999


erectile dysfunction



treatment 847–8

erections, psychogenic/reflexogenic 842

ergot alkaloids 923

ergotamine

brainstem binding 963

cluster headache 929, 930

derivatives 483

overuse 958, 963

overuse syndrome treatment 967


erythema migrans 1756–7

erythrocytes

indices 2044

magnesium measurement 2009

erythromycin 1995

esmolol 1387

esophageal sphincter, lower/upper 798

esophagus 798

esotropia 649

estrogens

brain aging 242

nervous system effects 1939


disease 11

ETF:CoQ10 oxidoreductase (ETFDH)

deficiency 1221

ethambutol


tuberculosis 1701, 1785, 1786

ethanol

clinical pharmacology 1814

hydrophobic binding pocket 1818

intoxication 1814–16


withdrawal syndrome 1816–17

ethchlorvynol overdose 1831

ethics, clinical trials 120

Index 1005






ethopropazine 483

ethylene glycol toxicity 1988

etoposide 1452

eugenics 106

euphoria in multiple sclerosis 1610

event-related potentials (ERPs) 160

event-related responses 669

evoked potentials 1622

evoked waveforms, tract tracing methods

1323–4

exchange transfusion 2053

excitation in epilepsy 1229–30

excitation–contraction coupling 1198

excitatory amino acid transporter 2

(EAAT2) 1869, 1870

excitatory post-synaptic potentials

(EPSPs) 878

hippocampal pyramidal neuron 1230

excitotoxic substances 8

excitotoxicity

cerebral ischemia 66, 67, 68–70, 72–3

damage and oligodendrocyte sensitivity

1598

executive function


424–5

brain aging 203

deficit in multiple sclerosis 1608


exercise intolerance 1209

exertional muscle injury 1212

glycogenoses causing 1214, 1216–18

lipid metabolism disorders causing

1218–20

muscle cramps 1211–12

muscle pain 1212

myoglobinuria 1212

myopathy 1928–9

protein-coding gene mutations 1928–9

respiratory chain defects 1222

rhabdomyolysis 1212

exertional fatigue

abnormal 1209

normal 1209–10

exotic ungulate encephalopathy 216

exotropia 649

Expanded Disability Rating Scale 108, 109

experimental autoimmune

encephalomyelitis (EAE) 1517,

1611

experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN)

1518–19

external ventricular drainage 1384

exteroceptive suppression 962

extinction

pathophysiology 336


tests 331–2

extradural hematoma 1797

extradural space metastases 723

extralemniscal system 663

extramedullary meningioma 723

extramedullary neurofibroma 723

extraocular muscles 646

extrapyramidal disturbance 1972

eye(s)

anemia 2044

deviation 333

wrong-way 1384

pain 939–40

see also vision; visual entries

eye movement


425

axes of rotation 646

cerebellar influences 640, 642


constant velocity drift 644

control 634–54


downward 638

horizontal conjugate 635, 636, 637

innervation patterns 634

neglect 342


representational defects 339

torsional 638

upward 638

vestibular 642

see also gaze; saccades/saccadic eye

movements

eyeblink conditioning, classical delay 311

eyelid apraxia 473

Fabry disease 1139, 1919

stroke 1410

faces

recognition 628

visual loss 627

facial angiofibroma 2065, 2066

facial diplegia 649

facial motor nucleus 800

facial nerve

neuritis 947

taste buds innervation 611, 613

vasodilatation 1342

facial nerve palsy

cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities 1558


sarcoidosis 1559–60

facial neuropathy

idiopathic 1099–100


facial pain

neuropathic 941


facial palsy

hyperacusis 665

shingles 1678

Factor II 2059

Factor V Leiden


pre-eclampsia 573

protein C resistance 2057

Factor VII 2059

Factor VIII deficiency 2051

Factor IX 2059

deficiency 2051

Factor X

activation 2058

hypercoagulable state 2059

Factor XI deficiency 2051

Factor XII (Hageman factor) deficiency

2057

falls


patterns 586

progressive supranuclear palsy 491,

493, 494

familial amyloid polyneuropathy see

amyloid polyneuropathy, familial

familial dysautonomia see Riley–Day

syndrome

familial fatal insomnia (FFI) 26, 215, 1717


PrPSc 218

family grouping of neurological diseases

15

Fanconi syndrome 2000

Fas ligand 65, 1506, 1511

fasciculations, motor neuron disease 1865

fasL suppression 70

fast channel syndrome 1157

fat

emboli 1944

oxidation 1208

1006 Index






fatal insomnia

sporadic 219

see also familial fatal insomnia (FFI)

fatigue

exertional 1209–10



see also chronic fatigue syndrome;

exercise intolerance

fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase 1644

fecal incontinence 804–5

feline spongiform encephalopathy 216

fenoprofen 966

fentanyl overdose 1828

fertile soil hypothesis 1463

fetal alcohol syndrome 1824


423

autism 409

fetal striatal cell transplantation in


fetus, brain death 356

feverfew, migraine prophylaxis 922

fibrillation potentials 1990

fibrinogen gene 25

fibrinolytic abnormalities 2057

fibroblast growth factor 702

brain tumour angiogenesis 1438


fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) 1593,

1594

fibromuscular dysplasia

aneurysms 1394

stroke 1345

fibromyalgia

depression 366


low back pain 763

fibrous dysplasia, auditory nerve damage

672

Filamin 1 protein 186

filum terminale, tight 734

finger movement

manipulating 464

motor vocabulary 472

fish-kill events 1810, 1811

FK506 2082

flavivirus 1763

flecainide 914

flexible endoscopic evaluation of

swallowing (FEES) 803

FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP) 70

FLN1 gene 185, 186

flocculus, visual tracking 640, 642

fluconazole 1701

flucytosine 1701

fluid balance



flumenazil 1831

flunarizine


hypnic headache 935


parkinsonism 504

flunitrazepam overdose 1831

fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)

1330

fluoxetine

bulimia nervosa 811




fluphenazine 949

flutter 644

fluvoxamine



FMR protein (FMRP) 44

FMR1 gene 44

focal cerebral symptoms in anemia 2045

focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) 181–2

Taylor-type 182

focal motor and sensory attacks, transient

1283

focal neurological disease 630

focal temporal slowing, aging 238

focal transmantle dysplasia 182

folate

deficiency 733, 1945, 2046, 2048

fragile sites 44

supplementation 1945

folic acid

antagonists 1533

supplementation 733

folinic acid, cerebral toxoplasmosis 1700

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 854

pituitary adenoma secretion 860

food avoidance 808–9

foot drop 587

foramen magnum lesions 718–19

Fore people (New Guinea) 222

forebrain

basal 306

injury 304

waking state 817, 818

diencephalic injury 304

pattern formation disorders 178


forkhead transcription factor (FKHR)

1436

fornix, global amnesia 305–6

foscarnet 1702

fosphenytoin 1669

Foster Kennedy syndrome 599, 600

fragile X syndrome 14, 34

autism 409

expanded trinucleotide repeats 32

folate-sensitive fragile site 44

FRAX fragile sites 44

trinucleotide repeat expansions 42,

43–4

triplet repeat mechanism 6

frataxin 47, 1886–7

frataxin gene 1886

FRDA gene 46–7

free fatty acids 1207, 1208

free radical scavengers 67


free radicals


oxygen 241

Freehand System 705, 706

Friedreich’s ataxia 1880, 1885, 1886–7

ataxia telangiectasia differential

diagnosis 1883


GAA repeat expansion 1886

iron deposits 1887

kinetic tremor 519

oxygen reactive species 47

sensory neuronopathy 1085


46–7

frontal eye fields 639, 641

frontal gyrus, posterior superior 1324,

1325

frontal lobe(s)

akinesia 337

akinetic mutism 337

avoidance behaviour mediation 339

cerebrovascular lesions 296

depression 369

dorsolateral 337

dysfunction in Lewy body dementia

268

Index 1007






frontal lobe(s) (cont.)

epilepsy 1260

glioma 600, 604

hemorrhage 1358

information retrieval 200

left in Tourette’s syndrome 557

lesions


working memory deficit 310

micturition control 833

postural adjustments 582

pseudo-absences 1260



working memory 309–10

frontal subcortical circuits 557, 558

frontoparietal system

lesions and psychosis 1380

sequencing of movement 471

frontostriatal system

dysfunction 391, 392


frontotemporal dementia (FTD) 20,

283–7, 498

age at onset 285


diagnosis 497

diagnosis 285–6


epidemiology 124, 283–4

familial 220–1, 284

frontal lobe atrophy 285

gene 210

genetics 5, 284

imaging 224, 286, Fig. 19.1

incidence 211

insight loss 286

MRI 286, Fig. 19.1

neurochemistry 285



parkinsonism 450, 489

and parkinsonism linked to

chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) 258

pathogenesis/pathology 284–5

prevalence 284

semantic 286, 323

sporadic 220–1

subtypes 285–6

tau gene mutations 221, 284, 285


temporal lobe atrophy 285

terminology 283–4


treatment 286–7

frontotemporal dementia parkinsonism

17 (FTDP-17) 498

frovatriptan 923, 924

fruit, tropical 494

fugue states, prolonged 1285

fukutin gene 187–8

functional activation, task-specific 138

functional electrical stimulation (FES) 705

Functional Independence Measure (FIM)

108, 109, 110, 1375

functional mapping, electrical stimulation

1322, 1323

fungal infections of CNS 1657


1999

fyn 83

G-protein-activated, inwardly rectifying K+

(GIRK) channel 1819

G proteins 82–3

G6PD deficiency 19

GABA 7, 66

agonists 914

alcohol action 440

antagonists 67

cocaine addition 437


CRH inhibition 854

detection scheme 149, 154

effect efferent dysfunction/reduction

665

inhibition 1231

magnetic resonance spectroscopy in

brain 153–6

measurement 146


neurosteroid effects 1231

occipital lobe decline with seizures

1232

resonance parsing 155–6


swallowing 800

transporter 1231

GABA-A receptors 1230, 1231


inhibitory postsynaptic potential

mediation 1232

GABA-B receptors 1230, 1231

GABA receptors

agonists 441

seizures 1232

GABA transaminase (GABA-T) 153

GABAergic drugs 525

GABAergic neurons, epilepsy 1232–3

gabapentin

cluster headache 930







seizure control 1315






gait/gait disorders 581–90


1974

apraxia 473

ataxia 588, 2036

balance 582, 583–4

cautious 588–9

classification 582, 583–4

by clinical patterns 585–9

definition 581

diagnosis 589

disturbance 588

freezing 588

neural function levels 582, 583, 584–5

parkinsonian 478

patterns 587–9

eliciting 705

psychogenic 585, 589

rehabilitation 589

rigid 588


stiff 588

syndromes 587–9

treatment 589

veering 588

wide-based 588, 589

galactorrhea 856, 857

�-galactosidase deficiency 1139, 1410

galactosyl sulfatide 1137

galactosylceramidase

activity 1639

deficiency 1638

galactosylceramide �-galactosidase 1138

1008 Index






GALC gene 1638

gallium nitrate 2005

gambling, pathological 395

gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) overdose

1831

ganciclovir 1702

ganglioglioma 182

GAP-23 93

GAP-43 85, 92–3

gap junctions 1235

gasoline

lead neurotoxicity 1805, 1806, 1807

manganese neurotoxicity 1808

sniffing 1832

gastrointestinal disorders 1979

neuropathy 1100–1

gastrointestinal tract

parasympathetic innervation 796

see also gut

gate control theory of pain 875

Gaucher’s disease 1919

investigations 1296, 1297

progressive myoclonic epilepsy 1296

gaze

convergence 1354


hyperconvergence 1357

vertical 1354

vertical conjugate 637–8

see also eye movement

gaze-holding neural network 635

gaze-holding signal 638

gaze palsy

conjugate 635

hereditary 649

horizontal 649, 1353

upgaze 1354, 1357

vertical 1354

Wernicke’s encephalopathy 1821, 1822

(GCG)7 allele 41

gelatinases 1511

gelsolin 1136

Gemin proteins 1847

gene-targeted mice, AD 1848

gene therapy 6


globoid-cell leukodystrophy 1639

genes

expression imaging 135

frame-shift mutations 14

identification

complex disorders 18–20

single gene disorders 17–18

interaction with environment 15

positional candidates 18

semidominant 18

susceptibility 5

transfer in spinal cord injury 704

genetic counseling 6

genetic diseases, familial grouping 15

genetic disorders

affecting kidneys 1999–2000

complex 18–20

see also single gene disorders

genetic distance 17–18

genetic models of neurological disease

16–17

genetic predictive testing 6

genetic risk (�1) 16, 22

genetically engineered models 1851–2

genetics

of neurological disorders 5–6, 14–26

reverse 17

geniculate ganglion 611, 613

genome-wide scans 18

genotyping 20

gentamicin ototoxicity 671

germ cell tumours

biochemical markers 1456–7

childhood 1456–7

treatment 1457

Gerstmann’s syndrome 321, 1356

Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker (GSS)

disease 215, 216, 218, 1717, Fig.

15.4

amyloid plaques 217–18, Fig 15.4

ataxic variant 1890


neuropathology 218, Fig 15.4

phenotype 219

Tg mouse models 226

geste antagoniste 532, 533

GFAP gene 1644

Ghrelin 855

Gi-proteins 436

giant axonal neuropathy 1133

giant cell arteritis 1581–2

aneurysms 1393


diagnosis 1582

ischemic optic neuropathy 623

pathology 1582


giant cells, multinucleated 1692

Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome see

Tourette’s syndrome

GIn residues, Machado–Joseph disease

227

glacial instability of spine 764–5

Glasgow Coma Scale 1794, 1795

intracerebral hemorrhage outcome

1389

glatiramer acetate 1628


see also copolymer-1 (COP-1)

glaucoma 2069

glia

axon survival 1601


olfactory bulb 1603

transplantation studies 1601–2

see also macroglia

glial cell line-derived nerve growth factor

(GDNF) 485, 1593

glial cells

production 57

proliferation with aging 238

radial 177, 178, Fig. 13.1

neuron progenitor cells 1330

glial cytoplasmic inclusions 502, Fig. 34.5

glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)

1876

glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) 56,

1594

Alexander disease 1643, 1644

glial gap junctions 1235

glial progenitors 56

glial syncytium 1235

glioblastoma multiforme 152, 1433, 1438,

Fig 11.4–11.5

gliogenesis 56

pathologic states 58

gliomas

chemotherapy 1443, 1444


malignant

hypermetabolic anaerobic state 1442

tumour progression model 1449

optic nerve 1454–6

p53 function loss 1438


signalling pathways 1436

spontaneous hemorrhage 1440

tumour cell hypoxia 1439

vasculature 1439

see also astrocytomas

Index 1009






gliosis

brain aging 238

schizophrenia 376

glissades see post saccadic drift

global amnesia see amnesia, global

Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) 254

global travel 3–4


globus pallidus


extrapyramidal cerebral palsy 574

MPTP-induced parkinsonism 514

PD 481



glomerular filtration rate 2002

glossalgia 618

glossitis 614

glossodynia 618

glossopharyngeal nerve

surgical injury 617

taste bud innervation 611–12, 613

glossopharyngeal neuralgia 618, 947

glucocorticoids

Churg–Strauss syndrome 1579

confusional state in systemic lupus

erythematosus 1573


deficiency 1176

excess 1176

giant cell arteritis 1582



seizures in systemic lupus

erythematosus 1573


glucocorticosteroids 1530–1

exogenous 862

osteoporosis 1531

patient monitoring 1530–1

side effects 1530, 1531

glucose

cerebral utilization 131, 132, 134

metabolic rate of utilization 2007

glucose-6-P 1216


glucose transporter disorders 1913

�-glucosidase gene mutations 1217

�-1,4-glucosyl residues 1216

glue sniffing 1105, 1832, 1836

GLUT1 mutations 1913

glutamate 8

AD 256

antagonists 67

brain metabolism 157


cochlear innervation 661

excess in brain 436–7

glutamine synthesis 1975



neuronal injury 698

neurotoxicity 7, 9

neurotransmitter system and alcohol

action 440, 441

pathways and phencyclidine 439, 440

pharyngeal swallowing 800

reduction of extracellular 66

schizophrenia 379

spinal nociceptive transmission 878



toxicity 437

glutamate re-uptake transporter protein

1869

glutamate receptors (GluR) 59, 698–9, 878


excitation in epilepsy 1230

manipulation 66, 68–9

metabotropic 69

overactivation 63

glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies

1084

glutamine


repeats 1900

synthesis 1975

glutamine synthetase 1975

glutaric aciduria type I 574

glutaric aciduria type II 1221

glutathione 1613

glutethimide overdose 1831

glyceryltrierucate 1636

glyceryltrioleate 1636

glycine receptor mutation 528

glycogen 1207

depletion in fatigue 1209–10

metabolism 1215

disorders 1214, 1215, 1216–18

oxidation 1207

glycogen debrancher deficiency 1209,

1214, 1217–18

glycogen synthase kinase 1436

glycogenolysis, anaerobic 1207, 1211–12

glycogenosis 1208

exercise intolerance 1214, 1216–17

fixed weakness 1217–18

myoglobinuria 1214, 1216–17

type V 1213

glycolysis 1215

glycoprotein disorder, carbohydrate-

deficient 575

glycosylation, congenital disorders 1919

GM1 antibodies 1118

GM1 gangliosides 1120

GM2 gangliosides

accumulation 1914


GM2 gangliosidosis

infantile 1914

startle response 529

see also Tay–Sachs disease

GMD2B gene 1169

Gnathostoma spinigerum

(gnathostomosis) 1751

goal-directed behaviour, memory-guided

434

Golgi-tendon organs 874

gonadotrophin, iatrogenic CJD 1717

gonadotrophin-releasing hormone

(GnRH) 854

long-acting analogues 855

gp120 envelope glycoprotein 1694

GQ1b antibodies 1120

gracile tract degeneration of AIDS 1082

Gradenigo’s syndrome 651, 670

Graefe’s sign 2034

graft-vs.-host disease 2088

Gram-negative bacilli, meningitis 1730

Gram-negative bacteria

brain abscess 1737

subdural empyema 1740

Gram-negative organism endotoxins 1732

Gram-positive organism cell walls 1732

granuloma

cell types 1560–1

formation 1561

non-caseating Fig. 95.3

granulomatous angiitis 1547

granulovacuolar degeneration 238

grasping

deficits of phase 469

observation 472

praxis 469

Graves’ disease 2034

exophthalmic 1176

1010 Index






grey matter

brain aging 200

cortical in AD 254

thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

2053

grey/white matter junction, brain

metastases 1463

Grb2 protein 1435

growth associated proteins

GAP-23 93

GAP-43 85, 92–3

growth cone

antibodies to inhibitory molecules 95

chemorepellants 91

lamellipodium 90


growth factors 67

apoptosis 70–1

glia 1593–4

neurons 1593–4

transplantation of cells secreting in


tyrosine kinase receptor binding 1435–6

growth hormone (GH) 854–5

deficiency 862–3

adults 863–4

deficiency in children 863

long-term therapy 864


secretion 859

growth hormone-releasing hormone

(GHRH) 855

growth inhibitors, neuron-associated 91

Gs-proteins 436

GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) 536, 574

Guadeloupe (French West Indies),


incidence 494

guanfacine 561

cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)

847


acute polyradiculoneuropathy 1483


alcoholic neuropathy differential

diagnosis 1824

antecedent events 1110

antibody response 1504


arsenic neuropathy differential

diagnosis 1104


autonomic failure 787


botulism differential diagnosis 1158

Campylobacter jejuni 1519


cerebrospinal fluid 1111




compound muscle action potentials

1111

conduction block 1078, 1111

critical illness polyneuropathy



demyelination 1112–13

diagnosis 1110

electrodiagnostic studies 1111–12

Haemophilus influenzae 1519

heroin use 1836

hexacarbon neuropathy differential

diagnosis 1105

infection 1513


Miller–Fisher syndrome 1120

Miller–Fisher variant 653, 1111, 1113


molecular mimicry 1113, 1514


with ophthalmoplegia 1113

pathology/pathogenesis 1112–13

plasmapheresis 1114

recurrence 1112


swallowing disruption 802

total parenteral nutrition 1982

treatment 1113–14


vaccine association 1110, 1112

variants 1111

viral association 1678, 1679

viral hepatitis 1100

gumma gummata 1768


gustatory agnosia 614

gustatory cortical regions 612–14

imaging 613

gustatory dysfunction

causes 615–18

disorder classification 614

treatments 615–18

gustatory fibres, afferent 611, 613

gustatory function


imaging 614

gustatory nucleus, peripheral pathways

611–12, 613

gustatory system 610–14

gustatory testing, quantitative 614–15

gustatory transduction 610–11

gut

extrinsic neural pathways 797

function coordination 795

intrinsic neural pathways 797

spinal innervation 795, 796

vagal innervation 795, 796

gynecological neoplasms

paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration

1476

paraneoplastic retinal degeneration

1481

gyrus

atrophy in AS 254–5

calcification 2070

dentate 57–8

frontal posterior superior 1324, 1325

parahippocampal 200

supramarginal 321

temporal

posterior superior 1324, 1325

superior 171

see also cingulate gyri; precentral gyrus

Hachinski Ischemic Score (HIS) 245

Haemophilus influenzae


immunization 1729

meningitis 1729, 1730


Haemophilus influenzae type b

vaccination 1735

hair, curly 1133

hair cells 658, 660

inner/outer 660, 661

outer 661

Hallervorden–Spatz disease 269, 1919



hallucinations

gustative 1260

hypnagogic 824

olfactory 1260

poststroke 1379–80


Index 1011







haloperidol




management 2086

tic disorders 561

halothane, ryanodine receptor mutation

15

Haltia–Santavouri disease 1917

hamartin 2068

Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-

D) 245, 1376



hand(s)

focal dystonia 534

movement motor vocabulary 472

multifocal myoclonus 525

tremor 517

velocity in ideomotor apraxia 464, 464

and wrist representation loss 455, Fig.

31.8

Hartnup disease 1881, 1883

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis 2037

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease differential

diagnosis 224

head

motion 634

tilt 534

tremor 517

head injury

AD risk 253


423

dementia risk 243

dystonia 535

epilepsy 1253, 1255


1315

hemophiliacs 2052

ICP monitoring 2018


parkinsonism 505






see also brain injury

headache 920

anemia 2044

benign cough 933–4, 942



cerebellar hemorrhage 1359


chronic daily 955–68, 959


hospitalization criteria 963, 964

incomplete/incorrect diagnosis 968

induction by migraine medications

963

pain modulation 961–2


peripheral mechanisms 961


preventive treatment 964–6

prognosis 967–8

psychiatric comorbidity 960

psychophysiologic therapy 963

spontaneous central pain activation

962–3

supraspinal facilitation 962–3

treatment 963–7

treatment failure 967–8

chronic tension-type 955, 956–7, 960

Achilles tendon pain threshold 962


pericranial muscle disorder 963

pharmacotherapy 964

sensitization 961

cluster 927–31

acute attacks 930


differential diagnosis 928, 929

management 929–30

orofacial pain 943

PET 927, Fig. 62.1

preventative treatment 929–30

cyclosporin-induced 2085

drug-induced 958–9, 963

episodic tension-type 956–7, 957, 959



hemicrania continua 932–3


2074


hypnic 934–5


2027

immunosuppressive neurotoxicity 2086

internal carotid artery dissection 748

intracranial hemorrhage 1392


kindling model 962

new daily persistent 955, 957

pharmacotherapy 964

nitroglycerin-induced 961

OKT3 immunosuppression 2086

overuse syndrome of analgesics 921,

958–9, 963

ambulatory infusion treatment 967



paroxysmal hemicrania 930–1


pregnancy 1942

primary stabbing 933

rebound 958–9



injection and tearing (SUNCT)

931–5

subarachnoid hemorrhage 1345–6,

1393


tension-type 962

transformation 962

see also migraine

health care

evaluation 106

improvements 196

health measurements 105–8

health rating scales

acceptability 108–9

to patients 111–12

administration method 111

appropriate health entity 111

candidate items 113

choosing 111–12

clinical usefulness 111

data quality 108

detection of change 112

development 113

evaluation 108–11

preliminary field test phase 113

reliability 109–10, 112

responsiveness 110

sample appropriateness 112

scaling assumptions 108

spectrum of health measured 112

validity 110, 112

health status concepts, abstract 107

hearing aids 675

1012 Index






hearing disorders, etio-pathogenesis

670–3

hearing loss 663–4

conductive 663, 664

genetic syndromes 671

management 673–4

pharmacological treatment 674

rehabilitation 674

sensorineural 663–4

Cogan’s syndrome 1583, 1584

surgery 674


heart

brain influence 1962–5

influence on brain 1952–5


see also cardiac entries

heat shock proteins (HSPs) 241

heavy chain diseases 2055–6

Heinz bodies 2049

Helicobacter pylori 911

hyperammonemia 1977

HELLP syndrome 2053

helminths 1751

helodermin 1342

helospectins 1342

helper T (TH) cells 1504, 1505

effector 1505

cytokine synthesis 1509–10

hematological disease

anemia 2044–8

hemoglobinopathies 2048–50

hemorrhagic diathesis 2051–4

hypercoagulable states 2057–9

myeloproliferative disorders 2051


paraproteinemias 2055–7

thalassemia 2048–50

hematomyelia 720–1, 721

hematopoiesis, extramedullary 2051

heme arginate 1137

heme biosynthesis disruption 1136, 1137

hemi-inattention 332

hemianesthesia 332

hemianopia 622

bitemporal 625

cerebral artery posterior 1355

homonymous 626, 627

residual visual function 627

scan paths 627

hemianopsia 332, 333

hemispatial neglect 337

hemiballism 1355

hemiconvulsion–hemiparesis–epilepsy

1253

hemicord syndrome 717, 718

see also Brown–Séquard syndrome

hemicrania continua 932–3, 955, 957–8

hemidystonia 534, 535

hemifield slide phenomenon 625

hemimedullary infarction 1352

hemineglect, buccal 615

hemiparesis

anterior choroidal artery occlusion 1348

ataxic 1356

herald 1353

medial medullary infarction 1352

pontine hemorrhage 1358


Sylvian fissure hematoma 1392–3

hemiplegia

cerebral palsy 570, 572–3

childhood 737

denial 339–40

mirror movements 737


see also anosognosia

hemiplegic migraine, familial 6

hemispace 338

hemispherectomy 1320

hemispheres

astrocytoma 1431

asymmetry 340–1

attacks with internal carotid artery

dissection in neck 1346


infarction 1349

information processing speed 336

ischemia 1346

oligodendrogliomas 1432, 1433, 1434

see also left hemisphere; right

hemisphere

hemispherotomy 1320

hemodialysis

chronic renal failure 1100, 1989, 1990

hyperammonemia 1977

secondary carnitine deficiency 1221


hemodynamic/electrodynamic measures


hemofiltration 1998

hemoglobin 2044, 2048–9

heterozygous states 2050

sickle 2049

hemoglobin A 2048–9

hemoglobin F 2049

hemoglobin S 1944

disease 2049–50

hemoglobinopathies 1944, 2048–50

hemolytic anemia, elevated liver function

tests, low platelets see HELLP

syndrome

hemolytic uremic syndrome 2053

hemophilia 2051–2

central nervous system complications

2051–2

head injury 2052

peripheral nervous system

complications 2051

hemophilia A 6

hemorrhagic disease of the newborn 2054

hemosiderin, subarachnoid deposition

739

Henoch–Schönlein purpura 2054

heparan sulfate endoglycosidase 1655

heparin


deep vein thrombosis prevention 1368

heparinoids 1366

hepatic coma

fulminant 1970, 1971


hepatic disorders

neuropathy 1100–1

see also liver disease; liver

transplantation

hepatic encephalopathy 1970

chronic 1970–3

coma 1972

impaired consciousness 1972

movement disorders 1972

neurobehavioural disorders 1971

ocular motility 1973

seizures 1972

speech disturbance 1972–3

fulminant 1971


gut-derived toxins 1975–6


intermittent 1973



portal–systemic 1977

subclinical 1971, 1973

syndromes 1970–4

synergism 1976

Index 1013






hepatic failure, fulminant 2025


hepatitis

infectious 1833


hepatitis A 1679

hepatitis B

Guillain–Barré syndrome 1679,

2088


hepatitis C 1579–80

hepatocerebral degeneration, acquired

1971, 1973–4

cognitive dysfunction 1973–4

motor disorders 1974

hepatolenticular degeneration see Wilson’s

disease

hepatopathy

benign of infancy/childhood 1217

mtDNA depletion 1931

HER-2 allele overexpression 11

Herceptin 11

hereditary ataxias 1880–92

autosomal dominant 1880, 1887–90

autosomal recessive 1880

cerebellar 1886–7

degenerative 1885–6

enzyme defects 1880–3

episodic 6, 37, 1891

genetic testing 1892

metabolic 1880–3

diagnosis 1882

genetics 1881

intermittent 1880–2

progressive 1880, 1881, 1882–3

mitochondrial function defects 1880,

1891–2

mode of inheritance 1880

progressive

defective DNA repair association

1883–4

degenerative 1880

recessive 1887

triple repeat diseases 1885

X-linked 1880, 1891

see also spinocerebellar ataxia

hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with

amyloidosis 1408

hereditary coagulopathies 1919

hereditary endotheliopathy with

retinopathy, nephropathy and

stroke (HERNS) 1411


1409, 2053–4, 2073–5

genetics 2074–5

hereditary motor and sensory


hereditary ataxia differential diagnosis

1887

inherited with multisystem involvement

1133–5

Lom 1130–1

treatment 1134–5

hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy 1129,

1132

hereditary neuropathies 1129–41

with focally folded myelin 1130, 1131

with liability to pressure palsies 1129,

1132

hereditary olivo-pontocerebellar atrophy

1887

hereditary sensory neuropathy 1132–3


Hering’s law 638

heritability 16

AD 22


herniation syndromes 1385, 1440

brain tumours 1440

heroin 1827–8

addiction 442

cocaine combination 437

contaminant causing parkinsonism 480

fetal effects 1835


myelopathy 1834

with quinine 1836

stroke 1834

vapor smoking 1836

violent crime 1833

herpes simplex encephalitis 1287,

1669–71

epilepsy 1253

imaging 1670–1

laboratory findings 1670

mortality rate 1671

neonatal 1666

onset 1670


periodic lateralizing epileptiform

discharges (PLEDS) 1670

treatment 1671

herpes simplex type I 1240

herpes simplex virus (HSV)



infection spread 1660


herpes zoster

ophthalmicus 1678

orofacial pain 949–50

oticus see Ramsay–Hunt syndrome

peripheral nerves 1677, 1678–9

Heschl’s gyrus 662

heterotopic nodules 186

heterozygous states, complex

combinations 2050

hexacarbons, neuropathy 1104–5

hexamethonium 774

n-hexane

neuropathy 1104–5

parkinsonism 504

hexosaminidases 1914–15

HHT gene mutations 1409

HHT1 and HHT2 genes 2074–5

high density lipoprotein (HDL) deficiency

1139

highly active antiretroviral therapy

(HAART) 1683, 1689

discontinuing 1690

long-term effects 1689



leukencephalopathy 1702

treatment interruption 1689, 1690

Hilbert transform 168


hippocampus

astrocytes 1330

atrophy 1289

CA1 region 83

CA2-3 regions 271–2

epilepsy 1233, 1235


Lewy neurites 271–2

major pathways 305

memory 200

storage 83

mossy fiber sprouting 85

MRI 1288–9, 1317

quantitative assessment 1289

neurogenesis 1330

NMDA receptors 84

resection 1318–19

schizophrenia 377

sclerosis 245, 1288–9

1014 Index






in epilepsy 1253, 1260


volumetry 1289

Hirano bodies 238

Hirschsprung’s disease 792

histologically defined angiitis of the CNS

(HDACNS) 1547–8, 1548–9

HIV infection 3

antiretroviral agent neuropathy 1103

antiretroviral therapy 1688–90

biology 1683–8

CD4 counts 1688, 1689–90

chemokine receptors 1685–6

CNS opportunistic infections 1698–704

dementia 1688, 1690–6

adjunctive therapy 1696

astrocytes 1693–4, 1695


CSF abnormalities 1692


imaging 1692–3, 1694

inflammatory mediators 1694

misdiagnosis 1692

pathophysiology 1693–4, 1695

pediatric 1691

prevalence 1691

treatment 1695–6

distal sensory polyneuropathy 1697,

Fig. 103.13, Fig. 103.14

drug abuse 1834

encephalopathy 1690–6

epidemiology 1683

epilepsy 1253

facial nerve palsy 1558

general paresis 1773


haplotype 25

immune system augmentation 1690

immunosuppression 1688

motor neuronopathies 1085

myopathy 1177–8

neurological complications 1683–704,

1685

incidence 1684


neuropathic pain 1697, 1698

neurosyphilis 1773, 1774–5

new-onset mania 1692

peripheral nerve damage 1677

polymyositis 1697, 1698

provirus 1686–7

replication 1660

sensory neuropathies 1688, 1690, 1697,

Fig. 103.13

treatment 1698

T cell CD4 receptor 1685

tabes dorsalis 1773

toxoplasmosis 1657

tuberculoma 1784

tuberculosis 1777, 1778, 1782–3

vacuolar myelopathy 722, 1696

viremia 1688

wasting syndrome 1178, 1683

see also AIDS; human

immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

HLA-B8 allele 25, 1149

HLA B27 739

HLA-DQ6 1599

HLA-DQB1 0602 823

HLA-DR2 see HLA-DR15 allele

HLA-DR3 allele 25

HLA-DR4 1761

HLA-DR15 allele 1599

multiple sclerosis association 22, 1606,

1607

HLA Drw3 1149

HMGCoA reductase inhibitors

dementia effect 242

myotonia 1191

Hodgkin’s disease


CNS vasculitis 1548


1476

radiation-induced lower motor neurone

syndrome 1495

Holmes–Adie pupil 792

Holmes–Adie syndrome 773, 775

holocarboxylase synthetase (HLCS) gene

1882

holoprosencephaly 55, 178


homocarnosine 155–6

homocysteine 1413, 2046–7

cerebrovascular disease risk 1420

homocystinuria 25, 1919

aneurysms 1393

management 1413

stroke 1413

homovanillic acid, dystonia 537

Hopkins Motor and Vocal Tic Scale 553

horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex 637

hormonal manipulation 922

hormone replacement therapy 1424

Horner’s syndrome 651, 718



face 773


internal carotid artery dissection in

neck 1346, 1347

lateral medullary infarction 1351

superior cerebellar artery infarction

1355

horror autotoxicus 1513

HOXA1 gene 411

HSP 70 241

5-HT1A serotonin receptor subtype 66

HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (HAM)

1710

HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical

spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP)

1710, 1711



histology 1712–13

spinal cord abnormalities 1712–13

treatment 1713

human genome 18, 20

Human Genome Project 5

human granulocytic erhlichiosis 1763

human growth hormone (hGH)

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease transmission

223

iatrogenic CJD 1717

human herpes virus 6 (HHV6) 1615



Kaposi’s sarcoma 1561, 1703

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

1683–6

clinical latency 1688

genes 1687–8

HIV-1 1684

drug resistant strains 1689

peripheral nerve disorders 1696–8

replication 1688

HIV-2 1684–5

life cycle 1686–8

plasma RNA levels 1688, 1689

replication 1688

reverse transcription 1688

structure 1686–8

virions 1687

release 1688


Index 1015






human leukocyte antigens (HLA)

neurosarcoidosis association 1561–2

see also individual HLAs

human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)

drug abuse 1834

myelopathy 722–3

type 1 (HTLV-1) 1710

CTL response 1711


replication 1710

transmission 1710

urinary tract dysfunction 835

humoral immune response to viral

infection 1660

Hunter syndrome 1918

huntingtin gene 7, 35, 1899

mouse models 1904

mutant proteins 214

mutations 14

neuronal inclusion bodies 1901


transcription abnormalities 1906


huntingtin protein

amyloid-like fibrils 1903

glutamine repeat 1903


localization of mutant 1903–4

proteolytic cleavage 1905



age of onset 1899–900

animal models 1901–2, 1904–5

inducible 1905

anticipation 32, 34, 1899

apo-E allele 22


CAG repeats 1898–900

knockin gene studies 1904

caspase inhibitors 1907

cell models 1903–4

chorea 1896–7



cognitive dysfunction 1897

death 1896

depression 1897, 1906


dystrophic neurites in brain 1901

emotional disorders 1897–8, 1906–7

epilepsy 1255

familial 222

fetal striatal cell transplantation 1907

genetics 1898–900

growth factor-secreting cell


incidence 211

juvenile 574, 1919

mitochondrial dysfunction 40, 1902

motor impairment 1896–7

neural xenotransplantation 704

neurodegeneration rating scale 1900,

1901

neuronal inclusion bodies 1901, 1902,

1905, Fig.118.3


neuronal loss 1900

neuropathology 1900–1, Fig. 118.2–3

neurotoxic models 1901–2

obsessive–compulsive disorder 1897–8,

1906–7


onset 1896, 1897


pathogenesis 1900, 1902

penetrance 1899

polyglutamine aggregation 1905, 1907

polyglutamine pathogenesis models

1905–6




strategic declarative memory deficit 310

striatal cell xenograft transplantation 95

survival 1896, 1897

toxic gain of function 1900


treatment 1906–7

trinucleotide repeat expansions 34–5, 42

triplet repeat mechanism 6, 14, 1898

Westphal’s variant 505

Huntington’s disease-like disorders 1898

Hurler syndrome 1918

Hutchinson–Gilford syndrome 2075–6

hybrid depth electrodes 1326, 1327, 1328

hydralazine 1103

hydrocephalus 729


communicating

brain tumours 1440


CSF removal 2022

cysticercosis 1746, 1749



normal pressure 2025–7

CSF pressure monitoring 2027

dementia 2026


diagnosis 269

obstructive 1386, 2022, 2023, 2024



Paget’s disease 737

progressive 734


tuberculosis 1700, 1778–9

ventricular shunting 1749

hydrogen ions 1235

hydromyelia 729

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA

reductase inhibitors see HMGCoA

reductase inhibitors

3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase

deficiencies 1220

hydroxychloroquine 1565, 1566

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)


bulimia nervosa 812

4-hydroxynonenal 1870

hydroxyquinolones, halogenated 624

5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

agonists 67

partial in poststroke anxiety disorder

1378

allodynia with muscular face pain 951


426–7

brain aging 198

CRH stimulation 854

eating disorder neurobiology 811–12



receptors 368

antagonists 922

cocaine reward 437

schizophrenia 379

serotonin-2A receptor gene promoter

polymorphism 811

see also serotonin hypothesis;

serotoninergic entries

5-hydroxytryptamine1B/1D (5-HT1B/1D)

receptor agonists 923

1,25-hydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)D) 2005

hyperactivity 422–4

hyperacusis 664–5

1016 Index






hyperadrenalism 2038–9

hyperaldosteronism 2039

hypomagnesemia 2008

hyperalimentation 2010


hyperarousal, psychophysiological 822

hyperbilirubinemia 574

hypercalcemia 2004–5

hypercapnia

sleep apnea 822

vasodilatory response 1339–40


hypercholesterolemia 2084


blood vessel abnormalities 2059

malignancy 2058

nephrotic syndrome 2059

oral contraceptives 2059

pregnancy 2058–9

primary 2057–8

prothrombin complex infusions 2059

rheological abnormalities 2059

secondary 2058–9

hypercortisolism 860, 2039

hyperekplexia 527–8

hypereosinophilic syndrome 1175

hyperesthesia

cutaneous 715

spinal cord syndromes 717

hyperglycemia


diabetic polyneuropathy 1098

hyponatremia 868

nerve growth factors 1098


hyperhidrosis 773, 792

botulinum toxin 779

essential 775, 779

malodorous 858

percutaneous endoscopic

sympathectomy 779



hyperlipidemia 1093

hypermagnesemia 2007–8

hypomagnesemia treatment 2009

hypernatremia 2000–2

CNS complications 2001–2

hyperosmia 597, 605

hyperosmolality 2000–1

hyperparathyroidism

cerebral symptoms 2038

hypercalcemia 2004

neck pain 749

neurological complications 2038

neuromuscular disease 2038


primary 2038

secondary 1996, 1997, 2038

spinal symptoms 2038

hyperpathia, cutaneous 715

hyperpolarization

calcium-activated potassium 1230

epilepsy 1236

hyperprolactinemia 856–8

causes 857, 858

hypersexuality, sexual dysfunction 843–4

hypersomnolence 1282

hypertension

accelerated with hypertensive

encephalopathy 1988


aneurysms 1397

autoregulation 1339

benign intracranial 1980


cyclosporin-induced 2083, 2084

encephalopathy 1947


1356

pre-eclampsia 1946

hyperthermia 1368

hyperthyroid neuropathy 2034

hyperthyroidism 1175–6, 2033–5

autoimmune 2034

movement disorders 2033–4

myasthenia gravis 1151, 2034–5

myopathy 2035

neuromuscular disorders 2034–5

periodic paralysis 2035

hyperventilation, raised intracranial

pressure 2020

hyperviscosity syndrome 2055

Hypervolemic Hemodilution Treatment of

Acute Stroke Trial 1368

hypoadrenalism 2039

hypobetalipoproteinemia, familial 1140

hypocalcemia 2005–7

epilepsy 1255

hypomagnesemia 2008

magnesium deficiency 2007

management 2007

hypochondriasis in obsessive–compulsive

disorder


spectrum 395

hypocretins 823

hypofrontality, schizophrenia 379–80

hypogeusia 614

hypoglossal motor nucleus 800

hypoglossal nerve 1867

hypoglycemia


loss of awareness 1282

hypogonadism, suspected secondary 864

hypokalemia 2011

bulimia nervosa 811

myopathy 1177

hypokinesia, directional 333, 338

hypomagnesemia 2008–9



hypomelanotic macules 2065, 2066

hypomyelination, congenital 1132

hyponatremia 2002–4

aneurysms 1397



Cushing’s disease 869

epilepsy 1255

management 2003–4

pathophysiology 2003


SIADH differential diagnosis 867–8

water restriction 2004

hypoparathyroidism 2006, 2038

management 2007


hypophysial artery

inferior 854

superior 853

hypophysial–portal system 853

hypophysitis, lymphocytic 861

hypopituitarism 856, 862–5

diagnosis 863

prevention 865


hyposmia 597

causes 600

hypotension

intraoperative in cardiac surgery 1959

orthostatic 775–6, 777, 778


decrease in acute ischemic stroke

1367

dysautonomia 780

Index 1017






hypotension (cont.)

reflex cerebral vasodilatation 1387

hypothalamic astrocytoma 861

childhood 1454–6

hypothalamic chorioepithelioma 861

hypothalamic ependymoma 861

precocious puberty 855

hypothalamic germinoma 861


hypothalamic glioma 861, 1454–6

hypothalamic hamartoma 861


radiosurgery 1321

hypothalamic neurofibroma 861

hypothalamic releasing/inhibiting factors

853

hypothalamic teratoma 855

hypothalamic–pituitary unit disorders 855

hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis 367,

368, 854

hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis 854

hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis 854

hypothalamus


brain death 351

damage 2001

dysfunction in cluster headache 927,

Fig. 62.1

glutamatergic input 818

grey matter Fig. 62.1

hypocretin gene expression 823

lateral and nucleus acumbens

projections 433

metastases 861

nociceptive neurons 890


797

REM sleep 821

spinal projection neurons 888

suprachiasmatic nucleus 819

swallowing 801

sympathetic innervation of cerebral

circulation 1342

waking state 817

hypothermia 1368


hypothyroidism 1175, 1176


cerebral symptoms 2035–6

cranial nerve abnormalities 2036

cretinism 2037

dementia 20

EEG 2036

gait ataxia 2036

muscle enlargement 2036


myopathy 1176, 2036–7



peripheral nerve disorders 2037

primary 863

seizures 2036




hypoxia

status epilepticus 1272, 1273

tumour cells 1439

vasodilatory stimulus for cerebral

vasculature 1340

hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1439

hypoxic event, myoclonus 526


hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy 1253

hypoxic–ischemic insult


fetal 181

oligodendroglia vulnerability 571

periventricular leukomalacia 571

polymicrogyria 188

hypsarrhythmia 1287

hysterectomy



ibuprofen


shingle pain 1678

ICD-10

AD 259

autism 407

ictal urinary urge 834

ifenprodil 68

illusory visual spread, palinopsia 630

imaging 4–5

functional 81, 131–43


radioactive tracers 132–5

gene expression 135

see also spectroscopic imaging

imipramine


pain control 912

immune cell trafficking 1515–16

immune deviation 1541

immune disorders, synaptic transmission

1520

immune function of CNS 1654

immune globulin 1240

immune-mediated disorders of nervous

system 1515

immune-mediated neuropathies



immune response

categories 1501

propagation 1596

termination 1511

immune system

adaptive 1502–8

augmentation in HIV infection 1690

innate 1501–2, 1509

immune therapies for PANDAS 561

immunization and autism 409, 411

immunoadsorption, selective 1540

immunoglobulin(s) 1502–3

immunoglobulin, intravenous 2052–3



immunomodulation 1538–40

laboratory tests 1539

mode of action 1539

multifocal motor neuropathy 1118



polymyositis 1172



immunoglobulin A (IgA)

ataxia telangiectasia 1883

epilepsy 1239

paraproteins 1120–1

immunoglobulin E (IgE) 1883

immunoglobulin G (IgG)

antineuronal antibodies 1570


immunoglobulin M (IgM) 2055

paraproteinemia 1119–20

paraproteins of non-MAG specificity

1120

immunologic ignorance 1512

immunological synapse 1542, 1543

immunologically mediated disease 1663

immunomodulatory agents 1534–40

immunomodulatory procedures, invasive

1540–1

1018 Index






immunophilin-binding agents 1532–3

see also cyclosporin A; sirolimus;

tacrolimus

immunosuppression


polyradiculoneuropathy 1117,

1118

HIV infection 1688

JC virus 1675


paraneoplastic syndromes 1476

polymyositis 1172

seizures 1240

immunosuppressive agents 1530–4



neurotoxicity in organ transplantation

2082, 2083–6


management 2086

immunotherapy

biotechnological agents 1541, 1542



diagnosis establishment 1527

disease heterogeneity 1527–8

effectiveness 1527

future developments 1541–3


immunosuppression 1530–4


neurological disease 1527–43

patient compliance 1527

phase-specific 1528–9

principles 1527–30

selective antigen-specific 1542

stem cell transplantation 1541

T-cell receptor targeting 1542

tolerance 1527

impact/impulsive loading in traumatic

brain injury 1799

implantable pulse generator (IPG) 842

inattention

contralateral 334



tests 331–2

unilateral 334, 335–6


incidence of disease 123

incidentaloma, pituitary 861

inclusion bodies

Huntington’s disease 35, 1901, 1902,

Fig.118.3

motor neuron disease 1868, 1871, Fig.

116.5

inclusion body myositis 41, 1174–5, Fig.

70.11

Index of Activities of Daily Living (IADL)

244

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

(USA) 576

indomethacin 957, 958

industrial chemicals 605

infant Hercules appearance 2036

infants

autism 411

brain death 354

brain tumours 1457–8

infection


amoebal 1657

CNS


after organ transplantation 2086–7

host responses 1651–7

infectious pathogens 1656–7

inflammatory cell function regulation

1656



TNF-� 1657

drug abuse 1833–4

epilepsy 1253



nosocomial and acute ischemic stroke

1368



parasitic 1657





1999

systemic 3


TORCH 572


see also bacterial infection; brain,

abscess; endocarditis; fungal

infections of CNS; viral infection

inflammation

local 881

mediators in oligodendrocyte sensitivity

1598


neurogenic 877

neuroprotection 1520–1, 1529–30


inflammatory bowel disease 1979–81

central nervous system 1980



peripheral nervous system 1980


therapeutic complications 1980

inflammatory brain disease


etiology 1599

inflammatory cells

function regulation in CNS 1656

perivenular 1595

inflammatory demyelinating

polyradiculoneuropathy

acute (AIDP) 1111, 1113

chronic (CIDP) 1114–18, 1134, 1514


course 1114–15

definition 1114

diagnosis 1114

electrodiagnosis 1115

intravenous immunoglobulin 1116,

1117


plasma exchange 1116, 1117

prevalence 1114–15

prognosis 1114–15

treatment 1116, 1117–18

HIV-1 infection 1697



low back pain 762

peripheral 880

inflammatory mediators 1509–11

HIV dementia 1694


reduction 880

inflammatory response, multiprotein in

AD 9

influenza 1677

information

learning 202

processing 10

retrieval 200

Index 1019






inhalants 1832

inhalation abuse 1105

inhibition

enhancement 1232

epilepsy 1229, 1230–3

GABA 1231

inhibitor neutralizing antibody (IN-1) 701


inhibitory basket cells 1232

inhibitory burst cells 634–5

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)

GABA-A receptor mediated 1232

slow 1230

tetanic stimulation 1232

INK4 cdk inhibitors 1438

innominate artery occlusion/stenosis

1349

inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) 1436


insomnia 816, 821


fatal sporadic 219

long term 822–3

primary 822–3


short term 822

treatment 822–3



insula 321


swallowing 801

insulin

autonomic failure in diabetes mellitus

786, 787

deficiency 229

tolerance test 864

insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) 257

insulin-like growth factor (IGF)

survival signals 241


insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) 854–5,

1594

apoptosis 70–1


recombinant human 1875–6

insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) 1594

�-integrins 71

integrinv3 1439

intelligence, brain aging 204

intention defects, neglect 331

interests, fixed/unusual in autism 408

interferon(s)



immunomodulatory action 1534–7

types I and II 1535

interferon � (IFN�)

immunomodulatory effects 1534–5


trials 1542

receptor binding 1536

side effects 1537

signalling induction 1536

viral clearance from CNS 1656


administration route 1537

compliance 1537


multiple sclerosis 1534, 1536, 1537,

1541–2, 1628–9

contraindication in pregnancy 1948

neutralizing antibodies 1537


recombinant preparations 1534

side effects 1536

teratogenicity 1536–7

interferon � (IFN�) 1504, 1505

helper T cell synthesis 1509



macrophage activation 1508

interictal activity in epilepsy 1236

interleukin 1 (IL-1)

bacterial CNS infection 1657


inflammatory response 1732

interleukin 1 (IL-1) converting enzyme 70

interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra)

71

interleukin 1� (IL-1�) 65


HIV immune system augmentation

1690

release by macrophages 1599

interleukin 4 (IL-4) 1505






1690

internal capsule


hemorrhage 1357

internal carotid artery

angiogram 1551

bifurcation aneurysms 1394

dissection

neck 1346–7

neck pain 748

occlusion

intracranial 1347

neck 1346–7

proximal 1394

stenosis 1346–7

International Association for the Study of

Pain (IASP) 906

pain definition 939

International Headache Society (IHS) 920


cluster headache diagnostic criteria

927, 928

idiopathic jabbing headache 933

orofacial pain classification 939

International Stroke Trial 1366, 1367

interneurons, segmental inhibitory 874

internuclear ophthalmoplegia 635


interstitial keratitis 1583–4

interstitial nucleus of Cajal 635

eccentric gaze after vertical saccade 637

intervertebral discs see disc(s)

intracardiac tumours 1955

intracarotid amobarbital testing (IAT) 139

intracavernous injection therapy 848

intracellular adhesion molecule(s)

(ICAMs) 1595, 1596


intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-

1) 1516


intracellular signal transduction cascades

82

intracerebral hematoma 1799

intracerebral hemorrhage 1383–9


biochemical effects 1385–6

blood volume 1389

brain edema 1389



cerebral edema 1385


complications 1386

diagnosis 1386–7

1020 Index






epidemiology 1383

hematoma surgical evacuation 1387–8

hypertensive 1386

imaging 1386–7

inattention 334


intraparenchymal hematoma 1383

intraventricular hemorrhage 1386

lobar hemorrhage 1384

medical therapy 1387

neurological damage mechanisms

1385–6

neuronal injury 1389

obstructive hydrocephalus 1386, 1388

prognosis 1389

putaminal hemorrhage 1384

stroke 1346

syndromes 1357–9

thalamic hemorrhage 1384

thrombolysis 1388–9

treatment 1387–8

vasogenic edema 1385, 1386

ventricular system 1388

intracranial aneurysms 1393, 1394, 2072,

2073

berry 2000

intracranial angioma 2068

intracranial blood flow cessation 354, 355

intracranial calcification 2070

intracranial elastance 2016–17

intracranial hemorrhage

headache 1392

hemophilia 2051–2

olfactory epithelium degeneration 603

thrombocytopenia 2052

intracranial hypertension, benign 2027–8

intracranial hypertension, idiopathic

2027–8


surgery 2028

intracranial hypertension syndrome, age-

related 1758


intracranial mass removal 2023

intracranial neoplasms 942

intracranial physiology 2016–17

intracranial pressure 2016–28

A-waves 2018–19

B-waves 2019

brain death 350

brain injury 1797–8, 1799, 2016

C-waves 2019

chronic disorders 2025–8

compressive 2019

control 2025

diffuse 2019

disorders 2016, 2019–28

fluid-coupled 2017–18

indications for monitoring 2018

interpretation 2018–19

lowering 1798

lumbar catheters 2017–18

measurement 2017–18

monitoring 1797, 2017–19, 2025

outcome 2025

pressure wave 2016–17

solid-state systems 2018

waveforms 2018–19

intracranial pressure, raised

aggravating factors 2024

B-waves 2025




brain tumours 1440

cerebral perfusion pressure reduction

1385

clinical aspects 2019–20

cranial vault decompression 2023

CSF volume reduction 2022–3, 2024

drowning 2025

endotracheal intubation 2020

fulminant hepatic failure 2025

head positioning 2020

hyperglycemia 2021

hyperosmolar therapy 2021–2

hyperventilation 2020

initiating factors 2024



ischemic encephalopathy 1385

management 2020–3, 2024

medical 2020–2

surgical 2022–3, 2024

medulloblastoma 1450

metabolic suppression 2022

normal pressure hydrocephalus 2025–7

primitive neuroectodermal tumour

1450



intracranial territory

distal infarction 1354–6

middle 1353–4

proximal 1350–3

infarction 1352–3

intracranial tumour, cervical

radiculopathy 743

intramedullary astrocytoma 723

intramedullary ependymoma 723


intraparietal sulcus lesions 469

intraspinal therapy, long-term 917

intrathymic deletion 1513

intravascular tracers 131

intraventricular catheter 2022, 2024

hydrocephalus drainage 1386


ion channels 6–7

nociception 875–7, Fig. 58.5

tetrodotoxin resistant/sensitive 876

ipsaparone 829

iris hamartoma 2062, 2063

iron

deposits in Friedreich’s ataxia 1887

ferrous accumulation 241

irregular sleep–wake pattern syndrome

825

irritable bowel syndrome 805

Isaacs syndrome see neuromyotonia

isoniazid


sensory–motor polyneuropathy 1102–3

tuberculosis 1701, 1784–5, 1786

isovaleric acidemia 1881

IT15 34–5

Item Response Theory 114

Ixodes 1755–6


Ixodes ricinus 1754

Jacobsen’s syndrome 34

trinucleotide repeat expansions 42, 44

Jagged protein 56

Japanese B encephalitis 504

vaccine 1671

Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction 1774

jaw trauma 616

JC virus 1675



jerks

brainstem myoclonus 528, 529

nystagmus 644


reflex 528

Index 1021






jet lag 824–5

jitter 1990

Joffroy’s sign 2034

Joubert’s syndrome 575

kainate 62

receptors 68, 878

Kaposi’s sarcoma 1703

human herpes virus 8 1561

Kayser–Fleischer rings 505, 1882, 1979

KCNA1 gene mutation 1891

Kearns–Sayre syndrome 1891, 1925


Kennedy’s disease see spinobulbar

muscular atrophy

keratoconjunctivitis sicca 1575

kernicterus 574

Kernohan’s notch 1440, 2019

ketamine


topical 915

ketoaciduria, intermittent branched-

chain 1881

ketoconazole 860

ketogenic diet 1913

�-ketoglutaric dehydrogenase 1822

ketoprofen 966

khat 1829

kidneys see polycystic kidney disease;

renal disease; renal failure; renal

transplantation; von

Hippel–Lindau disease; Wilson’s

disease

kinases 82

synaptic plasticity 83

Kleine–Levin syndrome 811

KLH1 gene 45

Klippel–Feil syndrome 734–5, 736, 737

atlantoaxial instability 732

congenital scoliosis 729


craniosynostosis 730

extravertebral anomalies 735

inheritance 735


Kocher–Debré–Semélaigné syndrome

1176, 2036

Koch’s postulates 118–19

Koenen tumours 1266

Kojewnikow syndrome 1259

Korsakoff’s amnestic syndrome 306,

1822–3

cortical blindness 627



Krabbe disease 1138, 1919

see also leukodystrophies, globoid-cell

Kraepelin, Emil 253

krait snake bites 1155

Krebs–Henseleit cycle 1975

kuru 218, 222, 1716, 1717


Kveim antigen skin test 1563

kynurenic acid 1734

kyphoscoliosis 730

Riley–Day syndrome 1133

kyphosis 729

acquired 729

bracing 730

L-dopa see levodopa

L-selectin 1516

labetalol 1387

labyrinthectomy 674

postural normalization 682

labyrinthine dysfunction 680

lactate dehydrogenase deficiency 1217

lactate metabolism disorders 1881

lactic acid 1207, 1209

lactic acidosis 1223

resting 1932

lactic dehydrogenase 1213

lacunes 454

Lafora’s disease 1919

investigations 1297


1266, 1296

Lambert–Eaton-like syndrome, congenital

1159

Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome

1093, 1144, 1157–8

autoimmune hypothesis 1475


neuromuscular junction autoimmune

attack 1520, 1521

paraneoplastic 1484

small-cell lung cancer 1474

voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC)

proteins 1520

Lambl’s excrescences 1955

lamin proteins 1170

laminin 1168

lamivudine

HTLV-1 1713


lamotrigine





LAMP-2 mutations 1217

Lance–Adams syndrome 1255

Landau–Kleffner syndrome 1240, 1267

corticosteroids 1240

language

abnormalities in multiple sclerosis 1608

acquired disorders 317–26

AD 254


425

autism 411

basal temporal area 322

bedside examination 319–20

function

brain aging 203–4

microelectrode recordings of cortex

171–2

laterality and functional MRI 139

left hemisphere system 320


localization 1322

neural basis 322–5

semantic dementia 286

Wada testing of laterality 1316

Wernicke–Geschwind model of

anatomy 322

see also aphasia; speech

laryngeal nerve, superior 799

larynx, swallowing 798

Lasegue’s sign 1084

laser evoked potentials (LEP) 894, 895

late hyperpolarizing potentials (LHPs)

1230

lateral lemniscus 661–2

lateral medullary syndrome see

Wallenberg’s syndrome

lateral sclerosis, primary 1482, 1863, 1864

laterocollis 534

lathyrism 725

latrotoxin 1159

Lazarus sign 352

lead poisoning


423

children 1988

encephalitis 1806

1022 Index






encephalopathy 1832

neuropathy 1093

neurotoxicity 1805–7, 1807

children 1806


palsy 1805

learning

autism 415, 416

long-term potentiation 301, 302

neurotransmitter release 301


Tourette’s syndrome 555–6

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy

(atrophy) 6, 624, 1622, 1924, 1928

leflunomide 2083

left hemisphere

damage 341

dominance in praxis 466–7

inattention 340

infarction 1375

language system 320

rehabilitation 341

stroke correlation with depression

1373, 1374

Leigh-like syndrome 1929

Leigh’s syndrome 1891, 1926, 1929

hypophosphatemia differential

diagnosis 2010

morphological changes in muscle 1932

Lennox–Gastaut syndrome 1263–4, 1265

atypical absence status 1276

EEG 1287


tonic–atonic seizures 1238

lenticulostriate territory, deep 1347

lentivirus 1683, 1684

properties 1685

leprosy 3

leptin, eating disorders 812–13

leptomeningeal angioma 2068–9

leptomeninges 1548, 1551

leptomeningitis, tuberculous 1778–9

leukemia

acute lymphoblastic (ALL) 1491

adult T-cell 1710–11

chronic myeloid (CML) 11

leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) 1594

leukocyte adhesion inhibitor 67

leukocyte function antigen 1 (LFA-1) 1595


leukocytes

endothelial cell tight junctions 1655

inflammatory demyelination 1519

local control by brain 1656


matrix metalloproteinase secretion

1516

migration 1516

rolling 1516

tethering 1516

leukodystrophies 1633, 1634



globoid-cell 1638–40

animal models 1639


diagnosis 1639

gene defect 1638

gene therapy 1639–40



treatment 1639–40

leukoencephalopathy 1645

metachromatic 1137–8, 1636–8


carriers 1638

clinical presentation 1637

diagnosis 1637–8

gene defect 1637

gene therapy 1638

infantile/juvenile 1637


Pelizaeus Merzbacher disease 1640–1

polycystic lipomembranous

osteodysplasia with sclerosing

leukoencephalopathy 1644–5

progressive white matter destruction

1914

Sjögren Larsson syndrome 1644

vacuolating megencephalic

leukoencephalopathy with

subcortical cysts 1645

see also adrenoleukodystrophy, X-

linked; cerebrotendinous

xanthomatosis

leukoencephalitis, acute hemorrhagic

1674

leukoencephalopathy


necrotizing 1492

with polyol metabolism disturbance

1645

progressive multifocal 1675–6, 2087

vanishing white matter 1645

leukotrienes 1508

levetiracetam 913

levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) 439

levodopa 210

cerebral palsy 576


dystonia 540



neurotoxicity 482

orthostatic hypertension 787, 790


PD 482–3


rest tremor 516


side-effects 483

Lewy bodies 214, 215, 267, 270–1, Fig. 18.2

antigens 270


intracellular 228

Lewy body dementia 270–1, 273, 479,

Fig. 18.2

PD 221, 479

�-synuclein 275–6, 277

ubiquitin 240

Lewy body dementia 20, 221, 267–77, 476,

477, 503

Alzheimer changes 272, 274

amyloid plaques 272


behavioural symptom treatment 270


clinical management 270

clinico-pathological correlations 273

cognitive decline 268

cognitive deficit 503


CSF biochemical markers 269

degenerative 245

depression 269

diagnosis 254, 503


dopaminergic dysfunction 503

epidemiology 124

genetics 269–70

imaging 269, 503

incidence 267

laboratory investigations 269


Lewy bodies 270–1, 273, 479, Fig. 18.2

Lewy body-related pathology 273–4

Index 1023






Lewy body dementia (cont.)

Lewy neurites 271–2, 273–4

memory deficit 268

mental status fluctuation 268

neurochemical deficit 274


neuroleptic sensitivity 268–9, 270


neurotransmitter deficits 273

parkinsonism 268, 489, 503

pathological features 270–3

prevalence 267

spongiform change 272–3

�-synuclein 240, 274–6

synucleinopathy 503

transgenic models 276–7


visuospatial function 268

Lewy body disease, diffuse see Lewy body

dementia


lexicon, brain aging 204

lexipafant, HIV dementia 1696

Lhermitte’s phenomenon 716, 725, 1494


Libman–Sacks endocarditis 2058

lidocaine


creams 1679

dystonia 542


patch 914, 948

sympathetically maintained pain 948–9


Li–Fraumeni syndrome 1449


light, bright 825

lignocaine

patches 881

sodium channel blockade 877

Likert scales 108

limb


rigidity in corticobasal degeneration

495

see also apraxia(s), limb

limbic encephalitis 1480

limbic leukotomy 398

limbic system 306, 307

akinesia 337


depression 369

drug reward states 432

neglect 334, 335

limited attention theory 336

lingual nerve, surgical injury 617

lingual plaque 614

linkage analysis 17, 18

non-parametric 18–19

linkage disequilibrium 19

lipid disorders 1208

lipid metabolism disorders 1137–40, 1208,

1218–21

exercise intolerance 1218–20

hereditary lipoprotein deficiencies

1139–40

myoglobinuria 1218–20

weakness 1220–1

lipidosis 525

sulfatide 1636–8

lipids 1208

lipofuscinosis, neuronal ceroid 525

lipomatosis

epidural 2039

multiple symmetric 1134

lipomyelomeningocele 734

lipoprotein deficiencies, hereditary

1139–40

LIS1 gene locus 183–4, 185

Lisch nodules 2062, 2063

lissencephaly 182–5

cell migration disorders 56

with cerebellar hypoplasia 185

cerebral palsy 575

classical 182–3

cobblestone 187

double cortex/X-linked syndrome

182–3, 184–5

isolated 182, 183–4


type II 187

X-linked 184

Listeria monocytogenes





Listing’s law 646

lithium 367

mechanism of action 368

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 866

lithium carbonate 869


hypnic headache 934–5

litigation, low back pain 766–7

liver disease

cholestatic in children 1101




see also hepatic entries

liver transplantation


familial amyloid polyneuropathy

1135–6

immunosuppressive agents 1976

neurological disorders 1976–7

procedures 1976–7

LMNA1 gene 1170

locomotion

force modulation 584

physiology 581–2

sensory modalities 582, 584

locomotor synergies 582

locus coeruleus

adrenergic supply of intraparenchymal

vessels 1343

descending innervation 874

facial nerve vasodilatation 1342

noradrenaline neurons 817, 818

REM sleep 821

logic, error 120

long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA

dehydrogenase deficiency 1220

long QT syndrome 1965

long-term potentiation (LTP) 301, 302

longitudinal studies, brain aging 196

loop diuretics 2008

lorazepam

absence status 1276


management 2086




lordosis 729

Lorenzo’s oil 1138, 1636

loudness

discomfort levels 664, 665

recruitment 664

lovastatin 1636

low-threshold (LT) neurons 889

lower motor neurone syndrome,


LRPAP1 genetic locus 5

lumbar chiropractic manipulation 917

1024 Index






lumbar disc, herniated 763–4

lumbar discitis 762

lumbar nerves Fig. 47.2

lumbar radiculopathy 1084

lumbar spine, systemic disease in low

back pain 762

lumbar spinal cord, sympathetic efferent

pathways 797

lung

cancer

brain metastases 1463, 1465

paraneoplastic cerebellar

degeneration 1476

disease with tuberous sclerosis complex

2067

see also respiratory dysfunction; small-

cell lung cancer

lupus anticoagulant 1575, 2057–8

luteinizing hormone (LH) 854



animal models 1762

antibiotics 1760

prophylactic 1761

autoreactive antibodies 1762

CD4+ T-cells 1761, 1762

chronic 1760

chronic arthritis 1761–2


congenital infection 1757

CSF abnormalities 1759–60

cytokines 1762

diagnosis 1758–60




late stage infection 1757

neurocognitive function tests 1760


neurotoxins 1762

nitric oxide 1762


prevention 1761

prognosis 1761

prophylactic monovalent vaccine 1761

serology 1759

treatment 1760–1


Lyme encephalopathy 1757–8

Lyme urine antigen tests 1760

lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1

(LFA-1) 1516

lymphocytes

activated 1655

development 1502

retention in CNS during infection

1655–6

see also B cells; T cells

lymphocytoma cutis 1757

lymphoma

B-cell 1576

CNS in transplant recipients 2089, 2090

malignant with amyloid

polyneuropathy 785

metastatic systemic 1704

primary CNS 1703–4, Fig. 103.20

imaging 1703–4

lymphoproliferative disorder, post-

transplant 1999

lymphotoxins 1510

D-lysergic acid dimethylamide (LSD)

1831, 1832

stroke 1835

lysosomal storage disorders 1914–18

glycosaminoglycan metabolism

disorders 1917–18

lipid metabolism defects 1916

M proteins 1119, 1121

McArdle disease 1209, 1211, 1213, 1214,

1216

McCune–Albright syndrome 855

McGregor’s line 732

Machado–Joseph disease see

spinocerebellar ataxia, type 3

(SCA3)

McRae’s line 732

macroglia

death 58–9

lineages 1594–5

myelinating potential 1601

�2-macroglobulin 22


macroglobulinemia 2055


macrophages 1508, 1560–1, 1733

activation 1508

HIV infection 1688


bone-marrow derived 1597


demyelination in Guillain–Barré

syndrome 1112

HIV reservoir 1687

IL-2 release 1599


mycobacterial growth 1657

perivascular 1651

HIV infection 1692, Fig. 103.10


phagocytosis 1654

recruitment in Wallerian degeneration

1080

macula sparing/splitting 626

Madelung’s disease 1134

magnesium

deficiency 2007


elemental 2009

serum levels 2007, 2008, 2009

magnesium ions

ischemia 63

seizures 1235

magnesium sulfate 2009

eclampsia 1947

magnetic fields 160

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 4, 131

anatomical tract tracing method 1323


brain tumours 152, Fig 11.4–11.5

clinical trials 11

diffusion 137

epilepsy 1287–91

functional (fMRI) 4, 131, 135–7, Fig. 1.1


(BOLD) contrast 135, 136–7, 138

brain aging 197, 200, 201

cerebral localization 1322–3

cognitive function

localization/lateralization 1290–1

contrast mechanisms 135, 136


perfusion 136

epilepsy 1290–1

event-related 162

motor areas of brain 448–9

neurological diagnosis/management

138–43

presurgical localization of function

138–9

skilled behaviour acquisition 10

spatial resolution limits 136

magnetic field strength 148

motion sensitivity 148

perfusion 137

safety 148

Index 1025






magnetic resonance spectroscopy 146,

147, 148–57, Fig. 11.2, Fig. 11.4–11.5

GABA studies in brain 153–6





proton (1H) spectrum 148–50, 1291

safety 148

sensitivity 148

signal localization 150–1

signals 148

single volume 150–1

spectroscopic imaging 151

magnetoencephalography 81, 160


12.1–12.3



epileptic patient evaluation 165





162–3, 164, 165

sequential processing 165

magnocellular reticular nucleus 828

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

1502, 1504

antigen expression during CNS

infection 1654

class II 1508

inhibition by IFN� 1535

copolymer-1 (COP-1) binding 1537–8

mal perforans 1772

malabsorption 2008

malaria 3, 1657

cerebral 1749–50

diagnosis 1750

malignancy

hypercalcemia 2004


pain 915, 916

transplant patients 2088–9

malignant hyperthermia 14

central core disease 1171

malnutrition



mamillary bodies 306

mamillothalamicus fiber tract 306

mandibuloacral dysplasia 2076

manganese


inhalation 1807–8, 1809


occupational exposure 1808


manganese superoxide dismutase 1869

manganism 1808

mania

anatomy 368–70


treatment 367

manic syndromes 365

mannerisms 552

mannitol



maple syrup urine disease 1912


Marcus Gunn phenomenon 1675

Marfan’s syndrome 730

aneurysms 1393


stroke 1411, 1412

Marie’s ataxia 1887

marijuana 439, 1831, 1836

addiction 442


432

fetal effects 1835

intoxication 438



withdrawal 438

Marinesco–Sjögren’s syndrome 1887

mass effect, brain tumours 1440

massage, therapeutic 917

Massion–Verniory disease 1131

matrilysin 1511

matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1439,

1511, 1655



HIV dementia 1694–5

IFN-mediated inhibition 1536


secretion by leukocytes 1516

Matthews Rundle syndrome 1887

Mattis Dementia Rating Scale 244

MCPH gene loci 180

Mdm2 protein 1438, 1439

MDMA see ecstasy

measles


optic neuritis 1674

subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

1675

MECP2 gene 414

defect 1919

medial geniculate body 662

medial longitudinal fasciculus 634, 635,

636

lesions 635, 637–8

oculomotor nerve neurons to abducens

nucleus 647, 648

saccadic innervation 637

medial preoptic area, sexual behaviour

843

medial rectus neurons 647, 648

medial vestibular nucleus 636

medulla

lateral infarction 1350–2

lesions localization 1349

medial infarction 1352

medullary reticular formation 888

medulloblastoma


childhood 1449, 1450–2

infants 1457–8

intracranial pressure management 1450


radiotherapy 1451

surgery 1450

mefenamic acid 966

mefloquine 1750

melanin 1657

melanoma, paraneoplastic retinal

degeneration 1481

melarsoprol 1750

MELAS phenotype mutations 1928

MELAS syndrome 6, 1214, 1266, 1409–10,

1925–6

ataxia 1892


diagnosis 1926

management 1410

mtDNA point mutations 1926

phenotype 1409–10

prognosis 1926

stroke 1409–10

treatment 1925–6

melatonin 824, 825

Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome 1980

melphalan 1121

1026 Index






memantine 68

HIV dementia 1696

membrane-attack complex 1509

membrane stabilizers 949

memory

AD 254

age-associated impairment 242

age-related changes 197

alcoholic syndromes 1822–3

brain aging 201, 202

cellular mechanisms 301, 302

declarative 303

basal forebrain 306

diencephalic regions 306

disorders 305

medial temporal lobe 305

neocortical basis 308–9

strategic 309–10

deficit

posterior cerebral artery infarction

1356


emotional modulation 306, 308

encoding 303

epilepsy 1293

episodic 162

explicit 260

function

electroencephalography study 161–2,

Fig. 12.4

localization 1322

magnetoencephalography study

161–2, Fig. 12.4

functional neuroimaging 302–3

gist of experience 303

hippocampus 83, 200

immediate 303, 309

impairment in multiple sclerosis 1608

large-scale systems 302–3


long-term 303, 304

ongoing use 303

processes 301

storage 86

temporal dynamics 304

temporal phases 303–4

loss in AD 239, 260

mechanisms 301–13

NMDA receptors 198

non-declarative 303, 310–13

conditioning 311–12


non-verbal 392

parahippocampal gyrus 200

postoperative deficit with hippocampal

resection 1318

primary (immediate/short-term) 201,

202, 304

recall 202

retrieval 303–4

retroactive interference 303

reward-related 433

secondary (long-term) 202

sensory 201

short-term 201, 202, 304

storage 303

hippocampus 83

suppressor genes 84, 86

system independence 310

types 303–4

working 303, 309–10

frontal lobe lesions 310

see also amnesia; skill learning

memory T-cells 1654

Menière’s disease 672



cochlear function 667

management 674

meninges

bacterial infection 1728, Fig. 106.2

viral infections 1661–2, 1663, 1664–5

meningioma 1433, 1434

calcification 1441

fibrous 1434

meningoepithelial 1434


pilocytic 1441


transitional 1434

vascular parkinsonism 504

meningitis

acute syphilitic 1769


aseptic 1663


bacterial 1728–32, Fig. 106.2

antibiotic therapy 1734–5

antibodies 1731

blood entry 1731

brain edema 1734

chemoprophylaxis of contacts 1735

CNS infection 1731–2



CSF entry 1732


inflammation induction 1732–3

inflammation progression 1733–4

invasion 1731–2

nasopharyngeal colonization 1731

nasopharyngeal epithelial cell

invasion 1731

neonatal 1730

neuronal damage 1734–5

opsono-phagocytosis 1731


pathology 1734

replication 1732–3

serogroups 1730

survival in blood 1731–2

transport across blood–brain barrier

1732

treatment 1734–5

viral meningitis differential diagnosis

1662, 1663, 1665

carcinomatous 723

encapsulated bacteria 1657

eosinophilic 1751


Lyme disease 1757

meningococcal 1729–30

pneumococcal 1729

serous 1779–80

syphilis 1769–70

tuberculosis 1701, 1778, Fig. 110.1


corticosteroid therapy 1787

CSF examination 1781

diagnosis 1780–2

high-risk groups 1780

imaging 1781–2, 1783

mortality 1782

prognosis 1782

spontaneously remitting 1779–80

tuberculous 1777

uremic 1989

viral 1661–2, 1663, 1664–5

clinical manifestations 1662, 1665

complications 1665


differential diagnosis 1662, 1663,

1665

epidemiology 1662

etiology 1662

laboratory findings 1662, 1665

Index 1027






meningitis (cont.)

viral (cont.)

management 1662, 1664–5

prognosis 1665

meningocele 733

meningococcal vaccine serogroup C 1730

meningoencephalitis

ameobal 1657

bacterial 1728


chronic spirochetal 1771

enteroviral meningitis 1666

Lyme disease 1757

Naegleria fowleri 1751

meningomyelitis 1770

menstrual dysfunction 857

mental retardation

epilepsy 1293



mental tests 106

meperidine

analogue 1836

migraine 1940

overdose 1828

seizures 1834

meralgia paresthetica 2048

mercury, autism 411

merosin 1168

MERRF syndrome 6, 1214, 1892, 1919, 1926

investigations 1297

myoclonus 525


mescaline 1831, 1832

mesencephalic periaqueductal grey 888

mesencephalic reticular formation

inattention 335–6

sensory stimuli 334–5

mesenchymal disorders 730

mesenteric ganglia 797

metabolic acidosis 1987

metabolic disorders

myopathies 1207–23


metabolic encephalopathy 254

metabolic myopathy 1207–23

abnormal fatigability mechanisms

1210–11

biochemistry 1212–14

diagnosis 1212–14

mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy

1213–14

muscle biopsy 1214

oxidative defects 1210

symptoms 1208–12

tissue-specific enzyme subunits 1213

tissue-specific isozymes 1213

weakness 1208–9

metabolic neuropathies 1092–102




pure motor/sensory presentation 1093,

1094–5, 1096, 1097

metabolic storage disorders 730

metalloproteinase

membrane-type 1511


see also matrix metalloproteinase

(MMP)

metamphetamines 1834–5

metastases

extradural space 723

multiple 1463

see also brain tumours, metastases

methadone 439

fetal effects 1835

methamphetamine 1829

methanol toxicity 1988

methaqualone overdose 1831

methionine derivatives 1975–6

methionine synthetase 725

methotrexate

immunosuppressive therapy 1533



polymyositis 1172


1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-

tetrahydropyridine see MPTP

methyl n-butyl ketone (MBK) 1104–5

methylcobalamin system 2046

methylcyclopentadienyl manganese

tricarbonyl (MMT) 1808

methylenedioxymethamphetamine 1829

methylmalonic acid 2046–7

methylmalonic aciduria 574, 575

methylphenidate 427–8


treatment 561

narcolepsy 824

methylprednisolone





methyprylon overdose 1831

methysergide


hypnic headache 935


metoclopramide

migraine 923


metoprolol 922

metronidazole 1093, 1103

metyrapone


test 864

mexiletine

dystonia 542

non-dystrophic myotonia 1200–1

pain control 914

topical 915

microangiopathy 1172

microcephaly 179

genetic causes 179

isolated 179, 180

neuronal progenitors 180

recurrence risk 180

vera 179–80

microelectrode recordings 168, 171

cortex 170–2

PD 168, 170

thalamus 170

microglia

activation 1597, 1599

AD 9

antigen-presenting cell activity 1597–9

demyelination 1597, Fig. 97.4

HIV reservoir 1687

neurons 1599

oligodendrocyte interactions 1598–9,

Fig. 97.6

perivascular 1508

phagocytosis 1654

T cell interaction Fig 97.4

microglial cells

memory T-cell reactivation 1654


perivascular 1651


�2-microglobulin amyloidosis 1994, 1995

microsatellites 17, 32

microscopic polyangiitis 1577, 1578–9

microsleeps 1281, 1282

1028 Index






microsmia 597

microsomal triglyceride transfer protein

(MTP) mutations 1882

microsporidiosis 1178

microtubule associated protein (MAP)

240, 1801

see also tau proteins

microtubulin 1801


microvillar cells 595, 596

micturition 833

midazolam 1274

midbrain

compression 2019


infarction 1349


raphe nuclei serotonin neurons 818

REM sleep 821

serotonin neurons 817, 818


vertical eye movements 637–8

middle latency response 669

migraine 920–5, 1939–40, 1941

analgesics 921, 922, 923

aura 920–1, 922

brainstem cerebral blood flow 963

breast-feeding 1940

caffeine 921, 922



cladistics 20


cutaneous allodynia 961

diagnosis 920–1


epidemiology 921

episodic 958, 959, 960

ergot alkaloids 923


facial 942–3

familial hemiplegic 37, 921–2

heritability 23, 25

investigation 1940

medication induction of daily headache

963

monogenic 23, 25

myocardial infarction 1962

non-pharmacological treatment 922

pathophysiology 921–2, Fig. 61.1


pregnancy 1939–40, 1942

prevalence 921

prophylactic drug treatment 922–3

psychiatric comorbidity 959–60

spontaneous recurrent 962


transformed 955, 960

chronic 955–6

treatment 963–4

treatment of attacks 923, 1940

trigeminal nerve activation 961

triptans 923–5


Migraine Disability Assessment Scale

(MIDAS) 923

milk–alkali syndrome 2004

Millard–Gübler syndrome 650–1

Miller–Dieker syndrome 182, 183–4, 185

lissencephaly 575


mind, consciousness 290

mineralocorticoid activity, excess 2001

Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE)

244

AD 260


miniature end-plate potentials (mepps)

1144, 1157

minicore disease 1171

minisatellites 32

mink encephalopathy 216

minocycline 1907

miosis, herniation syndromes 1440

mirror movements, congenital 735, 736,

737

mirror neurons 471

mirtazapine 516

misery perfusion 1367

mismatch concept, vertigo 679–80

mismatch negativity 669

misonidazole 1093, 1103

misoprostol

gastroprotection in NSAID

administration 911


mithramycin 2005

mitochondria

biogenesis/biochemistry 1922–31


intracellular calcium store 1870

motor neuron disease 1870, 1871–2

genome alterations 1872

respiratory chain enzymes 1872


hypotonic/ataxic cerebral palsy 575

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy 624

myopathies 1214

mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 1222,

1922–3

defects 1924–9

depletion 1931

heteroplasmy 1213–14


oxidative stress 241

PD 23

respiratory chain 1221

single deletions 1924

mitochondrial encephalomyopathy 1214,

1922–33

mitochondrial encephalopathy 525, 1266

neurogastrointestinal (MNGIE) 1924,

1931

mitochondrial energy metabolism

disorders 570

mitochondrial genome 22

intergenomic signalling defects

1930–1

mitochondrial metabolism 1219

mitochondrial myopathies 1208, 1209


mitochondrial inclusions 1932

mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy

with lactic acidosis and stroke see

MELAS syndrome

mitochondrial protein synthesis 1924–8

mitochondrial respiratory chain and

oxidative phosphorylation system

see MITOX system

mitochondrial respiratory chain defects

1221–3

Friedreich’s ataxia 1887

mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)

882, 1436

MITOX system 1922, 1923

complexes 1923

function analysis 1932–3

mitoxantrone (MIX) 1534, 1629

mitral annulus calcification 1955

mitral cells 597

olfactory bulb 596

mitral stenosis, embolic disease 1953

mitral valve

incompetence 2000

prolapse 1943, 2000

embolic disease 1953–4

Index 1029






mixed connective tissue disease

myelopathy 725

myositis 1173

Miyoshi myopathy 1169

MJD1 gene 37

Möbius sign 2034

Möbius syndrome 649

modafinil 824


autoreactive T cell activation 1517

inflammatory demyelination 1519–20

molecular misreading 240

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

367

monoaminergic amine depletion 1374

monoclonal gammopathy neuropathies

1119–21

monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain

significance (MGUS) 1119

monocyte chemoattractant protein 1

(MCP-1) 1655

monocytes

activated

cerebrovascular endothelium binding

1655

HIV dementia 1694


monomers, misfolded 228

mononeuritis multiplex 1577


mononeuropathy, transplant patients

2087, 2088

mononeuropathy multiplex 1092


mononuclear cells

CSF 1653

migration inhibition 1596

mononuclear phagocytes, granulomas

1560

Monro–Kellie doctrine 2017



bipolar 365

brain structure alterations 5



definitions 365–6

delirium 369–70

dementia 369–70

epidemiology 364

etiology 367–70

familial 370

functional impairment 365

genetic risk 370

instability 368

mixed states 365

monoaminergic hypotheses 368

neuroanatomic hypotheses 368




somatic diseases 366


therapy 366–7

morphine

migraine 923


Morquio’s syndrome 730

mosaicism 14

Moschowitz disease 2053

mosquitoes, arborviral encephalitis

vectors 1671

mossy fibres, sprouting 85, 1235

motion sickness 680

motor axonal neuropathy

acute (AMAN) 1111


motor circuit, PD 480–1

motor disorders


1974


motor end plate 1163

repetitive firing 1083

motor evoked potentials, dystonia 539

motor-intention deficits 333

motor neglect 333


motor neuron disease 1844–5, 1863–76

antiglutamate therapy 1875

antioxidant therapy 1875


axonal loss 1868

Betz cell depletion in motor cortex 1867


bronchopneumonia 1867

bulbar dysfunction 1865

cachexia 1865

classification 1863


clinical variants 1863–4

constipation 1874

cramps 1865, 1873

creatine 1872

cytochrome c oxidase subunit

mutations 1869

cytoskeletal protein defects 1871

dementia 1866

demyelination 1867


disease progression 1866–7

dysarthria 1873

dysphagia 1873

emotional lability 1865, 1874


1869, 1870

familial 1863

fasciculations 1865

fatigue 1865, 1873

free radicals 1870

gene targeted mice 1850–1


genetics 1846–8

glutamate 1869, 1870

glutamatergic toxicity 1870

inclusion bodies 1868, 1871, Fig. 116.5

ubiquinated 1871, Fig. 116.5

intracellular calcium homeostasis

1870–1

investigations 1867

limb weakness 1864

management 1872–6


mechanical ventilation 1874, 1875

mitochondria 1870, 1871

dysfunction 1871

structural changes 1871–2

motor system hyperexcitability 1870

neck weakness 1865

neurofilament heavy protein gene 1869

neurofilament proteins 1871

neuroprotective therapy 1875–6

neurotrophic factors 1875–6

non-invasive intermittent positive

pressure ventilation 1874, 1875


pain 1866, 1874


pathology 1867–8

percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

1873

prognosis 1866–7

protective factors 1869–70

recombinant human IGF-1 1875–6

reflexes 1864–5

respiratory failure 1867, 1874

1030 Index






respiratory symptoms 1866

RNA processing defect 1870

saliva drooling 1874

sensory impairment 1866

sleep 1866, 1874

disturbance 1866

spasticity 1873

specialist clinics 1872



terminal care 1874–5

tone 1865


transgenic mouse models 1849–50

treatment models 1854–5

weakness 1873

weight loss 1865

see also amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

motor neuron syndromes, pure lower

1093


motor neurons 1844

motor phenomena, involuntary 1996

motor symptoms 1083–4

motor tracts, lamination 716

motor unit activity 1083

uremic polyneuropathy 1990

motor units 1163


motor–sensory polyneuropathy 1100

movement

constraint-induced therapy 456

cortical control 447–58

formulae 461

learning 466–7

perception deficit 628

praxis evaluation 462

sequencing 471

impairment 466

skilled 461

stereotyped 389, 395

visual loss 627

movement disorders

hyperkinetic 476

hyperthyroidism 2033–4

hypokinetic 476




aneurysms 1394

management 1409

polycystic kidney disease 2000

radiation vascular disease 1493

stroke 1408–9

MPTP


rest tremor induction 514

MPZ gene mutations 1131, 1132

MTMR2 gene mutation 1130

mucopolysaccharidoses 1917–18

craniofacial features 1914


multicore disease 1171

multielectrodes 170

multifocal motor neuropathy 1078,

1118–19

with persistent conduction block 1116

multiple chemical hypersensitivity

syndrome (MCS) 605

multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B

1133–4

multiple myeloma 2055



866

M proteins 1119

paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy

1483



1675


acute myelopathy 721

age at onset 1607

anal continence 805

animal model 1517

antibody response 1503–4

ataxia 1625–6

auditory system effects 673

autoantigen 1518

autoimmune mechanisms 1528

autoimmune theory 1611, 1612, 1613

axons

degeneration 1600–1, 1615–16

injury 10

loss 1610

B cells 1518

biotechnological agents 1542

bipolar affective disorder 1610

bowel symptoms 1626

brain-derived neurotrophic factor 1529

brain inflammation 1599

brainstem symptoms 1627

burden 124

cerebral cortex 1615–16


chronic progressive 1514, 1529

clinical presentations 1620

clinically definite 1608, 1609

clinically isolated syndromes 1608,

1622, 1624

imaging 1624

cognitive abnormalities 1608–9


cognitive impairment 1609



cyclosporin A 1532–3

demyelinated axons 1615

demyelination 1078, 1599–601, 1610

depression 1537, 1609–10, 1626

Devic’s neuromyelitis optica differential

diagnosis 1624

diagnosis/diagnostic criteria 1620–2,

1623, 1624

disability 1600–1

measures 113

disease modifying treatments 1628–30


epilepsy 1255

etiology 1606–7

euphoria 1610


executive function deficit 1608

experimental approaches 1542

familial 229

fatigue 1626

function recovery 1600

genetic factors 1599, 1606–7

genetic susceptibility 1612

growth factors 1613

heritability 22

heterogeneity 1527–8

HLA-DR2 allele association 22

imaging 1609, 1621, 1622

diagnostic 1620, 1623


1516–18

immunolgical events in lesions 1613,

1614

immunology 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614,

1615

immunopathogenesis 1527–8

immunosuppressive therapies 1613

infection 1513

infective factors 1613, 1615

Index 1031






multiple sclerosis (cont.)

inflammation 1610

mechanisms 1613, 1614


interferon � 1536

trials 1542

interferon � 1534, 1536, 1537, 1541–2,

1628–9

intravenous immunoglobulins 1538,

1630

kinetic tremor 519

language abnormalities 1608

lesion evolution 1611

lesion histopathology 1611

Lhermitte’s sign 1607

magnetic resonance spectroscopy

151–2

management 1624–30

Marburg variant 124

memory impairment 1608

mobility-related symptoms 1625–6

myelin basic protein 1543

neurological rehabilitation 1627–8


nurse specialists 1628

odour sensing 597


oligodendroglial progenitors 58

optic neuritis 622

optic–spinal form 1607

pain 1626–7

paroxysmal symptoms 1626–7

pathogenesis 229, 1599–601, 1611,

1612, 1613, 1614, 1615

pathogenetic routes 1611

pathology/pathophysiology 1606–16

phase-specific immunotherapy 1529

plaque 1611

plasmapheresis 1628

pregnancy 1947–8

preoligodendrocytes in lesions 1601

prevalence 124, 1606

primary progressive 1610–11, 1622

prognosis 1529


psychiatric abnormalities 1609–10

psychiatric dysfunction 1627

psychological dysfunction 1627

psychotic episodes 1610

relapse 1609, 1615

treatment of acute 1628

relapsing–remitting 1514, 1529, 1620

interferon � 1628, 1629

remission 1609, 1615

remyelination 1615

secondary progressive 1628, 1629


spasticity 1625

sporadic 229


symptoms/signs 1607–8

T cells in lesions 1518, 1612, 1613

tonic spasms 1283

treatment 1624–30



urinary bladder symptoms 1626


vertigo 1627


visual evoked potentials 1622, 1623

visual symptoms 1627

white matter lesions 1621, 1622

multiple subpial transections (MST) 1320

multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD) 1636,

1637

diagnosis 1637

multiple system atrophy 476, 477,

499–503, 773, 781–2, 783, 784


cerebellar disorder 500, 502

clinical features 499–500, 501


783


diagnosis 500–2



erectile dysfunction 840

imaging 501–2

infratentorial atrophy 501



diagnosis 269, 503

misdiagnosis 489

oligodendroglial inclusions 502, Fig.

34.5

parkinsonism 489, 500, 502, 781, 782

pathology 502–3

presentation 775

prevalence 499

prognosis 782, 784




sporadic 502

stereotactic surgery contraindication

503

subgroups 781

�-synucleinopathy 502

therapy 503

tracheostomy 779



multisystem degeneration, parkinsonism-

plus syndrome 489

multisystem disorders, mtDNA depletion

1931

mumps/mumps virus 1660



meningitis 1662

complications 1665

optic neuritis 1674


muscimol 66

muscle

action potential generation 1183

atrophy 1086

contraction and cross-bridge cycling

1209

contractures 1212

cramps 1208



denervation-induced changes 1086

disease in pregnancy 1948–9

disorders of striated 1163–78

energy source for contraction 1207

enlargement in hypothyroidism 2036

exertional injury 1212

fatigue

abnormal 1208, 1209


cellular mechanisms 1210

glycogen depletion 1209–10

glycolysis/glycogenolysis defects

1210–11

high-frequency 1209

lipid defects 1211

low frequency 1209

fuel 1207–8


1210–11

hypertrophy in myotonia congenita

1184

1032 Index






lipid defects 1211

myophosphorylase deficiency 1211

oxidative fuels 1207–8

oxidative metabolism disorders 1208

pain 1208



phosphofructokinase deficiency 1209,

1211, 1213

phosphorylase deficiency 1209,

1210–11, 1213

relaxants 540

segmental innervation 715

tone in chronic hepatic encephalopathy

1972

wasting 1169, 1175

limbs 1996

weakness 1169, 1175


work 1207

see also skeletal muscle

muscle fibres

fast 1163, 1209

innervation 1143

slow 1163

transverse-tubule (T-tubule) 1183, 1186

muscle membrane, intermittent failure of

excitability 1183

muscle spindle innervation 874

muscle–eye–brain disease (MEB) 187–8

muscular dystrophy 1164–70

autosomal recessive distal 1168–9

classification 1165

Emery Dreifuss 1169–70

facioscapulohumeral 1169, 1171

Fukuyama-type congenital (FCMD)

187–8, 1168

limb girdle 1167, 1168

merosin-deficient congenital 1168

oculopharyngeal 1170, 1173

severe childhood autosomal recessive

1167

severity 14


musculoskeletal system

balance 584

gait 584


mushrooms, hallucinogenic 1831, 1832

MuSK protein 1145

mutism, aphasia 318

myalgia 1208

myasthenia gravis


diagnosis 651

acetylcholine receptor 1144

acetylcholinesterase test 1149–50

antibody-negative 1148–9



autoantibodies 1511

autoimmune 1146–55

autoimmune response 1520


complement-mediated lysis 1509

cyclosporin A 1532

diagnosis 1149–51


diplopia 654

drug-induced 1155

electrophysiological testing 1150

etiology 1149

familial infantile 1159

fatigue 1865

grading 1147–8

heritability 25–6

hyperthyroidism 1151, 2034–5

hypothyroidism 2037

immune pathogenesis 1148


attack 1520, 1521

neuromuscular transmission

impairment 1145–6

paraneoplastic 1484


perinatal 1949

plasmapheresis 1154

postsynaptic blockade 1155

pregnancy 1948–9

snake bites 1155



T cells 1149

thymectomy 1520, 1540–1

transient neonatal 1155

treatment 1152–5

myasthenic crisis management 1155

myasthenic syndromes 25

congenital 1145, 1155–7

mycobacterial growth in CNS 1657

Mycobacterium intracellulare 1178

Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1700, 1777,

Fig. 110.1



1999

mycophenolate mofetil 2082, 2083



Mycoplasma pneumoniae 1110

mycotic aneurysms 1833

myelin

axon survival 1601

brain aging 199

breakdown 1509

clearance 1080

congenital hypomyelination 1132

nerve growth-preventing proteins 701

P zero protein 1116

gene mutation 1130

primary disorders 1077

sheath 1076–7

formation 1603

myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) 91

gene 1078

antibodies 1119


myelin-associated neurite growth

inhibitors 701

myelin basic protein (MBP) 1517, 1518

immunodominant epitopes 1518


myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein

(MOG) 1517, 1518

myelination 1076–7, 1593–5



stem cells 1593, 1594, Fig. 97.1

see also demyelination; remyelination

myelinolysis, central 2004

myelitis, paraneoplastic 1482

myelocystocele, terminal 734

myeloma

neck pain 749

osteosclerotic 2056–7


1483

myelomeningocele 733

myelopathies 713–25


1974

causes 719–25

cervical spondylosis 723

classification 714

decompression 725

heroin 1834

Index 1033






myelopathies (cont.)

infectious 722–3

inflammatory 721


necrotizing 723

neoplasia 723

nutritional deficiencies 725

radiation 725


thalassemia 2050

toxic 725

vacuolar 722

vascular 719–20


myeloradiculopathy 723

myeloschisis 733

myoblasts 1163

myocardial infarction

cerebrovascular injury 1953

emboli to CNS 1953

migraine 1962


myocardium

dermatomyositis 1172

necrosis and subarachnoid space blood

1962

myoclonic ataxia, progressive 525

coeliac disease 526

myoclonic epilepsy

progressive 525

with ragged red fibres see MERRF

syndrome

myoclonic jerks 526

myoclonus 254, 523–31

action-intention 1255


ataxia combined with 1887

brainstem 527–9

reticular reflex 529


classification 523

cortical 523–6


etiology 524–5


pharmacology 525–6

prognosis 526

treatment 525–6

dystonia 527, 533

association 526–7

essential 526–7

focal/segmental jerks 523

generalized 523

multifocal 523, 525

nocturnal 2045

palatal 1353

posthypoxic 526

propriospinal 529, 530

psychogenic 530–1

seizures 1255

spinal 529–30

segmental 529–30

status epilepticus 1277–8

myocytes 1340

MyoD family transcription factors 1086

myofascial pain syndromes 951

myofilaments 1163

myogenic mechanism, intrinsic 1338

myoglobinuria 1208, 1214




hereditary 1218


1218–20


myoneurogastrointestinal

encephalopathy (MNGIE) 1924,

1931

myopathy

acquired 1175–8

alcoholic 1824


congenital 1170, 1931

critical illness 1176

distal 1168–9

drug-induced 1176, 1177

endocrine 1175–6


hypercortisolism 2039


hypothyroid 1176


infantile 1931

infection 1176–8

inflammatory 1172–5, 1980

mitochondrial 1214, 1932, Fig.120.3

morphologically defined 1170–2


nemaline 1171–2, Fig. 70.8

overlap syndromes 1173

pure 1927

steroid 1172, 1176

systemic disease 1176–8

toxic 1176, 1177

transplant patients 2087, 2088

uremia 1177, 1995–6

see also metabolic myopathy

myophosphorylase deficiency 1211, 1213,

1214, 1216

myorhythmia 519

myosin 1163

myositis

connective tissue disorder association

1173

focal 1175

inclusion body 41, 1174–5, Fig. 70.11

myositis/myopathy 1758

myotomes 727

myotonia

acetazolamide-responsive 1191

acquired from disruption of skeletal

muscle chloride conductance

1190–1

Becker’s 1184

familial 6

fluctuans 1191

non-dystrophic 1183–91


diagnosis 1200

sodium channel blockers 1200

treatment 1200–1

painful congenital 1191

paradoxical 1183


permanens 1191

potassium-aggravated 1191, 1192

diagnosis 1200

pathophysiology 1196, 1197

recessive generalized 1184

skeletal muscle excitability 1184

sodium channel 1184, 1192

myotonia congenita 6, 1183, 1184–90

chloride channel dysfunction 1185–7,

1188, 1189

ClC-1 protein 1187


diagnosis 1201

muscular hypertrophy 1184

skeletal muscle membrane chloride

conductance 1185–7

treatment 1201


anticipation 32

congenital 42–3

pregnancy 1948

1034 Index






trinucleotide repeat expansion 41–3

myotonin 43

myotube 1163

myxedema 2035–7

CSF protein 2037

madness 2035

myxocarditis 1955

N-acetylaspartate (NAA) 148–9

accumulation in Canavan disease 1641,

1642

MRS in neurological disease 151–2


N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) see NMDA

Na+/K+-ATPase pump 72, 1190

glycolysis 1210

membrane excitability in muscle fatigue

1209

thyrotoxic periodic paralysis 1200

nadolol




nadroparin 1366


naloxone 439

opiate overdose treatment 1828

naltrexone

alcoholism treatment 441, 1820–1

heroin euphoria blocking 439

naming 320

naproxen sodium 966

naratriptan 923, 924

narcolepsy 26, 817, 823–4

diagnosis 823

sleep apnea differential diagnosis 821

symptoms 823–4

narcotics 923

nasal septum 595

nasopharynx, taste bud innervation 612,

613

National Institute of Neurological

Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)

NINDS-ADRDA criteria for AD 259

and Society for Progressive

Supranuclear Palsy, Inc.

(NINDS–SPSP) diagnostic criteria

493, 494

natural killer (NK) cells 1510

naturetic factor 2002

ND5 gene mutation 1928

NDRG1 gene mutation 1130–1

near-falls 586

nebulin gene 1171

neck

flexion inducing electric paresthesiae

716

fractures 748

neck pain 742, 747–54

clinical diagnosis 749

conservative therapy 751–3

disc stimulation test 750–1

epidemiology 747

etiology 747–8

imaging 750

invasive techniques 750–1

manual therapy 751–2

medical therapy 753

physical therapy 751–2

plain radiography 749–50

surgical therapy 753

treatment 751–4

recommendations 753–4

whiplash 752–3

zygopophyseal joint blocks 751

necrosis 8


necrotizing myelopathy, paraneoplastic

1481

necrotizing vasculitis 725

negative-predictive value (NPV) 121, 122

neglect 331–43

allocentric spatial 332

anosognosia 342–3

attentional bias 338

behavioural testing 331–4

cerebral infarction 334

colliculus 341, 343

dopamine agonist therapy 343

eye movement 342

functional reorganization 342

hemiplegia denial 340

hemispatial 338

eye movement 339

right hemisphere lesions 341

visual feedback 343

ipsilateral 339


motor 333


personal 332

recovery 341–2

sensory deprivation 342

spatial 332–3

attentional bias 338–9

intentional bias 338–9

motor-intentional bias 338


sensory-intentional bias 338

syndrome 340–1

treatment 342–3

unilateral 332

vestibular system 343

viewer-centred hemispatial 332

Neisseria meningitidis 1729

Nelson’s syndrome 860

nemaline myopathy 1171–2, Fig. 70.8

neocortex, declarative memory 308–9

neonates

meningitis 1730

opiate abstinence 1828

neoplasms/neoplastic disease


low back pain 762

Neoral 2082, 2083

nephrotic syndrome, hypercoagulable

states 2059

neprilysin (NEP) 257

nerve compression, orofacial pain

947–8

nerve conduction defects

mitochondrial myopathies 1932


nerve disorders

pathophysiology

anatomical organization 1075–8

axonal degeneration 1078, 1079,

1080–3


nerve fibres, regrowth 700–1

nerve growth factor (NGF) 70, 85, 86,

701


hyperglycemia 1098


local injection 96


tissue injury 880

tyrosine kinase A interaction 242


nerve injury

C-fibre central terminal degeneration

884–5, Fig. 58.12

response 884

nerve regeneration 948

nerve root compression syndrome 765

Index 1035






nerve root disorders

pathophysiology



1080–3


nerve–smooth muscle junction 1342

nervous system


immune-mediated disorders 1515

immune responses 1520–1

inflammation 1520–1

neuroprotection 1520–1

radiation harmful effects 1489–96

regenerative capacity 60

see also central nervous system (CNS);


nervus intermedius neuralgia 947

netrins 91, 94

axon guidance 702

receptors 94

neural blockade 917

neural cells

antigen presentation to naive T cells

1654

apoptosis 59

immune capabilities 1654

loss 59

in vitro production 60

neural growth factors, aging 241–2

neural induction 55

neural integrator 635, 637

neural plate 55

neural tube

closure failure 733

defects in epilepsy 1945

formation 55

neuralgia

glossopharyngeal 618, 947

nervus intermedius 947

occipital 947

paresthetica in pregnancy 1948

periodic migrainous 943

pretrigeminal 946–7

see also postherpetic neuralgia;

trigeminal neuralgia

neuraxial analgesia 917

neuraxonal dystrophy 1296

neurites, dystrophic in HD 1901

neuritic plaques, brain aging 238

neuro-Behçet’s disease 1580, 1581

neuroablative drugs, dystonia 542

neuroacanthocytosis 1141


neuroanatomical spaces 138

neuroblastoma, opsoclonus–myoclonus

1479

neurocardiogenic syncope 1965

neurocognitive deficits, functional

imaging 138

neurocristopathy 1134

neurocutaneous disorders 1266, 2061–76

Ehlers–Danlos syndrome 1411, 2072–3

progeria 2075–6

see also hereditary hemorrhagic

telangiectasia; neurofibromatosis;

pseudoxanthoma elasticum;

Sturge–Weber syndrome; tuberous

sclerosis/tuberous sclerosis

complex

neurocysticercosis 1745–9, Fig. 107.1–2

anti-inflammatory agents 1748–9

classification 1746

clinical characteristics 1745–6

CSF analysis 1746–7

diagnosis 1746–7

imaging 1746

immune response 1745, Fig. 107.1

treatment 1747–9

neurodegeneration

aging 210–11

aphasia 325

definition 213–15

transgenic models 224, 226–8


autosomal dominant inheritance

1841–2

brain imaging 779


genetic 219–22

genetic abnormalities 1841

genetically engineered models

1841–55

inherited 215

Lewy bodies 479

mutant genes 216

neurologic signs 478

olfactory dysfunction 604–5

prevention 228–9

replacement therapy 229

spectrum 229–30

sporadic 219–22




amyotrophic lateral sclerosis;


Huntington’s disease; Parkinson’s

disease; prion diseases;

spinocerebellar ataxia

neuroepidemiology 10–11

neurofibrillary disorders 492

neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) 218, 1844

AD 220, 255



brain aging 238

FTD 221

hyperphosphorylated tau 240


Niemann–Pick diseases 1916


progressive supranuclear palsy 491–2,

Fig. 34.1

neurofibroma 2061, 2062

hypothalamic 861

plexiform 2061–2

precocious puberty 855, 2062

neurofibromatosis 730, 2061–4



pheochromocytoma 2040

neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)

arterial lesions 2062

astrocytomas in children 1449

cutaneous lesions 2061–2


genetics 2064

neurologic lesions 2062–3

ophthalmic lesions 2062, 2063

optic nerve tumours 1456

stroke 1412–13



central 624



genetics 2064

neurofibromin 1412, 1413

neurofilament(s) 93

changes in neurodegenerative disease

1800

genes 227

heavy protein gene 1869

SOD1 mutant mice 1854


1036 Index






neurofilament proteins 1800, 1801, 1871

neurogenesis 56

adult brain 198

hippocampus 1330



neurogenetic disorder diagnosis 6


neurogenic weakness, ataxia and retinitis

pigmentosa (NARP) 1214, 1928,

1929

Neuroimaging Commission of the

International League against

Epilepsy 1288

neurokinin A 961

neuroleptic drugs


atypical 561

dystonia 534

parkinsonism 504

sensitivity in Lewy body dementia

268–9

tardive dyskinesia 540

tic disorders 561

tremor 517

neuroleptic malignant syndrome 540

neuroligand binding studies 134–5

neurological deficit in epilepsy 1294–7

neurological emergencies 128–9

neurological function recovery 79–96

anatomical plasticity 85–7



combination approaches 96

cortical remodelling 79–81



memory suppressor genes 84

neuronal replacement 95–6

physical therapies 87–8

physiological plasticity 81–5

regeneration promotion 88–90

spontaneous recovery mechanisms

79–81

therapeutic approaches 87–96

neurological outcome measurement

105–14

neuroma formation 948

neuromodulators

epilepsy 1233


circulation 1343

neuromuscular blockade 2024

neuromuscular disorders 1538

neuromuscular irritability 2006


acetylcholine receptor clustering 1145

autoimmune attack 1520, 1521

disorders in transplant patients 2087

immune-mediated disorders 1520, 1521

myasthenic 1144


postsynaptic events 1144–6

presynaptic events 1143–4

safety margin for transmission 1146

synapses 1146

neuromuscular junction transmission

disorders 1143–60


postsynaptic

acquired 1146–55

congenital 1155–7

presynaptic

acquired 1157–9

congenital 1159

synaptic

acquired 1159–60

congenital 1160

neuromyotonia 1083, 1485


proteins 1520

neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein

(NAIP) gene 1847


neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 1917, 1919

investigations 1297

juvenile 1917

late infantile 1917


neurons

A-fibre 873–4

abducens internuclear 635, 636

abducens motor 635

action recognition/imitation 471

activation 1337

aging 242

amyloid precursor protein 1851, 1852

apoptosis 259, 884


autorhythmic properties 512, 514

bipolar sensory receptor 595, 596

brain aging studies 197–9

C-fibre 873–4, Fig. 85.2

calcium entry 1081–2

central sensory 1084

communications 1075

cytoskeleton 93

damage

bacterial meningitis 1733–4

glutamate release 698

death 58–9

excitotoxicity 62–3

glutamate-induced 69

ischemic mechanisms 62–5

dopaminergic 1593

dorsal horn

injury 884


early-onset degeneration 830

excitability in seizures 1233–4

excitatory burst 636, 638

fetal transplantation 95

gap junctions 1235


heterotopic 186

inclusions 40

inhibitory burst 636

intracerebral hemorrhage secondary

injury 1389

loss

AD 236, 256, 258–9

with age 7, 197–8, 238

HIV dementia 1692


low-threshold (LT) 889

membrane lipids 1656

microglia 1599

migration 177, Fig. 13.1

disorders 182–6

radial 56, 177

tangential 178

mirror 471

morphology restructuring 81


nociceptive-specific 889

number in aging brain 197

omnipause 634, 638, 644

pause 635

postmitotic 177, 178

posture recognition/imitation 471

premature exhaustion of progenitors

180

primary sensory 873–5, Fig. 85.2

central sprouting 884–6

central terminal projections 874

classification 875

Index 1037






neurons (cont.)

primary sensory (cont.)


postinjury cell death 884–6

production 56

progenitor cells 1330

progenitors

microcephaly 180

neuronal replacement 96


regeneration after injury 1235

saccadic burst 638


dopamine 379


spinal projection 888

stop signal 177, Fig. 13.1

synchronization 170

epilepsy 1233, 1235

thrombin toxicity 1385–6

vulnerability in term infant 568

wide dynamic range 889

neuropathic pain, HIV infection 1697,

1698


neuropathy

dysproteinemic 1093, 1096

inherited

with defective DNA repair 1140–1

motor and sensory with multisystem

involvement 1133–5

recurrent 1132

lipid metabolic defects 1137–40

metabolic disorders 1135–41

relapsing 1093

vasculitic 1121–3

neuropeptide Y


autoregulation 1339

cerebral circulation 1343

receptors 947, 1343

neurophilins 1698

neuroprotection 8, 1520–1

inflammation 1520–1, 1529–30

T-cell mediated 1529

neuropsychiatric disorders 5


hypothyroidism 2035

Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) 244

neuroreceptors 134, 135

neurosarcoidosis 1558–66

biopsy 1562, 1563–4, 1564


cranial nerve palsy 1559

diagnosis 1562, 1563, 1564


environmental agent exposure 1562

epidemiology 1558

facial nerve palsy 1559–60


imaging 1564, 1565

investigations 1562–4, 1565


meningeal 1561, Fig. 95.3


1622

optic nerve disease 1559

pathogenesis/pathophysiology 1560–2,

1766–7

prevalence 1558

spinal column 1560

treatment 1565–6

neurospheres 1593

neurosteroids 1231

neurosyphilis 1766–75, Fig. 109.2–3

acute syphilitic meningitis 1769

antibiotics 1772–3

asymptomatic 1769

Charcot joints 1772



CSF 1770, 1771, 1773, 1774

deafferentation 1772

early syphilis 1768–9

epidemiology 1766

etiology 1766


gummatous 1770–1


laboratory diagnosis 1773–4

mal perforans 1772

meningovascular syphilis 1769–70

sensory loss 1772

tabes dorsalis 1771–2

treatment 1774–5

see also syphilis

neurotomy, percutaneous radiofrequency

medial branch 753

neurotoxic shellfish poisoning 1809

neurotoxins

aquatic 1809–11

Lyme disease 1762



age-related changes 238–9


426–7

autonomic ganglia 774

autonomic nervous system 773, 774,

775, 776

basal forebrain 306

binding 131, 132

brain aging 197–8

disorders of metabolism 575

endogenous 135

epilepsy 1233

postganglionic sites 774

release inhibition 878

reuptake 131, 132


circulation 1343

neurotrophic factors in motor neuron

disease 1875–6

neurotrophin(s) 86, 1508

neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) 1593, 1594

neurotrophin 4/5 (NT-4/5) 70, 94

neutrophils 1733

nevi, port-wine 2070

nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome

1449

NF1 gene 1412, 1413, 2064

NF2 gene 2064

niacin deficiency 1881

nicastrin 226, 1853

nicotine

addiction 440



432


withdrawal 440

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

antibodies 1484

nicotinic receptors 440

Niemann–Pick diseases 1140, 1882, 1916

diagnosis 1916


slow saccades 642–3

type C 1916


nifedipine


HIV dementia 1696



nightmares 827

1038 Index






nimodipine

aneurysm 1397



Nissl substance 1075, 1844

nitric oxide 1508

axon degeneration 1599–600




corpus cavernosa smooth muscle

relaxation 847


hypercapnic hyperemia 1340

hyperemic response modulation 1340

inhibition 1339

Lyme disease 1762

neuronal aging 242

parasympathetic system 1342

proerectile transmitter 843

spinal cord conduction impairment

1599

swallowing 800

nitric oxide synthase

endothelial (eNOS) 65, 1338

inducible (iNOS) 65, 71


neuronal 1338

nitric oxide synthesis inhibitors 961

nitric oxide synthetase 843

nitric oxide:L-arginine pathway 1338

nitrite sniffing 1832

7-nitro-indazole (7NI) 1340

nitrofurantoin 1103

nitroglycerin 961

nitrosoureas 1443, 1444

3-nitrotyrosine 1870

nitrous oxide

myelopathy 725

sniffing 1832, 1836

NK1 877, 878

spinothalamic tract neurons 879

NK1 receptors


substance P toxin conjugate 879

NMDA 62, 63

antagonists 9, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72

neuropathic pain 914

Pfiesteria toxins 1811

phencyclidine 439

blockade 68

swallowing 800

transmission and alcohol withdrawal

441

NMDA receptor-associated ion channels

1801

NMDA receptors 9, 439

blockade 68

brain aging 198


central sensitization 882, 883


ethanol sensitivity 1818


glutamate 301, 436

antagonists 374

schizophrenia 379

hippocampus 84

subunit-selective antagonists 68

L-NMMA 961

Nocardia asteroides 1999



nociception/nociceptors 873–86

activation 875–80

high-frequency 879–80

sustained 881


cortex 893–4, 895, 896

cingulate 896

facilitation of spinal AMPA receptor-

mediated responses 882

insula 894, 896

ion channels 875–7, Fig. 58.5

modification 883–6

modulation 880–3

peripheral terminal degeneration 877

polymodal 874

primary

activation 875–7, 878

sensitivity modulation 880–1

spinal transmission 878–9

dorsal column 889

synaptic vesicles 878

terminal depolarization 876

terminal excitability 880, 881

nociceptive processing 165

nociceptive-specific (NS) neurons 889

nocispecific cells 879

nodes of Ranvier 876, Fig. 58.5


connexin 32 1131

depolarization 1595

immunoglobulin binding 1078


Nogo 90–1, 95

noise generators, low-level 675

non-24 hour sleep–wake syndrome 824

non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis

(NBTE) 1954

non-epileptic attack disorder 1282–3

non-ergolines 483

non-Hodgkin lymphoma 2089, 2090


pressure ventilation (NIPPV) 1874,

1875

non-nociceptive projection cells 889

non-nocispecific cells 879

non-parametric technique 18

non-REM sleep 816, 818, 819–20


brain activity 820

depression 828

parasomnias 826–7

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

(NSAIDs)


chronic pain 909–11

gastropathy 911

migraine 922, 923



disease 11

renal toxicity 911

topical 915

toxicity 911


Noonan syndrome


short stature 863

noradrenaline 775

autoregulation 1339



noradrenergic hypothesis


426

mood disorders 368

noradrenergic neurotransmitter system

441

norepinephrine 537

nortriptyline


pain control 912



Index 1039






nortriptyline (cont.)

poststroke pathological effect 1379,

1380


nose

nasal septum 595

neural systems 595

olfactory dysfunction in nasal disease

603

pain 940

Notch family 56

Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD) 1849,

1853

Notch3 gene mutations 25

CADASIL 1405–6

Nothnagel’s syndrome 652

notochord signalling, abnormal 727

Nova gene 1480

NT-3 701


nuclear corepressor protein (NCoR) 1903

nuclear DNA (nDNA) 1221–2, 1922

defects 1929–31

nuclear factor of kappa-binding (NF�-B)

1597, 1599, Fig. 97.5

nuclear inclusions, intracellular 228

nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

spectroscopy 146

physical basis of measurement 146,

147, Fig 11.1

nucleoside analogues 1103

nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs) 1689,

1697–8

nucleotide arrays, high-density 20

nucleotide excision repair systems 33

nucleus acumbens

cholinergic neurons 432–3


extracellular dopamine 431, 432

GABA-containing projections 433


opioid-containing projections 433

pathways 432–3

reward circuit dopamine projections

432

reward information 433

serotonin terminals 432

shell region 432

stimulation by glutamate-containing

axons 432

nucleus ambiguous 796

dysfunction 1354

swallowing 800

nucleus basalis of Meynert 238–9

nucleus caudalis, trigeminal complex

960–1

nucleus gracilis 889

nucleus reticularis 336

nucleus tractus solitarius 796

swallowing afferent system 799

vagus afferent projections 797

Numb protein 56

number needed to treat (NTT) 121

nutrition, total parenteral 1981–2

nystagmus

abducting 635

central vestibular disorders 689, 690

congenital 644, 645

convergence-retraction 645–6

downbeat 645, 718

gaze-evoked 644, 645

gaze paretic 1353

horizontal gaze-evoked 635, 640

jerk 644

latent 645

mechanisms 644–6

optokinetic 1355

pendular 644, 645

quick phases 634

see–saw 646

torsional 637, 645

upbeat 645

vertical positional 645

vestibular 645


voluntary 644

obesity 812–13

object representation 298

obliterative endarteritis 1767


age of onset 387

aggressive obsessions 387

anemia 2045

autism 393, 395

autoimmune pathology 393

behavioural therapy 396

checking 387


comorbid conditions 389–90

compulsions 392

contamination fears 387


circuitry 391, 392

demographic variables 386

diagnosis 389


disease course 387

dopamine blockers 394

dopaminergic systems 393–4

DSM-IV 389

eating disorders 390

electroconvulsive therapy 397–8


etiology 390–6

executive function 392

fronto-striatal dysfunction 391, 392

functional studies 391–2

genetics 390

hoarding 388

Huntington’s disease 1897–8, 1906–7

5-hydroxytryptamine 393

immunomodulatory treatment 397

misdiagnosis 386

natural history 387

neuroanatomical models 391–2


neuropeptides 394–5

neuropharmacology 393–6


neurosurgery 398

non-verbal memory 392


personality disorder 389, 390


precision 387

prevalence 385–6

quality of life 386

rheumatic fever 393

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

393, 397

serotonergic agent response 397

serotonin hypothesis 393

serotonin receptor studies 396

sexual obsessions 387

somatic obsessions 388

spectrum disorders 395–6

streptococcal infection 391, 393

striatal dysfunction 391, 392

structural studies 391

subtyping 388–9

symmetry 387

symptomatology 387

tic disorders 388, 392

Tourette’s syndrome 390, 393–5, 552,

554, 562

1040 Index






treatment 396–8

augmentation with neuroleptics 397

resistance 397–8

visuospatial skills 392

occipital lobe disorders 626–7

bilateral lesions 626

epilepsy 1261

hemorrhage 1358

imaging 626

occipital neuralgia 947

occipito-frontal head circumference 179

occipitotemporal lesions, prosopagnosia

628

occupational therapy


cerebral palsy 576

dystonia 543

ocular alignment 646

disorders 653–4

ocular motility see eye movement

ocular skew 1357

ocular tilt reaction 637

skew deviation 654

ocular torsion, vesticular system

abnormalities 1350

oculomotor control 634–54

cerebellar influences 640–2

diplopia clinical testing 648–9

higher-level of saccades 638–40

horizontal conjugate gaze 635, 636, 637

nystagmus mechanisms 644–6


oculomotor nerve courses 646, 647, 648

oculomotor nerve palsy diagnosis

649–54

saccadic movement disorders 642–4

signals 634–5

smooth pursuit 640, 641

disorders 644

vertical conjugate gaze 637–8


oculomotor neuropathies 1099

oculomotor nucleus 646, 647, 648

oculomotor palsies

causes 651, 652

diagnosis 649–54


etiology 652–3

multiple 653

oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy

40–1

pathology 40–1


odansetron 519

odds ratio (OR) 119

OKT3 2083, 2086

olanzapine 561

olfaction 595–606

anatomy/physiology 595–7

function 599

tests 599

see also olfactory dysfunction

olfactory agnosia 597

olfactory bulb 596, 597

centrifugal fiber connections 597, 598

ensheathing glia 96

glia 1603

granule cell production 58

neuron production 57, 58

olfactory cortex, primary 596–7

olfactory cortical regions 597

olfactory dysfunction

aging 600, 603

causes 599–600, 601–2, 603–5

classification disorders 597

CNS neoplasms 604

head injury 603

nasal disease 603

neurodegenerative disease 604–5


respiratory tract infection 600, 603

sensorineural causes 605

sinus disease 603

treatment 605–6

olfactory event-related potentials 599

olfactory groove meningioma 600, 604

olfactory nerve cells 595

olfactory nerve regeneration 96

olfactory neural transduction 596

olfactory neuroepithelium 595–6

olfactory nucleus, anterior 596

olfactory receptors 595

olfactory sensory signals 597, 598

olfactory tubercle 597, 598

olfactory vector hypothesis 596

oligodendrocytes 1594–5

anoxia sensitivity 1598



excitotoxic damage sensitivity 1598

excitotoxicity 699

inflammation mediator sensitivity 1598

inhibitory effects 91

microglia interactions 1598–9, Fig. 97.6

multiple system atrophy 502, Fig. 34.5

processes 1595, 1596

progenitors 1593, 1596, 1601, 1602

migration 1595

remyelination of CNS 1603

radiation toxicity 1490

reversible injury 1598

spinal cord injury 699, 700, 705, Fig.

47.3

stem cell differentiation 1593

stimulation of

differentiation/maturation 1594

survival 1597, Fig. 97.5

factors 1594

tumour necrosis factor � 1598–9

oligodendroglia 56

inclusion-bearing 1702, Fig. 103.19

progenitors 57, 58

radiosensitivity 1490

oligodendroglioma 1432, 1433, 1434

anaplastic 1432, 1434


calcification 1441

oligomers, misfolded 228

oligonucleotide arrays, dense 20

olivary complex, superior 661

olivocochlear bundles 662

olivocochlear fibres 660, 661

olivocochlear suppression test 667

olivocochlear system 662

lateral 663

medial efferent 662–3

oncogene proteins 241

oncovirus 1683–4

Ondine’s curse 1351

one-and-a-half syndrome 1353, 1354,

1358

Onuf’s nucleus 804

degeneration 784

sphincteric weakness 834

ophthalmic artery 1347

ophthalmic signs of hyperthyroidism

2034

ophthalmopathy 654

ophthalmoplegia

internuclear 1353


see also chronic progressive external

ophthalmoplegia (CPEO)

opiate(s) 437–9

addiction 438–9


Index 1041






opiate(s) (cont.)

cAMP 438

antagonists 67

dependence 1827–8

dopamine inhibition 438


432

intoxication 438

neuron hyperpolarization 438



reward 437, 438

seizures 1834


withdrawal 438, 438–9, 961–2

opiate abstinence syndrome 1828

opiate neurotransmitter system 440

opioid(s)


addiction 916

analgesics 915–16

non-malignant pain 916, 917

overuse 958, 963

physical dependence 916

opioid receptor activation by opiates 437

opioid system in obsessive–compulsive

disorder 394

oppositional defiant disorder 423

opsoclonus 644


antibody-positive 1479–80

opsonization of pathogens 1508

opsono-phagocytosis in bacterial

meningitis 1731

optic atrophy 623

optic neuropathy 622–3

optic chiasm disorders 625

optic disc

edema 622–3

optic atrophy 623

swelling 624

optic nerve/optic neuropathy 621–5

astrocytoma 1454–6

incidence 1455–6

treatment 1455

cobalamin deficiency 2047–8

glioma 624–5, 2062, 2063

heredo-familial 623–4

ischemic 622–3

arteritic 623

non-arteritic 622–3

nutritional 624


remyelination 1603

retinal ganglion cells 1595

sarcoidosis 1559


toxic 624

tumours 624–5, 1454–6, 2062, 2063

optic nerve sheath meningiomas 624

optic neuritis 621–2, 1674–5

atypical 621, 623


typical 621, 623

optic tract

lesions 625–6

nucleus 640

optical imaging of intrinsic signal 1329

optociliary venous shunt vessels 624

oral cavity, swallowing 798

oral contraceptives



orbital trauma sequelae 654

orbitofrontal circuit in Tourette’s

syndrome 558

orbitofrontal cortex

lesions 597

taste function 613

orexin(s) 823

orexin receptor 2 mutations 26

organ donation 357

organ of Corti 658, 659, 660


organ transplantation 2082–9, 2090

de novo tumours of CNS 2088–9


2090

CNS infections 2086–7



neuromuscular 2087–8

organ donation/procurement 357

see bone marrow transplantation; liver

transplantation; renal

transplantation

organic acids 1912

organomegaly 859

organophosphates

axonopathy 1105


neuropathy 1105

parkinsonism 504–5

orgasm 843

ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency

(OTC) 1881, 1882

hyperammonemia 1978


classification 939


extracranial 939–41

intracranial 941–2

migraine 942–3

muscle disorders 951–2

musculoskeletal system 950–2

nerve compression 947–8

neuropathic 943–50

neurovascular 942–3

psychogenic 942

treatment 948–9

oropharynx 1351

orthographic lexicons 323–4

Osler–Weber–Rendu disease see hereditary

hemorrhagic telangiectasia

osmotic factors 865

OspA 1761–2

osteitis, tuberculous 722

osteoarthritis 873

osteoarthrosis of temporomandibular

joint 951

osteochondrodysplasias 729–30

osteoclasts, Pagetic 737

osteogenesis imperfecta 729

osteomalacia 729

osteomyelitis, tuberculous 1700–1

osteopenia in anorexia nervosa 809


osteopetrosis 672

osteoporosis


glucocorticosteroids 1531


otic ganglion 1341, 1342

otitis externa/media 670

otoacoustic emissions 666, 668

otolaryngological examination 599

otoliths 634

otosclerosis 672

ototoxic drugs 671

ototoxicity 671–2

out-of-wind phenomenon 1211

ovarian hormones 1939

oxcarbazepine 913

oxidative phosphorylation 1207


PD 480

1042 Index






oxybutynin 840, 841

oxygen

cerebral blood flow 1339–40

cerebral metabolism (CMRO2) 131, 132,

134, 2024

delivery to brain 2022

free radicals 241

hyperbaric 577

see also reactive oxygen species

oxygenation, apneic 353

oxytocin 865

cerebral vasculature effects 1940


pituitary storage 854

P zero protein 1116

p14ARFprotein 1438, 1439

p53

activation mechanism 1438

function loss with glioma 1438

pathways 1438

p120 Ras GTPase-activating protein 1435

PABP2 gene 41, 1170

pacemaker–effector coupling disorders

825–6

pacemakers

circadian disturbances in elderly 825–6

function disorders 825–6

neurons 512, 514

output decrease 825–6

pachygyria, spastic quadriplegia 572

paclitaxel see taxol


auditory nerve damage 672

neck pain 749

neurological sequelae 737

pain 873–86

alternative therapies 917

burning 897, 898

cancer 915, 916

central nervous system mechanisms

888–98

central pathways

activation 878–80

modulation 881–3

central syndrome 896–8

chronic

assessment 906–9

associated phenomena evaluation

909

characteristics 907

classification 907

definition 906

etiology 907–8

evaluation 907

interventions 909

intractable syndrome 908

management 906–18

non-malignant syndrome 907–8

NSAIDs 909–11


pharmacologic therapies 909–16

site-specific 908

syndromes 907–8

thalamic lesioning 893

clinical 873

congenital insensitivity 26, 873


cortical areas in perception 893–5, 896,

897

deafferentation 891

definition 906, 939

dermatomal 1678

ear 940

eye 939–40

gate control theory 875

hypersensitivity 880

build-up 884

neuropathic 882


postsurgical 882

inflammatory 880–1

injection therapy 917

institutional care 907

invasive therapies 917

lateral spinothalamic tract lesions 716



musculoskeletal 915

neural blockade 917

neuropathic

adjuvant analgesics 913–14

corticosteroids 913

HIV 1697, 1698


nociceptive 873

non-malignant 913

nose 940

paranasal 940

paroxysmal 896, 913

pathways 879

projection 874

persistent states 875

poststroke 898

postsurgical 883


processing alterations 880–3

protective system 875

psychological interventions 917

rehabilitative therapies 917

sensitivity

heritability 26

lateral medullary infarction 1350–1

shingles 1678, 1679

sinuses 940

somatic referred pain 742, 747, 754

sympathetically maintained 948–9

teeth 941

thalamic 941–2

thalamus Vc cell response 890–1, 892–3

throat 940

trigger point 951


see also back pain; headache; migraine;

orofacial pain

pain specialists 917


palilalia, aphasia 319

palinopsia 630

pallidal–thalamocortical circuit 433

pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPND)

498

pallidotomy

dyskinesias 482

dystonia 542–3

PD 484, 485, 514

rest tremor 516

palmitoyl-protein thioesterase (PPT1)

gene mutations 1917

pamidronate 2005

Pancoast tumour, cervical radiculopathy

743

panic attacks 1282

panic disorder 366

migraine 959–60

papillae, taste bud 610, 611

papilledema, brain metastases 1463

Papoviridae 1702

parabrachial nucleus 888

paracentral lobes


hemorrhage 1358

paracetamol 923

paraflocculus, visual tracking 640

Paragonimus westermanni 1751


Index 1043






parahippocampal region 305, 306

paraldehyde toxicity 1988

paralytic shellfish poisoning 1809

paramedian tracts 635

paramyotonia congenita 1183–4, 1191,

1192, 1193

molecular defects 1193–4


sodium channel mutations 1196

sodium currents in skeletal muscle

1193

paranasal pain 940


1475, 1476–8

antibody-positive (anti-Yo) 1478–9

imaging 1477–8



pathology 1478

remission 1478

paraneoplastic syndromes 1085, 1474–85,

2056

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1481–2



autonomic neuropathy 1483–4


brain 1476–81

continuous motor unit activity 1083,

1485

cranial nerves 1476–81

diagnosis 1476

dorsal root ganglia 1481–2


incidence 1474

muscle 1484–5


myelitis 1482

necrotizing myelopathy 1481

neuromuscular junction 1484–5



peripheral nerves 1482–4

sensory neuronopathies/neuropathies

1482–3

spinal cord 1481–2


visual loss 1481

see also dermatomyositis;

Lambert–Eaton myasthenic

syndrome; polymyositis

paraparesis, spastic 719, 724

lathyrism 725

paraphasia 318–19

paraplegia, thoracic spinal cord lesions

719


parasitic disease 1745–51

parasomnias 826–8

parasympathetic innervation

anatomy 1341


major organs 774

modulators 1341–2

physiological effects 1342

transmitters 1341–2

parathyroid disease 2037–8

parathyroid hormone (PTH) 2005

parent of origin effect 32

parental imprinting 14–15

paresis, general in neurosyphilis 1771,

1773

paresthesiae 715

electric 716

radiculopathy 742

parietal eye field, saccades control 639

parietal lobe

approach behaviour mediation 339

epilepsy 1260–1

hemorrhage 1358


stroke correlation with depression 1374

parietal lobule

left inferior 461, 470

superior 469

parieto-frontal circuits

apraxia-related deficits 469, 471

limb apraxias due to dysfunction 472

parallel for sensorimotor integration

468–9, 470

parieto-occipital region, left 467

parieto-temporal region, left 467

Parinaud’s syndrome 646

parkin gene 8

juvenile onset PD 39

mutations 221, 479–80, 1842

parkinson-like syndrome 1974

parkinsonian gait 478

parkinsonian state 1491

parkinsonian syndromes


depression 779

imaging 139–40

parkinsonian–dementia complex 784

parkinsonian–dementia complex of Guam



postencephalitic parkinsonism


parkinsonism 221

with Alzheimer’s disease 476, 477

atypical 476, 477


clinical symptoms 476

dementia 254



FTD 286

head injury 505

hereditary/heredodegenerative

disorders 490, 505

heroin contaminant 480


Mendelian disorders 23

MPTP-induced 514

multiple system atrophy 489, 500, 502,

781, 782

postencephalitic 221, 478, 489, 490, 504

secondary 490, 503–5

symptomatic 476, 477, 490, 503–5

toxins 504–5

trauma 505

vascular 479, 489, 504

parkinsonism-plus 485

syndromes 476, 477

see also corticobasal degeneration;

multiple system atrophy;

parkinsonism, vascular; progressive

supranuclear palsy

Parkinson’s disease 3, 476–85

AD association 221

animal models 8, 9

apoE4 genotype 480

coexisting illness 484


dementia 221

depression 484, 831


dopaminergic neuronal degeneration

135

dopaminergic system imaging 139, 140

dysphagia 801

dystonia 534

early diagnosis 139

early-onset 22–3

environmental toxins 480

1044 Index






etiology 479–80

familial 221

genetic basis 275

fetal neuron transplantation 95

fetal neuronal grafts 12

functional imaging 131, 139–40

gene 210

genetics 5

heredity 480

idiopathic


olfactory deficit 604–5


imaging 224

incidence 211, 217

inheritance 22–3, 221

juvenile onset 39

L-dopa 482–3

late-onset 22

Lewy bodies 221




multiple system atrophy differential

diagnosis 500

mutations 479–80

neuroleptic drugs unmasking 504

neuroprotective strategies 483

onset 476




pharmcotherapy 482–3

physical exercise 482

primary 476, 477, 478



receptor mapping of dopaminergic

system 131


rigidity 478

secondary disability control 482


sildenafil 848

sleep disorders 484, 831

sporadic 215, 221

stem cell transplantation 7–8

stereotactic surgery 210

strategic declarative memory deficit

310

stretching 482

surgical therapy 484–5, 514


symptomatic 478–9

�-synuclein 240

gene mutations 221

thalamo-cortical-spinal pathway

overinhibition 514

therapeutic principles 482–3


transplant studies 485

tremor 476, 478

essential 516

re-emergent 515–16

rest 512, 513, 515–16

parotid epidermoid carcinoma, cerebral

metastasis 931

paroxetine



paroxysmal depolarization shift (PDS)

1233



chronic 943

episodic 931

PARP repair enzyme 69–70

parvalbumin 1870, 1871

patent foramen ovale 1943

stroke 1954–5


Pathological Crying and Laughing Scale

(PLACS) 1379, 1380

pattern-recognition receptors 1501–2

Pax-1 gene 727

Pearson syndrome 1927

Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric

Disorders Associated with

Streptococcal infections (PANDAS)

393, 397, 559

diagnostic criteria 559–60

immune-mediated hypothesis 560

therapy 561

tic disorders 559–60


peduncular hallucinations 630

pegvisomant 859

peliosis, bacillary 1702


pellagra 1881

pelvic floor muscles 843

pelvic neoplasia 762

pelvic nerve injury



pelvic organ dysfunction 838

pelvic plexus 804

pemoline 824

Pendred syndrome 672

penetrance, age-dependent 18


1356–7

D-penicillamine 1155

Wilson’s disease 505, 1155, 1882, 1979

penicillin

intoxication 1988

neurosyphilis 1774

PANDAS 561


penile prostheses 848

pentamidine isothionate 1750

Pentastarch 1368

pentazocine

overdose 1828

stroke 1834

pentoxifylline 1696

penumbra, ischemic 1368, 1385

peptide histidine methionine (PHM)

1341, 1342

perception, disordered 1816–17

perceptual classification, preserved 628



(PEG) 1873

perforin 1654

pergolide 483

tic disorders 561

perhexiline maleate 787

periamygdaloid cortex 597, 598

periaqueductal grey 874, 890

perihematoma vasogenic edema 1385

perikaryon 1075, 1076

perilymph fistula 687



periodic limb movement disorder 826,

2045

periodic paralyses 6, 1183, 1191, 1192,

1193–200



diagnosis 1201

hyperkalemic 1191, 1192, 1193

adrenal insufficiency 2039

diagnosis 1201


Index 1045






periodic paralyses (cont.)

hyperkalemic (cont.)

sodium channel mutations 1195,

1196


1193


hypokalemic 1191, 1192, 1197–9

calcium channel subunit gene

1197–8

calcium ion movement 1198–9

diagnosis 1201


functional defects 1198–9


pathogenesis 1199


1199

normokalemic 1201

paramyotonia 1201


sodium channel mutations 1193–5

thyrotoxic 1176

thyrotoxic periodic 1176, 1199–200

diagnosis 1201

treatment 1201–2

peripheral inflammatory disease 880,

883–4

peripheral motor nerves 584

peripheral motor neuropathy 1678

peripheral nerve fiber degeneration 1082

peripheral nerve sheath tumours,


peripheral nerves/peripheral neuropathy

AIDS 1081

biopsy 779

bridges 94–5


collateral sprouting 85

denervated distal stump 89

dysmetabolic 1092

HAART 1689

herpes zoster 1677, 1678–9

HIV-1-associated disorders 1696–8


hypothyroidism 2037

injury 884

anatomical plasticity 897


isolated vasculitis 1122–3

leprosy 3




muscle atrophy 1086


pregnancy 1948

regeneration 85, 88–90

shingles 1677, 1678–9


systemic vasculitis 1121–2

toxic 1092

tremor 519


varicella zoster virus 1677, 1678–9


Wernicke’s encephalopathy 1822

see also metabolic neuropathies; toxic

neuropathies


antigen presentation 1508–9


axons 1075–8, 1079, 1080–3

disorders 1075


1518–20




1083–6



Schwann cells 1076–8, 1079, 1080




local hypersensitivity 881

migraine 882

peripheral sensory system, nociception

873–86

peripheral stem cell rescue 1452

perirhinal cortex 305, 306

perivascular inflammation 1651–2

periventricular band heterotopias 56

periventricular hemorrhagic infarction

571





periventricular nodular heterotopia 56

peroneal mononeuropathy 2088

peroneal neuropathy 1100

peroneal palsy 2048

peroxisomal disorders

biogenesis abnormality 1138


neonatal 1913

peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme

1913

peroxynitrate 1734

perseveration 319

persistent vegetative state 295

awakeness 293

consciousness 294


personality change in chronic hepatic

encephalopathy 1971

personhood, autism 415–16

pethidine 923


PEX gene defects 1913

peyote cactus 1831, 1832

Pfiesteria piscicida 1810–11

phaeochromocytoma 2040

phagocytosis 1654

phakomatoses, brain tumours of

childhood 1449

phantosmia 597

pharmacokinetics 129

pharyngeal airway occlusion 821

pharyngopalatine arch 1353

pharynx, swallowing 798

phencyclidine (PCP) 374, 379, 439–40

addiction 1832–3




432

GABA inhibition 439

glutamate pathways 439, 440

intoxication 438

seizures 1834

stroke 1835

withdrawal 438

phenobarbital 441


ethanol withdrawal seizures 1817


phenobarbitone 1277

phenol

dystonia 542


sclerosis 1625

phenothiazines 949

phenoxybenzamine 914

1046 Index






phentolamine 948

4-phenylbutyrate 1636

phenylhydantoin 1817

phenylketonuria 1912

phenytoin 66






neuropathy 1103



side effects 1307



fos-phenytoin 1274


phobia, vasovagal syncope 779

phonological lexicons 324

phonology

brain aging 204

input/output 324

phosphate

inorganic 1207

intracellular 2009


phosphatidylcholine precursor 67

phosphatidylinositol 3’ kinase (PI3 kinase)

241, 1435, 1436

phosphocreatinine 1207, 1211

phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) 847, 848

phosphofructokinase 1213

deficiency 1211, 1213, 1216

phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency 1214,

1216

phosphoglycerate mutase 1213

deficiency 1216–17

phospholipase, calcium-dependent 1801

phospholipase A2 65

cytoplasmic (cPLA2) 69

phospholipase C 65, 1435, 1436, 1437

phosphorylase 1213

phosphorylase b kinase deficiency 1216

phosphorylase-limit dextrin 1216

phrenic nerves, foramen magnum lesions

719

physical activity, stroke primary

prevention 1415–16

physical deprivation in autism 409

Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (PSMS)

244

physiotherapy

cerebral palsy 576


dystonia 543




partial body weight supported treadmill

training 88

physostigmine


REM sleep 829

phytanic acid storage disease 1138–9

pial surface integrity disorders 186–8

pial–glial barrier abnormalities 187

pica 2045

Pick bodies 214, 283, 497

intracellular 228

Pick cells 283

Pick-complex disorder 284

Pick’s disease 283

apo-E allele 22


diagnosis 497




diagnosis 269, 503



neuropathological overlap with

corticobasal degeneration 496, 497




sporadic 220–1

pillow speakers 675

pimozide

tic disorders 561


pindolol 829

pineal region germ cell tumours 1456–7

piracetam 525–6

piriform cortex 596, 598

Pisa syndrome 500

pituitary

brain death 351

craniopharyngioma 861

failure 862

fluid abnormalities after surgery 869

hormones 853

metastases 861

microadenoma 931

normal function 853–5

posterior 865–9

somatotroph axis 854–5

tumours 855–61, 931, 942


imaging 864–5

visual field testing 864–5


ACTH-secreting 859–60

cavernous sinus invasion 856

gonadotroph-secreting tumours 860

growth hormone-secreting 858–9

incidentaloma 861

non-functional 861

prolactin-secreting 856–8

thyroid-stimulating hormone 860–1

visual abnormality 856

pituitary apoplexy 861, 865, 2001


pizotifen 922

PKD genes 1413

planum temporale 321

plasma cell dyscrasias 2055–7

malignant 1121, 2055

plasmapheresis





PANDAS 561

pregnancy 1949

Rasmussen’s encephalitis 1240

plasminogen activators 1439

Plasmodium falciparum 1749, 1750

platelet activating factor (PAF)


inactivation in lissencephaly 184

platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) 702



oligodendrocyte progenitors 1593


platelet-derived growth factor � (PDGF�)

56, 57

receptor signalling 1597

platelets

hypercoagulable states with

abnormalities 2059

SSRIs 1965

transfusion in thrombocytopenia

2052–3

Index 1047






platinum

coils 1398

germ cell tumour treatment 1457

pleconaril 1664–5

pleocytosis 1769

plexopathy



plicamycin 2005

PMP22 gene mutations 1130, 1131, 1132,

1134

pneumocephalus 2019

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)

1683

prophylaxis 1577

pneumonia, acute ischemic stroke 1368

POEMS syndrome 1114, 1121, 2056–7

polar zipper formation 40

model 1903

polioencephalopathies 1914

poliomyelitis

paralytic 1676–7


poliosis of hair/eyelids 2065, 2066

poliovirus, motor neuron destruction

1085

poly(A)-binding protein 2 (PABP2) 40

polyarteritis 1177

polyarteritis nodosa 1576–7, Fig. 96.2

microscopic polyangiitis differential

diagnosis 1578




polycystic kidney disease 1999–2000

aneurysms 1394





polycystin-1 1413


polydipsia 866


867

polyglucosan 1218

deposits 1216

polyglucosan body disease, adult 1218

polyglutamine/polyglutamine diseases

33–40

aggregation 40, 1905, 1907

inclusions 39, 40


pathogenesis models of Huntington’s

disease 1905–6

polyglutamine tract 35

expansion 35, 36, 38–40

self-aggregation 40

polyhydramnios 1155

polymicrogyria

cobblestone dysplasia 187, 188

cytomegalovirus 189

four-layered type 188


pathogenesis 181

schizencephaly 181, 188

unlayered 188

polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs)

1801

polymyositis 1172–3, Fig. 70.9

eosinophilic 1175

HIV-1 infection 1697, 1698

myopathy 1176



polyneuritis, idiopathic 1679

polyneuropathy

alcoholic 1823

critical illness 1101–2

drug-associated 1095–6

environmental toxin-associated 1095–6

motor–sensory 1092

paraproteinemias 2056

progressive 1092

sensory distal 1697, Fig. 103.13–15

systemic disease association 1094–5


uremic 1990–4

see also inflammatory demyelinating


polyneuropathy, organomegaly,

endocrinopathy, M protein and

skin changes see POEMS syndrome

polyopia 630

polyradiculitis, lumbosacral 1677


acute 1111, 1113, 1483

Lyme disease 1757



polyuria 867



Pompe disease 1217, 1914

pons


hemorrhage 1358–9

ischemia 1353–4


REM sleep 821

pontine micturition centre 834–5

pontine nucleus, dorsolateral 640, 641

pontine reticular formation

paramedian 634, 637


REM sleep 821

swallowing 801

population-based research 118–21

populations 118

porencephaly see schizencephaly; West

syndrome

porphyrias

acute attacks 1137

acute intermittent 1136

neuropathy 1093, 1136–7

variegate 1136

port-wine nevi 2070

portal systemic encephalopathy see

hepatic encephalopathy

Poser criteria for multiple sclerosis 1620

positive-predictive value (PPV) 121, 122

positron emission tomography (PET) 4,

131, 132–5

apo-E4 heterozygotes 5



cerebral blood flow/metabolism 133–4

dementia 140, 141

dyslexia 5

epilepsy 1292

function recovery 142–3



radiotracers 133

spatial resolution 132–3

post-hypoxic encephalopathy 221

Post-stroke Depression Rating Scale

(PSDRS) 1373

post-traumatic stress disorder 827

postencephalitic parkinsonism 221, 478,

489, 490, 504

posterior circulation ischemia see

vertebrobasilar ischemia

posterior fossa tumour tumours 1450–1

postherpetic neuralgia 947–8, 949–50,

1678–9

1048 Index






clinical pain 873

nociceptor terminal excitability 881

sympathetic nerve block 949–50

posthypoxic encephalopathy 525

postmicturition residual 841

postpolio syndrome 1677

postsaccadic drift 642, 643

postural control

adaptation to environmental conditions

585


neuroanatomical 582

physiology 581–2


postural response

bradykinetic 587

disinhibition of inappropriate 585

hypokinetic 587

modification 582

postural synergies 582

postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS)

773, 789, 792

potassium

calcium-activated 1230

ingestion in periodic paralysis 1201,

1202


potassium ion channels

activation 1183

agonists 66, 67

alcohol intoxication 1818–19

blockers in spinal cord injury 705

openers 66

voltage-gated 1083

gene mutations 1891

potassium ions

apoptosis 64, 70

extracellular during seizures 1235

homeostasis 2010

propagated action potentials 1195

release in neuronal activation 1337


see also Na+/K+-ATPase pump

potentiation, long-term (LTP) 81, 83–4

dendritic remodelling 86

early 83–4

hippocampus CA1 region 83

late 83–4

pottery glazes 1807

Pott’s disease 1777, 1784

treatment 1788

Pott’s paraplegia 722

PPP2R2B gene 46

Prader–Willi syndrome 14

2-pralidoxime 1160

pramipexole 483

pravastatin 1191

praxis

conceptual system 462

errors 462, 463

grasping 469

limb 462–4

anatomofunctional substrates 468

production system 462

skills and interhemispheric differences

464, 466–7

praziquantel 1177, 1747–8

prazocin 914

pre-eclampsia 1946–7

Factor V Leiden 573

precentral gyrus

atrophy in motor neuron disease 1867

motor cortex 449


neurofibroma 2062

prednisolone



prednisone



migraine 1940


neurocysticercosis 1749






system 1554

prefrontal cortex

declarative memory 309

dopamine fibres 432

dopamine neurons 434

dorsal lateral 325


dual synapses 432

glutamate-containing pyramidal cells

434

left dorsal lateral 323


strategic declarative memory 309–10

pregnancy


Bell’s palsy 1948

brain death 356

cerebrovascular disease 1941, 1942,

1943–5




drug risk categories 1940, 1941

eclampsia 1946–7

epilepsy 1945–6

headache 1942


membrane rupture 1944

migraine 1939–40, 1942


muscle disease 1948–9



neuralgia paresthetica 1948

neurologic aspects 1939–49

peripheral nerve disease 1948

plasmapheresis 1949

prolactinoma 858

seizures 1945

stroke 1941, 1942, 1943–5


taste 610

therapeutics 129

pregnenolone 1231

prekallikrein deficiency 2057

prematurity

cerebral palsy 569


preoptic area, nucleus acumbens

projections 433

presbyosmia 597

presenilin genes 226

AD 258

mutations 258

see also PS1 gene; PS2 gene

presenilin(s) 259

prestriate lesions 627–8

pretrigeminal neuralgia 946–7

prevalence of disease 123


system (PACNS) 1547, 1548

angiographic abnormalities 1550–1

autoimmunity 1548

brain biopsy 1551


course 1554–5

diagnosis/diagnostic criteria 1551–2

Index 1049







system (cont.)


etiology 1548

imaging 1549–51

pathogenesis/pathology 1548


treatment 1554–5

primidone



primitive neuroectodermal tumours

(PNET) 1449


diagnosis 1450–2

infants 1457–8



radiotherapy 1451

surgery 1450

treatment 1450–2

Pringle adenoma 1266

prion(s) 210, 211, 212, 213

biology 215–19

bovine 223

concepts 213

diversity 218

enhanced clearance 228–9

immunoassays 224, 225

replication

dominant negative inhibition 220

mechanisms 214–15

strains 218–19

prion amyloid 211

prion diseases 215–19, 1716–26

amyloid plaques 214

animals 216

ataxia 1890




diagnosis 1722–4

diagnostic tests 223–4

EEG 1723, 1725

epidemiology 217

familial 214, 216, 1717


diagnosis 1722

FTD phenotype 498

genetic 219–20

iatrogenic 222

imaging 1723–4, 1725

infectious 222–3


large aggregates of misprocessed

proteins 228

Lewy bodies 479

misfolded proteins 228

deposition in neuronal inclusions 40

MRI scan 224


phenotypes 219

species barrier 218

spinocerebellar ataxia differential

diagnosis 1890

sporadic 214, 216, 219–20


Tg mouse models 223, 224, 226


prion protein

isoforms 211, 212, 213, 1721

see also PrPC; PrPSc

prion protein gene

familial fatal insomnia 26

mutations 1716

PRNP gene 211

mutations 217, 1716

familial prion disease 1719, 1721

PRNP genotype distribution 1717

pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) 854

procarbazine 1443

prochlorperazine

migraine 1940


progenitor cells

neurons 1330

spinal cord injury 704, 706

progeria 2075–6

adult 2076

progesterone



programmed cell death see apoptosis

progressive bulbar palsy 1863

progressive cerebral degenerations of

childhood 1911–19

encephalopathies 1913–14

evaluation 1911–12

neonatal encephalopathies 1912–13


leukoencephalopathy (PML) 1702,

Fig. 103.19

progressive muscular atrophy 1481, 1863

progressive myoclonic epilepsies 1919

progressive myoclonic epilepsy type 1 34,

1240, 1241, 1885, 1919

cystatin B gene defect 1887


see also Unverricht–Lundborg disease

progressive supranuclear palsy 476, 477,

489–94



diagnosis 497

diagnostic tests/criteria 493, 494


epidemiology 124

eye movement 491

familial 493

French West Indies 494


imaging 493


diagnosis 269, 503

management 494

misdiagnosis 489, 493


diagnosis 500




parkinsonism 491

pathology 491–3, Fig. 34.1, Fig. 34.2

phenotypic variants 493



prevalence 490–1

slow saccades 642

sporadic 492, 493


tau proteins 492, Fig. 34.2

tufted astrocytes 492, 497, Fig. 34.2

progressive tactile hypersensitivity (PTH)

884

prolactin 854, 855

prolactin-secreting macroadenoma 857

Prolyse in Acute Cerebral

Thromboembolism II (PROACT II)

1364, 1365–6

propantheline 840

propiverine hydrochloride 840

propofol

sedation 2024


propoxyphene overdose 1828

propranolol

1050 Index








migraine prophylaxis 922, 1940



proprioception loss 716

proprioceptors 582

propriospinal neurons 452, 879

prosencephalon, dorsal–ventral

patterning event failure 55

prosopagnosia 291, 627, 628


prostaglandins

inflammatory response in bacterial

meningitis 1732

pain modulation 881


synthesis reduction 880

NSAIDs 910

prostanoids 1508

prostatectomy



prosthetic devices, neural signals 456,

457, 458

proteasomes

function impairment 6

subunits 39

Protection against Recurrent Stroke Study

(PROGRESS) 1422

protein(s)

aberrant processing 214

large aggregates of misprocessed 228

misfolded 6, 40, 240–1

misprocessing 228, 229

trifunctional deficiency 1220

protein C 2057


protein kinase A (PKA) 82

activation 880

ethanol responses 1819

protein kinase B (AKT) 1437

protein kinase C (PKC) 82, 882, 1436



protein kinase signalling 1819–20

protein S deficiency 2057

protein–calorie malnutrition 2008

proteinemic polyneuropathy 1093

proteinopathies, dystrophin-associated

1166–8

proteoglycans 701

proteolipid protein (PLP) 1517, 1518, 1641

deficiency 1640


prothrombin gene mutation 2057

proto-oncogenes 1435

proton (1H) -13C magnetic resonance

spectroscopy 156–7

proton (1H) spectroscopic imaging

brain tumours 152


antiepileptic drugs 153–5

epileptics receiving vigabatrin 153–4,

155

proton (1H) spectrum 148–50

prourokinase 1364, 1365–6

proverb interpretation tests 203

proximal myotonic myopathy (PROMM)

43, 1200

proximal tubular reabsorption of fluid

2002

PrP amyloid plaques 211, 214


Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker

disease (GSS) Fig. 15.4

PrP-deficient mice 226

PrP gene 211


mutations 215, 216, 219

polymorphisms 220

sequencing 224

PrP immunostaining in lymphoreticular

tissue 1724

PrPC 211, 212, 213

amino acid sequence 218

conversion to PrPSc 214

structure 211, 212, 213

wild-type 214, 216

PrPSc 211, 212, 213


bovine 223

sheep 223

structure 211, 212, 213, 218

wild-type 216

PS1 gene 216, 220


mutation 253, 1842, 1846

PS1 null mice 1849

PS2 gene 216, 220

mutation 253, 1842, 1846

PS2 null mice 1849

pseudo-Chiari malformation 733

pseudo-chorea-athetosis 168

pseudo-parkinsonism 504

pseudo-sixth nerve paresis 1357

pseudoaneurysm in internal carotid artery

1346

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

brain abscess 1737

otitis externa 670

pseudosulfatase deficiency (PSD) 1637–8

pseudotumour cerebri 1980, 2027–8, 2037

pseudoxanthoma elasticum 1919, 2070–2

aneurysms 1393

genetics 2072

neurological dysfunction 2071–2

stroke 1412

psilocin 1831, 1832

psilocybin 1831, 1832

psychiatric disorders



psychiatric dysfunction in multiple

sclerosis 1627

psychic experiences 1283

psychological dysfunction in multiple

sclerosis 1627

psychometrics 105–8

developments 113–14

neuroscience applications 113

raw scores 113

tests in AD 260

psychophysics 105

scaling methods 106

psychosine 1638, 1639

psychosis


drug-induced 374


psychostimulants




432

psychotic episodes in multiple sclerosis

1610

PTCH gene 1449

pterygopalatine ganglion 1341, 1342

puberty

delayed 599

precocious 855, 2062

pudendal nerve 796–7, 804

pelvic floor muscle innervation 843

puffer fish poison see tetrodotoxin

(TTX)

Index 1051






pulpitis, reversible 941

pulse generator, implantable 842

pulse-step of innervation 634, 635

pupillary reflexes

brain death 353

rostral brainstem lesions 1355

pure autonomic failure (PAF) 773, 781

purinoreceptors 875

Purkinje cell loss 45



1478

purposeful behaviour, consciousness

293–4

pursuit, smooth 640, 641

disorders 644

pursuit commands 637

putamen


hemorrhage 1357


pyramidal system abnormalities 1972

pyramidal tract decussation 735

pyrazinamide 1701, 1785, 1786

pyridostigmine


pregnancy 1949

pyridostigmine bromide



pyridoxine

dependency in epilepsy 1253

intoxication 1083, 1085

isoniazid neuropathy 1103

sensory neuronopathy 1096, 1097


pyrimethamine 1700

pyruvate dehydrogenase 1822

deficiency 1882, 1883, 1932

pyruvate metabolism disorders 1881

quadrantanopia 622

quality of life in obsessive–compulsive

disorder 386

Quebec Task Force on Whiplash

Associated Disorders 752, 753

quetiapine 561

quinidine syndrome 1157

quinine

with heroin 1836

malaria 1750

quinolinic acid 1762

rabies vaccine, transverse myelitis 1677

rabies virus 1660

diagnosis 1672–3

disease forms 1672

encephalitis 1668, 1672

radiation

acute brain toxicity 1491

cranial neuropathies 1494

dementia 1492

early-delayed brain toxicity 1491

late brain toxicity 1492

lower motor neurone syndrome 1495

malignancy-induction 1494

mineralizing microangiopathy 1493

necrosis 1492–3

necrotic lesions 1490

nervous system harmful effects 1489–96

diagnosis of damage 1490–1

syndromes 1491–4

time course 1491

Parkinsonian state 1491

pathological effects 1490

physical principles 1489–90

plexopathy 1495

therapy for GH-secreting pituitary

adenoma 859

vascular disease 1493

Radiation Therapy Oncology Group

(RTOG) 1466–7, 1469–70

radicular artery, lumbosacral 720

radicular pain 742

radiculopathy differential diagnosis 744

see also cervical radicular pain

radicular syndrome, acute 761

radiculomyelopathy syndromes 718

radiculopathy 742

infiltrative/compressive 1085

see also cervical radiculopathy

radiolabelled ligands 134–5

radiopharmaceuticals 135

radiosurgery


gamma knife 1321–2

subarachnoid veins 1403

radiotherapy



complications 1467


fractionation schemes 1489–90

myelopathy 725


side effects 1467

spinal cord damage 1494–5

whole brain 1466, 1468, 1469

ragged red fibres 1223, 1925, 1926


ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) Fig.120.3

COX-positive 1222


see also MERRF syndrome

Ramsay–Hunt syndrome 672, 1678, 1887


facial palsy 947–8

hyperacusis 665

rapamycin 1532–3, 2083

raphe nuclei


REM sleep 821

rapid eye movement sleep see REM sleep

rapid time zone change syndrome 824–5

rapsyn 1145

RAS, activated 1436

Rasch item analysis 114

rash


heliotrope 1172


epilepsia partialis continua 1278

intractable focal seizures 1240

plasmapheresis 1240

Rasmussen’s hemispherectomy 1279

reaching, somatosensory transformation

469

reactive oxygen species 47


metabolite ototoxicity 671


reading

assessment 320


reagin tests 1773

reasoning deficit with frontal lobe lesions

310

recall, delayed 202

receiver–operator characteristic (ROC)

curve 122

receptor editing 1511–12


recoverin photoreceptor protein 1481

recurrent laryngeal nerve sectioning in

dystonia 542

red blood cell indices 2044

red nucleus, essential tremor 515

1052 Index






reef fish poisoning 1093

Reelin protein 177, 185, Fig. 13.1

receptors 185

reflex sympathetic dystrophy see complex

regional pain syndrome

refocoxib 931

Refsum disease 1138, 1882–3


registration 201

rejection encephalopathy 1999

relative risk (RR) 119, 121

RELN gene 185

REM sleep 816, 820

atonia system 828

behaviour disorder 828


depression 828

forebrain activation 820–1

inhibition 829

antidepressants 829

intrusion in narcolepsy 823

PET studies 821, Fig. 55.4

see also non-REM sleep

remacemide 1907

remyelinating cell 1601–2

remyelination 1601–4

cerebellar peduncle 1603–4

endogenous of CNS 1603

inflammation and repair 1603


optic nerve 1603


renal angiomyolipoma 2066

renal artery dysplasia/stenosis 2062

renal disease 1987–2011

dialysis complications 1996–9

electrolyte disturbances 2000–2

end-stage and uremic polyneuropathy

1992–3

genetic 1999–2000





hypokalemia 2011



hypophosphatemia 2009–10

low back pain 762

myopathy in uremia 1995–6

renal transplantation complications

1999


systemic 1999–2000

uremic encephalopathy 1987–9

uremic neuropathies 1990–5

see also polycystic kidney disease; von


disease

renal failure

acute 1987–9


EEG 1987, 1988

myoglobinuria 1995

chronic 1989–90

cachexia 1995–6

cholinergic autonomic nervous

system abnormality 1989, 1991

EEG 1989

peripheral nerve dysfunction 1994





renal transplantation

chronic renal failure 1100, 1990

complications 1999

compressive neuropathy 1994


repeat expansion detection (RED),

spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 37


repetitive behaviour in autism 408

repetitive nerve stimulation 1150


reserpine 576

resiniferatoxin 841

respiratory chain 1221–2

mutations in genes encoding subunits

1930

respiratory chain defects


myoglobinuria 1222

weakness 1222–3

respiratory dysfunction

chronic insufficiency in polyneuropathy

1101


1101

failure of automatic 1351

lateral medullary ischemia 1351


secondary anoxic seizures 1283

see also lung

respiratory failure in motor neuron

disease 1867, 1874

respiratory tract infection, olfactory


rest–activity cycles 818

restless legs syndrome 826, 2045

restriction fragment length

polymorphisms (RFLPs) 17

RET proto-oncogene mutation 1134

reticular activating system, waking state

817

reticular formation


nociceptive neurons 889–90

swallowing 800

waking state 817

reticuloendothelial cells 1916

reticuloendothelial system (RES) 1660

retinal degeneration, paraneoplastic 1481


circadian timing 818

retinal hamartoma 2065–6

retinal hemorrhage 2044–5

retinitis, cytomegalovirus 1701–2

retino-choroidal anastomoses 624

retinoblastoma protein (Rb) 1437–8

retinohypothalamic tract 818–19

retinoic acid 1593, 1884

retroviruses


oncogenic transformation 1434–5

Rett’s syndrome 414, 1255, 1919

reward centres

endogenous 432–5

functional integrity disruption 435

reward circuit

drug addiction 442

nicotine stimulation 440

reward systems 442

rhabdomyolysis 1208


transplant patients 2088

rheumatic fever



rheumatoid arthritis


cervical spine 738

clinical pain 873



myopathy 1176

Index 1053






rheumatoid arthritis (cont.)

neck pain 748



diagnosis 1552

prognosis 737


temporomandibular pain 951–2

vertebral column 737–8

rheumatoid vasculitis 1121

rhizotomy, selective dorsal in cerebral

palsy 577

riboflavin



ribosomal RNA (rRNA), point mutations

1924

rickettsia-like bacteria 1762

Riddoch’s phenomenon 627

rifampin 1701, 1784–5, 1786

right hemisphere

activation domination 341

contralateral limb akinesia 340, 341

damage 341


inattention 340

intention domination 341


1373–4

right–left confusion 334

Riley–Day syndrome 773, 775, 784–5, 1133

riluzole 66, 483


risk reduction, absolute 121

risperidone

dystonia 540

tic disorders 561

Ritalin see methylphenidate

rituals, obsessive–compulsive disorder


Rituximab 1121

rizatriptan 923, 924


rolipram 84

Romberg sign 2047

ropinirole 483

Rosenthal fiber accumulation 1642

rubella virus

congenital 1679



rubeola virus 1675


see also measles

Rush Video-based Tic Rating Scale 553

Russian Spring Summer encephalitis

vaccine 1671

ryanodine receptor mutations 14, 15,

1171

S100� autoantigen 1518

saccades/saccadic eye movements

catch-up 644

commands 637

generation 635

disorders 642–4

initiation 643

dysmetria 642

higher-level control 638–40

intrusions 643

oculomotor control signal 634, 635

oscillations 643–4

slow 642–3

vertical 634

saccadic pulse

decrease 642–3

disorders 642

premotor command 634

saccadic step disorders 642

sacral nerves 696, Fig. 47.2

motor pathways 797

sacral pathway 796

sacral spinal cord 804

St Anne-Mayo classification system of

astrocytomas 1431–2

St Louis encephalitis 1671

salicylates

ototoxicity 671

toxicity differential diagnosis from acute

renal failure 1988

saline, hypertonic 868

intracranial hypertension 2021–2

saliva 611

drooling


Wilson’s disease 1978

proteins/peptides 611, 612

Salmonella, subdural empyema 1740

salt intake 1415, 1417

sampling 118

Sandhoff’s disease 529

Sanfilippo syndrome 1918

saposin D deficiency 1636

diagnosis 1637

sarcoglycan(s) 1164, 1166

mutations 1167

sarcoglycanopathies 1167, 1168

sarcoid granuloma


sarcoidosis


hypercalcemia 2004

myopathy 1176

see also neurosarcoidosis

sarcolemma

chloride conductance 1190

depolarization 1163

sarcolemma-related cytoskeleton proteins

1164

sarcolemmal proteins, dystrophin-

associated 1166–7

sarcomeres 1163

SCA genes 36, 46

SCA1 gene 1888–9

SCA2 gene 1889

SCA3 gene 1889

scala media 658, 659, 660

scala tympani 658

scala vestibuli 658

scaling models 107–8

scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor



Scheuermann’s kyphosis 729

Schistosoma 1751

myelopathy 722

schizencephaly 180–1

closed-lip 181


open lip 181

pathogenesis 181



AD 376–7

animal models 8

antipsychotics 381

apo-E allele 22

catechol-o-methyltransferase gene

variant 5

cerebral metabolic activity 379–80


dendrites 377

diagnosis 374–5

dopamine hypothesis 378–9

DSM-IV criteria 374, 375


1054 Index






genetics 15, 16

gliosis 376

glutamate 379

glutamatergic functioning

enhancement 382

hippocampus 377


hypofrontality 379–80

imaging 375–6

lifetime risk 375

negative syndrome 830

neural connectivity 381

neural cryoarchitecture 377

neurochemistry 378

neurodevelopmental disorder 380, 381

neurons 377–8


neuropharmacology 378

neurophysiology 380


onset 374

pathogenic theories 380–1

pathology 378


positive syndrome 830

psychosocial treatments 382

segregation analysis 16

sensory evoked potentials 380


synapses 377–8

treatment 381–2



schizophrenia-like syndromes, diagnosis

374

Schmidt–Lanterman incisures 1131

Schwann cells 89, 1076–7

axon relationship 1076, 1077

connexin 32 1131

denervated 89


MHC class II antigen expression 1508


primary disorders 1077, 1078

proliferation in Wallerian degeneration

1080


reinnervation 90

repopulation of demyelinated lesions

1601

spinal cord injury bridging 702, 703

schwannoma


neurofibromatosis 2063, 2064


scleroderma

myositis 1173



sclerotomes 727

SCN1A mutation 6

SCN4A gene mutations 1191, 1192, 1193

SCO1 and SCO2 gene mutations 1930

scoliosis

arthrodesis 730

causes 728

Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1

1130

congenital 728–9

idiopathic 727–8

bracing 730


neuromuscular 729

structural 727–8

surgery 730

syringomyelia 734

scopolamine

olfactory sensitivity 604

REM sleep 829

vestibular disorders 682

scotoma 622

homonymous central 626

size reduction 627

scrapie 216, 218, 223

screening tests for neurological diseases

121–2

second messengers 82, 83

�-secretase 262

inhibitor 11

�-secretase 228, 262, 1845, 1846, 1852

inhibitor 1853

sedatives

abuse 1830–1

hypnotics addiction 441

seeded forward solution 167


seizures

absence 294, 295, 1261



alcohol withdrawal 440, 1817, 1818

amniotic fluid emboli 1944–5

amphetamines 1834

anoxic 1283

astrocyte proliferation 1235

atonic 1264, 1282

autism 412, 413

axo-rhizomelic 1263, 1264, 1265

benign self-remitting disorders 1303

brain metastases 1463–4, 1465

brain tumours 1440

calcium 1235




CMRO2 2024

cocaine 1834


complex partial 1282, 1283

surgical techniques 1318

control 1315–16

convulsive 1308


cysticercosis 1749


drug abuse 1834

eclampsia 1946

epileptic automatisms 295

extracellular potassium 1235

foci 1235

functional MRI 139

GABA occipital lobe decline 1232

GABA receptors 1232

gap junctions 1235

generalized tonic–clonic 1261, 1262,

1263



2074

hydrogen ions 1235


hypocalcemia 2006


hypothyroidism 2036

immune mechanisms 1239–40


infrequent 1303

intractable focal 1240

isolated 1268

magnesium ions 1235

marijuana 1834


meperidine 1834

myoclonic 1255, 1261

neonatal 1267

neuronal excitability 1233–4

Index 1055






seizures (cont.)

nocturnal convulsive 1248

non-epileptic 1287

opiates 1834

organ transplantation 2082

palinopsia 630


phencyclidine 1834

prediction 1329

pregnancy 1945

recurrence prevention 1301

rehabilitation phase of hyponatremia

2002

severity reduction 1302

single 1302–3

sodium 1235


1259

specific triggers 1303

startle epilepsy 528


substantia nigra pars reticulata 1238

systemic lupus erythematosus 1240,

1573

tacrolimus-induced 2084, 2085


temporal-lobe 295

tonic–clonic 1238


tripelennamine 1834


vaccine 1240

vestibular 689, 690


see also epilepsy

selectins 1516


(SSRIs) 367, 368

bulimia nervosa 811


depression in AD 262

FTD 286–7


narcolepsy 824

obsessive–compulsive disorder 393,

397, 562

parkinsonism 504

platelet effects 1965



REM sleep suppression 829

selegiline 483

HIV dementia 1696

self 290

autobiographical 291, 297

consciousness 290

core 291

kinds 291

sella turcica 856

enlargement 861

imaging 864, 866

semantic knowledge 204

semantic lexicon 322–3

semantic processing 323

semicircular canals 634, 638

semidominance 18

senescence 239–40

see also aging

sensitivity of tests 121, 122

sensorimotor function localization 1322

sensorimotor neuropathy 1482–3

sensory deprivation

disequilibrium patterns 587

neglect 342


sensory disorganization 587


sensory motor polyneuropathy 2056

sensory nerve action potentials 1990

sensory neuronopathies 1085, 1097

paraneoplastic 1482

presentation 1096

progression 1096

pure 1093

sensory neuropathies 1097

biliary cirrhosis 1093

HIV 1093, 1688, 1690, 1697, Fig. 103.13

treatment 1698

hyperlipidemia 1093


pure 1093

sensory perineuritis 1093

sensory polyneuropathy, distal 1697, Fig.

103.13–15

HIV infection Fig. 103.13–15

sensory symptoms 715, 1084

sensory tracts

lamination 715, 716

symptoms 715

sensory transmission, central inhibition

885

sentence comprehension 320

sepsis, hypomagnesemia 2008

serotonin see 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)


polymorphism 811



serotoninergic neurotransmitter system

440, 441

radiolabelled ligand imaging 135

serotoninergic transmission, Tourette’s

syndrome 559

sertraline 397, 562

serum response factor (SRF) 1436

sexual dysfunction

hypersexuality 843–4


intraurethral therapy 848



treatment 847–8


prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma

857

sildenafil treatment 847–8

vacuum devices 848

sexual function control 842–3

SF-36 measure 109

SH2 protein activation 1435–6

shagreen patch 2065, 2066

shingles

complications 1678

pain 1678, 1679



short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA


short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

deficiency 1221




931–2

management 932

orofacial pain 943

secondary 932

short stature 863–4

short tandem repeats 17

Shy–Drager syndrome see multiple system

atrophy

sialidosis

investigations 1296


1296

type 1 1919

1056 Index






sibling pairs, affected 18

sickle cell disease 1919

aneurysms 1394


866

fat embolism 2049, 2050

G6PD deficiency association 19

myopathy 1177

painful crisis 2049

pregnancy 1944

sepsis 2049, 2050


siderosis, superficial 739–40

signalling molecules, post-translational

changes 880

sildenafil citrate 847–8


silencing of survival signals (SOSS) 242

Silver Russell syndrome 863

simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV-1)

1684–5, Fig. 103.10

simvastatin 1191

single cell electrophysiological recording

1330

single gene disorders 20

complexity 14–15

gene identification 17–18

single nucleotide polymorphism 19

single photon emission computed

tomography (SPECT) 131, 132–5

brain death 355



dementia 140

epilepsy 1291

ictal 1291

interictal 1291

postictal 1291

radiotracers 133


single-stranded DNA breakage 69

sinonasal tract disruption 603, 604

sinuses

disease and olfactory dysfunction 603

pain 940

sinusitis, chronic 940

siphon, internal carotid artery occlusion

1347

sirolimus 1532–3, 2083


SIX3 gene 178

sixth nerve palsy, radiation-induced 1494

Sjögren Larsson syndrome 1644–5

Sjögren’s syndrome 1575–6

CNS involvement 1576


866

myelopathy 725





skeletal dysplasia 729–30

skeletal muscle 1163

disorders 1164

innervation 1163

skill learning 310–11


skilled behaviours 10

skin

biopsy 11

hyperelasticity 2072

skull

distortion in traumatic injury 1798–9

Pagetic softening 737

sleep-promoting substance (S) 819

sleep/sleep disorders 816, 821–31

abnormal movements, sensations and

behaviours 821


airway patency 821


apnea/sleep apnea syndrome 730,

821–2, 859

central 821, 822

obstructive 821


555



depression 829–30

deprivation 816, 1281, 1282

adenosine accumulation 819

dreaming 820, 827


episodic phenomena 1283, 1284


heritability 26

homeostatic drive 819

medical/psychiatric illness association

821, 828–31




onset paralysis 824

PD 484, 831

psychiatric illness 828–31

states 816

swallowing 798

syndrome associated with decreased

amplitude 825–6


see also familial fatal insomnia (FFI);

insomnia; non-REM sleep; REM

sleep; waking state

sleep spindles 831

sleep terrors 826, 827

sleepiness, excessive daytime 821

narcolepsy 823–4

sleep apnea syndrome 821


sleeping sickness 1750

sleep–wake cycles 816, 818

dreaming and rostral brainstem infarcts

1355

regulation 818–21

sleepwalking 826–7

slow channel syndrome 1157

slowness, obsessional 387

Sly syndrome 1918

small capillary/arteriolar dilatations

(SCADS) 1959

small-cell lung cancer


1158, 1474, 1476


1476


1481

small vessel ischemia 454

smallpox vaccine, transverse myelitis

1677

smell sense see olfaction

Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome 178

smoking

aneurysms 1394



olfaction 599

olfactory dysfunction 605


stroke primary prevention 1416

snake bites 1155

Sneddon syndrome 2058

snoring 859

sleep-related 821

Index 1057






social awareness in autism 408

social deficit in Asperger’s

sydnrome/autism 412

social deprivation in autism 409

Social Functioning Examination (SFE)

1375

SOD-/- mice 1849–50, 1854

SOD1 216, 221

copper chaperone 1850

missense mutations 1846–7

mutant 227

copper binding 1854

D90A 1869–70

G93A 1871


toxic property 1850

mutant mice 1849–50, 1854

sodium

renal excretion 2002

seizures 1235

sodium channel gene 1191, 1192

mutations 6, 1183, 1184, 1196


missense 1191, 1193, 1194

sodium channels

antagonists 66, 67


topical 915

blockade 66, 877, 1078

depolarization-induced paralysis from

defects 1195–7

epilepsy 1234

hypokalemic periodic paralysis 1198,

1199

sensory neuron-specific 877


sodium ions

defective transport 2002

serum levels 867, 2000, 2002

white matter injury 72


sodium nitroprusside 1397

sodium valproate see valproate

sodium–calcium exchanger 62, 1082


soft tissue osteosarcoma, radiation-

induced 1494

somatesthetic stimuli 331

somatic mutation theory 240


somatosensation 165

somatosensory cortex

intensity encoding capacity 894


primary 893–4

secondary 894, 895

somatosensory evoked potentials 1990–1

somatosensory system, auditory pathway

input 663

somatostatin 855

analogues

GH-secreting pituitary adenoma 859

radiolabelled 141


somatosympathetic reflexes 879


somnolence, diurnal see sleepiness,

excessive daytime

sonic hedgehog (SHH) 55

holoprosencephaly 178

mutations 55

spasms

infantile

adrenocorticotrophic hormone 1240

EEG 1287

tonic 528

spastic ataxia of Charlevoix–Saguenay,



cranial ultrasound 571–2

imaging 571

periventricular leukomalacia 570–1

spastic paraparesis 719, 724


HAM/tSP 1711

lathyrism 725

spastic paraplegia, X-linked 1640


spasticity

cerebral palsy 569

motor deficits in stroke 455



progressive orthopedic deformity 576

spatial maps 584

specificity of tests 121, 122

spectrin 1801


brain tumours 152–3, Fig 11.4–11.5

NMR 151

postacquisition signal processing 153,

Fig 11.4

speech

apraxia 321, 473

arrest 322

autism 408

disturbance


1972–3


fluency 318

production 324



1355

see also aphasia; language

speech audiometry 666

speech therapy




speedballing 437

sphenopalatine ganglion see

pterygopalatine ganglion

sphincterotomy, sexual dysfunction 846

sphingolipidoses 1914–15

sphingomyelin

accumulation in reticuloendothelial

cells 1916

lipidoses 1140

sphingosine 1638

synthesis inhibition 1640

spider

black widow venom 1159

funnel web 1144

spike-waves

absence epilepsy 1236–9

epilepsy 1236

interictal 1237

spina bifida


occulta 733, 734

open defects 734


sildenafil 848


spinal afferents, visceral 797

spinal artery, anterior 719–20

spinal cavernous angioma 721

spinal column

anterior–lateral 888–9

dorsal system 889


spinal cord/spinal cord disease

action potential propagation 878


1058 Index






anatomy 695–6, Fig. 47.2

anterior horn 1075

ascending sensory pathways 695

axons 695


complete transection 717

dorsal column 888

laminated fibres 716

dural arteriovenous malformations 713

early-delayed myelopathy 1494–5

fetal transplants 95

functional recovery 8


infarction 719–20

intradural tumours 762

late-delayed myelopathy 1495

motor signs/symptoms 713

myoclonus 529–30

neurons 878–9

nitric oxide impairment of conduction

1599


patterns 716, 717, 718

posterior column signs/symptoms 716

radicular signs/symptoms 713–15

repair 695–706

sacral 804

sensory signs/symptoms 713–16



somatosensory tracts 888

sphincter effects 716

subacute combined degeneration 2047

transfer of sensory information 874

tuberculoma 1777

tumours 728


ventral horn reactive gliosis 1867

ventral root atrophy 1867


white matter degeneration 2047

see also cervical cord; dorsal horn;

thoracic spinal cord

spinal cord injury 695–706

anti-excitotoxic treatments 699

apoptosis 699


axons 697

direction 700, Fig. 47.5


regeneration promotion 700, Fig. 47.5

bridge building 702–3, Fig. 47.5

causes 696

cell transplants 703


clinical approaches 697–8

demyelination prevention Fig. 47.5

environmental factors 698


function restoration 705

gait 705

gene transfer 704

genetically engineered cell replacement

703


imaging 697

lesion expansion 696, Fig. 47.3

long-tract neurotransmission

restoration 704–5

lost cell replacement 703–5, Fig. 47.5

myelination 704

nerve fibre regrowth 700–1

nerve outgrowth promotion 701–2

neural activity optimizing 698


new neuron formation 704

oligodendrocytes 699, 700, 705

transplantation 705


potassium channel blocker 705

progenitor cells 704, 706

progression to secondary injury

prevention Fig. 47.5

radiation-induced 1494–5

regeneration 698, 700, 701

inhibition blocking Fig. 47.5

rehabilitative strategies for rebuilding

function 705–6

remyelination 705, 706, 1603

secondary injury limitation 698–700


stem cell replacement 703–4

steroid therapy 695

syrinx 696, 697, Fig. 47.5

terminology 696–8

traumatic 696, 696, Fig. 47.3

treatment 696, Fig. 47.5


white matter 699

spinal cord syndrome 718–19

acute 721

constipation 716

patterns 716, 717, 718

urinary retention 716

spinal dysraphism 733–5, 736, 737

spinal motor neurons

calcium-mediated injury 1870–1

differentiation 55

spinal muscular atrophy

clinical signs 1845

genetics 1847–8

motor neuronopathy 1085

spinal pathways, ascending 888–9


spinal shock 718

spinal stepping 581

spine

autosensitization 880

central pattern generators 88

deformity management 730

disorders in hyperthyroidism 2034

embryology 727

epidural abscess 1981

epidural hemorrhage 2054

extradural lesions 714

injury and anal continence 805

instability with low back pain 764–5

interneuron differentiation 55

intramedullary hemorrhage 2054

intramedullary lesions 714–15

osteopenic disorders 729

stenosis in low back pain 764

tumours 723

vascular malformations 720–1

spinobulbar muscular atrophy 34, 35–6

expanded trinucleotide repeats 32, 42

pathology 38


spinocerebellar ataxia 34, 1885,

1887–90

anticipation 32


classification 1887

familial 222


incidence 211

infantile onset 1887

nerve conduction defects 1891





type 1 (SCA1) 36, 1888–9

type 2 (SCA2) 36, 1889


diagnosis 1898

Index 1059






spinocerebellar ataxia (cont.)

type 3 (SCA3) 37, 1889

GIn residues 227


diagnosis 1898

mutant genes 222

type 4 (SCA4) 1889

type 5 (SCA5) 1889

type 6 (SCA6) 37, 1889

type 7 (SCA7) 37, 1889–90

type 8 (SCA8) 45, 1890

type 10 (SCA10) 46, 1890

type 11 (SCA11) 1890

type 12 (SCA12) 46, 1890

type 13 (SCA13) 1890

type 14 (SCA14) 1890

spinocerebellar atrophy 14


anterolateral 879

central pain syndrome 897

lamination of fibres 716

lateral 716

NK1 receptor 879


terminations 890, 891

spirochaetes 1754, 1755

spironolactone 1202

spondylarthropathies 738–9

spondylosis, low back pain 763–5

spongiform degeneration in

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 217–18,

Fig 15.4

sporadic olivopontocerebellar atrophy see

multiple system atrophy

spumavirus 1684

Standard Treatment with Alteplase to

Reverse Stroke (STARS) 1364

stapedial reflex 658, 666

Staphylococcus, subdural empyema 1740

Staphylococcus aureus, brain abscess 1737

Staphylococcus epidermidis, meningitis

1730


startle response 527–8

unknown physiology 529

startle syndrome 527–9

epilepsy 528

statins 71

cholesterol reduction 1419–20, 1422

dementia effect 242

neuropathy 1103–4


absence 1274, 1276


antiepileptic drugs 1273

causes 1272–3

cell death mechanisms 1272

classification 1271

complex partial 1276–7

definition 1271

diagnosis 1272–3

drug administration route 1308

electrical in slow wave sleep 1287

epidemiology 1271

frontal lobe epilepsy 1260

GABA receptor 1232

hippocampus 1272

hypoxia 1272, 1273

isolated 1268

management 1272–3

mechanisms 1271–2

myoclonic 1277–8

neurogenesis 58

non-convulsive partial 1276

pathology 1271–2

tonic–clonic 1272, 1273–4

EEG 1274

hypoxia 1273

mortality 1273

physiological changes 1273


stavudine 1103

steal syndromes, Takayasu’s arteritis 1583

Stellwag’s sign 2034

stem cells 7–8

apoptosis 1593

brain 59

division 56

embryonic 704

ethical concerns over research 8

expanded neural 60

fetal 11

multipotentiality 59

myelination 1593, 1594, Fig. 97.1


pluripotent

embryonic 7–8

neurogenesis 198


therapeutic use 8

transplantation 7–8


immunotherapy 1541

step of innervation 634

stepping, precision 585

stereopsis in albinos 625

stereotactic surgery


cerebral palsy 577


PD 210

see also deep brain stimulation (DBS);

pallidotomy; thalamotomy

stereotyped movements in


389, 395

stereotypical behaviour in autism 408

stereotypical utterances 319

stereotypies 551–2

steroid therapy


low back pain 761

olfactory disorders 605

optic neuritis 622


stiff person syndrome see continuous

motor unit activity

stomatodynia 618, 941

storage disorders 1914–18

strabismus

concomitant 653–4

diplopia 648

vertical 649, 650

streptococcal infection

Group A hemolytic (GABHS) 559

Group B 1730



393, 395


viridans 1737

Streptococcus pneumoniae


vaccine 1735

streptokinase 1361

streptomycin


tuberculosis 1785, 1786

stress-related neuro-humoral activity

665–6

stretch reflex–muscle spindle feedback

515

stria terminalis bed nucleus 432, 433

striatal disease/dysfunction

gliosis 536


1060 Index






reasoning impairment 310

striate cortex, visual information

processing 627

striatocapsular ischemia 1347

striatonigral degeneration see multiple

system atrophy

striatum

atrophy in Huntington’s disease 1900

neurons in Huntington’s disease 1901


string sign 1393

stroke

acute ischemic

ancrod 1366–7


aspirin 1367

collateral flow 1367–8

complication prevention 1368

heparin 1366

intra-arterial thrombolysis 1364–6

intravenous thrombolysis 1361,

1362–3, 1364, 1365

ischemic cascade alteration 1367

restoration of flow 1361, 1363

stroke units 1369

transcranial Doppler 1362–3, 1365,

1367

treatment 1361, 1362–3, 1364–9

alcohol abuse 1943

anal incontinence 805

anterior cerebral artery ischemia 1348

anterior choroidal artery occlusion

1348

apathy 1378–9



atrial fibrillation 1417–19, 1952–3

behavioural manifestations 1371, 1372,

1373–80

cardiac arrhythmias 1952–3

cardiac origin 1952

cardioembolic causes 1943–5, 1952



childhood progressive disorders 1919

cladistics 20

connective tissue disease 1411–13


coronary artery bypass surgery 1955–9

cortical plasticity 80

depression 369

distal intracranial territory infarcts 1356

drug abuse 1834–5

dysphagia 802–3

embolism 1345, 1953, 1954

epidemiology 123

function recovery 455, 456

imaging 142–3

functional imaging 141–2, 455, Fig. 31.8

gustatory disturbance 615


hemispheric 2025

hemorrhagic syndromes 1345–6

cerebral amyloid myopathy 1408

familial cerebral cavernoma 1406–8

moyamoya disease 1408–9

hereditary causes 1405–14



stroke (HERNS) 1411

heritability 25

homocystinuria 1413


intracranial occlusion 1347

stenosis/occlusion in neck 1346–7




ischemic 11, 62–6, 67, 68–73

CADASIL 1405–6



ischemic mechanisms 1345

kinetic tremor 519

lacunar 454


151

Marfan’s syndrome 1411, 1412

mass strategy 1415, 1416–17

mendelian syndromes 1405

middle cerebral artery

ishemia 1347–8

occlusion/stenosis 1347

middle intracranial territory ischemia

1354

migraine-related 25

monogenic disorders in complex

syndrome 1409–10

motor cortex reorganization 455, Fig.

31.8

motor deficits 454–5

motor function recovery 455

movement poverty 455

myogenic disorders 1405–10


1412–13

neuropsychiatric disorders 1371, 1372


patent foramen ovale 1954–5


periventricular heterotopia 186




pregnancy 1941, 1942, 1943–5

prevention

ACE inhibitors 1424

antiplatelet therapy 1417, 1418,

1422–3

aspirin 1416, 1417, 1418–19, 1422,

1423


blood pressure lowering 1415, 1417,

1422


carotid endarterectomy 1420, 1424–5

cholesterol lowering 1419–20, 1422



dipyridamole 1423

homocysteine levels 1420



oral anticoagulants 1423–4


primary 1415–20

high-risk individuals 1417–20

principles 1417, 1420–1

risk factor modification 1421–2


secondary 1420–6

ticlopidine 1422–3

vertebrobasilar ischemia 1426

progeria 2075

proximal intracranial territory

infarction 1352–3

pseudoxanthoma elasticum 1412

psychosis 1379–80

pure motor 1356

pure sensory 1356

recurrent 1420, 1421

risk 1415, 1416

high-risk strategy 1417



spasticity 455

Index 1061






stroke (cont.)

stem cell therapy 8

substance abuse 1943

subtypes 1345–6

sudden onset 1346, 1347

swallowing disruption 802–3

syndromes 1345–59

systemic hypoperfusion 1345


thrombosis 1345

tPA therapy 123

triage 1364

units 1369


valvular heart disease 1953–4

vertebrobasilar ischemia 1348–56

vulnerable brain tissue 4

see also anxiety/anxiety disorder,

poststroke; depression, poststroke;

intracerebral hemorrhage

stromelysins 1511

Strongyloides 1751

Sturge–Weber syndrome 1267, 2068–70

cutaneous features 2068–9

diagnostic studies 2070

neurologic features 2069–70

ophthalmologic features 2069


stuttering, cerebral processing study

162–3, 164, 165

stylohyoid ligament calcification 947


(SSPE) 1675

subarachnoid bolt 2017

subarachnoid hemorrhage 1345–6, 1392

aneurysm 1943




headache 1345–6, 1393

hemophilia 2051–2

imaging 1396–7

incidence 1394


myocardial injury 1962

pregnancy 1943

spinal 720–1

subarachnoid inflammation 1733

subarachnoid space


blood in myocardial necrosis 1962

exudate in meningitis 1734


subcaudate tractotomy 398

subclavian artery, occlusion/stenosis 1349

subcortical atrophy

poststroke psychosis 1380



subdural hematoma

dialysis complication 1998–9


treatment 1999

subdural hemorrhage, anticoagulant-

induced 2054

subdural implants 1329

subependymal giant cell astrocytomas

2067–8

subependymal nodules, calcified 2067

suboccipital craniotomy, open 1384

substance abuse


stroke 1943

see also alcohol/alcohol abuse; drug

abuse/addiction

substance P 877


migraine 961


toxin conjugate 879

see also NK1

substantia nigra

Lewy bodies 270

pars reticulata seizures 1238

PD 479

pigmentation loss 479



swallowing 801

subthalamic nucleus (STN)

microelectrode recording 170, 171




succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) 1923,

1925, 1932, Fig.120.3

sudden infant death syndrome 1159

sudden unexplained death syndrome in

epilepsy (SUDS) 1248

suicide 364

sulfadiazine 1700

sulfasalazine 737


vasculitis 1980

sulfatide lipidosis 1636–8

sumatriptan 923, 924–5


migraine 963

sun-downing 830

superantigens 1514, 1517

superior colliculus 663

frontal eye field projection 639


saccades control 638, 639, 640

superior oblique myokymia 651–2

superior oblique palsy 651

superior temporal gyrus (STG) 171


superoxide dismutase (SOD)

cytoplasmic 216, 221, 227

mutations 1841, 1844, 1863, 1868


superstitions 389

supplementary eye fields 639

supplementary motor area


medial premotor region 453–4

movement formulae 461

speech arrest 322

suppression bursts 1266

suppressor T-cells (Ts) 1512

supra-bulbar regions 801

suprachiasmatic nucleus


hypothalamic 819

supramarginal gyrus 321

supranuclear gaze palsy 491, 493

suprasellar region, germ cell tumours

1456–7

suprasellar ridge meningioma 604

supraspinal centres, nociceptive 888,

889–91, 892, 893–4, 895, 896


Suramin 1750

SURF1 gene mutations 1930

surgical procedures and taste dysfunction

616–17

survival motor neuron (SMN)

EAAT2 mutations 1869

gene encoding 1841


spinal muscular atrophy gene 1847


silencing 242

sustentacular cells 595, 596

swallowing

1062 Index






afferent input 799–800

anatomy of tract 798

central regulatory system 800–1


dysfunction 801–3

efferent system 800

flexible endoscopic evaluation 803

mechanisms 798–804

motor neuron pools 800

neurophysiology 799

phases 798

physiological events 798

progressive supranuclear palsy 491, 494

reflex alteration 803

supra-bulbar regulatory system 800–1

syncope 789

trigger 799

see also dysphagia

sweat gland disorders 773

Sydenham’s chorea 552


Sylvian fissure hematoma, hemiparesis

1392–3

sympathetic innervation

cerebral circulation 1342–3

major organs 774

sympathetic nervous system efferents in

brain–gut axis 797

sympathetic thoracolumbar outflow 844–5


synapses 1146


contacts

reorganization 80

strength 81, 83, 86

plasticity

cortical map reorganization 81




transmission in immune disorders

1520, 1521

wiring 1235

synaptic potentials, slow 879–80

synaptic vesicles, nociceptor neurons 878

synaptophysin, aging brain 198

synaptotagmin 1159

syncope

with jerking leg movements 1283

neurally mediated 787–9, 791

swallowing-induced 789

see also vasovagal syncope


antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

865–6, 867–9


hyponatremia 2002

management 868–9


syntax 324–5

brain aging 204

�-synuclein 214, 215

gene 8

missense mutations 275, 1842

mutations 221, 226–7

PD 23

intracellular aggregation 40

Lewy bodies 275–6, 277

Lewy body dementia 240, 270, 274–6,

503


PD 240, 275

�-synucleinopathies 490

ubiquitin pathway 221

�-synucleinopathies 489, 490



syphilis

aneurysms 1393

chorioretinitis 1769, Fig.109.3

CSF 1769, 1770, 1771, 1773, 1774

dementia 20

early 1768–9

disseminated 1767

localized 1767, 1768

HIV infection 1702

late 1768

latent 1767, 1768

meningovascular 1769–70


papillitis 1769, Fig.109.2

see also neurosyphilis

syringohydromyelia 731

syringomyelia 723–4, 734, 735

syrinx, spinal cord injury 696, 697, Fig.

47.5

systemic connective tissue disease 1085


systemic hypoperfusion, stroke 1345

systemic infections 3

systemic inflammatory response

syndrome (SIRS) 1101

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 1569,

2058

antiphospholipid syndrome 1574–5

anxiety 1573




confusional states 1572–3


demyelinating neuropathies 1573–4

depression 1573

haplotype 25

headache 1572

meningitis 1574

mood disorders 1573


myelopathies 725, 1573

myopathy 1176

neuropsychiatric 1569–74

apoptosis 1571

autoantibodies 1569–70

autoantigens 1571

imaging 1571–2

laboratory tests 1571–2




manifestations 1574



psychosis 1573

seizures 1240, 1573

transverse myelopathy 1573–4



systemic necrotizing vasculitis 1121–2

systemic sclerosis, myopathy 1176


T-cell receptor 1506–8, 1511

binding of antigen-specific 1508

peptide vaccines 1542

targeting in immunotherapy 1542

variable regions 1507

T cells 1502, 1504–5

anergy 1512

apoptosis 1511

autoaggressive response 1518

autoreactive 1517

neurotrophic factor synthesis 1520

CD4 receptor 1685

defective Fas function 1518

encephalitogenic 1517

epilepsy 1239

Index 1063






T cells (cont.)


inhibition 1512

memory 1654

multiple sclerosis 1518, 1612, 1613


regulation by CNS 1656

self-reactive 1512

superantigen-driven broad proliferation

1517

suppression 1512

thymic education 1504, 1512, 1520

tolerance 1512, 1513

breakdown 1512–14

trimolecular complex (TMC) of

stimulation 1542

see also helper T (TH) cells

T-tubule membranes 1183

action potentials 1186

T-tubules, potassium inflow 1195, 1196

tabes dorsalis

HIV infection 1773


tachykinin antagonists 877

tacrine 262

tacrolimus 1532–3, 2083

neurotoxicity 2083, 2084, 2085, 2086

polymyositis 1172

seizure induction 2084, 2085

tactile processing 165

Taenia solium 1177

CNS inflammatory reaction 1657

life cycle 1745

Takayasu’s arteritis 1582–3


system differential diagnosis

1552

Talairach space 138


target motion signals 640

Tarui disease 1209, 1216

taste buds 610–11, 611

innervation 611–12, 613

taste dysfunction

dysgeusia 614, 618

regional deficit 615

surgical iatrogenesis 616–17

taste/taste sense 610–18

auras 618

conditioned aversion 617

potencies 612

pregnancy 610

saliva 611

sensations 610–11

taste–salivary reflex impairment 616

TATA-binding protein, polyglutamine

expansion 37–8

tau genes 20

AD 258–9

mutations 221

tau proteins 214

AD 258–9, 1848, Fig. 115.4

brain injury 1800


FTD 498

hyperphosphorylated 238, 240, 1844

AD 256

immunoreactivity 1844


isoforms 220

mutations 258

progressive supranuclear palsy 492, Fig.

34.2

tauopathies 450, 489

tauopathies 8, 256, 450, 476, 477, 489

neurofibrillary lesions 258–9

no tau 284

taurine 1201

taxol

neuropathy 1104


Tay–Sachs disease 20, 1914–15

acoustic startle 1914

diagnosis 1915


�/�Tcell receptor 1507

TdT-mediated biotinylated dUTP nick

end-labeling (TUNEL) 64

tea, herbal 494

tears, crocodile 792

teeth pain 941

referred to ear 940

telangiectasias


mucocutaneous 1409


telangiectasia

telomerase 240

telomeric shortening 240

temozolamide 1443

temperature

loss 716

sensitivity



1355

see also hyperthermia; hypothermia

temporal arteritis 1552

temporal gyrus, superior 171


temporal lobe

anterior resection 1290

anteromesial resection 1315

basal, language area 322

hemorrhage 1358

lateral resection 1318

lesions and sexual dysfunction 843

medial 305

sclerosis 1317

medial injury 304

conditioning impairment 311

neural networks 1326

resection 1317–19

see also epilepsy, temporal lobe

temporal neocortex 1318

temporal visual area

medial superior 640, 641

middle 640, 641

temporalis muscle 962

temporo-parieto-frontal system 471–2

temporomandibular joint

articular remodelling 950

orofacial pain 950

osteoarthrosis 951

referred pain to ear 940

tenascin-R 91

tendon reflexes

deep 1990, 2006

hypermagnesemia 2007

innervation 714

tendon xanthomata 1644

TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve

stimulation) 1627

terminal nerve 595

testicular feminization syndrome 35

testicular tumours 1495


tetanus 1083

tethered cord syndrome 734


tetrabenazine

cerebral palsy 576

tic disorders 561

tetraethyl lead 1806

tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) 536

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 439

1064 Index






kinetic tremor 519


tetrahydrofolic acid 2048

tetrodotoxin (TTX) 66, 876, 1086

TGIF gene 178

thalamic hemorrhage 1357–8


thalamic nuclei

intralaminar 337

lesioning in chronic pain 893

nociceptive neurons 891, 893


lateral 890–1

medial

dorsal 891



mediodorsal 433

relay 820

reticular 820

taste 613

thalamic pain 941–2

thalamo-cortical pathway auditory fibres

662


overinhibition in PD 514

thalamotomy

dystonia 542–3


parkinsonian motor signs 482, 484, 514

rest tremor 516


thalamus

action potential bursts in nervous

system lesions 897

akinesia 337

anterior nucleus 306



dorsomedial nucleus 306



infarction 1349

injury

causing ageusia 615

extrapyramidal cerebral palsy 573–4

medial

akinetic mutism 337


sensation stimulation 891, 893




797

olfactory tract connections 596, 598

oscillations 170

paroxysmal pain 896


stimulation 1626

Vc region 890–1, 892–3

ventral posterior lateral nucleus 889



thalassemia 2048–9, 2050

myelopathies 2050

thalidomide


neuropathy 1104

ototoxicity 671

therapeutic agents

smell/taste alteration 605–6


therapeutics, principles 127–30

clinical trial evaluation 127–8

dose selection 128–9

special populations 129–30

therapy effectiveness 121

thiabendazole 1177

thiamine

alcohol cerebellar degeneration 1823


Korsakoff’s amnestic syndrome 1823


thiazide diuretics 867

thioctic acid 1696

thiotepa 1452

Thomsen’s disease 1189

thoracic cord, sympathetic efferent

pathways 797

thoracic nerves Fig. 47.2

thoracic polyradiculopathy 1100

thoracic spinal cord lesions 719

watershed infarction 720

throat 940

thrombin 1385–6, 1655

thrombocytopenia 2052–3

heparin-induced 2053


thrombocytopenic purpura

idiopathic 2052, 2053

immune 2052

see also thrombotic thrombocytopenic

purpura (TTP)

thrombolysis

acute ischemic stroke

intra-arterial 1364–6

intravenous 1361, 1362–3, 1364, 1365

blood pressure control 1383


thrombophilic disorders, hemiplegic

cerebral palsy 573

thrombosis

left atrial appendage 1953

stroke 1345

venous sinus 573



(TTP) 1944, 2053

thryroid ophthalmopathy 2034

thymectomy in myasthenia gravis 1153,

1520, 1540–1


thymic tumours 1151

thymidine kinase 1671

thymus in myasthenia gravis 1520

thyroid disease

myopathy 1175–6


thyroid ophthalmopathy 654

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 854,

855


primary hypothyroidism 863

serum level measurement 864

thyroid storm 2033

thyrotoxicosis 1199–200

Na+/K+-ATPase pump 1200

thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH)

854

stimulation test 864

thyroxine (T4) 854, 1594

free 864

hyperthyroid myopathy 1175–6

hypothyroidism 863

tiagabine



seizures with glial tumours 1305

tic douloureux 944

tic(s)/tic disorders

chronic 553

neurosurgery 561



PANDAS 559–60

presentation 1283

Index 1065






tic(s)/tic disorders (cont.)

secondary 557


treatment 560–1

tick paralysis 1093

ticks 1754, 1755–6

antibiotic prophylaxis for bites 1761



timolol 922

Tinel sign 884


tinnitus


2027

management 674–5

maskers 675

mechanisms 665–6

pulsatile 1346, 1347

retraining therapy 675

tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)


intra-articular thrombolysis 1365–6

intracerebral hemorrhage 1383, 1387

intravenous

acute ischemic stroke 1361, 1362–3,

1364, 1365

outcome 1364


stroke therapy 123, 1361, 1362–3, 1364,

1365

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

ischemic stroke 11

titubation 519

tizanidine


dystonia 540


pain control 913

TNF-� converting enzyme (TACE) 1511,

1845

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand

(TRAIL) 65

tocainide 914

�-tocopherol transfer protein 1882

Todd’s paralysis 1230

tolerance 1511–14

reverse 436

tolfenamic acid 966

Tolosa–Hunt syndrome 653

eye pain 939


tolterodine 840

toluene exposure 1835

tone decay 664

tonotopic reorganization 665

top of the basilar syndrome 1354–5

topiramate

chronic daily headache 965–6





TORCH infections 572

Torsin A gene 536

torticollis

dystonia 533

spasmodic 533–4, 538

total parenteral nutrition 1981–2

Tourette Syndrome Questionnaire (TSQ)

553

Tourette Syndrome Severity Scale (TSSS)

553

Tourette Syndrome Symptom List (TSSL)

553


anxiety 553, 554, 555

associated behaviours 553–6


552, 554–5



depression 553, 554, 555


DSM-IV criteria 553

epidemiology 556


genetic linkage analysis 558

genetics 556–7

genomic imprinting 556–7

Group A hemolytic streptococcal

infection 559

imaging 557, 558, 559

learning problems 555–6

neuroanatomy 557–8


neuroimmunology 559–60


393, 394, 395, 552, 554, 562


prevalence 556

psychopathology 553–6

rating scales 553




310

tics 551–2

treatment 560–2

Tourettism 557

toxic gain of function



toxic neuropathies 1092–7, 1102–5


drugs 1102–4





1094–5, 1096, 1097

toxins, autonomic dysfunction 787, 789

Toxoplasma gondii 1750

toxoplasmosis 1657

cerebral 1699–700, Fig. 103.16

treatment 1700



congenital 1750

primary CNS lymphoma differential

diagnosis 1703

TP53 gene germline mutations 1449

tractus solitarius nucleus 612

traditional medicines 1807

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

81, 367

dystonia 539


transendothelial migration 1516

transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)

1953


transfer RNA (tRNA) point mutations

1924

transforming growth factor � (TGF-�)

1656

transgenic animal models of


transgenic (Tg) mouse models

AD 226, 1848

ALS 227

FTD 226

HD 227, 1904

mutant �-synuclein 227

prion diseases 223, 224, 226

spinocerebellar ataxia 227–8

1066 Index






transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

involuntary movements 1283

multiple brief 1347

recurrent stroke risk 1420, 1421

transketolase 1822

translational research 11–12

transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT)

19, 20

transporter associated with antigen

processing (TAP) genes 1562

transthyretin 779, 785

mutations 229–30


acute 721, 722




trauma

ageusia 616

drug abuse 1833

dystonia 535

false aneurysms 1393

hypermetabolism 1177

kinetic tremor 519

orbital 654

parkinsonism 505

spinal cord injury 696, Fig. 47.3

travel, global 3–4

trazodone 1375

Treacher–Collins syndrome 672

treadmill training 88

tremor 512–20


1974

action 479, 512, 513, 516–20

alcohol withdrawal syndrome 1816

central mechanisms 512, 514–15

central oscillators 514



essential 512, 513, 514–15, 517–19

clinical criteria 517

diagnosis 517

inheritance 518

neurosurgical intervention 519

PD development 516

prevalence 517

rest tremor 516

treatment 518–19

hand 517

head 517

isometric 512, 513

kinetic 512, 513, 517, 519

neuroleptic drugs 517

orthostatic 518

parkinsonian 484

pathophysiologic mechanisms 512,

514–15

PD 476, 478

peripheral mechanisms 512, 515


physiologic 513, 515, 516–17

position-specific 512, 513, 518

postural 512, 517

psychogenic 519–20

rest 512, 513


induction by MPTP 514

treatment 516

tardive 517

task-specific 512, 513, 518


see also delirium tremens

Treponema pallidum 1702, 1766

chromosome 1766

hypersensitivity response 1767


microhemagglutination (MHA-TP)

assay 1773

Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke

Treatment trial (TOAST) 1366

triamterene 1202

tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle 1210

trichinosis 1177

trichotillomania 395

tricyclic antidepressants 367, 368

abuse 1833




triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride

(trientine) 1882, 1979

trifunctional protein deficiency 1220

trigeminal afferents 595

trigeminal dysesthesia 944, 947

antidepressants 949

orofacial 948

trigeminal ganglion

depolarization 922



tumours 942

trigeminal motor nucleus 800

trigeminal nerve

focal demyelination 944

stimulation 962

trigeminal neuralgia 670, 944–6

gamma knife radiosurgery 946

microvascular decompression 946


paroxysmal pain 913

surgery 945–6, 949

tooth pain 941

treatment 944–5

trigger zone 944

unilateral 944

vestibular paroxysmia differential

diagnosis 687

trigeminal neuropathy, radiation-induced

1494

trigeminal pain 729

trigeminal schwannoma, childhood 1449

trigeminovascular system 922, Fig. 61.1

activation Fig. 61.1

trigger point pain 951

triglyceride stores in adipose tissue 1208

trihexiphenidyl 483

cerebral palsy 576

dystonia 540

triiodothyronine (T3) 854, 1594

trilostane 860

trimolecular complex (TMC) 1542

trinucleotide repeat expansion 32


mechanisms 33


strand-slippage 33

type I disorders 33–41, 42

inheritance 33

polyglutamine diseases 33–40

type II disorders 33, 34, 41–7

tripelennamine 1834


triplet repeat expansion 1898–900


triptans

adverse events 924, 925

centrally penetrant 963


mechanisms 923–4

migraine 923–5, 959

overuse 958



trisomy 21 732

see also Down’s syndrome

Index 1067






TRKA gene mutations 1132

trochlear nerve palsy 650, 651–2

tropia 649

tropical spastic paraparesis 1710

myelopathy 722


�-tropomyosin gene 1171

Trousseau’s sign 2006, 2008

truncal neuropathies 1100

truncal radiculoneuropathy 1100

Trypanosoma brucei 1750

Trypanosoma cruzii 792

tryptophan depletion 368

tryptophan-linked polyvinylalcohol gels

1540

Ts and blues 1834

TSC1 and TSC2 genes 2068

TTR gene 1135

mutations 1136

tuberculin skin test 1780


brain 1777

CNS 1700

epilepsy 1289–90

HIV-associated 1784

imaging 1783–4

spinal cord 1777



caseous foci 1778


CNS 1700–1

drug abuse 1834


granuloma 1778

HIV-related 1777, 1778, 1782–3

hydrocephalus 1778–9

imaging 1779

meningitis 1701, 1778, Fig. 110.1




diagnosis 1780–2


imaging 1781–2, 1783

mortality 1782

prognosis 1782


miliary 1778


racial differences 1778

transmission 1778

treatment 1784–8

vertebral 1777, 1784

tuberculous abscess 1700

tuberculous meningitis 1777

tuberculous osteitis 722

tuberculous osteomyelitis 1700–1

tuberin 2068

tuberothalamic arteries 1357

tuberous sclerosis/tuberous sclerosis

complex 2064–8

autism 409


cardiac lesions 2066


epilepsy 1266–7

focal cortical dysplasia association

182

genetics 2068

neurologic dysfunction 2067–8


pulmonary dysfunction 2067

renal lesions 2066

retinal lesions 2065–6

skin lesions 2065, 2066


1431

West syndrome 1263

tufted cells 596, 597

tumour cells, hypoxia 1439

tumour necrosis factor (TNF)

cerebral malaria 1749


meningitis 1732

tumour necrosis factor � (TNF-�) 1504

cerebral ischemia 65, 71

CNS infection 1657

helper T cell synthesis 1509–10


tumour necrosis factor (TNF) � converting

enzyme (TACE) 1511, 1845


tuning fork tests 666

turbinate bones 595

Turcot’s syndrome 1449

Turner’s syndrome

autism 410

short stature 863

twin studies, concordance rates 15–16

tympanometry 666

TYRO protein tyrosine kinase protein

1644–5

tyrosine 775

tyrosine kinase A 242

tyrosine kinase receptors 82

growth factor binding 1435–6

pathways 1435–7

ubiquitin 39, 214


Lewy bodies 240

pathway 221

ubiquitin-proteasome pathway 38–9

Uhtoff’s phenomenon 621

ulceration, Behçet’s disease 1580, 1581

ulcerative colitis 1979


ulnar neuropathy 1100

ulnar palsy 2048

ultrasound

cranial 571–2

transcranial Doppler 355

UNC-5 netrin receptor 94

uncal herniation syndrome 2019, 2021

understanding in autism 408

ungual fibroma 2065, 2066

Uniform Determination of Death Act

(1981; USA) 358

unipolar disorders 365

United States, West Nile encephalitis 4

United States Joint Commission on the

Accreditation of Healthcare

Organizations 907

universal addiction site 431

Unverricht–Lundborg disease 1266, 1887,

1919


progressive myoclonic ataxia 525


see also progressive myoclonic epilepsy

type 1

upper airway resistance syndrome 821

Urbach–Weithe syndrome 306, 308

fear conditioning absence 311

urea cycle

enzyme deficits 1881, 1883

neonatal disorders 1912

uremia, myopathy 1177, 1995–6

uremic and diabetic polyneuropathy,

subacute 1994


uremic mononeuropathies 1994–5


uremic neurotoxins 1989, 1991–2


1068 Index






combined diabetic 1993–4


renal failure 1992–3

urethral sphincter


external 835

urinary bladder

cystometry 837, 839

dysfunction

investigations 837–8, 839, 840

neurogenic 835

neurologic disease 833–6, 837–8, 839,

840

treatment 840–2

dysfunctional voiding in women 836

function 833

incomplete emptying 841

innervation 835


neural stimulation 842

neurophysiological investigations 838,

840

storage mode 833

ultrasonography 837

voiding mode 833

urinary continence 833

urinary incontinence

epilepsy 834


neurogenic 841, 842


stroke 834

urological surgery 842

urine

collection devices 842

examination 837

retention 716, 841

women 836

voiding problems 841

urodynamic investigations 837

uroflowmetry 837, 839

urokinase




Usher’s syndrome 672

utrophin 1145, 1166

uvula lesions 642

vaccine development 11

vacuolar myelopathy, HIV-1-associated

1696




vacuum devices for sexual dysfunction

848

vagal afferents 796

vagal efferents 796

vagal motor nuclei 800

vagal nerve stimulator 1315

vagus nerve

afferent projections to nucleus tractus

solitarius 797

motor pathways 797

stimulation 1321

taste bud innervation 612, 613

valganciclovir 1702

valproate






hyperammonemia 1978







side effects 1307


valproic acid 944


valvular papillary fibroelastoma 1955

varicella zoster virus

encephalitis 1676

optic neuritis 1674




1552–3

shingles 1677


vasa nervorum occlusion 1123

vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1)

1516

interferon effects 1536

vascular arteritis, stroke 1345

vascular disease, radiation 1493

vascular dissection, stroke 1345

vascular endothelial cells, radiosensitivity

1490

vascular endothelial growth factors

(VEGF)


neuronal aging 242

promoter 1439


vascular lesions



1354


infarction 1352–3

vascular malformation rupture 1345

vasculitic neuropathy 1121–3

non-systemic 1122–3

vasculitis of CNS 1547–55



drug-induced 1553

Hodgkin’s disease 1548

see also primary angiitis of the central

nervous system (PACNS)

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) 843


vasodilatation, cerebral blood flow 1337

vasogenic edema


brain tumours 1440



adenosine mediation 1338

vasopressin 854

vasospasm, aneurysms 1396, 1397

vasovagal syncope 775, 779, 788, 1965

Venereal Disease Reference Laboratory

(VDRL) test 1773, 1774

venlafaxine 824

venous sinus thrombosis 573

ventilation, mechanical 1874, 1875

ventilatory support in tonic–clonic status

epilepticus 1274

ventral pallidum 433


ventral posterior medial nucleus 893

ventral tegmental area

dopamine projections 432

dopaminergic neurons 433–4

disruption and poststroke depression

1374

drug reward states 432, 433

GABA interneurons 434

neglect 342

Index 1069






ventral tegmental area (cont.)


swallowing 801

ventricular drainage

aneurysms 1397

external 1384

ventricular enlargement, secondary 254–5

ventricular system, thrombolytic

administration 1388–9



ventriculomegaly 572

ventroamygdalamofugal fiber tract 306

verapamil



hypnic headache 935


verbal fluency 204

verbal intelligence 204

vermis, dorsal 642

vertebral artery

extracranial

dissection 1348, 1349

embolism 1353

occlusion 1349

stenosis 1349

intracranial 1350

aneurysms 1393


embolism 1353

occlusion in neck 1348

vertebral column

abnormalities 727–30

diseases 727–40

see also spine

vertebral venous system 1463, 1465




brain lesion localization 1349

stroke 1348–56

outcome 1366

surgery for secondary prevention

1426

vertigo 678–81

benign paroxysmal positional 685–7

liberatory maneuvers 685–6

central vestibular syndromes 687–8,

689, 690

episodic 687


management 681–2

mismatch concept 679–80


patient approach 680–1

psychogenic 687


syndromes 678–81

classification 679

frequency 684


very-late antigen 4 (VLA-4) 1516


very-long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

deficiency 1220

very-long chain fatty acids 1633, 1634,

1635, 1636

beta oxidation defects 1913

very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL)

receptor 22

vestibular commands 637

vestibular compensation 682–3

vestibular disorders 678–88, 689, 690

central 687–8, 689, 690

pitch plane 690

roll plane 690

yaw plane 690


classification 679

management 681–2

types 683–4

vestibular failure, bilateral 684

vestibular function substitution 682–3

vestibular loss 683

vestibular neuritis 685

vestibular paresis 645

vestibular paroxysmia 687

vestibular rehabilitation 684

vestibular schwannoma, bilateral 1449,

2064

vestibular system 678, 679

neglect 343

vestibular tone imbalance 684

vestibulo-cerebellar signs/symptoms

1350

vestibulo-ocular reflex

brain death 353

defective 684

smooth pursuit 644

vertical 637–8

vestibulocerebellum 640, 642

vestibular attacks 684

vestibular failure 683

vestibular information for postural control

582

vestibular nerve section 674

Viagra see sildenafil citrate

vibration sense loss 1990, 2047

video–EEG telemetry 1286


vigabatrin

epilepsy 153–4, 155



side effects 1307

vincristine



neuropathy 1083, 1084, 1104

axonal 1085–6

optic 624

ototoxicity 671



SIADH 868

violent crime 1833

viper, Malaysian pit venom 1366–7

viral DNA, epilepsy 1240

viral encephalitis 1253, 1666, 1667, 1668–9

CSF 1653

epilepsy 1253

syndromes 1669–73

viral infection

adhesion molecules 1655


brain 1253, 1661, 1666, 1667, 1668–9

syndromes 1669–73

cellular immune response 1660

chronic 1675–6

CNS 1660–79

congenital 1679

deafness 1679


1679

host defences 1660–1

humoral immune response 1660

inflammatory cell function 1656

meninges 1661–2, 1663, 1664–5


neurological syndromes 1661


prodromal syndromes 1660

routes 1660–1


subacute 1675–6

1070 Index






systemic 1660

vertigo 1679

see also meningitis, viral

viral myelopathy 722

viral nucleic acids 1656

Virchow–Robin spaces 1651–2


viremia 1660

virulence factors 1657

viruses

axonal transport time 595–6

CTL-mediated clearance 1656

replication 1660

vision

abnormalities with pituitary tumours

856

disorders 621–30

loss

functional with prestriate lesions

627–8


transient monocular 1346, 1347


visual agnosia 628–9

apperceptive 628

associative 628–9

visual allesthesia 629


visual field defects 621, 622


visual illusions 628–9

visual inattention 332

visual information processing in striate

cortex 627

visual perception, attention role 160–1,

Fig. 1.1–12.3

visual priming 312

visual processing, higher 627–30

visual stimuli 331

visuokinesthetic motor engrams 461

visuospatial function

brain aging 203


visuospatial skills in


vitamin(s)

deficiencies in entrapment

neuropathies 2048

supplementation



vitamin A deficiency 1882

vitamin B deficiency 624

vitamin B1 see thiamine

vitamin B6 see pyridoxine

vitamin B12 deficiency 2046–8

AIDS 1696

dementia 20

mental changes 2047


subacute combined degeneration of

cord 725

vitamin C 241

vitamin D 2005

hypocalcemia treatment 2007

vitamin E

AD treatment 262

antioxidant 241

deficiency 1882

secondary 1101



vitamin K 1945, 2054

vocal cords

focal dystonia 534

hypertrophy 859

paralysis 1351

vocal outbursts 1283

voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs)

876

proteins 1520

volume transmission 1235

vomeronasal organ 595

vomiting, subarachnoid hemorrhage

1392

Von Frei’s hairs 331

von Hippel–Lindau disease 1999

hemangiomas of CNS 1449


von Recklinhausen’s syndrome 855

see also neurofibromatosis


Waardenburg syndrome 672

Wada testing 1316

waddling 587

wakefulness

brainstem 298


disruption 294


preserved with disrupted consciousness

294

waking state 816

behavioural adaptation 817–18

circadian control 819

see also sleep/sleep disorders;

sleep–wake cycles

Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia 1119



1483

Walker–Warburg syndrome 187–8

walking 581


disturbance 473

gait syndromes 587–8


Wallenberg’s syndrome 629, 637, 683

lateropulsion 688

saccadic dysmetria 642

Wallerian degeneration 88–9, 1078,

1080–1, Fig. 85.5


latency period 1080

Wallerian-like degeneration 1083

war, impact on population 196

warfarin



1423

warm-up phenomenon 1183, 1190

wasting disease, chronic 216

water deficit, hypernatremia 2002

water deprivation test 866–7

water restriction, hyponatremia 2004

weakness

fixed 1217–18


1220–1


respiratory chain defects 1222–3

Weber’s syndrome 652

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale


language function 204


Wegener’s granulomatosis 1577, 1578



diagnosis 1552


weight reduction, stroke primary

prevention 1416

Werdnig–Hoffmann disease 1845

Werner’s syndrome 2075–6

Index 1071






Wernicke–Geschwind model of anatomy

of language 322

Wernicke–Lichtheim model 320

Wernicke’s aphasia 317, 326, 1348

see also aphasia, Wernicke-type

Wernicke’s area 321


functional connection with Broca’s area

1324

Wernicke’s encephalopathy 1816, 1821–2


diagnosis 1822

dialysis complication 1999

gaze-evoked nystagmus 645


diagnosis 2010

management 1822




West Nile encephalitis 4, 1671

flaccid paralysis 1676

West syndrome 1263


Western equine encephalitis 504

whiplash, neck pain 748–9, 752–3


myorhythmia 519


white matter

brain aging 198–9


damage in apraxia 467–8

degeneration in spinal cord 2047

focal lesions in inflammatory bowel

disease 1980

HIV dementia 1692, 1693

lesion imaging 1621, 1622


periventricular leukomalacia 568, 571

spinal cord

HIV-1-associated vacuolar

myelopathy 1696

injury 699

wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons 889

Wildervanks’ syndrome 672

Wilhelmsen–Lynch disease 498

Wilson’s disease 1882, 1919, 1978–9, 1999,

2000


diagnosis 1979

dystonia 534, 535

genetics 1978

hepatic dysfunction 1978


diagnosis 1898

imaging 1979

myorhythmia 519


ocular signs 1979



treatment 1979

wind-up 880

Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome 1449

Witebsky’s postulates 1514

withdrawal symptoms

addiction 431, 630

see also alcohol/alcohol abuse

Wnt 55

Wolfram syndrome 1887

women of child-bearing age, therapeutics

129

word comprehension 320

word fragment completion, neural indices

167, Fig 12.7

work shift syndrome 825

World Health Organisation (WHO)

brain tumour classification for children

1448

classification system of astrocytomas

1431, 1432

wrist drop, lead neuropathy 1093

wrist velocity, ideomotor apraxia 462, 464–6

writer’s cramp 538

dystonia 543

writing assessment 320

X25 gene 1886

xenotransplantation, neural 704

xeroderma pigmentosum 1140, 1884

xerostomia 1575

Yale Global Tic Severity Scale 553

Yasargil technique of selective

amygdalohippocampectomy 1318

Z band 1163

zalcitabine neuropathy 1103

Zellweger syndrome 1913

ZIC2 gene 178

zidovudine


HIV infection 1178


zinc

epileptogenic tissue 1234

neurotoxicity 63

supplementation in olfactory

dysfunction 606

translocation 63

zinc ions 63

ziprasidone 561

zolmitriptan 923, 924


zonisamide




Zung depression scale 1374

zygohypopphyseal joint

blocks 751

pain 748

1072 Index






A-fibres 873–4

activation 875

brain-derived nerve growth factor 884,

885

sprouted 885, Fig. 58.12

A2M genetic locus 5

A� fibres 874

A� antibody passive transfer 1853–4

A� fibres 874

AD 1844

formation in familial AD 1845

see also amyloid

A� immunization 1853–4

A� peptide 12, 215

AD 255–6, 257, 258

clearance 229

degradation/clearance stimulation 262

immunization against 262

production blocking 262

see also A� amyloid plaques

A�42

AD 1844, 1846

CSF levels 262

ABCC gene mutations 1412

abdominoperineal resection of carcinoma

846

abducens motoneurons 636

abducens nerve

fascicle lesions 650


palsy 649–51


abducens nucleus

abducens nerve palsy 649

horizontal conjugate eye movements

635, 636, 637

lesions 635

oculomotor nerve neurons 647, 648

abetalipoproteinemia 1139–40, 1882,

1883

abulia 1962

acamprosate, alcoholism treatment 441,

1821

acanthocytosis 1882

acceleration, rotational in brain injury

1799

acetaldehyde 1820, 1821

acetaldehyde–protein adducts 1821

acetaminophen

migraine 1940

shingle pain 1678

acetazolamide

acidification 1235


2027

periodic paralysis 1201–2

acetyl CoA 1210

acetylcholine

AD 256

brain aging 198





quantal release 1143–4

release at neuromuscular junction

1143–4

swallowing 800

acetylcholine receptor (AChR) 1143, 1144,

1144–6

antibody assay 1150–1

channel abnormalities 1145

2093

Index

Note: this is a complete two-volume index

Note: page numbers in italics refer to figures and tables; ‘Fig.’ refers to illustrations in the plates section

Abbreviations of conditions used in subheadings (without explanation):

AD Alzheimer’s disease

AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

CJD Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

FTD Frontotemporal dementia

HIV Human immunodeficiency virus

HD Huntington’s disease

PD Parkinson’s disease

SIADH syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone






acetylcholine receptor (cont.)

clustering at neuromuscular junction

1145

deficiency 1155–7


acetylcholinesterase 1143, 1146

end-plate deficiency 1160

achondroplasia


low back pain 763

achromatopsia 627, 628

acid maltase deficiency 1208, 1217

acoustic neuroma


childhood 1449

pain 940

radiotherapy 1494

surgery 674

acoustic reflex thresholds 666, 668

acousticomotor system 663

acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans 1757

acromegaly 858–9


acrylamide neuropathy 1082–3, 1104

actin 1163

fibrous (f-actin) 90

�-actin gene 1171–2

action potentials

bursts in nervous system lesions 897

compound muscle 1111, 1157, 1159

orthodromic 877

propagated and potassium flow 1195

propagation to spinal cord 878

saltatory conduction 1077, 1078, 1595

fast 876, Fig. 58.5

actions, meaningful 472

activation-flow coupling (AFC) 131, 132

spatial extent 136

activator-complex protein-1 (AP-1) 1436

activities of daily living

AD 254

dementia 245

acupuncture

dystonia 543

pain control 917

acute disseminated encephalitis 1529


1514, 1624, 1673–5

imaging 1673–4

management 1674


1624

onset 1673

optic neuritis 1674–5

acyclovir

herpes simplex encephalitis 1671

herpes simplex meningitis 1664

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency

short-chain 1221

very-long chain 1220

acyl-CoA oxidase deficiency 1913

acylcarnitines, long-chain 1219

adamalysins 1511

addiction 431

definition 916

glutamate pathways 440

Addison’s disease 1175, 2039


addressins 1595

adeno-associated virus vaccine against

NR1 subunit 68

adenosine


cerebral blood flow regulation 1337–8


sleep promotion 819

adenosine diphosphate 1207

muscle glycolytic defects 1211

adenosine triphosphate

hydrolysis 1207

muscle fatigue 1209

adenosyl cobalamin system 2046

adhalin deficiency 1167

adhesion molecules



adjustment disorders 364

adoption studies 15

adrenal disease, neurological


adrenal hormone replacement therapy

1635

adrenal insufficiency

hypercalcemia 2004


secondary 862



adrenalectomy, bilateral 860

�2-adrenergic agonists 913

�-adrenergic receptor 26

�-adrenoceptors, cerebral circulation

1343

adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)




rapid stimulation test 864

secretion 854

adrenoleukodystrophy 1138, 1882

neonatal 1633, 1913

X-linked 1633–6, 1913

adrenal function 1635, 2039

animal model 1635

bone marrow transplantation 1635–6


diagnosis 1635

dietary therapy 1636

gene defect 1634–5

imaging 1635, 1636


phenotypes 1634

therapy 1635–6

adrenomyeloneuropathy 1138, 1633–4,

1635

adrenal function 2039

ataxia 1891

bone marrow transplant

contraindication 1636

adult T-cell leukemia 1710–11


Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS)

1796


affective disorders see mood disorders

age-related changes

accumulation 242

intrinsic 240–2

molecular mechanisms 239–42

ageusia 614

thalamus injury 615

aggression


423

periaqueductal grey 890

aggressive outbursts 1283, 1284

aging

alpha frequency 238


anatomical changes 237–9

apoptosis 241

brain 237–8

caloric restriction 241

cellular basis 241


dementia 237–46, 242–3

2094 Index






risk factor 246


estrogens 242

focal temporal slowing 238

genetic basis 243

neural growth factors 241–2

neurodegeneration 210–11

neurotransmitter function 238–9



1356


aging population 3

agnosia, visual associated 628–9

agraphia 321

agrin 1145

AIDS

cytomegalovirus polyradiculitis

1085

dementia complex 1690–6

epidemic 3, 4, 123

epidemiology 1683

gracile tract degeneration 1082


orphans 3

pandemic 1685



vacuolar myelopathies 722


air emboli 1944–5

air travel 4

airway patency, sleep 821

akathisia 2045

akinesia 333


directional 333

hemispatial 333



akinetic mutism

attention 293

awakeness 293

cingulate gyri 337

consciousness 295, 296

frontal lobes 337

medial thalamus 337

variant CJD 1722

akinetopsia 627

alachryma 792

alanine tract expansion 41

albendazole 1747, 1751

albinism, optic chiasm disorders 625

albuterol in facioscapulohumeral

muscular dystrophy 1169, 1172

alcohol/alcohol abuse 1814

addiction 440–1




cerebellar degeneration 1823


432


endorphins 440

epidemiology 1814

epilepsy 1255


hypomagnesemia 2008




severe 1815–16


sclerosis 1625

kinetic tremor 519

level of response (LR) 1820


olfaction 599

opiate mechanisms in reward 440


pharyngeal muscle tone suppression

822

reward 433

stroke 1943

primary prevention 1416

tolerance 1815

withdrawal 433, 438


nightmares 827

NMDA transmission 441


seizures 440

syndrome 1816–17

alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) 1820


alcoholic dementia 1823

alcoholic flush reaction 1820

alcoholic myopathy 1824

alcoholic neurological disorders 1821–4


alcoholism 1814

amplitude P3 on event-related potential

paradigm 1820

antisocial personality disorder

relationship 1820


disulfiram sensory–motor

polyneuropathy 1102

dopamine 440

epidemiology 1814

ethanol resistance 1815

ethanol tolerance 1815

genetic risk 1820

genetics 1820


treatment 441, 1820–1

see also fetal alcohol syndrome

aldolase A deficiency 1217

aldosterone 2011

ALDP protein 1634

alertness 294


alexia 324


algal blooms 1809, 1810

alien limb phenomenon, corticobasal


ALK1 gene 2075

allelic association 19, 20

allelic heterogeneity 14–15

allesthesia 332

testing 334

allokinesia testing 334

allopurinol, azathioprine interaction 1532

Alpers disease 1919

alpha beta-crystalline 1643

alpha frequency, aging 238

Alport syndrome 672

alprostadil 848

altered peptide ligands (APLs) 1508


alternative therapies

cerebral palsy 577

dystonia 543

pain control 917

aluminium

accumulation 241, 1996

intoxication 1998

serum levels 1996

alveolar hypoventilation 822

Alzheimer, Alois 253

Alzheimer’s disease 3, 253–63


aging 253

Alzheimer’s description 253–4

Index 2095






Alzheimer’s disease (cont.)

amnesia 254

�-amyloid deposition 240

amyloid hypothesis 5, 256–8

amyloid plaques 135, 214, 255, 258

animal models 8

anomia 254

APP gene 256–7

apraxia 254

assessment scales 260


biological markers 261–2

brain appearance 254–5

brainstem nuclei damage 296


cholinesterase inhibitors 262



clinical signs 1843–5, Fig. 115.2

cognitive function decline 260–1

prediction 205





diagnosis 497

cost of care 211

cytoskeletal abnormalities 1844

dementia 20

degenerative 245

diagnostic accuracy 261


Down’s syndrome 256

DSM-IV criteria 259

early-onset 5, 21–2

genetic heterogeneity 14


epilepsy 1255

etiology 256–9

extracellular aggregates 1844

familial 220


inheritance 220

mutant genes 1845–6



gene 210


genetic risk factors 5, 253

genetics 5

glutamate reduction 256

head injury as risk factor 1800

heritability 22

history 260

ICD-10 criteria 259

imaging 224, 260

incidence 211, 217

inflammatory component 9–10


late-onset 6, 22

Lewy bodies 479


diagnosis 503

memory 254, 260



molecular genetics 256–8

mutation 220

neurochemical abnormalities 256

neurofibrillary changes 258

neurofibrillary tangles 220, 255, 1800


neuropathology 254–6, 1843–5

neuropsychiatric manifestations 254

NINDS-ADRDA criteria 259

nucleus basalis of Meynert cholinergic

projection loss 238–9



with parkinsonism 476, 477



point mutations 253

positive family history 253

pre-clinical stage 242

presenilins 258


protein aggregates 1844

psychometric tests 260

risk factors 5, 253


sleep disorder 830

sporadic 215, 220

tau proteins 256, 258–9, 1848,

Fig. 115.4

therapy 262–3


Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale 260

amantadine


PD 483

rest tremor 516

Amblyomma americanum 1756

amenorrhea, anorexia nervosa 808

American Academy of Neurology, blood


American College of Obstetricians and

Gynecologists (ACOG) 1941

American College of Rheumatology (ACR)

systemic lupus erythematosus

criteria 1569, 1570

American Heart Association, blood


American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA)

Impairment Scale 696, 698

Americans with Disabilities Act (USA) 576

alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-

isoxazolepropionic acid see AMPA

amino acids, neonatal disorders of

metabolism 1912

gamma amino butyric acid see GABA

aminoacidurias 1881

aminoglutethimide 860

aminoglycosides

cochlear dysfunction 1995

hypomagnesemia 2008

neuromuscular transmission defect

1995

ototoxicity 671

vestibular dysfunction 1995

aminoguanidine 71

aminolevulinic acid (ALA) deficiency 1136

4-aminopyridine 705

amiodarone 1102

amitriptyline

abuse 1833





pain control 912, 913

post-herpetic neuralgia 949

traumatic neuralgia 949

ammonia



ammonium tetrathiomolybdate 1882

amnesia

AD 254


declarative memory system 304–6

diencephalic 306

global 294, 295, 296–7, 304–5, 312–13

fornix injury 305–6

transient 297


2096 Index






pure 305


retrograde 304


skill learning 310

see also Korsakoff’s amnestic syndrome

amnesic shellfish poisoning 1810

amnestic syndromes 304–6

amniotic fluid emboli 1944

AMPA 62

AMPA receptors 68, 878

antagonists 72

blocking in spinal cord injury 699



redistribution 87

amphetamines 435–7

activity 435

addiction 442




reward effect 435

seizures 1834

stroke 1834–5

withdrawal 1830

amphotericin B 1701

amputation, functional imaging 143

amtimyelin-associated glycoprotein

(MAG) antibody associated

neuropathy 1096

amygdala

aversive stimuli explicit/implicit

memory 308

central nucleus 432

depression 369

emotional modulation of memory 306,

308

fear conditioning 311–12

resection 1319

reward function 433

sclerosis 1319


swallowing 801

amygdalohippocampectomy, selective

1318

amygdaloid nucleus, accessory basal

272–3

amyl nitrite sniffing 1832

amyloid 1119

neuropathy



see also cerebral amyloid angiopathy

amyloid A protein 229–30

amyloid hypothesis for Alzheimer’s

disease 5, 256–8

amyloid plaques

AD 255, 258


CJD 218



A� amyloid plaques 220

AD 255–6, 257, 258, 1844




light chain (AL) form 785

amyloid polyneuropathy, familial 775,

785, 1135–6

apolipoprotein A-1 related 1136

gelsolin-related 1136

genetic testing 779

transthyretin 785

reduction 779

amyloid precursor-like protein (APLP)

1849

A�-amyloid precursor protein (APP)

neuron source 1851–2


amyloid precursor protein (APP) 20, 216,

220

AD 258, 259, 1844, Fig. 115.2

axonal injury 1601

axonal transport 1851

enzymatic degradation 240

mutation 21–2, 253, 1842

Tg mice 226

neurons 1851, 1852, Fig. 115.4

A�-amyloidogenesis

secretase inhibition 1853–4


treatment models 1852–5, Fig. 115.3

amyloidopathies 476, 477

amyloidosis


866

familial 2000

�2-microglobulin 1994, 1995

systemic 229–30

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) 1863

clinical signs 1844–5

familial 221

genetics 1846–7

SOD1 mutations 1846–7, 1854, 1855

genetic factors 1869

genetics 5

incidence 211





pathogenesis 1872

PD 210

SOD1 accumulation 1850

sporadic 221



upper motor neuron involvement

1864

anal continence

mechanisms 804–5

neurophysiology 804

anal incontinence 804–5

anal sphincters 804


analgesics

adjuvant 911–14

multipurpose 912


hepatic toxicity 959

migraine 921, 922, 923


neuraxial 917

non-opioid 909–14

overuse syndrome 921, 958–9, 963



renal toxicity 959

topical therapy 914–16


ANCA tests 1577–8

ancrod 1366–7

Andermann’s syndrome 1134

androgen insensitivity syndrome 35

androgen receptor (AR) gene 35

mutant 36

anemia

HELLP syndrome 2053

iron deficiency 2045

megaloblastic 2045–8


pernicious 2046

see also sickle cell disease

anergy 1512

Index 2097






anesthesia

deep 295

local

nerve block 877

oral 914

pain control 917

topical gels/creams 914

aneurysms 1392–8

anterior circulation 1393

aortic 762

arterial 1345

arteriovenous malformations 1394,

1398

calcium channel blockers 1397

carotid artery 1348, 1394, 2072, 2073

cerebral perfusion pressure 1397



diagnosis 1396–7

dissecting 1393, 1394

endovascular management 1398

epidemiology 1394

false 1393, 1394

fusiform 1393, 1394

giant unruptured 1394

hypertension 1397

hyponatremia 1397

imaging 1395–7

infectious 1393, 1394

infectious endocarditis 1393, 1955

intracranial 1393, 1394, 2072, 2073

berry 2000

intraoperative angiography 1397


lumbar puncture 1396

medical management 1397

middle cerebral artery 1394

mycotic 1833


non-saccular 1393

obliteration 1397, 1398


platinum coil packing of lumen 1398


prognosis 1394, 1395–6

rebleeding 1396

prevention 1397

rupture 1396


risk 1394–6

saccular 1393, 1394


surgical management 1397–8

trapping 1397–8

vasospasm 1396, 1397

ventricular drainage 1397

angel dust 439, 1832–3

Angelman syndrome 15, 39

angiogenic inhibitors 1439

angiographically defined angiopathy of

the CNS (ADACNS) 1547, 1548–9

angiography, intravenous radionuclide 355

angiokeratoma corporis diffusum 1410

angiostatin 1439

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

(angiostrongyloidosis) 1751

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

inhibitors

olfaction 599

stroke secondary prevention 1424


angular gyrus 321

anhidrosis 773

congenital insensitivity to pain 1132–3

animal models

HD 1901–2, 1904–5

knockin 1904

neurological disease 8, 9, 1842

ankylosing spondylitis 739


myopathy 1176

anomia, AD 254

Anopheles mosquitoes 4

anorexia nervosa 808–10

cholecystokinin 812


comorbid psychiatric disorders 809

depression 809


genetic linkage studies 811

heritability 808


leptin 813


outcome 808

prevalence 808

treatment planning 810

anosmia 597

causes 600

olfactory lesions 597

partial 597

anosodiaphoria 333–4

anosognosia 339–40, 626

defective feedback 340

neglect 342–3

testing 333–4

anoxia

oligodendrocyte sensitivity 1598


anoxic encephalopathy 1159, 1263

anterior cord syndrome 717, 718

anterior spinal artery occlusion 719

anthrax 3

anti-cholinergics, PD 483

anti-costimulatory agents 1541


immune changes in seizures 1235

pregnancy 1945

remission 1249

teratogenic risks 1945

anti-GM1 ganglioside antibodies 1240

anti-GQ1b antibodies 653

anti-Hu antibody 1479, 1480


anti-PrP 27–30 antibodies 214

anti-Ri antibody 1479–80

anti-Tr antibody 1478

anti-Yo 1478

antiamphiphysin antibody 1480

antibiotics

Lyme disease 1760


toxicity 1085

see also individual drug names

antibodies

avidity 1503

bacterial infection in blood 1731

TH-cell-dependent production 1508

variable regions 1507–8

antibody-dependent cell-mediated

cytotoxicity (ADCC) 1504

antibody genes 1503

anticardiolipin antibody 2057, 2058



anticholinergic drugs

abuse 1833


dystonia 540

PD 483

rest tremor 516

anticholinesterase agents 1157

�1-antichymotrypsin 269

anticipation 32

HD 34

hereditary ataxias 1885

2098 Index







anticoagulants



1423–4

anticonvulsants




kinetic tremor 519

neuropathic pain control 913–14


antidepressants 367


bulimia nervosa 811



pharmacological interactions 366

REM sleep inhibition 829

topical 915

trigeminal dysesthesia 949

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 865

deficiency 2001

ectopic secretion 867


antidopaminergic drugs 540

antiemetic drugs 681–2, 684

migraine 923

antiepileptic drugs

administration

frequency 1309

route 1308

adverse effects 1305, 1306, 1307

availability 1308


cost 1308

discontinuation 1311

dosage

adjustments 1309–10

escalation 1308–9


dosing optimization 1308–10

drug selection 1303–5, 1306, 1307–8

ease of use 1308

effect monitoring 1292

efficacy spectrum 1303–4

etiology of disease 1305

formulation 1308


indications 1302–3

initial target maintenance dosage

1308–9

interaction potential 1306, 1307

mechanisms of action 1304–5


mortality/morbidity reduction 1301

objectives 1301–2

patient’s lifestyle 1302

serum drug concentration monitoring

1310

side effects minimization 1301


strategies for patients not responding

1310

therapeutic index 1308

therapeutic monitoring 1308–10

titration 1308


antigen presenting cells 1502, 1505,

1508–9

microglia 1597–9

non-professional 1597–8

professional 1597

antiglutamate therapy in motor neuron

disease 1875

antiglycolipid antibodies 1116


antiinflammatory agents 1748–9

see also non-steroidal anti-

inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

antileukocyte differentiation antigens

1541

antimyelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein

(MOG) 1598

antimyelin protein antibodies 1116

antineoplastic agents 1085

antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody

(ANCA) 1577–8

antioncogene proteins 241

antioxidants

motor neuron disease therapy 1875


disease 11

antiparkinsonian drug abuse 1833

antiphospholipid antibodies 1569, 1571,

1575

antiphospholipid syndrome 1574–5,

2057–8

catastrophic 1575


antiplatelet therapy

stroke prevention 1417, 1418, 1422–3,

1953

see also aspirin

antipsychotics

atypical 381

drug-induced parkinsonism 478–9

FTD 287

schizophrenia 381

antiretroviral toxic neuropathy (ATN)

1103, 1697

pathology 1697

antiribosomal P antibodies 1569, 1570

antisocial behaviour 552

antisocial personality disorder 1820

antispasmodics 540

antithrombin III deficiency 2057

antituberculous therapy 1701

antivertiginous drugs 681–2, 684

antiviral antibodies 1656

Anton’s syndrome 626–7

anxiety/anxiety disorder


423

generalized 1376–8

migraine 959–60


comorbidity 390

poststroke 1376–8

anatomical correlation 1377, 1378

diagnosis 1376–7

epidemiology 1376

risk factors 1377

treatment 1377–8



vasovagal syncope 779

aortic aneurysm 762


aortic valve incompetence 2000

apathy, poststroke 1378–9

Apert syndrome 730

aphasia 317

anatomy 320–2

brain tumours 1440

classical taxonomy 317

degenerative conditions 325

epileptic 1240

fluent 318


global 326

left thalamic hemorrhage 1358

middle cerebral artery ischemia of

superior division 1347

mutism 318

non-fluent 318, 325

Index 2099






aphasia (cont.)

non-fluent (cont.)


progressive 286

progressive

non-fluent 286

primary 325

recovery 325–6

semantic 323


treatment 325–6

Wernicke-type 1348, 1357, 1358

see also Wernicke’s aphasia

aphonia 320

APLP2 null mice 1849

Aplysia 301, 302

apnea, brain death 352–3

Apo-E allele 220

carriers 22

genotype testing 1387

variation 5

Apo-E4 allele 5, 22

AD diagnosis 262

cognitive function decline post-cardiac

surgery 1959

dementia risk 243


motor neuron disease risk factor 1869

PD 480

ApoB gene mutations 1140, 1882

apoptosis 8, 9

aging 241

altruism 63

brain development 57

caspase 57

cerebral ischemia 63–5, 72–3

cytokines 242

DNA fragmentation 64

epileptogenesis 1235


head injury 1801–2

molecular markers 64–5


neural cell loss 59



neuropsychiatric systemic lupus

erythematosus 1571


presenilin sensitivity 259


stem cells 1593

T cells 1511

transmembrane ionic fluxes 70

apoptosome complex 64

apoptotic bodies 64

APP gene 256–7, 1848

familial AD 1845–6

mutations 257–8, 1408

APP null mice 1848, 1849, 1852

apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) 131

approach behaviour 339

APPswe mutation 1846

APPswe/PS1 mutant Tg mice 1848

APPV7171 mice 1852

apraxia(s) 461–73

AD 254

balance 585

callosal 468

conceptual 467

cortico-cortical/-subcortical

connection disruption 467–8


disassociation 468

disequilibrium 587

distribution 473

eyelid 473

gait 473, 585

ideational 461, 467

ideomotor 462–3, 464–6, 467–8

left hemisphere dominance 466

imaging 471

limb 461–4, 465, 466–9, 470, 471–3

dysfunction of parieto-frontal circuits

472

environment modification 473

treatment 472–3

types 467–8

limb-kinetic 468, 472

modality-specific 468

oral non-verbal 473

oral verbal 473

pantomiming 466, 468

sequential errors 471

of speech 321

visuomotor 469

white matter damage 467–8

aprosody 319

aquaporins 865

aquatic neurotoxins 1809–11

arachidonic acid 65

arachnoid cysts 2000

arachnoiditis 1749

arbovirus 1660

encephalitis 1671–2

morbidity/mortality 1668, 1672

arcuate fasciculus 321–2

arcuate gyrus, neglect 342

arecoline 829

areflexia, sensory deafferentation 1085–6

arginine vasopressin 394

argininosuccinic urea 1978

argyrophilic grain disease 245

Arnold–Chiari malformation 645, 724

auditory nerve degeneration 672–3


arousal 294

confusional 826, 827

arsenic neuropathy 1104

arterial aneurysm rupture 1345

arterial dissection 1943, 2073

arterial spin labelling (ASL) 135, 136

arteriovenous fistula

dural 1400, 1402, 1403


spinal 1403

arteriovenous malformations 1392–3,

1398–403

aneurysms 1394, 1398

angiomatous change 1398

cerebral 1392



dural of spinal cord 713


epidemiology 1400

epilepsy 1255

grading scale 1398–9

hematoma evacuation 1402

hemorrhage 1393


2074

high-flow 1398

imaging 1386–7, 1401–2

incidence 1400

intracerebral 1321


management 1402–3


nidus 1398

pathology 1398–400

pulmonary 1409, 2053

recurrent hemorrhage risk 1402


venous malformations 1399–400,

1401–2

2100 Index






artery of Adamkiewicz 720

arthritis

Lyme disease 1757, 1761–2

osteoarthritis 873

see also rheumatoid arthritis

arthrogryposis 1155

aryepiglottic fold closure 798

arylsulfatase A (ASA) deficiency 1636,

1637

Ashworth scale 107

ASIC (acid-sensing ion channel) 875

asomatognosia 332

aspartoacylase (ASPA) deficiency 1641,

1642

Asperger’s syndrome 408

gender 410

social deficit 412

Aspergillus fumigatus 1999



aspirin


atrial fibrillation prevention 1418–19,

1953

heparin anticoagulation 1366


management 2086

long-term 1416

migraine 923

stroke prevention 1418–19, 1422, 1423

primary 1416, 1417

asterixis


1974


asthma


inhaler abuse 1833

astigmatism, diplopia 648

astrocyte-derived extracellular matrix

molecules 91–2

astrocytes 1594

apoptosis 1692


chemokines 1694


cytokines 1694

foot processes 1439

giant atypical 1702, Fig. 103.19

hepatic encephalopathy 1974–5

hippocampal 1330

HIV dementia 1693–4, 1695

local immune regulation 1656


perforin expression 1654


proliferation in seizures 1235


TGF-� production 1656

tufted 492, 497, Fig. 34.2

astrocytic gliosis in Creutzfeldt–Jakob

disease 217–18, Fig 15.4

astrocytic plaques 496, 497

astrocytomas 1431–2, 1433

anaplastic 1443



pilocytic 1431

imaging 1441

St. Anne-Mayo classification system

1431–2

subependymal giant cell 1431, 1449,

2067–8

astrocytosis

Alzheimer type II 1975

reactive 1900

astroglia 56

AT gene 1883, 1884

ataxia

combined with myoclonus 1887

episodic 645

ipsilateral limb 1355


sensory deafferentation 1085–6


ataxia telangiectasia 1140, 1883–4, 1887

Aicardi variant 1884


ataxia–telangiectasia-like disorder (ATLD)

1884

ataxin(s) 36, 37

genes 227

ataxin-1 1888–9

ataxin-3 1889

atenolol, migraine prophylaxis 922

atheromatous branch disease 1356

atherosclerosis


myopathy 1177

stroke 1346


athetosis, hyperthyroidism 2034

atlanto-occipital joint 747

atlantoaxial instability 730, 732

atlantoaxial joint 747


atlas assimilation 731

ATP binding cassette A(ABC) transporter

superfamily 1634

ATP7B gene 1882

atrial fibrillation

lone 1953

pregnancy 1943

stroke association 1417–19, 1419,

1952–3

stroke prevention

aspirin for 1418–19

secondary 1423–4

atrial flutter 1953

atrial myxoma, left 1955

atrial septal defects 1943

atrophin-1 protein 35, 1890


atropine 774


organophosphate intoxication 1160

attention

brainstem 298

consciousness 293

defects and neglect 331



visual perception 160–1, Fig. 12.1–12.3


(ADHD) 422–8


cognitive interventions 428

comorbidity 423

cortical inhibitory pathway 426

diagnosis 422–4


dopamine 426

dopamine D4 gene association 20, 426,

427

DSM-IV 422

environment of child 424


executive function 424–5

eye movement 425

gender 423

genetic architecture 427

genetic basis 427

heterogeneity 422

imaging 426

language 425


Index 2101







(ADHD) (cont.)

negative reactions to 422–3






prognosis 424

secondary 423

serotonin 426–7


social rejection 422–3

subtypes 422

Tourette’s syndrome association 552,

554–5

treatment 427–8, 561


attentional treatment, bottom-up 343

audiometry

pure-tone 666, 667

speech 666

auditory activation, abnormal 665

auditory adaptation, abnormal 664

auditory brainstem response 667, 669


auditory cortical area 662

auditory cortical responses 669

auditory nerve 661


lesions 672–3

mononeuritis 672

section 675

auditory neuropathy 673

auditory ossicles 658

auditory pathways 663, 673

auditory stimuli 331

auditory system

disorders 658, 663–75

causes 671

electrophysiological testing 667, 668,

669–70

functional correlates of pathology

663–6

functional imaging 670, Fig. 45.11

investigations 666–7, 668, 669–70

management 673–5

extra-auditory neural connections 663

functional anatomy 658, 659, 660–3

retrocochlear afferent 661–2

retrocochlear efferent 662–3

aura, migraine 920–1, 922

autism 406–18




behavioural treatment 415

broader phenotype 409

causative factors 410–11


diagnosis 406, 414


DSM-IV 407

electroencephalogram abnormalities

412, 413

environmental adaptation 416


epilepsy 412, 413, 1255

following regression 409

fundamental deficit assignment 415–16

gender 410


high-functioning 408, 417

ICD-10 407

imaging 412

immunization 409, 411

incidence 406

infants 411

laboratory models 411

language 411

learning processes 415, 416

low-functioning 408

mercury 411


non-genetic factors 411


personhood 415–16

pharmacological treatment 416, 417

prevalence 409–10

prospects 417

risk factors 410–11

secondary to other disorders 409

seizures 412, 413

social deficit 412

subtypes 408–11

symptoms 407–8

treatment 415–17

coordination 416–17


autistic spectrum disorders 406–18


diagnosis 414

immunological etiology 409

treatment 415–17

autoantibodies

autoimmune diseases 1511

generation 1513

natural 1503

removal of circulating 1540


tolerance breakdown 1513

autoimmune diseases

autoantibodies 1511

neurological 1513

self-limiting 1514

autoimmune response, dynamic 1542–3


genetic control 1514

nervous system 1514–21

protective 1529–30

autonomic disorders

blood pressure measurement 777


heart rate measurement 777

investigation 776, 777–8, 779

localized 792

management 779, 780

orthostatic hypertension 775–6, 777,

778



cardiovascular 787

autonomic dysreflexia 787, 788


chronic syndromes 780–2, 783, 784

extrinsic neural systems 1341


management 780

orthostatic hypotension 782, 783

parkinsonian disorders 784

primary syndromes 780–2, 783, 784

pure 773, 781

secondary 784–7

autonomic nervous system 773–93


function investigation 776, 777–8, 779

tone 1964

autonomic neuropathy



autoregulation 1337

autonomic neural influences 1339


hypertension 1339

avoidance behaviour 339

awareness loss 1281–3

2102 Index






axial compression test in cervical

radiculopathy 744

axon(s) 1075–6


anucleate 1081

backfiring 1235–6

brain aging 198–9

collateral sprouting 85, 86

damage 1509

dying back 1082–3

filopodia 90

function 1077


growth cone 700

guidance molecules 700, 702

lamellipodium 90

loss



myelin-associated growth inhibitors

90–1

remyelinating 1601, 1602

Schwann cell relationship 1076, 1077


sprouted collateral 885, Fig. 58.12

sprouting 1235

structure 1077

survival factors 1601

transport 1075, 1076

tufted 596, 597

axonal degeneration 1077, 1078, 1080–3

calpain inhibition 1083, 1084

cytoskeletal degradation 1082

distal 1082–3

mechanisms 1081–2


nitric oxide 1599–600

axonal injury 1075

amyloid precursor protein 1601


axonal neuropathy 1085–6

motor 1111, 1113

motor and sensory 1111

axonal polyneuropathies 1092–3


central nervous system 90–5

age effects 92

neurofilaments 93

neuron-intrinsic factors 95

specificity 93–4

olfactory bulb glia 1603



axonopathy, central–peripheral distal

1082

axotomy, conditioning 92

azathioprine 2083




Devic’s neuromyelitis optica 1630

drug interactions 1532


mode of action 1531




patient monitoring 1532

polymyositis 1171–2


AZT see zidovudine

B-cell lymphoma 1576

B-cell receptor 1502–4

B cells 1502–4

antigen-presenting function 1508

immunoglobulin secretion regulation

1656


proliferation 1999

receptors 1511

tolerance 1511–12

�-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE) 1851,

1852, Fig. 115.3

�-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1)

1845, 1846


Babesia 1762–3

Babinski sign 1356

bilateral 1352

BACE1-/- mice 1849

bacillary angiomatosis 1702–3

Bacillus anthracis 3

back pain, low 760–7

acute 760–1

management 761


chronic pain syndrome 761–2


compensation 766–7

diagnostic blocks in decision-making

766

disability 766–7

etiology 762–5

imaging 761

impairment 766–7

infections 762

litigation 766–7

management paradigm 767

national study (NLBPS) 765–6

persistent 761

spinal instability 764–5

spinal stenosis 764

surgery 766

systemic disease 762

transient 760

back pain, spinal cord disease 713

back strain 763

baclofen


cerebral palsy 576


dystonia 540

intrathecal 576–7





tic disorders 561


bacteria 1657

see also individual named bacteria

bacterial infection 1728–40

brain 1728

brain abscess 1736–7, Fig. 106.3–4

epidural abscess 1737–9, Fig. 106.5

hyperammonemia 1977

meningeal 1728

meningo-encephalitis 1253

rickettsia-like 1762


see also endocarditis; meningitis,

bacterial

balance

apraxia 585


disorders 581–90

classification by clinical patterns

585–9

disequilibrium syndromes 586–7

levels of neural function 582, 583,

584–5


balloon cells, focal cortical dysplasia 182

Baltic myoclonus see progressive

myoclonic epilepsy type 1

Index 2103






Baltimore–Washington Cooperative Stroke

Study 1941

bands of Bünger 88, 89



addiction 441




overuse 963



withdrawal 1830

Barthel Index 107, 108, 109

Bartonella 1702–3

basal ganglia


akinesia 337



development 178

diseases


skill learning 310

strategic declarative memory 310

dysfunction in dystonia 539



injury in extrapyramidal cerebral palsy

573–4

intrinsic connections 481

lateral 1357


PD 480–1

REM sleep 821



swallowing 801



basal temporal language area 322

Basedow’s paraplegia 2034

basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)

56

apoptosis 70


basilar artery 1349, 1350


dissection 1354

intracranial aneurysms 1393, 1394

occlusion 1349, 1354, 1366

pontine ischemia 1353–4

Bassen–Kornzweig disease see

abetalipoproteinemia

Batson’s plexus 1463, 1465

bcl-2 family 57, 64

apoptosis 1593

overexpression 70

BCNU brain tumour therapy 1443, 1444

Beck depression inventory 1375

Becker muscular dystrophy 14, 1165–6

Becker’s myotonia 1184

Beckwith–Wiedemann tumour and

mental retardation syndrome 15

bed head lowering 1367, 1368

Beevor’s sign 719

BEHAVE-AD 244

behaviour/behavioural disorders

antisocial 552

approach 339

autism 408

avoidance 339



mood disorders 365

nocturnal disruption 830

skilled 10







1622



thalidomide neuropathy 1104


Bell’s palsy 123


diabetes 1099–100

facial nerve neuritis 947

hyperacusis 665

pregnancy 1948


Bell’s phenomenon 1354

Benedikt’s syndrome 652

benzodiazepines

absence status 1276

abuse 1831

addiction 441

alcohol withdrawal 1816–17


clomethiazole 66




dystonia 540





poststroke anxiety disorder 1377–8



benztropine 483

benztropine mesylate 527

benzyltetrahydroisoquinolones 494

Bergmann’s gliosis 45

beta blockers







Bethlem myopathy 1170

Betz cells depletion in motor cortex 1867

Bezold–Jarisch reflex 789

Bickerstaff’s encephalitis 653

bicuculline

dystonia induction 538

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials 1233


Bielschowsky head-tilt test 649, 650

biliary cirrhosis




binge eating 809, 810

Bing–Neel syndrome 2056

Binswanger’s disease 269

biofeedback, dystonia 543

biotin-responsive encephalopathy 1296

biperiden 483

bipolar disorders 5, 365

affective 1610

migraine 959–60

panic disorder comorbidity 366

bisphosphonates in Paget’s disease 737

bleomycin hydrolase 22

blepharospasm 473

focal dystonia 534


Blessed Dementia Rating Scale 244

AD 260, 261

2104 Index






blindness

entrainment disorders 824

see also cortical blindness

blindsight 627


(BOLD) contrast 135, 136–7

functional localization 138

blood pressure

control

stroke primary prevention 1415, 1417


lowering in stroke prevention 1422

traumatic brain injury 1797–8

see also hypertension; hypotension

blood vessel abnormalities in


blood–brain barrier

alcohol crossing 1814


antibiotics crossing 1735

antigen presentation 1508

bacterial meningitis transport across

1732

basement membrane 1655


breakdown in HIV dementia 1692, 1695

cellular traffic 1596–7


CNS infections 1651

cyclosporin crossing 2083–4

disruption in vasogenic edema 1386

function 1516

glucose transport 134

nitric oxide synthase inhibitor

penetration 1338

permeability imaging 1442

post-traumatic 1801

radioactive tracers 134

tuberculosis treatment 1786


blood–nerve barrier function 1516

body dysmorphic disorder 388, 395

Boltzmann distribution 147, 148

bone

Pagetic 737

polyostotic fibrous dysplasia 855

bone-derived nerve growth factor 485

bone marrow transplantation


immunotherapy 1541


neurological complications 2082–3, 2088

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy 1635–6

bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 55,

56

Borrelia burgdorferi 1754–5

dissemination in body 1757


immune abnormalities 1761

immune complexes 1762

inflammatory abnormalities 1761

sensu lato complex 1754, 1755

serology 1759

syndromes 1758


Borrelia lonestarii 1756

Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination

(BDAE) 317

botulinum toxin 1158

cerebral palsy 576



dystonia 540–1

eyelid apraxia 473


hyperhidrosis 779




rest tremor 516


botulism 1158–9

bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

216, 1726

variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 223,

1718

bowel

functional disorders 805

inflammatory disease 762


Bowman’s glands/ducts 595, 596


brachial plexopathy




brachytherapy, interstitial 1470

bracing for kyphosis 730

bradykinin, peripheral sensitization 880

brain

abscess 1736–7, Fig. 106.3–4

toxoplasmosis 1699–700, Fig. 103.16

acute radiation toxicity 1491

AD 254–5

adult 198

alcohol uptake 1814

apoptosis 57

arborviral encephalitis 1672

areas of functionally relevant activation

relating to neural processes 166–7,

Fig. 12.7


bionics 143

biopsy 224

cardiac disease development 1963–5

cardiac surgery effects 1955–6

cardiovascular system 1952–65

cognitive function study 160

development 57

dystrophic neurites in Huntington’s

disease 1901

early-delayed radiation toxicity 1491

edema


corticosteroid treatment 2020–1


posttraumatic 1801

endothelial cells 1439–40

functional mapping 1322, 1323

functional properties of motor areas

448–9

genetic/developmental malformations

572

glutamate excess 436–7

heart influence on 1952–5

herniation 1798


1328

imaging 448–9


inflammation in multiple sclerosis 1599



etiology 1599

influence on heart 1962–5


late radiation toxicity 1492

lesions within posterior circulation

1349

local control of leukocytes 1656


metabolite pool labelling 146

brain aging 237–8

axons 198–9

function changes 197–201

gross changes 237–8

Index 2105






brain aging (cont.)

hemodynamic response 201

imaging 237–8

functional 200, 201

studies 199–201

techniques 197


inter-individual differences 195

longitudinal studies 196

memory

performance 201

primary 202

microscopic pathology 238

myelin 199

neuron number 197

neuronal loss 197–8

neuronal studies 197–9

neurotransmitter changes 197–8


postmortem examination 196–7

structure changes 197–201

studies 195–6

synaptic integrity 198

white matter 198–9

Brain Attack Coalition 1364, 1365

brain death 348–58

animal models 351

apnea 352–3

apneic oxygenation 353

autonomic storm 351

biophilosophical basis 349–50

breathing 352–3

children 354

chronic 351–2

concept 348, 350

confirmatory tests 354

cranial nerve areflexia 353

criterion 350

declaration of death 353–4

definition 349–50

determination 351–2


diagnosis 352–5

electrical potentials 354–5


epidemiology 352

ethics 355–7

history 348–9

hypothalamus function 351

infants 354

intracranial blood flow cessation 354,

355


legal issues 358




pituitary function 351

pregnancy 356

progression to 350

prolonged somatic survival 351–2

religious acceptance/rejection 356–7,

358

research 357

spontaneous movement 352

teaching on subjects 357

unresponsiveness 352

ventilator discontinuation 358

brain-derived nerve growth

(neurotrophic) factor (BDNF) 70,

85, 94

A-fibres 884, 885


immune-cell derived 1529


local injection 96



receptors 883

sensory neurons 884, 885


substantia nigra 242

Brain III sodium channel 884

brain injury

chronic traumatic syndrome 505

epilepsy 1234



ischemic 8, 9

neurogenesis 11

traumatic 1793–802

A� plaques 1800

biomechanics 1798–800

calcium-mediated cytoskeleton

proteolysis 1801


cytokines 1801

cytoskeleton-related 1800–1

emergency room treatment 1796

experimental models 1798–800

hospital treatment 1796–801

imaging 1796, 1797

inflammation 1801

long-term disability 1793–4

management 1794, 1795

minor 1796

moderate to severe 1796–801

mortality 1793, 1794, 1796


pathobiology 1800–1


seizures 1798

skull distortion 1798–9

surveillance 1793–4

survival 1793

transport 1796

treatment in the field 1795–6

Brain Trauma Foundation (BTF),

guidelines for ICP monitoring

2018, 2022

brain tumours


aphasia 1440

cellular pathogenesis 1434–40


children 1448–58

classification 1448

diagnosis 1449–58



treatment 1449–58


diagnosis 1442–4

epidemiology 123

epilepsy 1253

epileptogenic 1440


imaging 1440–2

infants 1457–8

mass effect 1440

metastases 1462–71



diagnosis 1464–5

distribution 1463

follow-up 1471

frequency 1462–3

hemorrhage 1464

imaging 1464–5


lung origin 1463, 1465

multiple 1468, 1469

prognosis 1465


seizures 1463–4, 1465

single 1467–8, 1469

2106 Index






spread 1463

stereotactic surgery 1469–70

surgery 1467–9

treatment 1465–71



MRI 152, Fig 11.4–11.5

myelin loss 238

neurogenesis 57–8

neuronal proliferation 198



parenchyma immune response

deficiency 1654

plasticity 10

polysynaptic transfer of sensory input

879


primary 1431–2, 1433, 1434–44

WHO classification 1431, 1432

proton (1H) spectroscopic imaging 152

radiation necrosis 1493



regional function 131–2

respiratory 350

restoration of flow in acute ischemic

stroke 1361, 1363

seizures 1440

sensory adaptability 875

sex differences in structure/function

1939

somatostatin receptors 141

stem cells 59

temperature 2024

therapy 1442–4

toxoplasmosis abscesses 1699–700, Fig.

103.16

tract tracing methods 1323–4

tuberculoma 1777


viral infection 1253, 1661, 1666, 1667,

1668–9

volume loss 2001

vulnerable tissue 4

watershed areas of arterial circulation

1463

see also deep brain stimulation (DBS)


brain–gut axis 795–7

anal continence 804–5

spinal pathways 797

swallowing 798–804

vagal pathways 795–7

brainstem


atrophy in spinocerebellar ataxias

1890–1

attention 298

C-fibres 874


compression 1358, 1359


damage causing dysgeusia 615, 616

death 350

disturbance in multiple sclerosis 1608

glioma in children 1453–4

hemorrhage 1358–9

lesions and auditory function 673

motor nuclei in motor neuron disease

1867

multiple sclerosis symptoms 1627

myoclonus 527–9



nuclei

damage in AD 296

Lewy bodies 270

paraneoplastic encephalitis 1480–1


progressive descending signs 1440

respiratory centres 352

reticular reflex myoclonus 529

rostral ischemia 1354–5


saccades premotor commands 638

somatosensory inputs 888, 889

supraspinal nociceptive centres 889–90

swallowing centre 800–1, 801

ventral compression 729

visceral information relay 797


wakefulness 298

waking state 817

branched chain �-keto acid

dehydrogenase 1822

branching enzyme deficiency 1218

breast cancer

metastatic 11

radiation-induced brachial plexopathy

1495

sensorimotor neuropathy 1483

breast-feeding, migraine 1940

breathing and brain death 352–3

Brindley stimulator 842

Broca’s aphasia 317

speech apraxia association 473

Broca’s area 320–1

functional connection with Wernicke’s

area 1324

bromide salts overdose 1831

bromocriptine 483


Brown’s syndrome 654

Brown–Séquard syndrome


hemicord 1495

see also hemicord syndrome

buccal hemineglect 615

bulbar dysfunction in motor neuron

disease 1865

bulbar muscle weakness 1353

bulimia nervosa 810–11

cholecystokinin 812



DSM-IV criteria 810

heritability 810


leptin 813


serotonergic responsiveness 811–12

bupivacaine, sodium channel blockade

877

buprenorphine 439

bupropion 440, 826

poststroke apathy 1379

burning mouth syndrome 618, 941

buspirone

kinetic tremor 519


busulfan 1451–2

butyl nitrite sniffing 1832

N-butyldeoxynojirimycin 1915

butyrylcholinesterase 269

bystander activation 1514

cytokine-mediated 1517

C-fibres 873–4, Fig. 85.2

action potential conduction 877

activation 875

antidromic activation 877

cell death 884

central terminal degeneration 884–5,

Fig. 58.12

inflammation 884

Index 2107






C-fibres (cont.)

injury 885, Fig. 58.12

nerve injury 884

non-peptidergic/peptidergic 875

synapsing to second-order neurones

87413C metabolic rate studies 156–7

C5b-9 1509

cabergoline 857–8

cachexia

chronic renal failure 1995–6


CACNA1A gene mutation 921

CACNA14 gene 37

CACNL1A4 gene mutations 23

CADASIL 25

dermal vessel 1407



café-au-lait spots 855, 2061, 2062, 2063

caffeine

hypnic headache 935

migraine 921, 922

CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion 33

diseases 1841

HD 34

spinobulbar muscular atrophy 35

spinocerebellar ataxia 36, 37

Caisson disease 725

Cajal–Retzius cells 177

Reelin secretion 185

calbindin D28K 1870, 1871

calcification


gyral 2070

intracranial 2070

meningioma 1441

mitral annulus 1955

oligodendroglioma 1441

optic nerve sheath 624

stylohyoid ligament 947

calcineurin 2083

calcitonin 2005


calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)


migraine 922, 961


calcium

axonal neurofilament degeneration

1082


seizures 1235


supplementation in hypermagnesemia

2009

calcium-activated potassium in


calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein

kinase II (CaMKII) 83, 882

calcium channel blockers 66, 67

alcohol withdrawal seizures 1818

aneurysm 1397



parkinsonism 504


system 1554, 1555

calcium channels

blocking 66

epilepsy 1233–4


genetic defects 2035

hypokalemic periodic paralysis 1197–8

migraine 921–2

missense mutation 1191

N-type 878

post-synaptic voltage-dependent 880



calcium-controlling genes in epilepsy 1241

calcium gluconate 2007, 2008

calcium ions

concentrations in

ischemia/excitotoxicity 63

homeostasis 2005

hypercalcemia 2005

influx 1144

intracellular 2006

elevation 1082

free concentrations 62

homeostasis derangement in motor

neuron disease 1870–1

neuronal injury 698–9


low-threshold current 1236

mitochondrial accumulation 69

neuronal homeostasis 70

second messenger function 83

calf muscle hypertrophy 1165, 1166, 1167

calgranulin Mac 387 1561

caloric restriction, aging 241

calpain(s) 1082, 1801

cellular degradation 1082

inhibitors 1083, 1084

calpain II 1870–1

calpainopathy 1167, 1168

cAMP response elements (CRE) 83, 84

Campath-1H, multiple sclerosis 1630

Campylobacter jejuni



1113, 1519


canalolithiasis 685, 686


cancer

pain 915, 916

see also brain tumours; breast cancer;

lung, cancer; malignancy;

metastases; individual tumour

types

Candida infection


esophagitis 1683

cannabinoids

kinetic tremor 519

receptors 439

Cannabis sativa 1831

cannibalism, industrial/ritualistic 222

CANOMAD syndrome 1120

CAP-23 93

capillary-leak syndrome 1537


imaging 1402

capsaicin 914–15

creams 1679




capsulotomy, obsessive–compulsive

disorder 398

caput Medusa 1399, 1400, 1401–2

carbamazepine 367


lobe epilepsy 1250




cerebral palsy 576







2108 Index









SIADH 868

side effects 1307


trigeminal neuralgia 944, 945

carbidopa



carbocysteine 1874

carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein

disorders 1919



carbon monoxide

parkinsonism 504

poisoning and visual agnosia 628

carboplatin 1452

carcinoid syndrome 1176

carcinomatous meningitis 723

carcinomatous neuromyopathy 1176

cardiac abnormalities 1283



cerebral damage 628


neurological outcome 1960–1

neurophysiological testing 1961

recovery 1960–1

treatment 1962

cardiac arrhythmias

stroke 1952–3

transient 1282

cardiac disease

development and brain relationship

1963–5

established and brain relationship 1965

see also congestive heart failure

cardiac rhabdomyoma 2066

cardiac surgery

apo-E4 allele 1959

brain effects 1955–6

depression 1959


stroke probability Fig. 122.1

cardiac valve prostheses 1954

cardioembolic stroke 1943–5, 1952

cardiolipin 1762

cardiomyopathy 1927

cardiomyopathy/ophthalmoplegia,

autosomal recessive (ARCO) 1931

cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction

787

cardiovascular disease, CNS influence

1962

CARE-HD Study (Coenzyme Q and

Remacemide Evaluation in

Huntington’s disease) 1907

caregiver obstreperous behaviour rating

assessment (COBRA) 244

carnitine deficiency 1208

primary myopathic 1220–1

primary systemic 1220

secondary 1221

carnitine palmitoyltransferase II

deficiency 1211, 1214, 1218–20

hepatocardiomuscular 1218, 1219–20

myopathic 1218–19

carnitine–acylcarnitine translocase

deficiency 1221

carotid amytal test 1290


carotid artery

aneurysms 1348, 2072, 2073

compression by pituitary adenoma 856

dysplasia 2062

occlusion 1348

stenosis and endarterectomy 1420,

1424–5

see also internal carotid artery

carotid cavernous fistula 1403

carotid massage 788, 790



carotidynia 943



hypothyroidism 2037

renal patients 1994, 1995

Tinel sign 884, 1084

vitamin deficiencies 2048

case-control studies 120

case reports 119

case series 119

caspase 241, 1593

activation 35, 57, 64, 65

activity in axons 1082

apoptosis 57, 64, 65



polyglutamine diseases 40

caspase 1 activation 9

cat scratch disease 1703

cataplexy 824


catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT)

gene variant 5

inhibitors 483

catheterization


(CISC) 841

permanent indwelling 841–2

suprapubic 842

cauda equina 716

lesions 719


syndrome 739




caudate region, obsessive–compulsive

disorder 391

causal inference 118–19

causalgia, sensory symptoms 1084

causality, reverse 119

causation 118–19

deterministic model 119

cavernoma, familial 1405

cavernous angioma

epilepsy 1255

spinal 721

cavernous hemangioma 1399


epidemiology 1400

familial 1400

radiosurgery 1321, 1402

treatment indications 1402

cavernous sinus 856

oculomotor palsy 652–3

pituitary adenoma invasion 856

tumours 652–3

cavernous venous angioma 1399

CBL2 proto-oncogene 44

CCM1 gene mutations 1407, 1408

CCNU




CCR5 1685

CCS-/- mice 1850–1, 1854

CD1 molecules 1504

CD4 1504

CD4+ T-cells 1504, 1505

cytolytic 1506


Index 2109






CD4+ T-cells (cont.)

Lyme disease 1761, 1762

macrophage stimulation 1508

quiescent memory 1688

CD8 1504

CD8+ T-cells 1504

cytotoxic 1506, 1510

suppression 1512

CD11a/CD18 71

CD44 1596

CD80 1505, 1517

CD86 1505, 1517

CD152 1512

celecoxib 931

cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) 86


cell cycle

arrest 1438

primary brain tumours 1437–8

cell death 8, 9

cell division, asymmetric/symmetric 56

cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) 1439,

1516

cellular differentiation process 56

cellular immune response, viral infection

1660

cellular injury mechanisms 8–10


central cord lesions 716

infarction 720

central cord syndrome 717, 718

central core disease 1170–1

central core myopathy 14

central herniation syndrome 2019, 2020

central nervous system (CNS)


anatomy and immune response to

infections 1651–3

bacterial meningitis invasion 1732

cardiovascular disease influence 1962

cytokine production 1654

depression in hypermagnesemia 2007

endogenous remyelination 1603

fetal tissue transplantation 703


host responses to infection 1651–7

specific pathogens 1656–7

immune function 1654

immune-mediated damage 1656


1516–18, 1519

pathogenesis 1527

infections after organ transplantation

2086–7



inflammatory mediator production

1654

injury and swallowing dysfunction

801–3

intraneuronal determinants of

regeneration 92


lymphoma 123

matrix metalloproteinase production

1655


neoplasms 604


1083–6

nociception 951

opportunist infections in HIV 1698–704

osmotic receptors 865

pain mechanisms 888–98

primary lymphoma 1703–4, Fig. 103.20

protection by microglial cells 1654


regeneration

capacity enhancement 94

conditioning lesion effects 92

cytoskeletal proteins 93

fetal tissue transplants 95

GAP-43 92–3

inhibitory factor neutralization 95

intraneuronal factor modulation 95

neuronal survival 94

neurotrophic factors 94

peripheral nerve bridges 94–5

specificity 93–4



T cell regulation 1656

tuberculosis 1700–1

vasculitis 1547–55

viral clearance 1656


viral nucleic acid persistence 1656


central pain syndrome 896–8

mechanism 897–8


central pattern generators 88, 581, 582

swallowing 800



central sensitization 881–3

central sensory neurons 1084

central–peripheral distal axonopathy

1082

cerebellar artery

anterior inferior 1349, 1350

infarction 1354

posterior inferior 1349, 1350


superior 1349, 1350

infarction 1355

cerebellar ataxias, autosomal recessive

1886–7

cerebellar mutism with posterior fossa

tumours 1450–1

cerebellar peduncle remyelination 1603–4

cerebellar vermis, congenital

malformations 575

cerebellum

adaptive oculomotor control 640, 642


degeneration

alcohol 1823

lesions 645

disturbances in acquired

hepatocerebral degeneration 1974


hemorrhage 1359


infarction 1352



olfactory stimulation 597

cerebral abscess


epilepsy 1253

cerebral amyloid angiopathy

diagnosis 1387


primary angiitis of the CNS differential

diagnosis 1553–4

sporadic 1408

stroke 1408

cerebral artery

anterior 1348

dysplasia 2062

middle

aneurysms 1394

dysfunction syndromes 1346

infarction 454

ischemia of inferior division 1348

2110 Index






ischemia of superior division 1347–8

occlusion 1347

stenosis 1347


infarction 1355–6

cerebral atrophy

AD 254–5



cerebral blood flow (CBF) 131, 132, 2017

adenosine in regulation 1337–8

aging 238

autoregulation 1338–9, 1342, 2017


consciousness 297

dystonia 538



neurovascular influences 1337

nitric oxide 1338

non-REM sleep 820

oxygen 1339–40

PET 133–4

regional see activation-flow coupling

(AFC)

respiratory gas effects 1337, 1339–40

SPECT 133–4

vasodilatation 1337

cerebral blood volume (CBV) 131, 132

cerebral cavernous malformations 1406–8

cerebral circulation physiology 1337–43

autoregulation 1338–9

neurogenic control 1340–2

extrinsic/intrinsic systems 1340–1

nitric oxide 1338

parasympathetic influences 1341

sympathetic influences 1342–3


cerebral contusions 1799

cerebral cortex

afferent input modulation 80–1

anterior 896

association areas 334, 335, 336

injury effects on gustation 615


cingulate 896

motor area medial premotor region

453, 454


congenital disorders of development

177–89

cell fate 179–82

neuronal migration 182–6

pattern formation in forebrain 178

pial surface integrity 186–8

convergence areas 334, 335

developmental malformations 1288


1315

MRI 1289

dorsolateral prefrontal 639

eloquent regions 1319–20

focal dysplasia 181–2

functional representation 1313–14

higher function investigations 1324–5


atrophy 1900

inhibitory pathway in attention deficit


insular region



797

swallowing 801

lesions



limbic region nucleus tractus solitarius

projections 797

lobar hemorrhage 1358–9


localization studies 1313–14, 1322–4

malformations in epilepsy 1253, 1254

mapping during surgery 1322

microelectrode recordings 170–2

motor 449–50, 451, 452–4

action potentials 456, 457

clinical observations 449–50

coding of direction of movement 450,

451, Fig. 31.5

dystonia 538, 539

force field 450, 452

hand trajectories 450, 452

injury to swallowing areas 802

medial areas 455–6

movement 455

neural recording 450, 451, 452, Fig. 31.5

parieto-frontal circuits 469, 471

rehabilitation 455, 456

stimulation 450

motor areas 451, 452–4

motor map reorganization 80–1

movement control 447–58



neural plasticity 80

normal development 177–8

paracentral lobes


hemorrhage 1358

premotor 452–4

dorsal 452, 453

lateral 452–3

medial 453–4

ventral 452, 453

primary angiitis of the CNS 1548

processing 163, 164, 165

regions and immediate memory 309

REM sleep 821

reorganization following injury 455, Fig.

31.8


sensory map reorganization 80–1

somatosensory 893–4, 895


stimulation and functional MRI 138

superior frontoparietal atrophy in


supraspinal nociceptive centres 893–5,

896, 897

swallowing 801


waking state 817

see also cingulate gyri; cortical entries;

cortico- entries; frontal lobe; gyrus;

occipital lobe; precentral gyrus;

prefrontal cortex; temporal lobe

cerebral damage and visual agnosia 628

cerebral edema 1385


cerebral embolism see stroke


cerebral herniation in oculomotor palsy

652

cerebral infarction




2074

neglect 334

cerebral injury

dysphagia 803

swallowing recovery mechanisms 803–4

cerebral ischemia

anti-inflammatory approaches 71

antiapoptotic strategies 70–1

Index 2111






cerebral ischemia (cont.)

antiexcitotoxic approaches 66, 67,

68–70, 72–3

apoptosis 63–5, 72–3

clinical trials 72–3

downstream mediator blocking 69–70

inflammation 65

neuroprotection 62–6, 67, 68–73

neuroprotective interventions 66, 67,

68–72

vasoactive mediators 71

white matter injury 71–2

cerebral malaria 1749–50

cerebral malformations in West syndrome

1263

cerebral oxygen metabolism (CMRO2)

131, 132, 134, 2022

cerebral palsy 568–77

associated impairments 576

bilateral spasticity 569

causation 568



epidemiology 569

extrapyramidal 569–70, 573–5

hemiplegia 570, 572–3

hypotonia/ataxia 569–70, 574–5

imaging 575

neuroimaging 568


neurosurgery 577


prematurity 569

prenatal origin disorders 569

prognosis 577

rehabilitation 576–7


spastic quadriplegia 570, 572

spasticity 569

syndromes 569–75

unilateral spasticity 569

cerebral perfusion pressure 1387, 2017

aneurysms 1397

cerebral processing, sequential stages

162–3, 164, 165

cerebral tumours, epilepsy 1253


cerebral vasodilatation, reflex 1387

cerebral venous thrombosis 1943–4


cerebritis after organ transplantation

2086


cerebroside sulfatide 1137

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

14-3-3 protein 1723

bacterial meningitis entry 1732

drainage in traumatic brain injury 1798


HIV dementia 1692

leakage 2028


monitoring in normal pressure

hydrocephalus 2027

mononuclear cells 1653





neutrophilic pleocytosis 1733

nutrients 1651

oligoclonal bands 1622

pH 1340

production 1652

protein antigens 1652

protein content 1651

protein levels in myxedema 2037

spaces and brain aging 199–200

syphilis 1769, 1770, 1771, 1773, 1774



volume reduction 2022–3, 2024

cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis 1140,

1644, 1882



cardioembolic causes 1943–5

epilepsy 1255


hemodynamic parameters 131

pregnancy 1941, 1942, 1943–5

investigations 1941




urinary bladder function 834

cerebrovascular infarction, visual agnosia

628

cerebrovascular injury, myocardial

infarction 1953

ceruloplasmin 1978

cervical cord 716

dorsal column lesions 716

lesions 713, 719

sympathetic efferent pathways 797

cervical lymph nodes, antigen-specific


cervical nerves Fig. 47.2

cervical osteoarthrosis, neck pain 748

cervical pain 742–55

cervical radicular pain 742, 744, 745–6

diagnosis 746

somatic referred pain differential

diagnosis 754

treatment 746

cervical radiculopathy 742, 743–4

cervical segmental arteries 720

cervical spine


somatic pain referral 742

cervical spondylosis


myelopathy 723

neck pain 748

cervical zygohypophyseal joint 747

cervicomedullary compression 730

CGG trinucleotide repeats 33

fragile X syndrome 43–4

Chagas’ disease 792

Chamberlain’s line 732

chancre 1767

channelopathies 6–7, 2035

chaperone proteins 38, 39, 241

see also heat shock proteins

Charcot joints, neurosyphilis 1772

Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT)

1077–8, 1129–31

complex 1131

Rosenberg & Chutorian type 1131

severe phenotype with deafness 1130–1

type 1 1083, 1129–31




type 1A 1134

type 2 1131

Vizioli type 1131

X-linked 1131

Charcot’s joints 715–16

syringomyelia 724

tissue destruction 873

Charles Bonnet syndrome 630

Chédiak–Higashi disease 1134

chemical toxins 787, 789

industrial 605

chemical warfare 1160

2112 Index






chemokines 1510–11, 1655



demyelination 1597


leukocyte migration 1516

receptors 1511, 1685, 1686

chemotherapy



chenodeoxycholic acid 1882

Cheyne–Stokes respiration 1440

Chiari malformation 728

craniocervical junction anomaly 731,

732–3


types 733

chiasmal glioma, childhood 1456

chickenpox 1678

see also varicella zoster virus

childhood ataxia with diffuse central

nervous system hypomyelination

(CACH) 152

children

brain death 354

cerebral metastatic disease 1462–3





see also brain tumours, children;

progressive cerebral degenerations

of childhood

Chinese Acute Stroke Trial 1367

chlorambucil



polymyositis 1172

chloramphenicol, optic neuropathy 624

chlordiazepoxide 441

chlorhexidine 618

chloride conductance in acquired

myotonia 1190–1

chloride ion channels 1183

myotonia congenita 1185–7, 1188, 1189

shunt current attenuation 1196

voltage gated 1189, 1190

chlorpromazine



chlorpropamide



antidiuretic hormone 868

cholecystokinin, eating disorders 812

cholestanol 1140


cholestanolosis see cerebrotendinous

xanthomatosis

cholesterol

lowering in stroke prevention 1419–20,

1422

Niemann–Pick disease 1916

synthesis inhibition 1238–9

choline acetyltransferase 273, 274


cholinergic crisis 1155

cholinesterase inhibitors

AD 262



chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans 91–2,

701

chorda tympani-lingual nerve 616

chorda tympani nerve, surgical injury 617

chorea


1974

cerebral palsy 576


gravidarum 1946




chorea–acanthocytosis 1919

choreoathetosis 1252, 1253

paroxysmal dystonic 533, 536

chorioretinitis in syphilis 1769, Fig.109.3

choroid plexus 1660

choroidal artery, anterior 1348

chromaffin cell tumours 2040

chromatin 64

chromatolysis 1075, 1076

chromosome 17q21 498

chronic fatigue syndrome 1211

depression 366


(COPD) 1101


ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) 6, 1924,

1925, Fig.120.3


mtDNA deletions 1925

ragged red fibres Fig.120.3

Churg–Strauss vasculitis 1577, 1579



diagnosis 1552

Chvostek’s sign 2006, 2008

chylomicron retention disease 1140

cidofovir 1676


ciguatera poisoning 1809–10

toxin neuropathy 1093

ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) 59,

1594


Cimino–Brescia forearm

fistula/arteriovenous shunt 1994–5

cingulate gyri

akinetic mutism 337


cingulotomy in obsessive–compulsive

disorder 398

cinnarazine


parkinsonism 504

Cip/Kip cdk inhibitors 1438

circadian timing

disorders 824

disturbances in elderly 826

pacemaker 818, 819

photoreceptors 818–19

sleep homeostasis 819

sleep–wake regulation 818–19

cis-platinum ototoxicity 671

cisplatin

hypomagnesemia 2008




sensory neuropathy 1102, 1482

citalopram




cladistic analysis 20

Claude’s syndrome 652

ClC-1 chloride channel 1189, 1190

ClC-1 protein 1187



(CISC) 841

Clinical Dementia Rating Scale 244

clinical trials 10–11, 120–1

double-blinded 128

Index 2113






clinical trials (cont.)

evaluation 127–8

randomized 128

clinical variables

latent 107

measurement 106–8

CLN genes 1917

clobazam 1278

clodronate 2005

clofibrate 1190–1

clofibric acid 1201

clomipramine 397, 562, 824

clonal deletion 1504

peripheral 1512

clonazepam 948



cerebral palsy 576

cortical myoclonus 525, 526


dystonia 540


kinetic tremor 519







segmental spinal myoclonus 529

tic disorders 561

clonidine


opiate withdrawal 438–9

pain control 913


tic disorders 561



783

cloning, positional 17


Clostridium botulinum 1158–9

Clostridium jejuni 653

clozapine 381

dystonia 540

rest tremor 516

tic disorders 561

coarctation of the aorta 1394

cobalamin deficiency 1836, 2046–8

Cobb angle 727, 728

cobblestone dysplasia 186–8


cobra bite 1155

cocaine 435–7, 1829

activity 435

addiction 1836



crack 435, 1829

stroke 1835, 1943

violent crime 1833

craving 436

cue craving 433



GABA neurotransmission 437

norepinephrine depletion 437

olfaction 599

overdose 437

reward effect 435

seizures 1834

serotonin depletion 437

signal transduction changes 436

stroke 1835

cochlea 658, 660

abnormal afferent excitation 665

damage 672

destruction 675

dysfunction in chronic renal failure 1995

innervation 660–1

lesions 670–2

reciprocal interaction 667

cochlear nuclei 661

Cockayne syndrome 1140–1, 1884

cod liver oil extract 1220

codeine 923, 1940

coeliac disease 526

coeliac ganglia 797

coenzyme Q 1222


coenzyme Q10 deficiency 1222

Cogan’s syndrome 1583–4

primary angiitis CNS differential

diagnosis 1552



Cognitive Assessment Screening Test

(CAST) 244

cognitive brain mapping, paradigm design

137–8

cognitive decline/dysfunction


1973–4

AD 260–1

aging-related 242



hypothyroidism 2035


mild 242–3




PD 484


prediction 205

cognitive function

AD 205, 260–1

brain aging 205

brain study 160


domains 201–4, 205

lateralization with fMRI 1290–1

localization 1290–1, 1322

maintenance 205

cognitive interventions in attention deficit


cognitive neuroscience, neural basis of

language 322–5

cognitive tasks, fMRI Fig. 1.1

Cohen’s arbitrary criteria 110

coherence 167–8, 169, 170

cohort studies 120

COL3A1 gene mutations 1411

COLA3A1 gene mutations 2072, 2073

colchicine 1102

cold agglutinins 2056

cold allodynia 897, 898

collagenases 1511

collagen–vascular disease 1569–84



see also antiphospholipid syndrome;

Behçet’s disease; Churg–Strauss

vasculitis; Cogan’s syndrome;

cryoglobulinemia; microscopic

polyangiitis; polyarteritis nodosa;

Sjögren’s syndrome; systemic lupus

erythematosus (SLE); Wegener’s

granulomatosis


colliculus

inferior 662

neglect 341, 343

Collier’s sign 1354–5

2114 Index






colonic motility inhibition 797

colour

acquired disorders of vision 628

constancy 628

cortical lesion disruption of processing

628

visual loss 627

coma 295


anoxic 1961


fulminant hepatic 1971


myoclonic status 1277–8


communication in autism 408

compartment syndrome 1994

compensation in low back pain 766–7

complement 1509

activation 1509, 1595–6


inflammatory brain disease 1598

cascade 1654

pathways 1509

complementarity-determining regions

(CDR) 1506, 1507

see also individual CDs

complementary therapies for pain control

917

complex I, III and IV deficiencies 1222

complex II 1222


calcitonin 914


sensory symptoms 1084

compound muscle potentials 1990

compression neuropathies


pregnancy 1948

compressive neuropathy, renal


compulsions 552

see also obsessive–compulsive disorder

computational neuroscience 10

computed tomography (CT) 4


epilepsy 1288






multifocal motor neuropathy 1116, 1118


conduction velocity, uremic

polyneuropathy 1990

cone snails 1144

confusional states



prolonged 1285


congenital cataracts, facial dysmorphism,

neuropathy (CCFDN) syndrome

1134

congenital disorders of glycosylation

(CDG) 1919

congenital insensitivity to pain 26, 873


congestive heart failure


encephalopathy 1962

connective tissue disease 725, 730

stroke 1411–13


connexin(s) 1235

connexin 32 gene mutations 1131

�-conopeptides 878


AD 296

ancillary tests 297–8

attention 293

basilar artery occlusion 1354

central resources 291–2



complex 290

components 290

core 290, 291, 292

brain structures 298

emotions 291

neural pattern 298

transient global amnesia 297


disorders 294–8

disruption 294

emotion 291, 293

extended 290

disruption with preserved core

consciousness 294

external view 289–90

functions separation 291

homeostasis regulation 298

imaged account 298

images 290

imaging 297

impairment 295


neuropathological correlates 297–8

internal view 289–90

neural patterns 290

neurobiological consciousness 298–300

non-verbal account 298

purposeful behaviour 293–4

simple 290

types 290–1

wakefulness 292–3

constipation 716



continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

(CAPD) 1100

continuous motor unit activity 1083, 1485


continuous positive airway pressure

(CPAP) 822

conus medullaris 716, 719

infarction 720

lesions 719

convergence spasm 654


diagnosis 651

convergence:projection pain referral

theory 951

convulsions


benign familial


neonatal 1241, 1251, 1252

benign neonatal 1262

early onset prolonged febrile 1253

febrile 1268

see also epilepsy

convulsive movements, generalized 1283

copaxone 1543

copolymer-1 (COP-1) 1537–8, 1543

see also glatiramer acetate

copper

metabolism disorder 1978

overload 1882

serum levels 1979

copper chaperones 1850–1

copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1)

mutation 1863, 1868


coproporphyria, hereditary 1136

Index 2115






coproporphyrinogen oxidase 1136

cordotomy, anterolateral 879

corneal grafts 222

corneal reflexes, brain death 353

Cornell Scale for depression in dementia

245

coronary artery bypass surgery

cognitive changes 1957–9

emboli 1959

intraoperative hypotension 1959

postoperative delirium 1956–7

stroke 1955–9

probability Fig. 122.1

coronary artery disease

depression 1963

neurological factors 1963

progeria 2075

psychosocial risk factors 1964–5

coronary spasm 1962


corpus callosum

agenesis

neuropathy 1134


apraxia 468

neglect 341

corpus cavernosa 847

correlation coefficient 106

cortical blindness 626–7

cyclosporin-induced 2084–5

cortical plate formation 178

cortical spreading depression 922

cortico-anal pathway 804


circuitry 391, 392

corticobasal degeneration 495–8

atypical phenotypes 497


dementia 495



dystonia 534

familial 497


imaging 497


diagnosis 269


multifocal myoclonus of hands 525


nigrostriatal dopaminergic system

dysfunction 497

pathology 496–7

PD differential diagnosis 489

prevalence 495

prognosis 496



sporadic condition 497



therapy 497–8

corticocortical coherence 168

see also cerebral cortex

corticomedial amygdala 597, 598

corticomuscular coherence 168, 169, 170

corticospinal tract disease 713

corticosteroids






cluster headache 929–30

cyclosporin neurotoxicity 2084


immunosuppression for organ



injections 917

Landau–Kleffner syndrome 1240



myopathy 1176


pain control 913

pituitary apoplexy 2002


system 1554, 1555




corticostriatal circuits 310

corticosubcortical circuit dysfunction

1379

corticotropin-releasing factor (hormone)

(CRF) 368

ACTH stimulation 854


paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus

819

test 864

cough, benign headache 933–4

COX-assembly gene mutations 1930

COX gene mutations 1928, 1929

COX10 gene mutations 1930

CPI1 189 1696

cracked tooth syndrome 941

cramps in motor neuron disease 1873

cranial epidural hemorrhage,


cranial nerves

abnormalities



hypothyroidism 2036

areflexia 353

deficit in tuberculosis 1700

dysfunction 1392


palsy


of lower 1346

sarcoidosis 1559


cranial neuropathies

radiation damage 1494


cranial osteosarcoma, radiation-induced

1494

cranial vault

decompression 2023

mechanics 2016

craniocervical junction anomaly 730–2

direct compression 731

craniocervical junction instability 738

craniosynostoses 730

craniovertebral junction anomalies 730–3

causes 731

craving addiction 431

creatine



creatine kinase 1207, 1210

reaction 1211

CREB 83, 84, 1436, 1819

CREB-binding protein (CBP) 38, 1906

cretinism 2037


accidental transmission 222

amyloid plaques 218

apo-E allele 22

Brownell–Oppenheimer variant 1718

dementia 20



2116 Index






epidemiology 217

familial 215

diagnosis 1724

PrP gene sequencing 224

PrPSc 218

FTD phenotype 498, 504

Heidenhain variant 1718


diagnosis 1898

iatrogenic 1717–18



imaging 1723–4, 1725

incidence 217


diagnosis 269

methionine homozygotes 1716, 1717

myoclonus 254, 525


new variant 218, 222, 223, Fig. 15.4

parkinsonian syndrome 504

pathology 217–18, Fig 15.4

phenotype 219

presentation 214

sporadic 215, 216, 217, 1716–17, Fig.

15.4

age at death 1718, 1720



imaging 1725

PrPSc 218


variants 1718, 1719, 1721

stroke-like onset 1718

transmission 215

valine homozygotes 1717

variant 1716, 1718, 1721

age at death 1723


diagnosis 1722–3, 1724

imaging 1725

tonsil biopsy 1724

cribriform plate 595

critical illness polyneuropathy 1101–2

Crohn’s disease 1979

complications 1980


cromakalim 1202

Crouzon syndrome 730

cryoglobulinemia 1579–80, 2056


cryoglobulins 1579, 1580, 2056


cryptococcosis 1701, Fig 103.18

Cryptococcus neoformans 1657, 1701




CST3 gene mutations 1408

CSTB gene 45

CTG trinucleotide repeats 33


cueing, brain aging 202

Cuprophan membrane 1994–5

cupulolithiasis 685, 686–7

Cushing reflex 351, 1797–8


Cushing’s disease 859–60, 1175

corticosteroid excess 1176

hyponatremia 869


polyuria 869

Cushing’s syndrome 367, 859–60


cutaneomuscular reflexes (CMR) 735, 736

cutaneous information, postural control

582

cutaneous reflexes, innervation 714

cutaneous signs, spinothalamic tract

715–16

cyanide 504


opiates 438



phosphodiesterase 84


response element binding protein

see CREB

cyclin D-associated CDKs 1438

cyclin-dependent kinases 1437

cyclo-oxygenase (COX)


deficiency 1222, 1223

inhibition by NSAIDs 909–10

inhibitors in inflammation treatment

880

isoforms 910

cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-deficient

myopathy, benign infantile 1222–3


non-selective inhibitors 911


cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors 69

non-selective 911

selective 910, 911


cyclophilin 2083

cyclophosphamide





dosage 1534



multifocal motor neuropathy 1118–19






polymyositis 1172


system 1554, 1555





L-cycloserine 1640

cyclosporin A




hypomagnesemia 2008



polymyositis 1172

cyclosporin neurotoxicity 2082, 2083–5

diagnosis 2085

management 2086

cyclosporin sirolimus 1532–3, 2083

CYP27 gene 1140

cystatin B

deficiency 1296

gene defect 1887

cysticercosis 1177, 1745, Fig. 107.1–2

epilepsy 1289–90

ocular 1749

cysticidals 1747–8

cystometry 837, 839

cytochrome c 1222

apoptosis 64

cytochrome c oxidase 1923, 1925

deficiency 1929

subunit mutations 1869

Index 2117






cytokines 1509–10

AD 9

apoptosis 242





Lyme disease 1762

pro-inflammatory 1613

neural cells 1654


synthesis 1509


see also chemokines

cytomegalic inclusion disease, congenital

1679

cytomegalovirus (CMV)


congenital 1679

encephalitis/retinitis 1701–2


1519, 1679

lumbosacral polyradiculitis 1677

polymicrogyria 189

polyradiculitis 1085


1999

West syndrome 1263

cytotoxic agents 1531–4

cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)

clearance of viral infection 1656

HTLV-1 1711

virus-specific 1653

D2 receptors in schizophrenia 379

Dalrymple’s sign 2034

danaparoid 1366

date rape drugs 1831

Datura stramonium abuse 1833

DDAVP see desmopressin

o,p-DDD, Cushing’s disease 860

deafness 1679

death declaration 353–4

death receptors 65

debrancher deficiency see glycogen

debrancher deficiency

debranching enzyme 1218

decompression sickness 725

decorin binding proteins A and B 1755

deep brain stimulation (DBS) 170

dystonia 542–3

epilepsy 1321



PD 484–5, 514

rest tremor 516

deep brain surgery 398

deep infarction 1356

deep vein thrombosis (DVT) 1368

degenerative disc disease 765

dehydroepiandosterone 1231

Dejerine–Sottas disease 1131


delirium


postoperative 1956–7

delirium tremens 517, 1817

barbiturate withdrawal 1830

Delta protein 56

Delta32 1686

delusions, poststroke 1379–80

demeclocycline 868–9

dementia 3


adult-onset 20–2

single gene 21

aging 237–46

alcoholic 1823

aphasia 325

assessment scales 243–5


clinical evaluation 245

compulsive rituals 389


definition 243

degenerative 245

depression assessment 244–5

diagnosis 243–6

dialysis 1996–7, 1998


drug abuse 1835

drugs delaying 243

DSM-IV criteria 243

environmental risk factors 243


etiology 245

extrapyramidal 245

focal cortical 245

frontal lobe 269


genetic basis 243

HIV 1685, 1688, 1690–6


incidence 243

investigations 245

lacking distinctive histology 245

lifetime risk 242



multi-infarct 20, 246


diagnosis 269




parkinsonism 254

PD 221

prevalence 243

progressive 245

pugilistica 489

radiation 1492

risk factors 246

screening 243–5

semantic 286, 323


static 245

of unknown etiology 243

vascular 245–6



Lewy body dementia

demyelinating neuropathies 1086, 1114


perivenular inflammatory cells 1595

progression 1093


leukoencephalopathy 1702, Fig.

103.19


demyelinating polyradiculopathy

acute inflammatory 1111, 1113

chronic inflammatory 1114–18, 1134

chronic inflammatory


demyelination 1079


animal models 1517

cellular infiltration of CNS 1595–7


immune-mediated

CNS 1516–18, 1519

pathogenesis 1527


immunotherapy for prevention 1948


microglia 1597

2118 Index







multiple sclerosis 1599–601, 1610

multiple sclerosis pathogenesis

1599–601

primary 1078

dendrimers 228–9

dendrites 1075, 1076


protein synthesis 10

schizophrenia 377

dendritic cells 1508



dengue virus 1677

dental trauma 943

dentate gyrus 57–8

dentatorubro-pallidoluysian atrophy

33–4, 35, 1885, 1890, 1919


diagnosis 1898


1296



depolarization, node of Ranvier 1595

deprenyl 561

depression

amygdala 369

anatomy 368–70



423

cardiac surgery 1959

comorbidity with medical illness 366

coronary artery disease 1963

dementia assessment 244–5


epidemiology 364

frontal lobes 369

GABA studies 153–5

grey matter volume of prefrontal cortex

5



limbic system 369

migraine 959–60

multiple sclerosis 124, 1537, 1609–10,

1626


comorbidity 389–90

parkinsonian syndromes 779

PD 484, 831

poststroke 369, 1371, 1372, 1373–6

anatomical correlates 1373–4

apathy 1379

cognitive impairment 1374–6

cognitive recovery 1376


DSM-IV 1371, 1373

duration 1373


laterality 1373–4

mechanism 1374

minor 1373

physical impairment association 1374

treatment 1375

serotonergic neurotransmitter system

imaging 135

sleep disorders 828–30

with somatic features 388

stress response 367–8




treatment 366–7


depressive syndromes 364


dermal sinuses 734

dermatomal pain 1678

dermatomes 715, 727

dermatomyositis 1172–3, Fig. 70.10




myopathy 1176


desipramine

pain control 912


desmopressin 867


detrusor areflexia 834



head injury 834

incomplete bladder emptying 841

intravesical agents 840–1

management algorithm 842


spinal cord disease 835

treatment 840–1

detrusor sphincter 835

developed world 3–4

developing world 3–4

Devic’s neuromyelitis optica

azathioprine 1630


1624

dexamethasone



Dexedrine see dextroamphetamine

dextroamphetamine 427

narcolepsy 824

dextromethorphan 914

diabetes insipidus 865–6

brain death 351

central 866


management 867

nephrogenic 866


pituitary tumours 866

diabetes mellitus



foot problems 786


juvenile-onset 25, 229







type II 229

diabetic amyotrophy 1097, 1098–9

diabetic autonomic neuropathy 779

diabetic ketoacidosis

hypomagnesemia 2008


diabetic mononeuropathies 1099–100

diabetic neuropathy 1097–100


clinical pain 873

polyneuropathy 1097–8

uremic 1993–4

proximal 1097, 1098–9


truncal 1100


diabetic ophthalmoplegia 1099

diabetic polyneuropathy 1082, 1097–8

acute 1098


Index 2119






diabetic thoracoabdominal neuropathy

1100

diacylglycerol (DAG) 1436

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of

Mental Disorders (4th edition) see

DSM-IV

dialysis

acute renal failure 1988–9



continuous ambulatory peritoneal

(CAPD) 1100

dementia 1996–7, 1998

disequilibrium 1997–8

myopathy 1177


3,4-diaminopyridine 1157, 1158

botulism 1159

diastematomyelia 734

diatoms 1810

diazepam

absence status 1276

cerebral palsy 576





2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)

1190

dideoxynucleosides 1697–8

diencephalic regions, declarative memory

306

diet, healthy in stroke primary prevention

1416

diffusion–perfusion mismatch 4

dihydroergotamine see ergotamine

L-dihydroxyphenylserine 786

dilantin 1798

diltiazem 965

dimenhydrinate 1940

DIMOAD 1887

dinoflagellates 1809, 1810

diphenhydramine 1874

diphenoxylate 1153

2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DGP) 2009,

2010

diphtheria, swallowing disruption 802

diplopia

chiasmal syndrome 625

clinical testing 648–9

cover tests 648–9

monocular 630, 648



dipole model, equivalent 166

dipyridamole 1423

disability measures 113

disc(s)

degenerative disease 763–5

protrusion in cervical radiculopathy

743

stimulation test 750–1

whiplash 749

discogenic pain 748

disease modifying treatments 11

disequilibrium syndromes 586–7, 681

see also vertigo

disinhibition-dementia-parkinsonism-

amyotrophy complex 498

disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10

(ADAM 10) 1845, 1852

disopyramide, autonomic dysfunction

787

disseminated intravascular coagulation

(DIC) 2054, 2057, 2058

distal myopathies 1168–9

distal watering hypothesis 1082–3

distributed cortical surface model 166

disulfiram

alcoholism treatment 441

sensory–motor polyneuropathy 1102

diuresis, osmotic 866

diuretics

hypomagnesemia 2008

thiazide 867

divalproex sodium 965, 966

divergence paresis 651

DM-20 protein 1640

DMPK gene 43, 1200

DNA

damage and nucleotide excision repair

systems 33

defective repair-associated progressive

ataxias 1883–4

fingerprinting 32

fragmentation 64

metabolic disorder 2045–6

repair defects 1140–1

replication and strand-slippage 33

testing 6

docosahexaenoic acid deficiency 1220

dolichol, urinary sedimentary 1296

domperidone 923

donepezil 262

dopamine

deficiency in PD 479

depletion

by cocaine 436

in putamen 481

extracellular in nucleus acumbens 431,

432

inhibition by opiates 438

neurons 433–4

neurotransmission disruption 437

stimulant reward 435

transporter 435

dopamine agonist therapy

neglect 343

neuroprotection 483


PD 483


tic disorders 561

dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency

785–6

dopamine D4 gene 20

dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

378–9

dopamine neurons, alcohol action 440–1

dopamine neurotransmitter system 440

dopamine projections, ascending 342

dopamine receptor agonists


parkinsonism 504

rest tremor 516

dopamine receptors

dystonia 537

postsynaptic 435–6

schizophrenia 379

dopaminergic agents 539–40

dopaminergic agonists



sexual function 844

dopaminergic pathways


receptor mapping 131

ventral tegmental area 1374

dorsal column 889

nuclei 889

stimulation 917

dorsal horn 873–5, Fig. 85.2

inputs 879

laminae 874, 885, Fig. 58.2, Fig. 58.12

anterior–lateral system 888

neurons

2120 Index






injury 884


outputs 879

dorsal motor nucleus 796

swallowing 800

dorsal root ganglia 1075


dorsal root ganglion cells 1084

dorsal–ventral signalling centres 55

doublecortin (DCX) gene 184, 185

Down’s syndrome

AD manifestations 256


craniovertebral junction anomalies 732


doxepin


pain control 912

doxorubicin 542

dreaming 820

nightmares 827

REM sleep 820

drop attacks 1283

drowning 2025

DRPLA gene 35, 1890

drug abuse/addiction



anticholinergic drugs 1833


central stimulants 435–7

chronic pain 909

dementia 1835

drug-induced psychosis 374

ethanol use 1834, 1835



HIV infection 1834

HTLV infection 1834

infection 1833–4

inhalants 1832

neural changes in brain 7



neurological consequences 1827–36

opiates 1827–8

phencyclidine 1832–3

psychic dependence 1827

psychostimulants 1828–30

relapse 436

reward circuit 433–5

seizures 1834

sensitization 436

stroke 1834–5

tobacco use 1834, 1835

trauma 1833

treatment 442

tuberculosis 1834

withdrawal 431, 630

see also individual named drugs

drugs, therapeutic


autonomic dysfunction 787, 789

chronic pain 909

dysphagia 802

intoxication 687

metabolism 129

ototoxic 671

proconvulsant 1255, 1256

psychotropic 1255

radioligand challenge studies, 135

risk categories in pregnancy 1940, 1941

tolerance 1827

DSM-III criteria 1376

DSM-IV criteria

AD 259


422

autism 407

bulimia nervosa 810

dementia criteria 243

generalized anxiety disorder 1376



schizophrenia 374, 375


Duane’s retraction syndrome 649–50, 735

Duchenne muscular dystrophy 14, 1165–6

Galtonian model 16–17

Mendelian model 16, 17


ductus arteriosus, patent 186

dura, arteriovenous fistula 1400, 1402, 1403

dura mater grafts 222

dural sinus thrombosis 2025

dwarfism, short-limbed 730

dynamic imaging of coherent sources

(DICS) 167


perfusion MRI 136

dynatomes, cervical radicular pain 745–6

dysarthria


1972–3


dysarthria–clumsy hand syndrome 1356,

1358

dysautonomia

acute/subacute 780

cholinergic 780

familial 784–5

dyschromatopsia 628

dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour

1289

focal cortical dysplasia association 182

dysesthesia

cutaneous 715



dysferlin protein 1169

dysfibrinogenemia 2057

dysgeusia 614

idiopathic 618

dyslexia, neurocognitive basis 5

dysmetropsia 629

dysnomia 322

aphasia 318

dysosmia 597, 603

dysostosis 729–30

dysphagia

management 803


neurogenic 801


stroke 802–3


dysproteinemic neuropathies 1093, 1096

dyssomnias 821–6

dysthymia 365

dystonia 532–44


basal ganglia dysfunction 539

bulbar 1978


cervical 533–4, 542

classification 532

dopa-responsive 533, 536, 539–40, 574,

1919

epidemiology 535

focal 533–4

generalized torsion

early-onset 533


genetic 574

genetics 535–6

idiopathic 574

Index 2121






dystonia (cont.)

imaging 537

metal deposition 536

myoclonic 527, 533


oromandibular 535

pathology 536–7

physiology 538–9

post-hemiplegic 535

primary 533

psychogenic 535


secondary 534–5

sensory system abnormalities 539


striatal gliosis 536

surgery 542

treatment 539–43


dystroglycan 1145, 1164, 1166, 1168

dystrophin 14, 1164, 1165, 1166

mutations 1166

proteinopathies 1166–8

dystrophinopathies 1165–6

DYT1 gene mutation 536

E-selectin 1516

E6–AP gene 39

Eagle’s syndrome 947

ear

external 658, 670

inner 658, 659, 660–1

disorders 670–2

middle 658, 659, 940

disorders 670

pain 940

surgery and taste dysfunction 616–17

see also hearing loss

eating disorders 808–13

cholecystokinin 812

leptin 812–13


see also anorexia nervosa; bulimia

nervosa

echolalia

aphasia 319

autism 408

eclampsia


pregnancy 1946–7

ecological fallacy 120

ecological studies 119–20

ecstasy 439–40, 1829

Edinger–Westphal nucleus 1355

edrophonium 1150

education

AD risk 253

dementia risk 243

effornithine 1750

EGR2 gene mutation 1131, 1132

EGR2/Krox 20 gene mutation 1130

Ehlers–Danlos syndrome 2072–3

arterial dissection 2073


genetics 2073

intracranial aneurysm 2072, 2073

type IV 1411

Ehrlichia 1763

ejaculation 843

Ekbom syndrome 2045

elastance, intracranial 2016–17

elderly people, therapeutics 129–30

electrical potentials, brain death 354–5

electrocochleogram (ECochG) 667

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) 367


electrodynamic/hemodynamic measures


electroencephalography (EEG) 160

abnormal findings 1286

aging 238

ambulatory 1286


12.1–12.3

autism 412, 413

brain death 354

cardiac arrest 1961

cerebral changes 1963




epilepsy 1285–7

idiopathic generalized 1286–7

partial 1287

photosensitivity 1286, 1287

high resolution 81



normal findings 1286


recording techniques 1285–6


162–3, 164, 165

sleep 816

sporadic CJD 1723, 1725

temporal lobe seizures 1314

wakefulness 292–3

electrolyte balance in renal disease

2000–2



electromagnetic activity, intracranial

sources 166

electromyelogram

anal sphincter 838


single fibre 1150, 1151

urethral sphincter 838

electron-transfer flavoprotein (ETF)

deficiency 1221

Elk-1 transcription factor 1436

embolism

coronary artery bypass surgery 1959

mitral stenosis 1953

mitral valve prolapse 1953–4

stroke 1345

emotion

consciousness 293

core consciousness 291

neurophysiological properties 1329

emotional syncope see vasovagal syncope


EMX2 homeobox gene 181

encephalitis

cytomegalovirus 1701–2

herpes simplex 1287

lead 1806


Rasmussen’s 1240, 1259, 1278

saccadic oscillations 643


viral 1253, 1666, 1667, 1668–9


CSF 1653

syndromes 1669–73

encephalitis lethargica 221, 478, 489, 490,

504

waking state 817

encephalomalacia, multicystic 572

encephalomyelitis

acute disseminated 1668

chronic progressive in Lyme disease

1757–8

experimental autoimmune (EAE) 1517,

1611

monophasic postinfectious 721

2122 Index






postviral 1673–5

syndrome 1482

see also acute disseminated

encephalomyelitis

encephalopathy

anoxic 1159

West syndrome 1263

congestive heart failure 1962

early-infantile epileptic 1266

EEG 1287

HIV 1690–6

hypertensive 1947

hyponatremic 867


epilepsy 1253

ischemic with raised intracranial

pressure 1385

lead 1832

Lyme disease 1757–8, 1760

mitochondrial 525, 1266

neurogastrointestinal 1924, 1931

neonatal 1912–13

posthypoxic 525

progressive of childhood 1913–14

rejection 1999


vasculitis 1980

uremic 1987–9

viral encephalitis differential diagnosis

1668

see also hepatic encephalopathy;

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

end-plate potentials 1144, 1163

endarteritis, obliterative 1767

endocarditis

drug abuse 1833

emboli 1943

infectious aneurysms 1393

atrial myxoma 1955

infective 1954

Libman–Sacks 2058

non-bacterial thrombotic (NBTE) 2058

endocrine disease 2033–40

endometriosis, low back pain 762

endonuclease 1688

�-endorphin 854

endorphins 440

endostatin 1439

endothelial cells

blood–brain barrier 1508

tight junctions 1655

endothelium

cerebrovascular tone 1338

immune cell trafficking 1516

endotoxins, bacterial 1732


�-enolase deficiency 1217

ENT-1 nucleoside transporter 1819

enteric nervous system 795

enteroviruses



meningitis 1662, 1665–6

diagnosis 1666

management 1664–5

entorhinal area 597, 598

entorhinal cortex 305, 306

entrainment 818

disorders 824–5


aquatic 1809–11

clinician roles 1811


see also chemical toxins; lead poisoning;

manganese

eosinophilic granuloma 2000

ependymoma 1434

brain tumour of childhood 1452–3


hypothalamic 855, 861

infants 1457–8

myxopapillary variant 1434



radiotherapy 1452

surgical resection 1452

ephedrine, CNS vasculopathy 1553

ephrins 89, 91, 94

epidemiology 118

study design/interpretation 119–22

epidermal growth factor 1594

neuronal growth 1593



epidural abscess 1737–9, 1738, Fig. 106.5


etiology 1738


treatment 1739

epilepsia partialis continua 1259, 1278–9

epilepsy

absence 1236–9

atypical 1264, 1281

childhood 1249, 1262

juvenile 1262

myoclonic 1266

spike-waves 1236–9

typical 1281

acidification 1235

acquired factors 1253, 1254, 1255

AD 1255

adverse drug reaction avoidance 1302

alcohol 1255

arteriovenous malformations 1255

autism 412, 413, 1255


lobe 1250, 1251, 1252

autosomal recessive rolandic with

paroxysmal exercise-induced

dystonia and writer’s cramp 1251,

1253

bacterial meningo-encephalitis 1253

behavioural assessment 1293

benign myoclonic in infants 1262

benign neonatal type 1 6

benign occipital 1287

benign of childhood

with centro-temporal spikes 1249,

1258

with occipital paroxysms 1258

benign rolandic 1283, 1287

benign self-remitting seizure disorders

1303

biochemical screen 1293

biopsies 1297

blood count 1293

blood investigations 1296–7

brain injury 1234

calcium-controlling genes 1241

calcium ion channels 1233–4

cardiac investigations 1293

cavernous angioma 1255

cellular basis 1229–42

central region 1260

cerebral abscess 1253

cerebral tumours 1253


childhood absence 1249

classification of syndromes 1255–7,

1257–8

clinical features of

neurological/cognitive decline

1294

clinical spectrum 1248–68

continuous spike-and-waves during

slow wave sleep 1267

Index 2123






epilepsy (cont.)

contralateral limb function loss 1320

convulsive movements 1283

cortical malformations 1253, 1254

cryptogenic 1256, 1263–4, 1265, 1266

partial 1261

CT 1288

cysticercosis 1289–90, 1746, 1749


early-infantile encephalopathy 1266

EEG 1285–7

epidemiology 124–5, 1248, 1249, 1250

etiology 1250, 1251, 1252–3, 1254, 1255,

1256

excitation 1230

excitation/inhibition imbalance

1229–30

extrasynaptic mechanisms 1235–6

familial clustering 23

familial nocturnal frontal lobe 1240,

1241

familial temporal lobe 1251, 1252

focal 1255–6, 1257–61

focal cortical dysplasia 182

frontal lobe 1260


GABA 1230–3

studies 153–5

GABAergic neurons 1232–3

generalized 1255, 1257, 1261–3

with febrile seizures plus 1251, 1252

with febrile seizures plus type 2 6


with generalized tonic–clonic seizures

1249

genes 1240–1

genetic factors 1250, 1251, 1252–3

grand mal seizure on awakening 1262

HD 1255


hearing-induced 1259

hemiconvulsion–hemiparesis 1253

herpes encephalitis 1253

hippocampus 1233, 1235

sclerosis 1253, 1260, 1288

HIV infection 1253


1328



hypocalcemia 1255

hyponatremia 1255

hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy

1253

iatrogenic causes 1294–5

ictal electrographic patterns 1286

ictal hyperperfusion 131

ictal transition 1236

idiopathic 1256

generalized 1261–3, 1286–7

grand mal 23

partial 1257–9

IgA 1239

imaging 1287–92, 1296, 1316, 1317,

1319


infections 1253

inheritance 1240, 1250

multifactorial 1253

inherited forms 6, 23, 24

inhibition 1229, 1230–3

interictal activity 1236

interictal epileptiform discharges 1286


juvenile

absence 1262

myoclonic 23, 1249, 1253, 1262

lobar 1259–61

magnetencephalography 165

magnetic resonance spectroscopy 151


memory assessment 1293

mental handicap assessment 1293

mesial temporal lobe syndrome 1253

metabolic factors 1255

mood assessment 1293

mortality 1248


MRI 1287–91, 1317

cavernomas 1290

functional 1290–1

granulomas 1289–90

indications 1288

malformations of cortical

development 1289

structural cerebral abnormalities

1288–90

surgical evaluation 1290

multidisciplinary research techniques

1328–9



myoclonic

early 1266

severe of infancy 1267

with myoclonic absences 1266

myoclonic–astatic 1264, 1266


neural tube defects 1945


neuromodulators 1233

neuronal synchrony 1233


neuropsychological assessment 1292–3

neurotransmitters 1233

non-epileptiform abnormalities 1286

occipital lobe 1261

parietal lobe 1260–1

partial 1255–6, 1257

and generalized seizures 1267

idiopathic 1257–9

with secondary generalized

tonic–clonic seizures 1249

symptomatic 1259–61

patient assessment 1281–97

cognitive decline 1294–7

data interpretation 1293

diagnosis 1281–5

individual potential assessment 1292


neurological decline 1294–7


PET 1292

pharmacodependent 1249

pharmacological factors 1255, 1256

pharmacoresistant 1250

pharmacosensitive 1249


photosensitive 1262–3

polyopia 630

post-traumatic 1240

pregnancy 1945–6

presurgical neuropsychological

evaluation 1293

primary generalized 1278

primary reading 1258–9

prognosis 1249–50

progressive myoclonic 525, 1266, 1295

causes 1296

myoclonic status 1278


prolonged confusional state 1285

proton magnetic resonance

spectroscopy 1291

pyridoxine dependency 1253

relapse rate 1249

2124 Index






relapse risk 1311

Rett’s syndrome 1255

seizures

frequency fluctuations 1310

precipitated by specific modes of

activation 1262–3

single 1302–3


1259


single gene 1250, 1251, 1252–3


sodium channels 1234

special syndromes 1267–8

SPECT 1291

spike-waves 1236

spontaneously benign 1249

startle 528

startle-induced 1259

subclinical activity control 1301–2

sudden unexplained death syndrome

1248

surgery 1313–30

access to brain 1325

anesthesia 1317

complications 1319


curative 1314–15


extratemporal 1319

gamma knife radiosurgery 1321–2

intraoperative recording 1317


outcome 1320

palliative 1314–15


preoperative evaluation 1316

procedures 1314

research 1322–6, 1327, 1328–30

resected tissue investigation 1329–30

resection strategy 1319–20

seizure focus 1325

site determination 1319

temporal lobe resection 1315,

1317–19

types 1317–22

vagal nerve stimulation 1321

susceptibility loci 23, 25

symptomatic 1256

generalized 1263–4, 1265, 1266–7

T cells 1239


temporal lobe 165, 1240, 1259–60

chronic 1232

EEG 1287, 1314

hippocampus 1235

hypometabolism 1292

lateral 1260

medial entorhinal cortex cell loss

1233

medical intractability 1315

mesial 1260, 1317

mesial radiosurgery 1321–2

neocortical 1260

resection 1315, 1317–19

toxic factors 1255

transient focal motor and sensory

attacks 1283




urine studies 1296

vestibular 689, 690

vigabatrin 153–4, 155

viral DNA 1240


visual sensitive 1262–3

Wada testing of language laterality 1316

wellbeing assessment 1293

without unequivocal generalized/focal

features 1267

see also anti-epileptic drugs;

convulsions; deep brain

stimulation (DBS); Landau–Kleffner

syndrome; Lennox–Gastaut

syndrome; progressive myoclonic

epilepsy type 1; seizures; status

epilepticus; West syndrome

epileptic automatisms

awakeness 293


seizures 295

epileptic fugue 295

epileptic syndromes 1257–61

epileptiform activity


426

ictal/interictal 1290

epileptiform neuron, disordered 1233

epileptogenesis 1234–5

apoptosis 1235

prevention 1302

episodic ataxia 6, 37, 1891

type 1 (EA1) and type 2 (EA2) 1891


epitope spreading 1543

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)





optic neuritis 1674



1999


erectile dysfunction



treatment 847–8

erections, psychogenic/reflexogenic 842

ergot alkaloids 923

ergotamine

brainstem binding 963

cluster headache 929, 930

derivatives 483

overuse 958, 963



erythema migrans 1756–7

erythrocytes

indices 2044


erythromycin 1995

esmolol 1387

esophageal sphincter, lower/upper 798

esophagus 798

esotropia 649

estrogens

brain aging 242



disease 11

ETF:CoQ10 oxidoreductase (ETFDH)

deficiency 1221

ethambutol


tuberculosis 1701, 1785, 1786

ethanol

clinical pharmacology 1814

hydrophobic binding pocket 1818

intoxication 1814–16


withdrawal syndrome 1816–17

ethchlorvynol overdose 1831

ethics, clinical trials 120

Index 2125






ethopropazine 483

ethylene glycol toxicity 1988

etoposide 1452

eugenics 106

euphoria in multiple sclerosis 1610

event-related potentials (ERPs) 160

event-related responses 669


evoked waveforms, tract tracing methods

1323–4

exchange transfusion 2053

excitation in epilepsy 1229–30



(EAAT2) 1869, 1870

excitatory post-synaptic potentials

(EPSPs) 878


excitotoxic substances 8

excitotoxicity

cerebral ischemia 66, 67, 68–70, 72–3

damage and oligodendrocyte sensitivity

1598

executive function


424–5

brain aging 203

deficit in multiple sclerosis 1608



exertional muscle injury 1212



1218–20

muscle cramps 1211–12

muscle pain 1212

myoglobinuria 1212

myopathy 1928–9



rhabdomyolysis 1212

exertional fatigue

abnormal 1209

normal 1209–10

exotic ungulate encephalopathy 216

exotropia 649

Expanded Disability Rating Scale 108, 109

experimental autoimmune

encephalomyelitis (EAE) 1517,

1611

experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN)

1518–19



extinction

pathophysiology 336


tests 331–2

extradural hematoma 1797

extradural space metastases 723

extralemniscal system 663

extramedullary meningioma 723

extramedullary neurofibroma 723

extraocular muscles 646

extrapyramidal disturbance 1972

eye(s)

anemia 2044

deviation 333

wrong-way 1384

pain 939–40

see also vision; visual entries

eye movement


425

axes of rotation 646

cerebellar influences 640, 642


constant velocity drift 644

control 634–54


downward 638


innervation patterns 634

neglect 342



torsional 638

upward 638

vestibular 642

see also gaze; saccades/saccadic eye

movements

eyeblink conditioning, classical delay 311

eyelid apraxia 473

Fabry disease 1139, 1919

stroke 1410

faces

recognition 628

visual loss 627

facial angiofibroma 2065, 2066

facial diplegia 649

facial motor nucleus 800

facial nerve

neuritis 947

taste buds innervation 611, 613

vasodilatation 1342

facial nerve palsy



sarcoidosis 1559–60

facial neuropathy

idiopathic 1099–100


facial pain

neuropathic 941


facial palsy

hyperacusis 665

shingles 1678

Factor II 2059

Factor V Leiden


pre-eclampsia 573

protein C resistance 2057

Factor VII 2059

Factor VIII deficiency 2051

Factor IX 2059

deficiency 2051

Factor X

activation 2058

hypercoagulable state 2059

Factor XI deficiency 2051

Factor XII (Hageman factor) deficiency

2057

falls


patterns 586

progressive supranuclear palsy 491,

493, 494

familial amyloid polyneuropathy see

amyloid polyneuropathy, familial

familial dysautonomia see Riley–Day

syndrome

familial fatal insomnia (FFI) 26, 215, 1717


PrPSc 218

family grouping of neurological diseases

15

Fanconi syndrome 2000

Fas ligand 65, 1506, 1511

fasciculations, motor neuron disease 1865

fasL suppression 70


fat

emboli 1944

oxidation 1208

2126 Index






fatal insomnia

sporadic 219


fatigue

exertional 1209–10



see also chronic fatigue syndrome;

exercise intolerance

fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase 1644

fecal incontinence 804–5

feline spongiform encephalopathy 216

fenoprofen 966

fentanyl overdose 1828

fertile soil hypothesis 1463

fetal alcohol syndrome 1824


423

autism 409

fetal striatal cell transplantation in


fetus, brain death 356

feverfew, migraine prophylaxis 922

fibrillation potentials 1990

fibrinogen gene 25

fibrinolytic abnormalities 2057

fibroblast growth factor 702



fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) 1593,

1594

fibromuscular dysplasia

aneurysms 1394

stroke 1345

fibromyalgia

depression 366


low back pain 763

fibrous dysplasia, auditory nerve damage

672

Filamin 1 protein 186

filum terminale, tight 734

finger movement

manipulating 464


fish-kill events 1810, 1811

FK506 2082

flavivirus 1763

flecainide 914

flexible endoscopic evaluation of

swallowing (FEES) 803

FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP) 70

FLN1 gene 185, 186

flocculus, visual tracking 640, 642

fluconazole 1701

flucytosine 1701

fluid balance



flumenazil 1831

flunarizine


hypnic headache 935


parkinsonism 504

flunitrazepam overdose 1831

fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)

1330

fluoxetine

bulimia nervosa 811




fluphenazine 949

flutter 644

fluvoxamine



FMR protein (FMRP) 44

FMR1 gene 44

focal cerebral symptoms in anemia 2045

focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) 181–2

Taylor-type 182

focal motor and sensory attacks, transient

1283

focal neurological disease 630

focal temporal slowing, aging 238

focal transmantle dysplasia 182

folate

deficiency 733, 1945, 2046, 2048

fragile sites 44


folic acid

antagonists 1533

supplementation 733

folinic acid, cerebral toxoplasmosis 1700

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 854


food avoidance 808–9

foot drop 587

foramen magnum lesions 718–19

Fore people (New Guinea) 222

forebrain

basal 306

injury 304


diencephalic injury 304

pattern formation disorders 178


forkhead transcription factor (FKHR)

1436

fornix, global amnesia 305–6

foscarnet 1702

fosphenytoin 1669

Foster Kennedy syndrome 599, 600

fragile X syndrome 14, 34

autism 409

expanded trinucleotide repeats 32

folate-sensitive fragile site 44

FRAX fragile sites 44


43–4


frataxin 47, 1886–7

frataxin gene 1886

FRDA gene 46–7

free fatty acids 1207, 1208

free radical scavengers 67


free radicals


oxygen 241

Freehand System 705, 706

Friedreich’s ataxia 1880, 1885, 1886–7

ataxia telangiectasia differential

diagnosis 1883


GAA repeat expansion 1886

iron deposits 1887

kinetic tremor 519

oxygen reactive species 47

sensory neuronopathy 1085


46–7

frontal eye fields 639, 641

frontal gyrus, posterior superior 1324,

1325

frontal lobe(s)

akinesia 337

akinetic mutism 337

avoidance behaviour mediation 339

cerebrovascular lesions 296

depression 369

dorsolateral 337

dysfunction in Lewy body dementia

268

Index 2127






frontal lobe(s) (cont.)

epilepsy 1260

glioma 600, 604

hemorrhage 1358

information retrieval 200

left in Tourette’s syndrome 557

lesions


working memory deficit 310


postural adjustments 582

pseudo-absences 1260



working memory 309–10

frontal subcortical circuits 557, 558

frontoparietal system

lesions and psychosis 1380


frontostriatal system



frontotemporal dementia (FTD) 20,

283–7, 498

age at onset 285


diagnosis 497

diagnosis 285–6


epidemiology 124, 283–4


frontal lobe atrophy 285

gene 210

genetics 5, 284

imaging 224, 286, Fig. 19.1

incidence 211

insight loss 286

MRI 286, Fig. 19.1

neurochemistry 285




and parkinsonism linked to

chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) 258

pathogenesis/pathology 284–5

prevalence 284

semantic 286, 323

sporadic 220–1

subtypes 285–6

tau gene mutations 221, 284, 285


temporal lobe atrophy 285

terminology 283–4


treatment 286–7

frontotemporal dementia parkinsonism

17 (FTDP-17) 498

frovatriptan 923, 924

fruit, tropical 494

fugue states, prolonged 1285

fukutin gene 187–8

functional activation, task-specific 138

functional electrical stimulation (FES) 705

Functional Independence Measure (FIM)

108, 109, 110, 1375

functional mapping, electrical stimulation

1322, 1323

fungal infections of CNS 1657


1999

fyn 83

G-protein-activated, inwardly rectifying K+

(GIRK) channel 1819

G proteins 82–3

G6PD deficiency 19

GABA 7, 66

agonists 914

alcohol action 440

antagonists 67

cocaine addition 437


CRH inhibition 854

detection scheme 149, 154

effect efferent dysfunction/reduction

665

inhibition 1231

magnetic resonance spectroscopy in

brain 153–6

measurement 146



occipital lobe decline with seizures

1232

resonance parsing 155–6


swallowing 800

transporter 1231

GABA-A receptors 1230, 1231


inhibitory postsynaptic potential

mediation 1232

GABA-B receptors 1230, 1231

GABA receptors

agonists 441

seizures 1232

GABA transaminase (GABA-T) 153

GABAergic drugs 525

GABAergic neurons, epilepsy 1232–3

gabapentin














gait/gait disorders 581–90


1974

apraxia 473

ataxia 588, 2036

balance 582, 583–4

cautious 588–9


by clinical patterns 585–9

definition 581

diagnosis 589

disturbance 588

freezing 588

neural function levels 582, 583, 584–5

parkinsonian 478

patterns 587–9

eliciting 705

psychogenic 585, 589

rehabilitation 589

rigid 588


stiff 588

syndromes 587–9

treatment 589

veering 588

wide-based 588, 589

galactorrhea 856, 857

�-galactosidase deficiency 1139, 1410

galactosyl sulfatide 1137

galactosylceramidase

activity 1639

deficiency 1638

galactosylceramide �-galactosidase 1138

2128 Index






GALC gene 1638

gallium nitrate 2005

gambling, pathological 395

gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) overdose

1831

ganciclovir 1702

ganglioglioma 182

GAP-23 93

GAP-43 85, 92–3

gap junctions 1235

gasoline

lead neurotoxicity 1805, 1806, 1807

manganese neurotoxicity 1808

sniffing 1832

gastrointestinal disorders 1979

neuropathy 1100–1

gastrointestinal tract

parasympathetic innervation 796

see also gut

gate control theory of pain 875

Gaucher’s disease 1919



gaze

convergence 1354


hyperconvergence 1357

vertical 1354

vertical conjugate 637–8

see also eye movement

gaze-holding neural network 635

gaze-holding signal 638

gaze palsy

conjugate 635

hereditary 649

horizontal 649, 1353

upgaze 1354, 1357

vertical 1354


(GCG)7 allele 41

gelatinases 1511

gelsolin 1136

Gemin proteins 1847

gene-targeted mice, AD 1848

gene therapy 6



genes

expression imaging 135

frame-shift mutations 14

identification

complex disorders 18–20

single gene disorders 17–18

interaction with environment 15

positional candidates 18

semidominant 18

susceptibility 5

transfer in spinal cord injury 704

genetic counseling 6

genetic diseases, familial grouping 15

genetic disorders

affecting kidneys 1999–2000

complex 18–20

see also single gene disorders

genetic distance 17–18

genetic models of neurological disease

16–17

genetic predictive testing 6

genetic risk (�1) 16, 22

genetically engineered models 1851–2

genetics

of neurological disorders 5–6, 14–26

reverse 17

geniculate ganglion 611, 613

genome-wide scans 18

genotyping 20

gentamicin ototoxicity 671

germ cell tumours

biochemical markers 1456–7

childhood 1456–7

treatment 1457

Gerstmann’s syndrome 321, 1356

Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker (GSS)

disease 215, 216, 218, 1717, Fig.

15.4

amyloid plaques 217–18, Fig 15.4

ataxic variant 1890


neuropathology 218, Fig 15.4

phenotype 219

Tg mouse models 226

geste antagoniste 532, 533

GFAP gene 1644

Ghrelin 855

Gi-proteins 436

giant axonal neuropathy 1133

giant cell arteritis 1581–2

aneurysms 1393


diagnosis 1582


pathology 1582


giant cells, multinucleated 1692

Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome see

Tourette’s syndrome

GIn residues, Machado–Joseph disease

227

glacial instability of spine 764–5

Glasgow Coma Scale 1794, 1795

intracerebral hemorrhage outcome

1389

glatiramer acetate 1628


see also copolymer-1 (COP-1)

glaucoma 2069

glia

axon survival 1601


olfactory bulb 1603

transplantation studies 1601–2

see also macroglia

glial cell line-derived nerve growth factor

(GDNF) 485, 1593

glial cells

production 57

proliferation with aging 238

radial 177, 178, Fig. 13.1

neuron progenitor cells 1330

glial cytoplasmic inclusions 502, Fig. 34.5

glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)

1876

glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) 56,

1594

Alexander disease 1643, 1644

glial gap junctions 1235

glial progenitors 56

glial syncytium 1235

glioblastoma multiforme 152, 1433, 1438,

Fig 11.4–11.5

gliogenesis 56


gliomas

chemotherapy 1443, 1444


malignant

hypermetabolic anaerobic state 1442


optic nerve 1454–6

p53 function loss 1438


signalling pathways 1436

spontaneous hemorrhage 1440

tumour cell hypoxia 1439

vasculature 1439

see also astrocytomas

Index 2129






gliosis

brain aging 238

schizophrenia 376

glissades see post saccadic drift

global amnesia see amnesia, global

Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) 254

global travel 3–4


globus pallidus




PD 481



glomerular filtration rate 2002

glossalgia 618

glossitis 614

glossodynia 618

glossopharyngeal nerve

surgical injury 617

taste bud innervation 611–12, 613

glossopharyngeal neuralgia 618, 947

glucocorticoids

Churg–Strauss syndrome 1579

confusional state in systemic lupus

erythematosus 1573


deficiency 1176

excess 1176




seizures in systemic lupus

erythematosus 1573


glucocorticosteroids 1530–1

exogenous 862

osteoporosis 1531

patient monitoring 1530–1


glucose

cerebral utilization 131, 132, 134

metabolic rate of utilization 2007

glucose-6-P 1216


glucose transporter disorders 1913

�-glucosidase gene mutations 1217

�-1,4-glucosyl residues 1216

glue sniffing 1105, 1832, 1836

GLUT1 mutations 1913

glutamate 8

AD 256

antagonists 67



cochlear innervation 661

excess in brain 436–7

glutamine synthesis 1975



neuronal injury 698

neurotoxicity 7, 9

neurotransmitter system and alcohol

action 440, 441

pathways and phencyclidine 439, 440

pharyngeal swallowing 800

reduction of extracellular 66

schizophrenia 379

spinal nociceptive transmission 878



toxicity 437

glutamate re-uptake transporter protein

1869

glutamate receptors (GluR) 59, 698–9, 878



manipulation 66, 68–9

metabotropic 69

overactivation 63

glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies

1084

glutamine


repeats 1900

synthesis 1975

glutamine synthetase 1975

glutaric aciduria type I 574


glutathione 1613

glutethimide overdose 1831

glyceryltrierucate 1636

glyceryltrioleate 1636

glycine receptor mutation 528

glycogen 1207

depletion in fatigue 1209–10

metabolism 1215

disorders 1214, 1215, 1216–18

oxidation 1207

glycogen debrancher deficiency 1209,

1214, 1217–18

glycogen synthase kinase 1436

glycogenolysis, anaerobic 1207, 1211–12

glycogenosis 1208

exercise intolerance 1214, 1216–17

fixed weakness 1217–18

myoglobinuria 1214, 1216–17

type V 1213

glycolysis 1215

glycoprotein disorder, carbohydrate-

deficient 575

glycosylation, congenital disorders 1919

GM1 antibodies 1118

GM1 gangliosides 1120

GM2 gangliosides

accumulation 1914


GM2 gangliosidosis

infantile 1914


see also Tay–Sachs disease

GMD2B gene 1169

Gnathostoma spinigerum

(gnathostomosis) 1751

goal-directed behaviour, memory-guided

434

Golgi-tendon organs 874

gonadotrophin, iatrogenic CJD 1717

gonadotrophin-releasing hormone

(GnRH) 854

long-acting analogues 855

gp120 envelope glycoprotein 1694

GQ1b antibodies 1120

gracile tract degeneration of AIDS 1082

Gradenigo’s syndrome 651, 670

Graefe’s sign 2034

graft-vs.-host disease 2088

Gram-negative bacilli, meningitis 1730

Gram-negative bacteria

brain abscess 1737


Gram-negative organism endotoxins 1732

Gram-positive organism cell walls 1732

granuloma

cell types 1560–1

formation 1561

non-caseating Fig. 95.3

granulomatous angiitis 1547

granulovacuolar degeneration 238

grasping

deficits of phase 469

observation 472

praxis 469

Graves’ disease 2034

exophthalmic 1176

2130 Index






grey matter

brain aging 200

cortical in AD 254


2053

grey/white matter junction, brain

metastases 1463

Grb2 protein 1435

growth associated proteins

GAP-23 93

GAP-43 85, 92–3

growth cone

antibodies to inhibitory molecules 95

chemorepellants 91

lamellipodium 90


growth factors 67

apoptosis 70–1

glia 1593–4

neurons 1593–4

transplantation of cells secreting in


tyrosine kinase receptor binding 1435–6

growth hormone (GH) 854–5

deficiency 862–3

adults 863–4

deficiency in children 863

long-term therapy 864


secretion 859

growth hormone-releasing hormone

(GHRH) 855

growth inhibitors, neuron-associated 91

Gs-proteins 436

GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) 536, 574

Guadeloupe (French West Indies),


incidence 494

guanfacine 561

cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)

847




alcoholic neuropathy differential

diagnosis 1824

antecedent events 1110



arsenic neuropathy differential

diagnosis 1104




botulism differential diagnosis 1158

Campylobacter jejuni 1519






compound muscle action potentials

1111

conduction block 1078, 1111

critical illness polyneuropathy



demyelination 1112–13

diagnosis 1110

electrodiagnostic studies 1111–12

Haemophilus influenzae 1519

heroin use 1836

hexacarbon neuropathy differential

diagnosis 1105

infection 1513



Miller–Fisher variant 653, 1111, 1113


molecular mimicry 1113, 1514


with ophthalmoplegia 1113


plasmapheresis 1114

recurrence 1112




treatment 1113–14


vaccine association 1110, 1112

variants 1111

viral association 1678, 1679

viral hepatitis 1100

gumma gummata 1768


gustatory agnosia 614

gustatory cortical regions 612–14

imaging 613

gustatory dysfunction

causes 615–18

disorder classification 614

treatments 615–18

gustatory fibres, afferent 611, 613

gustatory function


imaging 614

gustatory nucleus, peripheral pathways

611–12, 613

gustatory system 610–14

gustatory testing, quantitative 614–15

gustatory transduction 610–11

gut

extrinsic neural pathways 797

function coordination 795

intrinsic neural pathways 797

spinal innervation 795, 796

vagal innervation 795, 796

gynecological neoplasms


1476


1481

gyrus

atrophy in AS 254–5

calcification 2070

dentate 57–8

frontal posterior superior 1324, 1325

parahippocampal 200

supramarginal 321

temporal

posterior superior 1324, 1325

superior 171

see also cingulate gyri; precentral gyrus

Hachinski Ischemic Score (HIS) 245

Haemophilus influenzae


immunization 1729



Haemophilus influenzae type b

vaccination 1735

hair, curly 1133

hair cells 658, 660

inner/outer 660, 661

outer 661

Hallervorden–Spatz disease 269, 1919



hallucinations

gustative 1260

hypnagogic 824

olfactory 1260

poststroke 1379–80


Index 2131







haloperidol




management 2086

tic disorders 561

halothane, ryanodine receptor mutation

15

Haltia–Santavouri disease 1917

hamartin 2068

Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-

D) 245, 1376



hand(s)

focal dystonia 534

movement motor vocabulary 472

multifocal myoclonus 525

tremor 517

velocity in ideomotor apraxia 464, 464

and wrist representation loss 455, Fig.

31.8

Hartnup disease 1881, 1883

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis 2037

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease differential

diagnosis 224

head

motion 634

tilt 534

tremor 517

head injury

AD risk 253


423

dementia risk 243

dystonia 535

epilepsy 1253, 1255


1315

hemophiliacs 2052

ICP monitoring 2018


parkinsonism 505






see also brain injury

headache 920

anemia 2044

benign cough 933–4, 942





chronic daily 955–68, 959


hospitalization criteria 963, 964

incomplete/incorrect diagnosis 968

induction by migraine medications

963

pain modulation 961–2


peripheral mechanisms 961


preventive treatment 964–6

prognosis 967–8

psychiatric comorbidity 960

psychophysiologic therapy 963

spontaneous central pain activation

962–3


treatment 963–7

treatment failure 967–8

chronic tension-type 955, 956–7, 960

Achilles tendon pain threshold 962


pericranial muscle disorder 963

pharmacotherapy 964

sensitization 961

cluster 927–31

acute attacks 930



management 929–30

orofacial pain 943

PET 927, Fig. 62.1

preventative treatment 929–30



episodic tension-type 956–7, 957, 959



hemicrania continua 932–3


2074


hypnic 934–5


2027

immunosuppressive neurotoxicity 2086

internal carotid artery dissection 748

intracranial hemorrhage 1392


kindling model 962

new daily persistent 955, 957

pharmacotherapy 964

nitroglycerin-induced 961

OKT3 immunosuppression 2086

overuse syndrome of analgesics 921,

958–9, 963

ambulatory infusion treatment 967





pregnancy 1942

primary stabbing 933

rebound 958–9




931–5

subarachnoid hemorrhage 1345–6,

1393


tension-type 962

transformation 962

see also migraine

health care

evaluation 106

improvements 196

health measurements 105–8

health rating scales

acceptability 108–9

to patients 111–12

administration method 111

appropriate health entity 111

candidate items 113

choosing 111–12

clinical usefulness 111

data quality 108

detection of change 112

development 113

evaluation 108–11

preliminary field test phase 113

reliability 109–10, 112

responsiveness 110

sample appropriateness 112

scaling assumptions 108

spectrum of health measured 112

validity 110, 112

health status concepts, abstract 107

hearing aids 675

2132 Index






hearing disorders, etio-pathogenesis

670–3

hearing loss 663–4

conductive 663, 664

genetic syndromes 671

management 673–4


rehabilitation 674

sensorineural 663–4

Cogan’s syndrome 1583, 1584

surgery 674


heart

brain influence 1962–5

influence on brain 1952–5


see also cardiac entries

heat shock proteins (HSPs) 241

heavy chain diseases 2055–6

Heinz bodies 2049

Helicobacter pylori 911

hyperammonemia 1977

HELLP syndrome 2053

helminths 1751

helodermin 1342

helospectins 1342

helper T (TH) cells 1504, 1505

effector 1505

cytokine synthesis 1509–10

hematological disease

anemia 2044–8

hemoglobinopathies 2048–50

hemorrhagic diathesis 2051–4





thalassemia 2048–50

hematomyelia 720–1, 721

hematopoiesis, extramedullary 2051

heme arginate 1137

heme biosynthesis disruption 1136, 1137

hemi-inattention 332

hemianesthesia 332

hemianopia 622

bitemporal 625

cerebral artery posterior 1355

homonymous 626, 627

residual visual function 627

scan paths 627

hemianopsia 332, 333


hemiballism 1355

hemiconvulsion–hemiparesis–epilepsy

1253

hemicord syndrome 717, 718

see also Brown–Séquard syndrome

hemicrania continua 932–3, 955, 957–8

hemidystonia 534, 535

hemifield slide phenomenon 625

hemimedullary infarction 1352

hemineglect, buccal 615

hemiparesis

anterior choroidal artery occlusion 1348

ataxic 1356

herald 1353

medial medullary infarction 1352

pontine hemorrhage 1358


Sylvian fissure hematoma 1392–3

hemiplegia

cerebral palsy 570, 572–3

childhood 737

denial 339–40

mirror movements 737


see also anosognosia

hemiplegic migraine, familial 6

hemispace 338

hemispherectomy 1320

hemispheres

astrocytoma 1431

asymmetry 340–1

attacks with internal carotid artery

dissection in neck 1346


infarction 1349

information processing speed 336

ischemia 1346

oligodendrogliomas 1432, 1433, 1434

see also left hemisphere; right

hemisphere

hemispherotomy 1320

hemodialysis

chronic renal failure 1100, 1989, 1990

hyperammonemia 1977



hemodynamic/electrodynamic measures


hemofiltration 1998

hemoglobin 2044, 2048–9

heterozygous states 2050

sickle 2049

hemoglobin A 2048–9

hemoglobin F 2049

hemoglobin S 1944

disease 2049–50

hemoglobinopathies 1944, 2048–50

hemolytic anemia, elevated liver function

tests, low platelets see HELLP

syndrome

hemolytic uremic syndrome 2053

hemophilia 2051–2

central nervous system complications

2051–2

head injury 2052


complications 2051

hemophilia A 6

hemorrhagic disease of the newborn 2054

hemosiderin, subarachnoid deposition

739

Henoch–Schönlein purpura 2054

heparan sulfate endoglycosidase 1655

heparin


deep vein thrombosis prevention 1368

heparinoids 1366

hepatic coma

fulminant 1970, 1971


hepatic disorders

neuropathy 1100–1

see also liver disease; liver

transplantation

hepatic encephalopathy 1970

chronic 1970–3

coma 1972

impaired consciousness 1972


neurobehavioural disorders 1971

ocular motility 1973

seizures 1972

speech disturbance 1972–3

fulminant 1971


gut-derived toxins 1975–6


intermittent 1973



portal–systemic 1977

subclinical 1971, 1973

syndromes 1970–4

synergism 1976

Index 2133






hepatic failure, fulminant 2025


hepatitis

infectious 1833


hepatitis A 1679

hepatitis B

Guillain–Barré syndrome 1679,

2088


hepatitis C 1579–80

hepatocerebral degeneration, acquired

1971, 1973–4

cognitive dysfunction 1973–4

motor disorders 1974

hepatolenticular degeneration see Wilson’s

disease

hepatopathy

benign of infancy/childhood 1217


HER-2 allele overexpression 11

Herceptin 11

hereditary ataxias 1880–92



cerebellar 1886–7

degenerative 1885–6

enzyme defects 1880–3

episodic 6, 37, 1891


metabolic 1880–3

diagnosis 1882

genetics 1881

intermittent 1880–2

progressive 1880, 1881, 1882–3

mitochondrial function defects 1880,

1891–2

mode of inheritance 1880

progressive

defective DNA repair association

1883–4

degenerative 1880

recessive 1887


X-linked 1880, 1891

see also spinocerebellar ataxia

hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with

amyloidosis 1408

hereditary coagulopathies 1919



stroke (HERNS) 1411


1409, 2053–4, 2073–5

genetics 2074–5

hereditary motor and sensory


hereditary ataxia differential diagnosis

1887

inherited with multisystem involvement

1133–5

Lom 1130–1

treatment 1134–5

hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy 1129,

1132

hereditary neuropathies 1129–41

with focally folded myelin 1130, 1131

with liability to pressure palsies 1129,

1132

hereditary olivo-pontocerebellar atrophy

1887

hereditary sensory neuropathy 1132–3


Hering’s law 638

heritability 16

AD 22


herniation syndromes 1385, 1440

brain tumours 1440

heroin 1827–8

addiction 442

cocaine combination 437

contaminant causing parkinsonism 480

fetal effects 1835


myelopathy 1834

with quinine 1836

stroke 1834

vapor smoking 1836

violent crime 1833

herpes simplex encephalitis 1287,

1669–71

epilepsy 1253

imaging 1670–1

laboratory findings 1670

mortality rate 1671

neonatal 1666

onset 1670




treatment 1671

herpes simplex type I 1240

herpes simplex virus (HSV)



infection spread 1660


herpes zoster

ophthalmicus 1678


oticus see Ramsay–Hunt syndrome


Heschl’s gyrus 662

heterotopic nodules 186

heterozygous states, complex

combinations 2050

hexacarbons, neuropathy 1104–5

hexamethonium 774

n-hexane

neuropathy 1104–5

parkinsonism 504

hexosaminidases 1914–15

HHT gene mutations 1409

HHT1 and HHT2 genes 2074–5

high density lipoprotein (HDL) deficiency

1139

highly active antiretroviral therapy

(HAART) 1683, 1689

discontinuing 1690

long-term effects 1689



leukencephalopathy 1702

treatment interruption 1689, 1690

Hilbert transform 168


hippocampus

astrocytes 1330

atrophy 1289

CA1 region 83

CA2-3 regions 271–2

epilepsy 1233, 1235


Lewy neurites 271–2

major pathways 305

memory 200

storage 83

mossy fiber sprouting 85

MRI 1288–9, 1317

quantitative assessment 1289

neurogenesis 1330

NMDA receptors 84

resection 1318–19

schizophrenia 377

sclerosis 245, 1288–9

2134 Index






in epilepsy 1253, 1260


volumetry 1289

Hirano bodies 238

Hirschsprung’s disease 792

histologically defined angiitis of the CNS

(HDACNS) 1547–8, 1548–9

HIV infection 3

antiretroviral agent neuropathy 1103

antiretroviral therapy 1688–90

biology 1683–8

CD4 counts 1688, 1689–90

chemokine receptors 1685–6

CNS opportunistic infections 1698–704

dementia 1688, 1690–6

adjunctive therapy 1696

astrocytes 1693–4, 1695


CSF abnormalities 1692


imaging 1692–3, 1694

inflammatory mediators 1694

misdiagnosis 1692

pathophysiology 1693–4, 1695

pediatric 1691

prevalence 1691

treatment 1695–6

distal sensory polyneuropathy 1697,

Fig. 103.13, Fig. 103.14

drug abuse 1834

encephalopathy 1690–6

epidemiology 1683

epilepsy 1253




haplotype 25

immune system augmentation 1690



myopathy 1177–8


1685

incidence 1684


neuropathic pain 1697, 1698

neurosyphilis 1773, 1774–5

new-onset mania 1692

peripheral nerve damage 1677


provirus 1686–7

replication 1660

sensory neuropathies 1688, 1690, 1697,

Fig. 103.13

treatment 1698

T cell CD4 receptor 1685

tabes dorsalis 1773

toxoplasmosis 1657

tuberculoma 1784

tuberculosis 1777, 1778, 1782–3

vacuolar myelopathy 722, 1696

viremia 1688

wasting syndrome 1178, 1683

see also AIDS; human

immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

HLA-B8 allele 25, 1149

HLA B27 739

HLA-DQ6 1599

HLA-DQB1 0602 823

HLA-DR2 see HLA-DR15 allele

HLA-DR3 allele 25

HLA-DR4 1761

HLA-DR15 allele 1599

multiple sclerosis association 22, 1606,

1607

HLA Drw3 1149

HMGCoA reductase inhibitors

dementia effect 242

myotonia 1191

Hodgkin’s disease


CNS vasculitis 1548


1476

radiation-induced lower motor neurone

syndrome 1495

Holmes–Adie pupil 792

Holmes–Adie syndrome 773, 775

holocarboxylase synthetase (HLCS) gene

1882

holoprosencephaly 55, 178


homocarnosine 155–6

homocysteine 1413, 2046–7

cerebrovascular disease risk 1420

homocystinuria 25, 1919

aneurysms 1393

management 1413

stroke 1413

homovanillic acid, dystonia 537

Hopkins Motor and Vocal Tic Scale 553

horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex 637

hormonal manipulation 922


Horner’s syndrome 651, 718



face 773


internal carotid artery dissection in

neck 1346, 1347



1355

horror autotoxicus 1513

HOXA1 gene 411

HSP 70 241

5-HT1A serotonin receptor subtype 66

HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (HAM)

1710

HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical

spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP)

1710, 1711



histology 1712–13

spinal cord abnormalities 1712–13

treatment 1713

human genome 18, 20

Human Genome Project 5

human granulocytic erhlichiosis 1763

human growth hormone (hGH)

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease transmission

223

iatrogenic CJD 1717




Kaposi’s sarcoma 1561, 1703

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

1683–6

clinical latency 1688

genes 1687–8

HIV-1 1684

drug resistant strains 1689

peripheral nerve disorders 1696–8

replication 1688

HIV-2 1684–5

life cycle 1686–8

plasma RNA levels 1688, 1689

replication 1688

reverse transcription 1688

structure 1686–8

virions 1687

release 1688


Index 2135






human leukocyte antigens (HLA)

neurosarcoidosis association 1561–2

see also individual HLAs

human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)

drug abuse 1834

myelopathy 722–3

type 1 (HTLV-1) 1710

CTL response 1711


replication 1710

transmission 1710


humoral immune response to viral

infection 1660

Hunter syndrome 1918

huntingtin gene 7, 35, 1899

mouse models 1904

mutant proteins 214

mutations 14

neuronal inclusion bodies 1901


transcription abnormalities 1906


huntingtin protein

amyloid-like fibrils 1903

glutamine repeat 1903


localization of mutant 1903–4

proteolytic cleavage 1905



age of onset 1899–900

animal models 1901–2, 1904–5

inducible 1905

anticipation 32, 34, 1899

apo-E allele 22


CAG repeats 1898–900


caspase inhibitors 1907

cell models 1903–4

chorea 1896–7




death 1896

depression 1897, 1906


dystrophic neurites in brain 1901

emotional disorders 1897–8, 1906–7

epilepsy 1255

familial 222

fetal striatal cell transplantation 1907

genetics 1898–900

growth factor-secreting cell


incidence 211

juvenile 574, 1919

mitochondrial dysfunction 40, 1902

motor impairment 1896–7

neural xenotransplantation 704

neurodegeneration rating scale 1900,

1901

neuronal inclusion bodies 1901, 1902,

1905, Fig.118.3


neuronal loss 1900

neuropathology 1900–1, Fig. 118.2–3

neurotoxic models 1901–2

obsessive–compulsive disorder 1897–8,

1906–7


onset 1896, 1897


pathogenesis 1900, 1902

penetrance 1899

polyglutamine aggregation 1905, 1907

polyglutamine pathogenesis models

1905–6




strategic declarative memory deficit 310

striatal cell xenograft transplantation 95

survival 1896, 1897



treatment 1906–7

trinucleotide repeat expansions 34–5, 42

triplet repeat mechanism 6, 14, 1898

Westphal’s variant 505

Huntington’s disease-like disorders 1898

Hurler syndrome 1918

Hutchinson–Gilford syndrome 2075–6

hybrid depth electrodes 1326, 1327, 1328

hydralazine 1103

hydrocephalus 729


communicating

brain tumours 1440


CSF removal 2022

cysticercosis 1746, 1749



normal pressure 2025–7

CSF pressure monitoring 2027

dementia 2026


diagnosis 269

obstructive 1386, 2022, 2023, 2024




progressive 734



ventricular shunting 1749

hydrogen ions 1235

hydromyelia 729

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA

reductase inhibitors see HMGCoA

reductase inhibitors

3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase

deficiencies 1220

hydroxychloroquine 1565, 1566

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)


bulimia nervosa 812

4-hydroxynonenal 1870

hydroxyquinolones, halogenated 624

5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

agonists 67

partial in poststroke anxiety disorder

1378

allodynia with muscular face pain 951


426–7

brain aging 198

CRH stimulation 854

eating disorder neurobiology 811–12



receptors 368

antagonists 922

cocaine reward 437

schizophrenia 379


polymorphism 811

see also serotonin hypothesis;

serotoninergic entries

5-hydroxytryptamine1B/1D (5-HT1B/1D)

receptor agonists 923

1,25-hydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)D) 2005

hyperactivity 422–4

hyperacusis 664–5

2136 Index






hyperadrenalism 2038–9

hyperaldosteronism 2039

hypomagnesemia 2008

hyperalimentation 2010


hyperarousal, psychophysiological 822

hyperbilirubinemia 574


hypercapnia

sleep apnea 822

vasodilatory response 1339–40


hypercholesterolemia 2084


blood vessel abnormalities 2059

malignancy 2058

nephrotic syndrome 2059


pregnancy 2058–9

primary 2057–8


rheological abnormalities 2059

secondary 2058–9

hypercortisolism 860, 2039

hyperekplexia 527–8

hypereosinophilic syndrome 1175

hyperesthesia

cutaneous 715

spinal cord syndromes 717

hyperglycemia


diabetic polyneuropathy 1098

hyponatremia 868

nerve growth factors 1098


hyperhidrosis 773, 792

botulinum toxin 779

essential 775, 779

malodorous 858

percutaneous endoscopic

sympathectomy 779



hyperlipidemia 1093


hypomagnesemia treatment 2009

hypernatremia 2000–2

CNS complications 2001–2

hyperosmia 597, 605

hyperosmolality 2000–1

hyperparathyroidism

cerebral symptoms 2038

hypercalcemia 2004

neck pain 749


neuromuscular disease 2038


primary 2038

secondary 1996, 1997, 2038

spinal symptoms 2038

hyperpathia, cutaneous 715

hyperpolarization

calcium-activated potassium 1230

epilepsy 1236

hyperprolactinemia 856–8

causes 857, 858

hypersexuality, sexual dysfunction 843–4

hypersomnolence 1282

hypertension

accelerated with hypertensive

encephalopathy 1988


aneurysms 1397

autoregulation 1339

benign intracranial 1980



encephalopathy 1947


1356

pre-eclampsia 1946

hyperthermia 1368

hyperthyroid neuropathy 2034

hyperthyroidism 1175–6, 2033–5

autoimmune 2034

movement disorders 2033–4

myasthenia gravis 1151, 2034–5

myopathy 2035


periodic paralysis 2035

hyperventilation, raised intracranial

pressure 2020

hyperviscosity syndrome 2055

Hypervolemic Hemodilution Treatment of

Acute Stroke Trial 1368

hypoadrenalism 2039

hypobetalipoproteinemia, familial 1140


epilepsy 1255

hypomagnesemia 2008

magnesium deficiency 2007

management 2007

hypochondriasis in obsessive–compulsive

disorder


spectrum 395

hypocretins 823

hypofrontality, schizophrenia 379–80

hypogeusia 614

hypoglossal motor nucleus 800

hypoglossal nerve 1867

hypoglycemia


loss of awareness 1282

hypogonadism, suspected secondary 864

hypokalemia 2011

bulimia nervosa 811

myopathy 1177

hypokinesia, directional 333, 338




hypomelanotic macules 2065, 2066

hypomyelination, congenital 1132


aneurysms 1397




epilepsy 1255

management 2003–4



SIADH differential diagnosis 867–8

water restriction 2004

hypoparathyroidism 2006, 2038

management 2007


hypophysial artery

inferior 854

superior 853

hypophysial–portal system 853

hypophysitis, lymphocytic 861

hypopituitarism 856, 862–5

diagnosis 863

prevention 865


hyposmia 597

causes 600

hypotension

intraoperative in cardiac surgery 1959

orthostatic 775–6, 777, 778


decrease in acute ischemic stroke

1367

dysautonomia 780

Index 2137






hypotension (cont.)

reflex cerebral vasodilatation 1387

hypothalamic astrocytoma 861

childhood 1454–6

hypothalamic chorioepithelioma 861

hypothalamic ependymoma 861


hypothalamic germinoma 861


hypothalamic glioma 861, 1454–6

hypothalamic hamartoma 861


radiosurgery 1321

hypothalamic neurofibroma 861

hypothalamic releasing/inhibiting factors

853

hypothalamic teratoma 855

hypothalamic–pituitary unit disorders 855

hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis 367,

368, 854

hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis 854

hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis 854

hypothalamus


brain death 351

damage 2001

dysfunction in cluster headache 927,

Fig. 62.1


grey matter Fig. 62.1

hypocretin gene expression 823

lateral and nucleus acumbens

projections 433

metastases 861

nociceptive neurons 890


797

REM sleep 821


suprachiasmatic nucleus 819

swallowing 801


circulation 1342

waking state 817

hypothermia 1368


hypothyroidism 1175, 1176


cerebral symptoms 2035–6

cranial nerve abnormalities 2036

cretinism 2037

dementia 20

EEG 2036

gait ataxia 2036

muscle enlargement 2036


myopathy 1176, 2036–7



peripheral nerve disorders 2037

primary 863

seizures 2036




hypoxia

status epilepticus 1272, 1273

tumour cells 1439

vasodilatory stimulus for cerebral

vasculature 1340

hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1439

hypoxic event, myoclonus 526


hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy 1253

hypoxic–ischemic insult


fetal 181



polymicrogyria 188

hypsarrhythmia 1287

hysterectomy



ibuprofen


shingle pain 1678

ICD-10

AD 259

autism 407

ictal urinary urge 834

ifenprodil 68

illusory visual spread, palinopsia 630

imaging 4–5

functional 81, 131–43


radioactive tracers 132–5

gene expression 135

see also spectroscopic imaging

imipramine


pain control 912

immune cell trafficking 1515–16

immune deviation 1541

immune disorders, synaptic transmission

1520

immune function of CNS 1654


immune-mediated disorders of nervous

system 1515

immune-mediated neuropathies



immune response

categories 1501

propagation 1596

termination 1511

immune system

adaptive 1502–8

augmentation in HIV infection 1690

innate 1501–2, 1509

immune therapies for PANDAS 561

immunization and autism 409, 411

immunoadsorption, selective 1540

immunoglobulin(s) 1502–3

immunoglobulin, intravenous 2052–3




laboratory tests 1539

mode of action 1539

multifocal motor neuropathy 1118



polymyositis 1172



immunoglobulin A (IgA)


epilepsy 1239


immunoglobulin E (IgE) 1883

immunoglobulin G (IgG)

antineuronal antibodies 1570


immunoglobulin M (IgM) 2055

paraproteinemia 1119–20

paraproteins of non-MAG specificity

1120

immunologic ignorance 1512

immunological synapse 1542, 1543

immunologically mediated disease 1663

immunomodulatory agents 1534–40

immunomodulatory procedures, invasive

1540–1

2138 Index






immunophilin-binding agents 1532–3

see also cyclosporin A; sirolimus;

tacrolimus

immunosuppression


polyradiculoneuropathy 1117,

1118

HIV infection 1688

JC virus 1675



polymyositis 1172

seizures 1240

immunosuppressive agents 1530–4



neurotoxicity in organ transplantation

2082, 2083–6


management 2086

immunotherapy

biotechnological agents 1541, 1542



diagnosis establishment 1527

disease heterogeneity 1527–8

effectiveness 1527

future developments 1541–3


immunosuppression 1530–4



patient compliance 1527

phase-specific 1528–9

principles 1527–30

selective antigen-specific 1542


T-cell receptor targeting 1542

tolerance 1527

impact/impulsive loading in traumatic

brain injury 1799

implantable pulse generator (IPG) 842

inattention

contralateral 334



tests 331–2

unilateral 334, 335–6


incidence of disease 123

incidentaloma, pituitary 861

inclusion bodies

Huntington’s disease 35, 1901, 1902,

Fig.118.3

motor neuron disease 1868, 1871, Fig.

116.5

inclusion body myositis 41, 1174–5, Fig.

70.11

Index of Activities of Daily Living (IADL)

244

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

(USA) 576

indomethacin 957, 958

industrial chemicals 605

infant Hercules appearance 2036

infants

autism 411

brain death 354

brain tumours 1457–8

infection


amoebal 1657

CNS


after organ transplantation 2086–7

host responses 1651–7

infectious pathogens 1656–7

inflammatory cell function regulation

1656



TNF-� 1657

drug abuse 1833–4

epilepsy 1253



nosocomial and acute ischemic stroke

1368



parasitic 1657





1999

systemic 3


TORCH 572


see also bacterial infection; brain,

abscess; endocarditis; fungal

infections of CNS; viral infection

inflammation

local 881

mediators in oligodendrocyte sensitivity

1598


neurogenic 877

neuroprotection 1520–1, 1529–30


inflammatory bowel disease 1979–81




peripheral nervous system 1980


therapeutic complications 1980

inflammatory brain disease


etiology 1599

inflammatory cells

function regulation in CNS 1656

perivenular 1595

inflammatory demyelinating


acute (AIDP) 1111, 1113

chronic (CIDP) 1114–18, 1134, 1514


course 1114–15

definition 1114

diagnosis 1114


intravenous immunoglobulin 1116,

1117


plasma exchange 1116, 1117

prevalence 1114–15

prognosis 1114–15

treatment 1116, 1117–18




low back pain 762

peripheral 880

inflammatory mediators 1509–11

HIV dementia 1694


reduction 880

inflammatory response, multiprotein in

AD 9

influenza 1677

information

learning 202

processing 10

retrieval 200

Index 2139






inhalants 1832


inhibition

enhancement 1232

epilepsy 1229, 1230–3

GABA 1231

inhibitor neutralizing antibody (IN-1) 701


inhibitory basket cells 1232

inhibitory burst cells 634–5

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)

GABA-A receptor mediated 1232

slow 1230


INK4 cdk inhibitors 1438

innominate artery occlusion/stenosis

1349

inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) 1436


insomnia 816, 821


fatal sporadic 219

long term 822–3

primary 822–3


short term 822

treatment 822–3



insula 321


swallowing 801

insulin

autonomic failure in diabetes mellitus

786, 787

deficiency 229

tolerance test 864

insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) 257

insulin-like growth factor (IGF)



insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) 854–5,

1594

apoptosis 70–1


recombinant human 1875–6

insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) 1594

�-integrins 71

integrinv3 1439

intelligence, brain aging 204

intention defects, neglect 331

interests, fixed/unusual in autism 408

interferon(s)



immunomodulatory action 1534–7

types I and II 1535




trials 1542


side effects 1537

signalling induction 1536

viral clearance from CNS 1656


administration route 1537

compliance 1537


multiple sclerosis 1534, 1536, 1537,

1541–2, 1628–9

contraindication in pregnancy 1948



recombinant preparations 1534

side effects 1536

teratogenicity 1536–7

interferon � (IFN�) 1504, 1505

helper T cell synthesis 1509



macrophage activation 1508

interictal activity in epilepsy 1236


bacterial CNS infection 1657


inflammatory response 1732

interleukin 1 (IL-1) converting enzyme 70

interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra)

71

interleukin 1� (IL-1�) 65



1690

release by macrophages 1599







1690

internal capsule


hemorrhage 1357


angiogram 1551

bifurcation aneurysms 1394

dissection

neck 1346–7

neck pain 748

occlusion

intracranial 1347

neck 1346–7

proximal 1394

stenosis 1346–7

International Association for the Study of

Pain (IASP) 906

pain definition 939

International Headache Society (IHS) 920


cluster headache diagnostic criteria

927, 928

idiopathic jabbing headache 933

orofacial pain classification 939

International Stroke Trial 1366, 1367

interneurons, segmental inhibitory 874

internuclear ophthalmoplegia 635


interstitial keratitis 1583–4

interstitial nucleus of Cajal 635

eccentric gaze after vertical saccade 637

intervertebral discs see disc(s)


intracarotid amobarbital testing (IAT) 139


intracellular adhesion molecule(s)

(ICAMs) 1595, 1596


intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-

1) 1516


intracellular signal transduction cascades

82

intracerebral hematoma 1799



biochemical effects 1385–6

blood volume 1389

brain edema 1389



cerebral edema 1385


complications 1386

diagnosis 1386–7

2140 Index






epidemiology 1383

hematoma surgical evacuation 1387–8

hypertensive 1386

imaging 1386–7

inattention 334




lobar hemorrhage 1384

medical therapy 1387

neurological damage mechanisms

1385–6

neuronal injury 1389

obstructive hydrocephalus 1386, 1388

prognosis 1389

putaminal hemorrhage 1384

stroke 1346

syndromes 1357–9

thalamic hemorrhage 1384

thrombolysis 1388–9

treatment 1387–8

vasogenic edema 1385, 1386

ventricular system 1388

intracranial aneurysms 1393, 1394, 2072,

2073

berry 2000

intracranial angioma 2068

intracranial blood flow cessation 354, 355

intracranial calcification 2070

intracranial elastance 2016–17

intracranial hemorrhage

headache 1392

hemophilia 2051–2

olfactory epithelium degeneration 603

thrombocytopenia 2052

intracranial hypertension, benign 2027–8

intracranial hypertension, idiopathic

2027–8


surgery 2028

intracranial hypertension syndrome, age-

related 1758



intracranial neoplasms 942

intracranial physiology 2016–17

intracranial pressure 2016–28

A-waves 2018–19

B-waves 2019

brain death 350

brain injury 1797–8, 1799, 2016

C-waves 2019

chronic disorders 2025–8

compressive 2019

control 2025

diffuse 2019

disorders 2016, 2019–28

fluid-coupled 2017–18

indications for monitoring 2018

interpretation 2018–19

lowering 1798

lumbar catheters 2017–18

measurement 2017–18

monitoring 1797, 2017–19, 2025

outcome 2025

pressure wave 2016–17

solid-state systems 2018

waveforms 2018–19

intracranial pressure, raised

aggravating factors 2024

B-waves 2025




brain tumours 1440

cerebral perfusion pressure reduction

1385


cranial vault decompression 2023

CSF volume reduction 2022–3, 2024

drowning 2025

endotracheal intubation 2020

fulminant hepatic failure 2025

head positioning 2020

hyperglycemia 2021

hyperosmolar therapy 2021–2

hyperventilation 2020

initiating factors 2024



ischemic encephalopathy 1385

management 2020–3, 2024

medical 2020–2

surgical 2022–3, 2024

medulloblastoma 1450

metabolic suppression 2022

normal pressure hydrocephalus 2025–7

primitive neuroectodermal tumour

1450



intracranial territory

distal infarction 1354–6

middle 1353–4

proximal 1350–3

infarction 1352–3

intracranial tumour, cervical

radiculopathy 743

intramedullary astrocytoma 723

intramedullary ependymoma 723


intraparietal sulcus lesions 469

intraspinal therapy, long-term 917

intrathymic deletion 1513

intravascular tracers 131

intraventricular catheter 2022, 2024

hydrocephalus drainage 1386


ion channels 6–7

nociception 875–7, Fig. 58.5

tetrodotoxin resistant/sensitive 876

ipsaparone 829

iris hamartoma 2062, 2063

iron

deposits in Friedreich’s ataxia 1887

ferrous accumulation 241

irregular sleep–wake pattern syndrome

825

irritable bowel syndrome 805

Isaacs syndrome see neuromyotonia

isoniazid


sensory–motor polyneuropathy 1102–3

tuberculosis 1701, 1784–5, 1786

isovaleric acidemia 1881

IT15 34–5

Item Response Theory 114

Ixodes 1755–6


Ixodes ricinus 1754

Jacobsen’s syndrome 34


Jagged protein 56

Japanese B encephalitis 504

vaccine 1671

Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction 1774

jaw trauma 616

JC virus 1675



jerks

brainstem myoclonus 528, 529

nystagmus 644


reflex 528

Index 2141






jet lag 824–5

jitter 1990

Joffroy’s sign 2034

Joubert’s syndrome 575

kainate 62

receptors 68, 878

Kaposi’s sarcoma 1703

human herpes virus 8 1561

Kayser–Fleischer rings 505, 1882, 1979

KCNA1 gene mutation 1891

Kearns–Sayre syndrome 1891, 1925


Kennedy’s disease see spinobulbar

muscular atrophy

keratoconjunctivitis sicca 1575

kernicterus 574

Kernohan’s notch 1440, 2019

ketamine


topical 915

ketoaciduria, intermittent branched-

chain 1881

ketoconazole 860

ketogenic diet 1913

�-ketoglutaric dehydrogenase 1822

ketoprofen 966

khat 1829

kidneys see polycystic kidney disease;

renal disease; renal failure; renal

transplantation; von


disease

kinases 82

synaptic plasticity 83

Kleine–Levin syndrome 811

KLH1 gene 45

Klippel–Feil syndrome 734–5, 736, 737

atlantoaxial instability 732



craniosynostosis 730

extravertebral anomalies 735

inheritance 735


Kocher–Debré–Semélaigné syndrome

1176, 2036

Koch’s postulates 118–19

Koenen tumours 1266

Kojewnikow syndrome 1259

Korsakoff’s amnestic syndrome 306,

1822–3

cortical blindness 627



Krabbe disease 1138, 1919

see also leukodystrophies, globoid-cell

Kraepelin, Emil 253

krait snake bites 1155

Krebs–Henseleit cycle 1975

kuru 218, 222, 1716, 1717



kynurenic acid 1734

kyphoscoliosis 730

Riley–Day syndrome 1133

kyphosis 729

acquired 729

bracing 730

L-dopa see levodopa

L-selectin 1516

labetalol 1387

labyrinthectomy 674

postural normalization 682

labyrinthine dysfunction 680

lactate dehydrogenase deficiency 1217

lactate metabolism disorders 1881

lactic acid 1207, 1209

lactic acidosis 1223

resting 1932

lactic dehydrogenase 1213

lacunes 454

Lafora’s disease 1919

investigations 1297


1266, 1296

Lambert–Eaton-like syndrome, congenital

1159


1093, 1144, 1157–8




attack 1520, 1521

paraneoplastic 1484

small-cell lung cancer 1474


proteins 1520

Lambl’s excrescences 1955

lamin proteins 1170

laminin 1168

lamivudine

HTLV-1 1713


lamotrigine





LAMP-2 mutations 1217

Lance–Adams syndrome 1255

Landau–Kleffner syndrome 1240, 1267


language

abnormalities in multiple sclerosis 1608

acquired disorders 317–26

AD 254


425

autism 411

basal temporal area 322

bedside examination 319–20

function

brain aging 203–4

microelectrode recordings of cortex

171–2

laterality and functional MRI 139

left hemisphere system 320


localization 1322

neural basis 322–5


Wada testing of laterality 1316

Wernicke–Geschwind model of

anatomy 322

see also aphasia; speech

laryngeal nerve, superior 799

larynx, swallowing 798

Lasegue’s sign 1084


late hyperpolarizing potentials (LHPs)

1230

lateral lemniscus 661–2

lateral medullary syndrome see

Wallenberg’s syndrome

lateral sclerosis, primary 1482, 1863, 1864

laterocollis 534

lathyrism 725

latrotoxin 1159

Lazarus sign 352

lead poisoning


423

children 1988

encephalitis 1806

2142 Index






encephalopathy 1832

neuropathy 1093

neurotoxicity 1805–7, 1807

children 1806


palsy 1805

learning

autism 415, 416

long-term potentiation 301, 302

neurotransmitter release 301



Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy

(atrophy) 6, 624, 1622, 1924, 1928

leflunomide 2083

left hemisphere

damage 341

dominance in praxis 466–7

inattention 340

infarction 1375

language system 320

rehabilitation 341


1373, 1374

Leigh-like syndrome 1929

Leigh’s syndrome 1891, 1926, 1929


diagnosis 2010

morphological changes in muscle 1932

Lennox–Gastaut syndrome 1263–4, 1265

atypical absence status 1276

EEG 1287


tonic–atonic seizures 1238

lenticulostriate territory, deep 1347

lentivirus 1683, 1684

properties 1685

leprosy 3

leptin, eating disorders 812–13

leptomeningeal angioma 2068–9

leptomeninges 1548, 1551

leptomeningitis, tuberculous 1778–9

leukemia

acute lymphoblastic (ALL) 1491

adult T-cell 1710–11

chronic myeloid (CML) 11

leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) 1594

leukocyte adhesion inhibitor 67



leukocytes

endothelial cell tight junctions 1655

inflammatory demyelination 1519

local control by brain 1656


matrix metalloproteinase secretion

1516

migration 1516

rolling 1516

tethering 1516

leukodystrophies 1633, 1634



globoid-cell 1638–40

animal models 1639


diagnosis 1639

gene defect 1638

gene therapy 1639–40



treatment 1639–40

leukoencephalopathy 1645

metachromatic 1137–8, 1636–8


carriers 1638


diagnosis 1637–8

gene defect 1637

gene therapy 1638

infantile/juvenile 1637






progressive white matter destruction

1914

Sjögren Larsson syndrome 1644




see also adrenoleukodystrophy, X-

linked; cerebrotendinous

xanthomatosis

leukoencephalitis, acute hemorrhagic

1674

leukoencephalopathy


necrotizing 1492

with polyol metabolism disturbance

1645

progressive multifocal 1675–6, 2087

vanishing white matter 1645

leukotrienes 1508

levetiracetam 913

levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) 439

levodopa 210

cerebral palsy 576


dystonia 540



neurotoxicity 482

orthostatic hypertension 787, 790


PD 482–3


rest tremor 516


side-effects 483

Lewy bodies 214, 215, 267, 270–1, Fig. 18.2

antigens 270


intracellular 228

Lewy body dementia 270–1, 273, 479,

Fig. 18.2

PD 221, 479

�-synuclein 275–6, 277

ubiquitin 240

Lewy body dementia 20, 221, 267–77, 476,

477, 503

Alzheimer changes 272, 274

amyloid plaques 272


behavioural symptom treatment 270


clinical management 270

clinico-pathological correlations 273

cognitive decline 268

cognitive deficit 503


CSF biochemical markers 269

degenerative 245

depression 269

diagnosis 254, 503


dopaminergic dysfunction 503

epidemiology 124

genetics 269–70

imaging 269, 503

incidence 267

laboratory investigations 269


Lewy bodies 270–1, 273, 479, Fig. 18.2

Lewy body-related pathology 273–4

Index 2143






Lewy body dementia (cont.)


memory deficit 268

mental status fluctuation 268

neurochemical deficit 274


neuroleptic sensitivity 268–9, 270


neurotransmitter deficits 273

parkinsonism 268, 489, 503

pathological features 270–3

prevalence 267

spongiform change 272–3

�-synuclein 240, 274–6

synucleinopathy 503




Lewy body disease, diffuse see Lewy body

dementia


lexicon, brain aging 204

lexipafant, HIV dementia 1696

Lhermitte’s phenomenon 716, 725, 1494


Libman–Sacks endocarditis 2058

lidocaine


creams 1679

dystonia 542


patch 914, 948



Li–Fraumeni syndrome 1449


light, bright 825

lignocaine

patches 881


Likert scales 108

limb


rigidity in corticobasal degeneration

495

see also apraxia(s), limb


limbic leukotomy 398


akinesia 337


depression 369


neglect 334, 335

limited attention theory 336

lingual nerve, surgical injury 617

lingual plaque 614

linkage analysis 17, 18

non-parametric 18–19

linkage disequilibrium 19

lipid disorders 1208

lipid metabolism disorders 1137–40, 1208,

1218–21


hereditary lipoprotein deficiencies

1139–40

myoglobinuria 1218–20

weakness 1220–1

lipidosis 525

sulfatide 1636–8

lipids 1208

lipofuscinosis, neuronal ceroid 525

lipomatosis

epidural 2039

multiple symmetric 1134

lipomyelomeningocele 734

lipoprotein deficiencies, hereditary

1139–40

LIS1 gene locus 183–4, 185

Lisch nodules 2062, 2063

lissencephaly 182–5

cell migration disorders 56

with cerebellar hypoplasia 185

cerebral palsy 575

classical 182–3

cobblestone 187

double cortex/X-linked syndrome

182–3, 184–5

isolated 182, 183–4


type II 187

X-linked 184

Listeria monocytogenes





Listing’s law 646

lithium 367

mechanism of action 368

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 866

lithium carbonate 869


hypnic headache 934–5

litigation, low back pain 766–7

liver disease

cholestatic in children 1101




see also hepatic entries

liver transplantation


familial amyloid polyneuropathy

1135–6

immunosuppressive agents 1976


procedures 1976–7

LMNA1 gene 1170

locomotion


physiology 581–2


locomotor synergies 582

locus coeruleus

adrenergic supply of intraparenchymal

vessels 1343



noradrenaline neurons 817, 818

REM sleep 821

logic, error 120

long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA


long QT syndrome 1965

long-term potentiation (LTP) 301, 302

longitudinal studies, brain aging 196

loop diuretics 2008

lorazepam

absence status 1276


management 2086




lordosis 729

Lorenzo’s oil 1138, 1636

loudness

discomfort levels 664, 665

recruitment 664

lovastatin 1636

low-threshold (LT) neurons 889

lower motor neurone syndrome,


LRPAP1 genetic locus 5

lumbar chiropractic manipulation 917

2144 Index






lumbar disc, herniated 763–4

lumbar discitis 762

lumbar nerves Fig. 47.2

lumbar radiculopathy 1084

lumbar spine, systemic disease in low

back pain 762

lumbar spinal cord, sympathetic efferent

pathways 797

lung

cancer

brain metastases 1463, 1465

paraneoplastic cerebellar

degeneration 1476

disease with tuberous sclerosis complex

2067

see also respiratory dysfunction; small-

cell lung cancer

lupus anticoagulant 1575, 2057–8

luteinizing hormone (LH) 854



animal models 1762

antibiotics 1760

prophylactic 1761

autoreactive antibodies 1762

CD4+ T-cells 1761, 1762

chronic 1760

chronic arthritis 1761–2


congenital infection 1757

CSF abnormalities 1759–60

cytokines 1762

diagnosis 1758–60




late stage infection 1757

neurocognitive function tests 1760


neurotoxins 1762

nitric oxide 1762


prevention 1761

prognosis 1761

prophylactic monovalent vaccine 1761

serology 1759

treatment 1760–1


Lyme encephalopathy 1757–8

Lyme urine antigen tests 1760

lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1

(LFA-1) 1516

lymphocytes

activated 1655

development 1502

retention in CNS during infection

1655–6

see also B cells; T cells

lymphocytoma cutis 1757

lymphoma

B-cell 1576

CNS in transplant recipients 2089, 2090

malignant with amyloid

polyneuropathy 785

metastatic systemic 1704

primary CNS 1703–4, Fig. 103.20

imaging 1703–4

lymphoproliferative disorder, post-

transplant 1999

lymphotoxins 1510

D-lysergic acid dimethylamide (LSD)

1831, 1832

stroke 1835

lysosomal storage disorders 1914–18

glycosaminoglycan metabolism

disorders 1917–18

lipid metabolism defects 1916

M proteins 1119, 1121

McArdle disease 1209, 1211, 1213, 1214,

1216

McCune–Albright syndrome 855

McGregor’s line 732

Machado–Joseph disease see

spinocerebellar ataxia, type 3

(SCA3)

McRae’s line 732

macroglia

death 58–9

lineages 1594–5

myelinating potential 1601

�2-macroglobulin 22


macroglobulinemia 2055


macrophages 1508, 1560–1, 1733

activation 1508

HIV infection 1688


bone-marrow derived 1597


demyelination in Guillain–Barré

syndrome 1112

HIV reservoir 1687

IL-2 release 1599


mycobacterial growth 1657

perivascular 1651

HIV infection 1692, Fig. 103.10


phagocytosis 1654

recruitment in Wallerian degeneration

1080

macula sparing/splitting 626

Madelung’s disease 1134

magnesium

deficiency 2007


elemental 2009

serum levels 2007, 2008, 2009

magnesium ions

ischemia 63

seizures 1235

magnesium sulfate 2009

eclampsia 1947

magnetic fields 160

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 4, 131

anatomical tract tracing method 1323


brain tumours 152, Fig 11.4–11.5

clinical trials 11

diffusion 137

epilepsy 1287–91

functional (fMRI) 4, 131, 135–7, Fig. 1.1


(BOLD) contrast 135, 136–7, 138

brain aging 197, 200, 201

cerebral localization 1322–3

cognitive function

localization/lateralization 1290–1

contrast mechanisms 135, 136


perfusion 136

epilepsy 1290–1

event-related 162


neurological diagnosis/management

138–43

presurgical localization of function

138–9

skilled behaviour acquisition 10

spatial resolution limits 136



perfusion 137

safety 148

Index 2145






magnetic resonance spectroscopy 146,

147, 148–57, Fig. 11.2, Fig. 11.4–11.5

GABA studies in brain 153–6





proton (1H) spectrum 148–50, 1291

safety 148

sensitivity 148

signal localization 150–1

signals 148

single volume 150–1


magnetoencephalography 81, 160


12.1–12.3



epileptic patient evaluation 165





162–3, 164, 165

sequential processing 165

magnocellular reticular nucleus 828

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

1502, 1504

antigen expression during CNS

infection 1654

class II 1508

inhibition by IFN� 1535

copolymer-1 (COP-1) binding 1537–8

mal perforans 1772

malabsorption 2008

malaria 3, 1657

cerebral 1749–50

diagnosis 1750

malignancy

hypercalcemia 2004


pain 915, 916


malignant hyperthermia 14

central core disease 1171

malnutrition



mamillary bodies 306

mamillothalamicus fiber tract 306

mandibuloacral dysplasia 2076

manganese


inhalation 1807–8, 1809


occupational exposure 1808



manganism 1808

mania

anatomy 368–70


treatment 367

manic syndromes 365

mannerisms 552

mannitol



maple syrup urine disease 1912


Marcus Gunn phenomenon 1675


aneurysms 1393


stroke 1411, 1412

Marie’s ataxia 1887

marijuana 439, 1831, 1836

addiction 442


432

fetal effects 1835

intoxication 438



withdrawal 438

Marinesco–Sjögren’s syndrome 1887

mass effect, brain tumours 1440

massage, therapeutic 917

Massion–Verniory disease 1131

matrilysin 1511

matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1439,

1511, 1655




IFN-mediated inhibition 1536


secretion by leukocytes 1516

Matthews Rundle syndrome 1887

Mattis Dementia Rating Scale 244

MCPH gene loci 180

Mdm2 protein 1438, 1439

MDMA see ecstasy

measles


optic neuritis 1674


1675

MECP2 gene 414

defect 1919

medial geniculate body 662

medial longitudinal fasciculus 634, 635,

636

lesions 635, 637–8

oculomotor nerve neurons to abducens

nucleus 647, 648

saccadic innervation 637

medial preoptic area, sexual behaviour

843

medial rectus neurons 647, 648

medial vestibular nucleus 636

medulla

lateral infarction 1350–2

lesions localization 1349

medial infarction 1352

medullary reticular formation 888

medulloblastoma


childhood 1449, 1450–2

infants 1457–8



radiotherapy 1451

surgery 1450

mefenamic acid 966

mefloquine 1750

melanin 1657

melanoma, paraneoplastic retinal

degeneration 1481

melarsoprol 1750

MELAS phenotype mutations 1928

MELAS syndrome 6, 1214, 1266, 1409–10,

1925–6

ataxia 1892


diagnosis 1926

management 1410

mtDNA point mutations 1926

phenotype 1409–10

prognosis 1926

stroke 1409–10

treatment 1925–6

melatonin 824, 825

Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome 1980

melphalan 1121

2146 Index






memantine 68

HIV dementia 1696

membrane-attack complex 1509

membrane stabilizers 949

memory

AD 254

age-associated impairment 242

age-related changes 197

alcoholic syndromes 1822–3


cellular mechanisms 301, 302

declarative 303

basal forebrain 306

diencephalic regions 306

disorders 305

medial temporal lobe 305

neocortical basis 308–9

strategic 309–10

deficit

posterior cerebral artery infarction

1356


emotional modulation 306, 308

encoding 303

epilepsy 1293

episodic 162

explicit 260

function

electroencephalography study 161–2,

Fig. 12.4

localization 1322

magnetoencephalography study

161–2, Fig. 12.4


gist of experience 303

hippocampus 83, 200

immediate 303, 309

impairment in multiple sclerosis 1608

large-scale systems 302–3


long-term 303, 304

ongoing use 303

processes 301

storage 86

temporal dynamics 304

temporal phases 303–4

loss in AD 239, 260

mechanisms 301–13

NMDA receptors 198

non-declarative 303, 310–13

conditioning 311–12


non-verbal 392


postoperative deficit with hippocampal

resection 1318

primary (immediate/short-term) 201,

202, 304

recall 202

retrieval 303–4

retroactive interference 303

reward-related 433

secondary (long-term) 202

sensory 201

short-term 201, 202, 304

storage 303

hippocampus 83

suppressor genes 84, 86

system independence 310

types 303–4

working 303, 309–10

frontal lobe lesions 310

see also amnesia; skill learning

memory T-cells 1654

Menière’s disease 672



cochlear function 667

management 674

meninges

bacterial infection 1728, Fig. 106.2

viral infections 1661–2, 1663, 1664–5

meningioma 1433, 1434

calcification 1441

fibrous 1434

meningoepithelial 1434


pilocytic 1441


transitional 1434

vascular parkinsonism 504

meningitis

acute syphilitic 1769


aseptic 1663


bacterial 1728–32, Fig. 106.2

antibiotic therapy 1734–5

antibodies 1731

blood entry 1731

brain edema 1734

chemoprophylaxis of contacts 1735

CNS infection 1731–2



CSF entry 1732


inflammation induction 1732–3

inflammation progression 1733–4

invasion 1731–2

nasopharyngeal colonization 1731

nasopharyngeal epithelial cell

invasion 1731

neonatal 1730

neuronal damage 1734–5

opsono-phagocytosis 1731


pathology 1734

replication 1732–3

serogroups 1730

survival in blood 1731–2

transport across blood–brain barrier

1732

treatment 1734–5

viral meningitis differential diagnosis

1662, 1663, 1665

carcinomatous 723

encapsulated bacteria 1657

eosinophilic 1751


Lyme disease 1757

meningococcal 1729–30

pneumococcal 1729

serous 1779–80

syphilis 1769–70

tuberculosis 1701, 1778, Fig. 110.1




diagnosis 1780–2


imaging 1781–2, 1783

mortality 1782

prognosis 1782


tuberculous 1777

uremic 1989

viral 1661–2, 1663, 1664–5

clinical manifestations 1662, 1665

complications 1665


differential diagnosis 1662, 1663,

1665

epidemiology 1662

etiology 1662

laboratory findings 1662, 1665

Index 2147






meningitis (cont.)

viral (cont.)

management 1662, 1664–5

prognosis 1665

meningocele 733

meningococcal vaccine serogroup C 1730

meningoencephalitis

ameobal 1657

bacterial 1728


chronic spirochetal 1771

enteroviral meningitis 1666

Lyme disease 1757


meningomyelitis 1770

menstrual dysfunction 857

mental retardation

epilepsy 1293



mental tests 106

meperidine

analogue 1836

migraine 1940

overdose 1828

seizures 1834

meralgia paresthetica 2048

mercury, autism 411

merosin 1168

MERRF syndrome 6, 1214, 1892, 1919, 1926

investigations 1297

myoclonus 525


mescaline 1831, 1832

mesencephalic periaqueductal grey 888

mesencephalic reticular formation

inattention 335–6

sensory stimuli 334–5

mesenchymal disorders 730

mesenteric ganglia 797

metabolic acidosis 1987

metabolic disorders

myopathies 1207–23


metabolic encephalopathy 254

metabolic myopathy 1207–23

abnormal fatigability mechanisms

1210–11

biochemistry 1212–14

diagnosis 1212–14

mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy

1213–14

muscle biopsy 1214

oxidative defects 1210

symptoms 1208–12

tissue-specific enzyme subunits 1213

tissue-specific isozymes 1213

weakness 1208–9

metabolic neuropathies 1092–102





1094–5, 1096, 1097

metabolic storage disorders 730

metalloproteinase

membrane-type 1511


see also matrix metalloproteinase

(MMP)

metamphetamines 1834–5

metastases

extradural space 723

multiple 1463

see also brain tumours, metastases

methadone 439

fetal effects 1835

methamphetamine 1829

methanol toxicity 1988

methaqualone overdose 1831

methionine derivatives 1975–6

methionine synthetase 725

methotrexate




polymyositis 1172


1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-

tetrahydropyridine see MPTP

methyl n-butyl ketone (MBK) 1104–5

methylcobalamin system 2046

methylcyclopentadienyl manganese

tricarbonyl (MMT) 1808

methylenedioxymethamphetamine 1829

methylmalonic acid 2046–7

methylmalonic aciduria 574, 575

methylphenidate 427–8


treatment 561

narcolepsy 824

methylprednisolone





methyprylon overdose 1831

methysergide


hypnic headache 935


metoclopramide

migraine 923


metoprolol 922

metronidazole 1093, 1103

metyrapone


test 864

mexiletine

dystonia 542

non-dystrophic myotonia 1200–1

pain control 914

topical 915

microangiopathy 1172

microcephaly 179

genetic causes 179

isolated 179, 180

neuronal progenitors 180

recurrence risk 180

vera 179–80


cortex 170–2

PD 168, 170

thalamus 170

microglia


AD 9

antigen-presenting cell activity 1597–9


HIV reservoir 1687

neurons 1599

oligodendrocyte interactions 1598–9,

Fig. 97.6

perivascular 1508

phagocytosis 1654

T cell interaction Fig 97.4

microglial cells

memory T-cell reactivation 1654


perivascular 1651


�2-microglobulin amyloidosis 1994, 1995

microsatellites 17, 32

microscopic polyangiitis 1577, 1578–9

microsleeps 1281, 1282

2148 Index






microsmia 597

microsomal triglyceride transfer protein

(MTP) mutations 1882

microsporidiosis 1178

microtubule associated protein (MAP)

240, 1801

see also tau proteins

microtubulin 1801


microvillar cells 595, 596

micturition 833

midazolam 1274

midbrain

compression 2019


infarction 1349


raphe nuclei serotonin neurons 818

REM sleep 821

serotonin neurons 817, 818


vertical eye movements 637–8

middle latency response 669

migraine 920–5, 1939–40, 1941

analgesics 921, 922, 923

aura 920–1, 922

brainstem cerebral blood flow 963

breast-feeding 1940

caffeine 921, 922



cladistics 20


cutaneous allodynia 961

diagnosis 920–1


epidemiology 921

episodic 958, 959, 960

ergot alkaloids 923


facial 942–3

familial hemiplegic 37, 921–2

heritability 23, 25

investigation 1940

medication induction of daily headache

963

monogenic 23, 25

myocardial infarction 1962

non-pharmacological treatment 922

pathophysiology 921–2, Fig. 61.1


pregnancy 1939–40, 1942

prevalence 921

prophylactic drug treatment 922–3

psychiatric comorbidity 959–60

spontaneous recurrent 962


transformed 955, 960

chronic 955–6

treatment 963–4

treatment of attacks 923, 1940

trigeminal nerve activation 961

triptans 923–5


Migraine Disability Assessment Scale

(MIDAS) 923

milk–alkali syndrome 2004

Millard–Gübler syndrome 650–1

Miller–Dieker syndrome 182, 183–4, 185

lissencephaly 575


mind, consciousness 290

mineralocorticoid activity, excess 2001

Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE)

244

AD 260


miniature end-plate potentials (mepps)

1144, 1157

minicore disease 1171

minisatellites 32

mink encephalopathy 216

minocycline 1907

miosis, herniation syndromes 1440

mirror movements, congenital 735, 736,

737

mirror neurons 471

mirtazapine 516


mismatch concept, vertigo 679–80

mismatch negativity 669

misonidazole 1093, 1103

misoprostol

gastroprotection in NSAID

administration 911


mithramycin 2005

mitochondria

biogenesis/biochemistry 1922–31


intracellular calcium store 1870


genome alterations 1872

respiratory chain enzymes 1872


hypotonic/ataxic cerebral palsy 575

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy 624

myopathies 1214

mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 1222,

1922–3

defects 1924–9

depletion 1931

heteroplasmy 1213–14



PD 23

respiratory chain 1221

single deletions 1924

mitochondrial encephalomyopathy 1214,

1922–33

mitochondrial encephalopathy 525, 1266

neurogastrointestinal (MNGIE) 1924,

1931

mitochondrial energy metabolism

disorders 570

mitochondrial genome 22

intergenomic signalling defects

1930–1

mitochondrial metabolism 1219

mitochondrial myopathies 1208, 1209


mitochondrial inclusions 1932

mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy

with lactic acidosis and stroke see

MELAS syndrome

mitochondrial protein synthesis 1924–8

mitochondrial respiratory chain and

oxidative phosphorylation system

see MITOX system

mitochondrial respiratory chain defects

1221–3

Friedreich’s ataxia 1887

mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)

882, 1436

MITOX system 1922, 1923

complexes 1923

function analysis 1932–3

mitoxantrone (MIX) 1534, 1629

mitral annulus calcification 1955

mitral cells 597

olfactory bulb 596

mitral stenosis, embolic disease 1953

mitral valve

incompetence 2000

prolapse 1943, 2000

embolic disease 1953–4

Index 2149






mixed connective tissue disease

myelopathy 725

myositis 1173

Miyoshi myopathy 1169

MJD1 gene 37

Möbius sign 2034

Möbius syndrome 649

modafinil 824



inflammatory demyelination 1519–20

molecular misreading 240

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

367

monoaminergic amine depletion 1374

monoclonal gammopathy neuropathies

1119–21



monocyte chemoattractant protein 1

(MCP-1) 1655

monocytes

activated

cerebrovascular endothelium binding

1655

HIV dementia 1694


monomers, misfolded 228

mononeuritis multiplex 1577


mononeuropathy, transplant patients

2087, 2088

mononeuropathy multiplex 1092


mononuclear cells

CSF 1653

migration inhibition 1596

mononuclear phagocytes, granulomas

1560

Monro–Kellie doctrine 2017



bipolar 365

brain structure alterations 5



definitions 365–6

delirium 369–70

dementia 369–70

epidemiology 364

etiology 367–70

familial 370

functional impairment 365

genetic risk 370

instability 368

mixed states 365

monoaminergic hypotheses 368

neuroanatomic hypotheses 368




somatic diseases 366


therapy 366–7

morphine

migraine 923


Morquio’s syndrome 730

mosaicism 14

Moschowitz disease 2053

mosquitoes, arborviral encephalitis

vectors 1671

mossy fibres, sprouting 85, 1235

motion sickness 680

motor axonal neuropathy

acute (AMAN) 1111


motor circuit, PD 480–1

motor disorders


1974


motor end plate 1163

repetitive firing 1083

motor evoked potentials, dystonia 539

motor-intention deficits 333

motor neglect 333


motor neuron disease 1844–5, 1863–76

antiglutamate therapy 1875

antioxidant therapy 1875


axonal loss 1868

Betz cell depletion in motor cortex 1867


bronchopneumonia 1867

bulbar dysfunction 1865

cachexia 1865

classification 1863


clinical variants 1863–4

constipation 1874

cramps 1865, 1873

creatine 1872

cytochrome c oxidase subunit

mutations 1869

cytoskeletal protein defects 1871

dementia 1866

demyelination 1867


disease progression 1866–7

dysarthria 1873

dysphagia 1873

emotional lability 1865, 1874


1869, 1870

familial 1863

fasciculations 1865

fatigue 1865, 1873

free radicals 1870

gene targeted mice 1850–1


genetics 1846–8

glutamate 1869, 1870

glutamatergic toxicity 1870

inclusion bodies 1868, 1871, Fig. 116.5

ubiquinated 1871, Fig. 116.5

intracellular calcium homeostasis

1870–1

investigations 1867

limb weakness 1864

management 1872–6


mechanical ventilation 1874, 1875

mitochondria 1870, 1871

dysfunction 1871

structural changes 1871–2

motor system hyperexcitability 1870

neck weakness 1865

neurofilament heavy protein gene 1869

neurofilament proteins 1871

neuroprotective therapy 1875–6

neurotrophic factors 1875–6


pressure ventilation 1874, 1875


pain 1866, 1874


pathology 1867–8


1873

prognosis 1866–7

protective factors 1869–70

recombinant human IGF-1 1875–6

reflexes 1864–5

respiratory failure 1867, 1874

2150 Index






respiratory symptoms 1866


saliva drooling 1874

sensory impairment 1866

sleep 1866, 1874

disturbance 1866

spasticity 1873

specialist clinics 1872



terminal care 1874–5

tone 1865


transgenic mouse models 1849–50

treatment models 1854–5

weakness 1873

weight loss 1865

see also amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

motor neuron syndromes, pure lower

1093


motor neurons 1844

motor phenomena, involuntary 1996

motor symptoms 1083–4

motor tracts, lamination 716

motor unit activity 1083


motor units 1163



movement

constraint-induced therapy 456

cortical control 447–58

formulae 461

learning 466–7

perception deficit 628

praxis evaluation 462

sequencing 471

impairment 466

skilled 461

stereotyped 389, 395

visual loss 627

movement disorders

hyperkinetic 476

hyperthyroidism 2033–4

hypokinetic 476




aneurysms 1394

management 1409


radiation vascular disease 1493

stroke 1408–9

MPTP


rest tremor induction 514

MPZ gene mutations 1131, 1132

MTMR2 gene mutation 1130

mucopolysaccharidoses 1917–18



multicore disease 1171

multielectrodes 170

multifocal motor neuropathy 1078,

1118–19

with persistent conduction block 1116

multiple chemical hypersensitivity

syndrome (MCS) 605

multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B

1133–4

multiple myeloma 2055



866

M proteins 1119


1483



1675


acute myelopathy 721

age at onset 1607

anal continence 805

animal model 1517

antibody response 1503–4

ataxia 1625–6

auditory system effects 673

autoantigen 1518

autoimmune mechanisms 1528

autoimmune theory 1611, 1612, 1613

axons

degeneration 1600–1, 1615–16

injury 10

loss 1610

B cells 1518

biotechnological agents 1542

bipolar affective disorder 1610

bowel symptoms 1626

brain-derived neurotrophic factor 1529

brain inflammation 1599

brainstem symptoms 1627

burden 124

cerebral cortex 1615–16


chronic progressive 1514, 1529

clinical presentations 1620

clinically definite 1608, 1609

clinically isolated syndromes 1608,

1622, 1624

imaging 1624

cognitive abnormalities 1608–9





cyclosporin A 1532–3

demyelinated axons 1615

demyelination 1078, 1599–601, 1610

depression 1537, 1609–10, 1626

Devic’s neuromyelitis optica differential

diagnosis 1624

diagnosis/diagnostic criteria 1620–2,

1623, 1624

disability 1600–1

measures 113

disease modifying treatments 1628–30


epilepsy 1255

etiology 1606–7

euphoria 1610


executive function deficit 1608

experimental approaches 1542

familial 229

fatigue 1626

function recovery 1600

genetic factors 1599, 1606–7

genetic susceptibility 1612

growth factors 1613

heritability 22

heterogeneity 1527–8

HLA-DR2 allele association 22

imaging 1609, 1621, 1622

diagnostic 1620, 1623


1516–18

immunolgical events in lesions 1613,

1614

immunology 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614,

1615

immunopathogenesis 1527–8

immunosuppressive therapies 1613

infection 1513

infective factors 1613, 1615

Index 2151






multiple sclerosis (cont.)

inflammation 1610

mechanisms 1613, 1614


interferon � 1536

trials 1542

interferon � 1534, 1536, 1537, 1541–2,

1628–9

intravenous immunoglobulins 1538,

1630

kinetic tremor 519

language abnormalities 1608

lesion evolution 1611

lesion histopathology 1611

Lhermitte’s sign 1607


151–2

management 1624–30

Marburg variant 124

memory impairment 1608

mobility-related symptoms 1625–6

myelin basic protein 1543

neurological rehabilitation 1627–8


nurse specialists 1628

odour sensing 597


oligodendroglial progenitors 58

optic neuritis 622

optic–spinal form 1607

pain 1626–7

paroxysmal symptoms 1626–7

pathogenesis 229, 1599–601, 1611,

1612, 1613, 1614, 1615

pathogenetic routes 1611

pathology/pathophysiology 1606–16

phase-specific immunotherapy 1529

plaque 1611

plasmapheresis 1628

pregnancy 1947–8

preoligodendrocytes in lesions 1601

prevalence 124, 1606

primary progressive 1610–11, 1622

prognosis 1529


psychiatric abnormalities 1609–10

psychiatric dysfunction 1627

psychological dysfunction 1627

psychotic episodes 1610

relapse 1609, 1615

treatment of acute 1628

relapsing–remitting 1514, 1529, 1620

interferon � 1628, 1629

remission 1609, 1615

remyelination 1615

secondary progressive 1628, 1629


spasticity 1625

sporadic 229



T cells in lesions 1518, 1612, 1613

tonic spasms 1283

treatment 1624–30



urinary bladder symptoms 1626


vertigo 1627



visual symptoms 1627

white matter lesions 1621, 1622

multiple subpial transections (MST) 1320

multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD) 1636,

1637

diagnosis 1637

multiple system atrophy 476, 477,

499–503, 773, 781–2, 783, 784


cerebellar disorder 500, 502



783


diagnosis 500–2



erectile dysfunction 840

imaging 501–2

infratentorial atrophy 501



diagnosis 269, 503

misdiagnosis 489

oligodendroglial inclusions 502, Fig.

34.5

parkinsonism 489, 500, 502, 781, 782

pathology 502–3

presentation 775

prevalence 499

prognosis 782, 784




sporadic 502

stereotactic surgery contraindication

503

subgroups 781

�-synucleinopathy 502

therapy 503

tracheostomy 779



multisystem degeneration, parkinsonism-

plus syndrome 489

multisystem disorders, mtDNA depletion

1931

mumps/mumps virus 1660



meningitis 1662

complications 1665

optic neuritis 1674


muscimol 66

muscle

action potential generation 1183

atrophy 1086

contraction and cross-bridge cycling

1209

contractures 1212

cramps 1208



denervation-induced changes 1086

disease in pregnancy 1948–9

disorders of striated 1163–78

energy source for contraction 1207

enlargement in hypothyroidism 2036

exertional injury 1212

fatigue

abnormal 1208, 1209


cellular mechanisms 1210

glycogen depletion 1209–10


1210–11

high-frequency 1209

lipid defects 1211

low frequency 1209

fuel 1207–8


1210–11

hypertrophy in myotonia congenita

1184

2152 Index






lipid defects 1211

myophosphorylase deficiency 1211

oxidative fuels 1207–8

oxidative metabolism disorders 1208

pain 1208



phosphofructokinase deficiency 1209,

1211, 1213

phosphorylase deficiency 1209,

1210–11, 1213

relaxants 540

segmental innervation 715

tone in chronic hepatic encephalopathy

1972

wasting 1169, 1175

limbs 1996

weakness 1169, 1175


work 1207

see also skeletal muscle

muscle fibres

fast 1163, 1209

innervation 1143

slow 1163

transverse-tubule (T-tubule) 1183, 1186

muscle membrane, intermittent failure of

excitability 1183

muscle spindle innervation 874

muscle–eye–brain disease (MEB) 187–8

muscular dystrophy 1164–70

autosomal recessive distal 1168–9

classification 1165

Emery Dreifuss 1169–70

facioscapulohumeral 1169, 1171

Fukuyama-type congenital (FCMD)

187–8, 1168

limb girdle 1167, 1168

merosin-deficient congenital 1168

oculopharyngeal 1170, 1173

severe childhood autosomal recessive

1167

severity 14


musculoskeletal system

balance 584

gait 584


mushrooms, hallucinogenic 1831, 1832

MuSK protein 1145

mutism, aphasia 318

myalgia 1208

myasthenia gravis


diagnosis 651

acetylcholine receptor 1144

acetylcholinesterase test 1149–50

antibody-negative 1148–9



autoantibodies 1511

autoimmune 1146–55

autoimmune response 1520


complement-mediated lysis 1509

cyclosporin A 1532

diagnosis 1149–51


diplopia 654

drug-induced 1155

electrophysiological testing 1150

etiology 1149

familial infantile 1159

fatigue 1865

grading 1147–8

heritability 25–6

hyperthyroidism 1151, 2034–5

hypothyroidism 2037

immune pathogenesis 1148


attack 1520, 1521

neuromuscular transmission

impairment 1145–6

paraneoplastic 1484


perinatal 1949

plasmapheresis 1154

postsynaptic blockade 1155

pregnancy 1948–9

snake bites 1155



T cells 1149

thymectomy 1520, 1540–1

transient neonatal 1155

treatment 1152–5

myasthenic crisis management 1155

myasthenic syndromes 25

congenital 1145, 1155–7

mycobacterial growth in CNS 1657

Mycobacterium intracellulare 1178

Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1700, 1777,

Fig. 110.1



1999

mycophenolate mofetil 2082, 2083



Mycoplasma pneumoniae 1110

mycotic aneurysms 1833

myelin

axon survival 1601

brain aging 199

breakdown 1509

clearance 1080

congenital hypomyelination 1132


P zero protein 1116

gene mutation 1130

primary disorders 1077

sheath 1076–7

formation 1603

myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) 91

gene 1078

antibodies 1119


myelin-associated neurite growth

inhibitors 701

myelin basic protein (MBP) 1517, 1518

immunodominant epitopes 1518


myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein

(MOG) 1517, 1518

myelination 1076–7, 1593–5



stem cells 1593, 1594, Fig. 97.1

see also demyelination; remyelination

myelinolysis, central 2004

myelitis, paraneoplastic 1482

myelocystocele, terminal 734

myeloma

neck pain 749

osteosclerotic 2056–7


1483

myelomeningocele 733

myelopathies 713–25


1974

causes 719–25

cervical spondylosis 723

classification 714

decompression 725

heroin 1834

Index 2153






myelopathies (cont.)

infectious 722–3

inflammatory 721


necrotizing 723

neoplasia 723

nutritional deficiencies 725

radiation 725


thalassemia 2050

toxic 725

vacuolar 722

vascular 719–20


myeloradiculopathy 723

myeloschisis 733

myoblasts 1163

myocardial infarction

cerebrovascular injury 1953

emboli to CNS 1953

migraine 1962


myocardium

dermatomyositis 1172

necrosis and subarachnoid space blood

1962

myoclonic ataxia, progressive 525

coeliac disease 526

myoclonic epilepsy

progressive 525

with ragged red fibres see MERRF

syndrome

myoclonic jerks 526

myoclonus 254, 523–31

action-intention 1255


ataxia combined with 1887

brainstem 527–9

reticular reflex 529


classification 523

cortical 523–6


etiology 524–5


pharmacology 525–6

prognosis 526

treatment 525–6

dystonia 527, 533

association 526–7

essential 526–7

focal/segmental jerks 523

generalized 523

multifocal 523, 525

nocturnal 2045

palatal 1353

posthypoxic 526


psychogenic 530–1

seizures 1255

spinal 529–30

segmental 529–30


myocytes 1340

MyoD family transcription factors 1086

myofascial pain syndromes 951

myofilaments 1163

myogenic mechanism, intrinsic 1338

myoglobinuria 1208, 1214




hereditary 1218


1218–20


myoneurogastrointestinal

encephalopathy (MNGIE) 1924,

1931

myopathy

acquired 1175–8

alcoholic 1824


congenital 1170, 1931

critical illness 1176

distal 1168–9

drug-induced 1176, 1177

endocrine 1175–6


hypercortisolism 2039


hypothyroid 1176


infantile 1931

infection 1176–8

inflammatory 1172–5, 1980

mitochondrial 1214, 1932, Fig.120.3

morphologically defined 1170–2


nemaline 1171–2, Fig. 70.8

overlap syndromes 1173

pure 1927

steroid 1172, 1176

systemic disease 1176–8

toxic 1176, 1177


uremia 1177, 1995–6

see also metabolic myopathy

myophosphorylase deficiency 1211, 1213,

1214, 1216

myorhythmia 519

myosin 1163

myositis

connective tissue disorder association

1173

focal 1175

inclusion body 41, 1174–5, Fig. 70.11

myositis/myopathy 1758

myotomes 727

myotonia

acetazolamide-responsive 1191

acquired from disruption of skeletal

muscle chloride conductance

1190–1

Becker’s 1184

familial 6

fluctuans 1191

non-dystrophic 1183–91


diagnosis 1200

sodium channel blockers 1200

treatment 1200–1

painful congenital 1191

paradoxical 1183


permanens 1191

potassium-aggravated 1191, 1192

diagnosis 1200


recessive generalized 1184


sodium channel 1184, 1192

myotonia congenita 6, 1183, 1184–90

chloride channel dysfunction 1185–7,

1188, 1189

ClC-1 protein 1187


diagnosis 1201

muscular hypertrophy 1184

skeletal muscle membrane chloride

conductance 1185–7

treatment 1201


anticipation 32

congenital 42–3

pregnancy 1948

2154 Index






trinucleotide repeat expansion 41–3

myotonin 43

myotube 1163

myxedema 2035–7

CSF protein 2037

madness 2035

myxocarditis 1955

N-acetylaspartate (NAA) 148–9

accumulation in Canavan disease 1641,

1642

MRS in neurological disease 151–2


N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) see NMDA

Na+/K+-ATPase pump 72, 1190

glycolysis 1210

membrane excitability in muscle fatigue

1209

thyrotoxic periodic paralysis 1200

nadolol




nadroparin 1366


naloxone 439

opiate overdose treatment 1828

naltrexone

alcoholism treatment 441, 1820–1

heroin euphoria blocking 439

naming 320

naproxen sodium 966

naratriptan 923, 924

narcolepsy 26, 817, 823–4

diagnosis 823

sleep apnea differential diagnosis 821

symptoms 823–4

narcotics 923

nasal septum 595

nasopharynx, taste bud innervation 612,

613

National Institute of Neurological

Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)

NINDS-ADRDA criteria for AD 259

and Society for Progressive

Supranuclear Palsy, Inc.

(NINDS–SPSP) diagnostic criteria

493, 494

natural killer (NK) cells 1510

naturetic factor 2002

ND5 gene mutation 1928

NDRG1 gene mutation 1130–1

near-falls 586

nebulin gene 1171

neck

flexion inducing electric paresthesiae

716

fractures 748

neck pain 742, 747–54


conservative therapy 751–3

disc stimulation test 750–1

epidemiology 747

etiology 747–8

imaging 750

invasive techniques 750–1

manual therapy 751–2

medical therapy 753

physical therapy 751–2

plain radiography 749–50

surgical therapy 753

treatment 751–4

recommendations 753–4

whiplash 752–3

zygopophyseal joint blocks 751

necrosis 8


necrotizing myelopathy, paraneoplastic

1481

necrotizing vasculitis 725

negative-predictive value (NPV) 121, 122

neglect 331–43

allocentric spatial 332

anosognosia 342–3

attentional bias 338

behavioural testing 331–4

cerebral infarction 334

colliculus 341, 343

dopamine agonist therapy 343

eye movement 342

functional reorganization 342

hemiplegia denial 340

hemispatial 338

eye movement 339

right hemisphere lesions 341

visual feedback 343

ipsilateral 339


motor 333


personal 332

recovery 341–2

sensory deprivation 342

spatial 332–3

attentional bias 338–9

intentional bias 338–9

motor-intentional bias 338


sensory-intentional bias 338

syndrome 340–1

treatment 342–3

unilateral 332

vestibular system 343

viewer-centred hemispatial 332

Neisseria meningitidis 1729

Nelson’s syndrome 860

nemaline myopathy 1171–2, Fig. 70.8

neocortex, declarative memory 308–9

neonates

meningitis 1730

opiate abstinence 1828

neoplasms/neoplastic disease


low back pain 762

Neoral 2082, 2083

nephrotic syndrome, hypercoagulable

states 2059

neprilysin (NEP) 257

nerve compression, orofacial pain

947–8

nerve conduction defects

mitochondrial myopathies 1932


nerve disorders

pathophysiology



1080–3


nerve fibres, regrowth 700–1

nerve growth factor (NGF) 70, 85, 86,

701


hyperglycemia 1098


local injection 96


tissue injury 880

tyrosine kinase A interaction 242


nerve injury

C-fibre central terminal degeneration

884–5, Fig. 58.12

response 884

nerve regeneration 948

nerve root compression syndrome 765

Index 2155






nerve root disorders

pathophysiology



1080–3


nerve–smooth muscle junction 1342

nervous system


immune-mediated disorders 1515

immune responses 1520–1

inflammation 1520–1

neuroprotection 1520–1

radiation harmful effects 1489–96

regenerative capacity 60

see also central nervous system (CNS);


nervus intermedius neuralgia 947

netrins 91, 94

axon guidance 702

receptors 94

neural blockade 917

neural cells

antigen presentation to naive T cells

1654

apoptosis 59

immune capabilities 1654

loss 59

in vitro production 60

neural growth factors, aging 241–2

neural induction 55

neural integrator 635, 637

neural plate 55

neural tube

closure failure 733

defects in epilepsy 1945

formation 55

neuralgia

glossopharyngeal 618, 947

nervus intermedius 947

occipital 947

paresthetica in pregnancy 1948

periodic migrainous 943

pretrigeminal 946–7

see also postherpetic neuralgia;

trigeminal neuralgia

neuraxial analgesia 917

neuraxonal dystrophy 1296

neurites, dystrophic in HD 1901

neuritic plaques, brain aging 238

neuro-Behçet’s disease 1580, 1581

neuroablative drugs, dystonia 542

neuroacanthocytosis 1141


neuroanatomical spaces 138

neuroblastoma, opsoclonus–myoclonus

1479

neurocardiogenic syncope 1965

neurocognitive deficits, functional

imaging 138

neurocristopathy 1134

neurocutaneous disorders 1266, 2061–76

Ehlers–Danlos syndrome 1411, 2072–3

progeria 2075–6


telangiectasia; neurofibromatosis;

pseudoxanthoma elasticum;

Sturge–Weber syndrome; tuberous

sclerosis/tuberous sclerosis

complex

neurocysticercosis 1745–9, Fig. 107.1–2

anti-inflammatory agents 1748–9

classification 1746

clinical characteristics 1745–6

CSF analysis 1746–7

diagnosis 1746–7

imaging 1746

immune response 1745, Fig. 107.1

treatment 1747–9

neurodegeneration

aging 210–11

aphasia 325

definition 213–15

transgenic models 224, 226–8


autosomal dominant inheritance

1841–2

brain imaging 779


genetic 219–22

genetic abnormalities 1841

genetically engineered models

1841–55

inherited 215

Lewy bodies 479

mutant genes 216

neurologic signs 478

olfactory dysfunction 604–5

prevention 228–9


spectrum 229–30

sporadic 219–22




amyotrophic lateral sclerosis;


Huntington’s disease; Parkinson’s

disease; prion diseases;

spinocerebellar ataxia

neuroepidemiology 10–11

neurofibrillary disorders 492

neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) 218, 1844

AD 220, 255



brain aging 238

FTD 221

hyperphosphorylated tau 240


Niemann–Pick diseases 1916


progressive supranuclear palsy 491–2,

Fig. 34.1

neurofibroma 2061, 2062

hypothalamic 861

plexiform 2061–2


neurofibromatosis 730, 2061–4





arterial lesions 2062

astrocytomas in children 1449

cutaneous lesions 2061–2


genetics 2064

neurologic lesions 2062–3

ophthalmic lesions 2062, 2063

optic nerve tumours 1456

stroke 1412–13



central 624



genetics 2064

neurofibromin 1412, 1413

neurofilament(s) 93

changes in neurodegenerative disease

1800

genes 227

heavy protein gene 1869

SOD1 mutant mice 1854


2156 Index






neurofilament proteins 1800, 1801, 1871

neurogenesis 56

adult brain 198

hippocampus 1330



neurogenetic disorder diagnosis 6


neurogenic weakness, ataxia and retinitis

pigmentosa (NARP) 1214, 1928,

1929

Neuroimaging Commission of the

International League against

Epilepsy 1288

neurokinin A 961

neuroleptic drugs


atypical 561

dystonia 534

parkinsonism 504

sensitivity in Lewy body dementia

268–9


tic disorders 561

tremor 517

neuroleptic malignant syndrome 540

neuroligand binding studies 134–5

neurological deficit in epilepsy 1294–7

neurological emergencies 128–9


anatomical plasticity 85–7



combination approaches 96

cortical remodelling 79–81



memory suppressor genes 84

neuronal replacement 95–6

physical therapies 87–8

physiological plasticity 81–5

regeneration promotion 88–90

spontaneous recovery mechanisms

79–81

therapeutic approaches 87–96

neurological outcome measurement

105–14

neuroma formation 948

neuromodulators

epilepsy 1233


circulation 1343

neuromuscular blockade 2024

neuromuscular disorders 1538

neuromuscular irritability 2006


acetylcholine receptor clustering 1145

autoimmune attack 1520, 1521

disorders in transplant patients 2087

immune-mediated disorders 1520, 1521

myasthenic 1144


postsynaptic events 1144–6

presynaptic events 1143–4

safety margin for transmission 1146

synapses 1146

neuromuscular junction transmission

disorders 1143–60


postsynaptic

acquired 1146–55

congenital 1155–7

presynaptic

acquired 1157–9

congenital 1159

synaptic

acquired 1159–60

congenital 1160



proteins 1520

neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein

(NAIP) gene 1847


neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 1917, 1919

investigations 1297

juvenile 1917

late infantile 1917


neurons

A-fibre 873–4

abducens internuclear 635, 636

abducens motor 635

action recognition/imitation 471

activation 1337

aging 242

amyloid precursor protein 1851, 1852

apoptosis 259, 884


autorhythmic properties 512, 514

bipolar sensory receptor 595, 596

brain aging studies 197–9

C-fibre 873–4, Fig. 85.2

calcium entry 1081–2

central sensory 1084

communications 1075

cytoskeleton 93

damage

bacterial meningitis 1733–4

glutamate release 698

death 58–9


glutamate-induced 69

ischemic mechanisms 62–5

dopaminergic 1593

dorsal horn

injury 884


early-onset degeneration 830

excitability in seizures 1233–4

excitatory burst 636, 638

fetal transplantation 95

gap junctions 1235


heterotopic 186

inclusions 40

inhibitory burst 636

intracerebral hemorrhage secondary

injury 1389

loss

AD 236, 256, 258–9

with age 7, 197–8, 238

HIV dementia 1692


low-threshold (LT) 889

membrane lipids 1656

microglia 1599

migration 177, Fig. 13.1

disorders 182–6

radial 56, 177

tangential 178

mirror 471

morphology restructuring 81


nociceptive-specific 889

number in aging brain 197

omnipause 634, 638, 644

pause 635

postmitotic 177, 178

posture recognition/imitation 471

premature exhaustion of progenitors

180

primary sensory 873–5, Fig. 85.2

central sprouting 884–6

central terminal projections 874

classification 875

Index 2157






neurons (cont.)

primary sensory (cont.)


postinjury cell death 884–6

production 56

progenitor cells 1330

progenitors

microcephaly 180



regeneration after injury 1235

saccadic burst 638


dopamine 379


spinal projection 888

stop signal 177, Fig. 13.1

synchronization 170

epilepsy 1233, 1235

thrombin toxicity 1385–6

vulnerability in term infant 568

wide dynamic range 889

neuropathic pain, HIV infection 1697,

1698


neuropathy

dysproteinemic 1093, 1096

inherited

with defective DNA repair 1140–1

motor and sensory with multisystem

involvement 1133–5

recurrent 1132

lipid metabolic defects 1137–40

metabolic disorders 1135–41

relapsing 1093

vasculitic 1121–3

neuropeptide Y


autoregulation 1339


receptors 947, 1343

neurophilins 1698

neuroprotection 8, 1520–1

inflammation 1520–1, 1529–30

T-cell mediated 1529

neuropsychiatric disorders 5


hypothyroidism 2035

Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) 244

neuroreceptors 134, 135

neurosarcoidosis 1558–66

biopsy 1562, 1563–4, 1564


cranial nerve palsy 1559

diagnosis 1562, 1563, 1564


environmental agent exposure 1562

epidemiology 1558

facial nerve palsy 1559–60


imaging 1564, 1565

investigations 1562–4, 1565


meningeal 1561, Fig. 95.3


1622

optic nerve disease 1559

pathogenesis/pathophysiology 1560–2,

1766–7

prevalence 1558

spinal column 1560

treatment 1565–6

neurospheres 1593

neurosteroids 1231

neurosyphilis 1766–75, Fig. 109.2–3

acute syphilitic meningitis 1769

antibiotics 1772–3

asymptomatic 1769

Charcot joints 1772



CSF 1770, 1771, 1773, 1774

deafferentation 1772

early syphilis 1768–9

epidemiology 1766

etiology 1766


gummatous 1770–1



mal perforans 1772

meningovascular syphilis 1769–70

sensory loss 1772

tabes dorsalis 1771–2

treatment 1774–5

see also syphilis

neurotomy, percutaneous radiofrequency

medial branch 753

neurotoxic shellfish poisoning 1809

neurotoxins

aquatic 1809–11

Lyme disease 1762



age-related changes 238–9


426–7

autonomic ganglia 774

autonomic nervous system 773, 774,

775, 776

basal forebrain 306

binding 131, 132

brain aging 197–8

disorders of metabolism 575

endogenous 135

epilepsy 1233

postganglionic sites 774

release inhibition 878

reuptake 131, 132


circulation 1343

neurotrophic factors in motor neuron

disease 1875–6

neurotrophin(s) 86, 1508

neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) 1593, 1594

neurotrophin 4/5 (NT-4/5) 70, 94

neutrophils 1733

nevi, port-wine 2070

nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome

1449

NF1 gene 1412, 1413, 2064

NF2 gene 2064

niacin deficiency 1881

nicastrin 226, 1853

nicotine

addiction 440



432


withdrawal 440

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

antibodies 1484


Niemann–Pick diseases 1140, 1882, 1916

diagnosis 1916


slow saccades 642–3

type C 1916


nifedipine


HIV dementia 1696



nightmares 827

2158 Index






nimodipine

aneurysm 1397



Nissl substance 1075, 1844

nitric oxide 1508

axon degeneration 1599–600




corpus cavernosa smooth muscle

relaxation 847


hypercapnic hyperemia 1340

hyperemic response modulation 1340

inhibition 1339

Lyme disease 1762

neuronal aging 242

parasympathetic system 1342

proerectile transmitter 843

spinal cord conduction impairment

1599

swallowing 800

nitric oxide synthase

endothelial (eNOS) 65, 1338

inducible (iNOS) 65, 71


neuronal 1338

nitric oxide synthesis inhibitors 961

nitric oxide synthetase 843

nitric oxide:L-arginine pathway 1338

nitrite sniffing 1832

7-nitro-indazole (7NI) 1340

nitrofurantoin 1103

nitroglycerin 961

nitrosoureas 1443, 1444

3-nitrotyrosine 1870

nitrous oxide

myelopathy 725

sniffing 1832, 1836

NK1 877, 878

spinothalamic tract neurons 879

NK1 receptors


substance P toxin conjugate 879

NMDA 62, 63

antagonists 9, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72


Pfiesteria toxins 1811

phencyclidine 439

blockade 68

swallowing 800

transmission and alcohol withdrawal

441

NMDA receptor-associated ion channels

1801

NMDA receptors 9, 439

blockade 68

brain aging 198


central sensitization 882, 883


ethanol sensitivity 1818


glutamate 301, 436

antagonists 374

schizophrenia 379

hippocampus 84

subunit-selective antagonists 68

L-NMMA 961

Nocardia asteroides 1999



nociception/nociceptors 873–86

activation 875–80

high-frequency 879–80

sustained 881


cortex 893–4, 895, 896

cingulate 896

facilitation of spinal AMPA receptor-

mediated responses 882

insula 894, 896

ion channels 875–7, Fig. 58.5

modification 883–6

modulation 880–3

peripheral terminal degeneration 877

polymodal 874

primary

activation 875–7, 878

sensitivity modulation 880–1

spinal transmission 878–9

dorsal column 889

synaptic vesicles 878

terminal depolarization 876

terminal excitability 880, 881

nociceptive processing 165

nociceptive-specific (NS) neurons 889

nocispecific cells 879

nodes of Ranvier 876, Fig. 58.5


connexin 32 1131

depolarization 1595

immunoglobulin binding 1078


Nogo 90–1, 95

noise generators, low-level 675


non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis

(NBTE) 1954

non-epileptic attack disorder 1282–3

non-ergolines 483

non-Hodgkin lymphoma 2089, 2090


pressure ventilation (NIPPV) 1874,

1875

non-nociceptive projection cells 889

non-nocispecific cells 879

non-parametric technique 18

non-REM sleep 816, 818, 819–20


brain activity 820

depression 828

parasomnias 826–7

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

(NSAIDs)


chronic pain 909–11

gastropathy 911

migraine 922, 923



disease 11

renal toxicity 911

topical 915

toxicity 911


Noonan syndrome


short stature 863

noradrenaline 775

autoregulation 1339



noradrenergic hypothesis


426

mood disorders 368

noradrenergic neurotransmitter system

441

norepinephrine 537

nortriptyline


pain control 912



Index 2159






nortriptyline (cont.)

poststroke pathological effect 1379,

1380


nose

nasal septum 595

neural systems 595

olfactory dysfunction in nasal disease

603

pain 940

Notch family 56

Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD) 1849,

1853

Notch3 gene mutations 25

CADASIL 1405–6

Nothnagel’s syndrome 652

notochord signalling, abnormal 727

Nova gene 1480

NT-3 701


nuclear corepressor protein (NCoR) 1903

nuclear DNA (nDNA) 1221–2, 1922

defects 1929–31

nuclear factor of kappa-binding (NF�-B)

1597, 1599, Fig. 97.5

nuclear inclusions, intracellular 228

nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

spectroscopy 146

physical basis of measurement 146,

147, Fig 11.1

nucleoside analogues 1103

nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs) 1689,

1697–8

nucleotide arrays, high-density 20

nucleotide excision repair systems 33

nucleus acumbens

cholinergic neurons 432–3


extracellular dopamine 431, 432

GABA-containing projections 433


opioid-containing projections 433

pathways 432–3

reward circuit dopamine projections

432

reward information 433

serotonin terminals 432

shell region 432

stimulation by glutamate-containing

axons 432

nucleus ambiguous 796

dysfunction 1354

swallowing 800

nucleus basalis of Meynert 238–9

nucleus caudalis, trigeminal complex

960–1

nucleus gracilis 889

nucleus reticularis 336

nucleus tractus solitarius 796

swallowing afferent system 799

vagus afferent projections 797

Numb protein 56

number needed to treat (NTT) 121

nutrition, total parenteral 1981–2

nystagmus

abducting 635

central vestibular disorders 689, 690

congenital 644, 645

convergence-retraction 645–6

downbeat 645, 718

gaze-evoked 644, 645

gaze paretic 1353

horizontal gaze-evoked 635, 640

jerk 644

latent 645

mechanisms 644–6

optokinetic 1355

pendular 644, 645

quick phases 634

see–saw 646

torsional 637, 645

upbeat 645

vertical positional 645

vestibular 645


voluntary 644

obesity 812–13

object representation 298

obliterative endarteritis 1767


age of onset 387

aggressive obsessions 387

anemia 2045

autism 393, 395

autoimmune pathology 393

behavioural therapy 396

checking 387


comorbid conditions 389–90

compulsions 392

contamination fears 387


circuitry 391, 392

demographic variables 386

diagnosis 389


disease course 387

dopamine blockers 394

dopaminergic systems 393–4

DSM-IV 389

eating disorders 390

electroconvulsive therapy 397–8


etiology 390–6


fronto-striatal dysfunction 391, 392

functional studies 391–2

genetics 390

hoarding 388

Huntington’s disease 1897–8, 1906–7


immunomodulatory treatment 397

misdiagnosis 386

natural history 387

neuroanatomical models 391–2


neuropeptides 394–5

neuropharmacology 393–6


neurosurgery 398

non-verbal memory 392


personality disorder 389, 390


precision 387

prevalence 385–6

quality of life 386

rheumatic fever 393


393, 397

serotonergic agent response 397


serotonin receptor studies 396

sexual obsessions 387

somatic obsessions 388

spectrum disorders 395–6

streptococcal infection 391, 393

striatal dysfunction 391, 392

structural studies 391

subtyping 388–9

symmetry 387

symptomatology 387

tic disorders 388, 392

Tourette’s syndrome 390, 393–5, 552,

554, 562

2160 Index






treatment 396–8

augmentation with neuroleptics 397

resistance 397–8

visuospatial skills 392

occipital lobe disorders 626–7

bilateral lesions 626

epilepsy 1261

hemorrhage 1358

imaging 626

occipital neuralgia 947

occipito-frontal head circumference 179

occipitotemporal lesions, prosopagnosia

628

occupational therapy


cerebral palsy 576

dystonia 543


disorders 653–4

ocular motility see eye movement

ocular skew 1357

ocular tilt reaction 637

skew deviation 654

ocular torsion, vesticular system

abnormalities 1350

oculomotor control 634–54

cerebellar influences 640–2

diplopia clinical testing 648–9

higher-level of saccades 638–40

horizontal conjugate gaze 635, 636, 637

nystagmus mechanisms 644–6



oculomotor nerve palsy diagnosis

649–54

saccadic movement disorders 642–4

signals 634–5

smooth pursuit 640, 641

disorders 644

vertical conjugate gaze 637–8


oculomotor neuropathies 1099

oculomotor nucleus 646, 647, 648

oculomotor palsies

causes 651, 652

diagnosis 649–54


etiology 652–3

multiple 653

oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy

40–1

pathology 40–1


odansetron 519

odds ratio (OR) 119

OKT3 2083, 2086

olanzapine 561

olfaction 595–606

anatomy/physiology 595–7

function 599

tests 599

see also olfactory dysfunction

olfactory agnosia 597

olfactory bulb 596, 597

centrifugal fiber connections 597, 598

ensheathing glia 96

glia 1603

granule cell production 58

neuron production 57, 58

olfactory cortex, primary 596–7

olfactory cortical regions 597

olfactory dysfunction

aging 600, 603

causes 599–600, 601–2, 603–5

classification disorders 597

CNS neoplasms 604

head injury 603

nasal disease 603

neurodegenerative disease 604–5


respiratory tract infection 600, 603

sensorineural causes 605

sinus disease 603

treatment 605–6

olfactory event-related potentials 599

olfactory groove meningioma 600, 604

olfactory nerve cells 595

olfactory nerve regeneration 96

olfactory neural transduction 596

olfactory neuroepithelium 595–6

olfactory nucleus, anterior 596

olfactory receptors 595

olfactory sensory signals 597, 598

olfactory tubercle 597, 598

olfactory vector hypothesis 596


anoxia sensitivity 1598



excitotoxic damage sensitivity 1598

excitotoxicity 699

inflammation mediator sensitivity 1598

inhibitory effects 91

microglia interactions 1598–9, Fig. 97.6

multiple system atrophy 502, Fig. 34.5

processes 1595, 1596

progenitors 1593, 1596, 1601, 1602

migration 1595

remyelination of CNS 1603


reversible injury 1598

spinal cord injury 699, 700, 705, Fig.

47.3

stem cell differentiation 1593

stimulation of

differentiation/maturation 1594

survival 1597, Fig. 97.5

factors 1594

tumour necrosis factor � 1598–9

oligodendroglia 56

inclusion-bearing 1702, Fig. 103.19

progenitors 57, 58

radiosensitivity 1490

oligodendroglioma 1432, 1433, 1434

anaplastic 1432, 1434


calcification 1441

oligomers, misfolded 228

oligonucleotide arrays, dense 20

olivary complex, superior 661

olivocochlear bundles 662

olivocochlear fibres 660, 661

olivocochlear suppression test 667

olivocochlear system 662

lateral 663

medial efferent 662–3

oncogene proteins 241

oncovirus 1683–4

Ondine’s curse 1351

one-and-a-half syndrome 1353, 1354,

1358

Onuf’s nucleus 804

degeneration 784

sphincteric weakness 834

ophthalmic artery 1347

ophthalmic signs of hyperthyroidism

2034

ophthalmopathy 654

ophthalmoplegia

internuclear 1353


see also chronic progressive external

ophthalmoplegia (CPEO)

opiate(s) 437–9

addiction 438–9


Index 2161






opiate(s) (cont.)

cAMP 438

antagonists 67

dependence 1827–8

dopamine inhibition 438


432

intoxication 438

neuron hyperpolarization 438



reward 437, 438

seizures 1834


withdrawal 438, 438–9, 961–2

opiate abstinence syndrome 1828

opiate neurotransmitter system 440

opioid(s)


addiction 916

analgesics 915–16

non-malignant pain 916, 917

overuse 958, 963

physical dependence 916

opioid receptor activation by opiates 437

opioid system in obsessive–compulsive

disorder 394

oppositional defiant disorder 423

opsoclonus 644



opsonization of pathogens 1508

opsono-phagocytosis in bacterial

meningitis 1731

optic atrophy 623


optic chiasm disorders 625

optic disc

edema 622–3

optic atrophy 623

swelling 624

optic nerve/optic neuropathy 621–5

astrocytoma 1454–6

incidence 1455–6

treatment 1455

cobalamin deficiency 2047–8

glioma 624–5, 2062, 2063

heredo-familial 623–4

ischemic 622–3

arteritic 623

non-arteritic 622–3

nutritional 624


remyelination 1603


sarcoidosis 1559


toxic 624

tumours 624–5, 1454–6, 2062, 2063

optic nerve sheath meningiomas 624

optic neuritis 621–2, 1674–5

atypical 621, 623


typical 621, 623

optic tract

lesions 625–6

nucleus 640

optical imaging of intrinsic signal 1329

optociliary venous shunt vessels 624

oral cavity, swallowing 798

oral contraceptives



orbital trauma sequelae 654

orbitofrontal circuit in Tourette’s

syndrome 558

orbitofrontal cortex

lesions 597

taste function 613

orexin(s) 823

orexin receptor 2 mutations 26

organ donation 357

organ of Corti 658, 659, 660


organ transplantation 2082–9, 2090

de novo tumours of CNS 2088–9


2090

CNS infections 2086–7



neuromuscular 2087–8

organ donation/procurement 357

see bone marrow transplantation; liver

transplantation; renal

transplantation

organic acids 1912

organomegaly 859

organophosphates

axonopathy 1105


neuropathy 1105

parkinsonism 504–5

orgasm 843

ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency

(OTC) 1881, 1882

hyperammonemia 1978


classification 939


extracranial 939–41

intracranial 941–2

migraine 942–3

muscle disorders 951–2

musculoskeletal system 950–2

nerve compression 947–8

neuropathic 943–50

neurovascular 942–3

psychogenic 942

treatment 948–9

oropharynx 1351

orthographic lexicons 323–4

Osler–Weber–Rendu disease see hereditary

hemorrhagic telangiectasia

osmotic factors 865

OspA 1761–2

osteitis, tuberculous 722

osteoarthritis 873

osteoarthrosis of temporomandibular

joint 951

osteochondrodysplasias 729–30

osteoclasts, Pagetic 737

osteogenesis imperfecta 729

osteomalacia 729

osteomyelitis, tuberculous 1700–1

osteopenia in anorexia nervosa 809


osteopetrosis 672

osteoporosis


glucocorticosteroids 1531


otic ganglion 1341, 1342

otitis externa/media 670

otoacoustic emissions 666, 668

otolaryngological examination 599

otoliths 634

otosclerosis 672

ototoxic drugs 671

ototoxicity 671–2

out-of-wind phenomenon 1211

ovarian hormones 1939

oxcarbazepine 913

oxidative phosphorylation 1207


PD 480

2162 Index






oxybutynin 840, 841

oxygen

cerebral blood flow 1339–40

cerebral metabolism (CMRO2) 131, 132,

134, 2024

delivery to brain 2022

free radicals 241

hyperbaric 577

see also reactive oxygen species

oxygenation, apneic 353

oxytocin 865

cerebral vasculature effects 1940


pituitary storage 854

P zero protein 1116

p14ARFprotein 1438, 1439

p53

activation mechanism 1438

function loss with glioma 1438

pathways 1438

p120 Ras GTPase-activating protein 1435

PABP2 gene 41, 1170

pacemaker–effector coupling disorders

825–6

pacemakers

circadian disturbances in elderly 825–6

function disorders 825–6

neurons 512, 514

output decrease 825–6

pachygyria, spastic quadriplegia 572

paclitaxel see taxol


auditory nerve damage 672

neck pain 749

neurological sequelae 737

pain 873–86

alternative therapies 917

burning 897, 898

cancer 915, 916

central nervous system mechanisms

888–98

central pathways

activation 878–80

modulation 881–3

central syndrome 896–8

chronic

assessment 906–9

associated phenomena evaluation

909

characteristics 907

classification 907

definition 906

etiology 907–8

evaluation 907

interventions 909

intractable syndrome 908

management 906–18

non-malignant syndrome 907–8

NSAIDs 909–11


pharmacologic therapies 909–16

site-specific 908

syndromes 907–8

thalamic lesioning 893

clinical 873

congenital insensitivity 26, 873


cortical areas in perception 893–5, 896,

897

deafferentation 891

definition 906, 939

dermatomal 1678

ear 940

eye 939–40

gate control theory 875


build-up 884

neuropathic 882


postsurgical 882

inflammatory 880–1

injection therapy 917

institutional care 907

invasive therapies 917

lateral spinothalamic tract lesions 716



musculoskeletal 915

neural blockade 917

neuropathic

adjuvant analgesics 913–14

corticosteroids 913

HIV 1697, 1698


nociceptive 873

non-malignant 913

nose 940

paranasal 940

paroxysmal 896, 913

pathways 879

projection 874

persistent states 875

poststroke 898

postsurgical 883


processing alterations 880–3

protective system 875

psychological interventions 917

rehabilitative therapies 917

sensitivity

heritability 26


shingles 1678, 1679

sinuses 940


sympathetically maintained 948–9

teeth 941

thalamic 941–2

thalamus Vc cell response 890–1, 892–3

throat 940

trigger point 951


see also back pain; headache; migraine;

orofacial pain

pain specialists 917


palilalia, aphasia 319

palinopsia 630

pallidal–thalamocortical circuit 433

pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPND)

498

pallidotomy

dyskinesias 482

dystonia 542–3

PD 484, 485, 514

rest tremor 516

palmitoyl-protein thioesterase (PPT1)

gene mutations 1917

pamidronate 2005

Pancoast tumour, cervical radiculopathy

743

panic attacks 1282

panic disorder 366

migraine 959–60

papillae, taste bud 610, 611

papilledema, brain metastases 1463

Papoviridae 1702

parabrachial nucleus 888

paracentral lobes


hemorrhage 1358

paracetamol 923

paraflocculus, visual tracking 640

Paragonimus westermanni 1751


Index 2163






parahippocampal region 305, 306

paraldehyde toxicity 1988

paralytic shellfish poisoning 1809

paramedian tracts 635

paramyotonia congenita 1183–4, 1191,

1192, 1193



sodium channel mutations 1196


1193

paranasal pain 940


1475, 1476–8

antibody-positive (anti-Yo) 1478–9

imaging 1477–8



pathology 1478

remission 1478

paraneoplastic syndromes 1085, 1474–85,

2056

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1481–2



autonomic neuropathy 1483–4


brain 1476–81

continuous motor unit activity 1083,

1485

cranial nerves 1476–81

diagnosis 1476

dorsal root ganglia 1481–2


incidence 1474

muscle 1484–5


myelitis 1482

necrotizing myelopathy 1481

neuromuscular junction 1484–5




sensory neuronopathies/neuropathies

1482–3



visual loss 1481

see also dermatomyositis;

Lambert–Eaton myasthenic

syndrome; polymyositis

paraparesis, spastic 719, 724

lathyrism 725

paraphasia 318–19

paraplegia, thoracic spinal cord lesions

719


parasitic disease 1745–51

parasomnias 826–8

parasympathetic innervation

anatomy 1341


major organs 774

modulators 1341–2

physiological effects 1342

transmitters 1341–2

parathyroid disease 2037–8

parathyroid hormone (PTH) 2005

parent of origin effect 32

parental imprinting 14–15

paresis, general in neurosyphilis 1771,

1773

paresthesiae 715

electric 716

radiculopathy 742

parietal eye field, saccades control 639

parietal lobe

approach behaviour mediation 339

epilepsy 1260–1

hemorrhage 1358



parietal lobule

left inferior 461, 470

superior 469

parieto-frontal circuits

apraxia-related deficits 469, 471

limb apraxias due to dysfunction 472

parallel for sensorimotor integration

468–9, 470

parieto-occipital region, left 467

parieto-temporal region, left 467

Parinaud’s syndrome 646

parkin gene 8

juvenile onset PD 39

mutations 221, 479–80, 1842

parkinson-like syndrome 1974

parkinsonian gait 478

parkinsonian state 1491

parkinsonian syndromes


depression 779

imaging 139–40

parkinsonian–dementia complex 784

parkinsonian–dementia complex of Guam





parkinsonism 221

with Alzheimer’s disease 476, 477

atypical 476, 477


clinical symptoms 476

dementia 254



FTD 286

head injury 505

hereditary/heredodegenerative

disorders 490, 505

heroin contaminant 480


Mendelian disorders 23

MPTP-induced 514

multiple system atrophy 489, 500, 502,

781, 782

postencephalitic 221, 478, 489, 490, 504

secondary 490, 503–5

symptomatic 476, 477, 490, 503–5

toxins 504–5

trauma 505

vascular 479, 489, 504

parkinsonism-plus 485

syndromes 476, 477

see also corticobasal degeneration;

multiple system atrophy;

parkinsonism, vascular; progressive

supranuclear palsy

Parkinson’s disease 3, 476–85

AD association 221

animal models 8, 9

apoE4 genotype 480

coexisting illness 484


dementia 221

depression 484, 831


dopaminergic neuronal degeneration

135

dopaminergic system imaging 139, 140

dysphagia 801

dystonia 534

early diagnosis 139

early-onset 22–3

environmental toxins 480

2164 Index






etiology 479–80

familial 221

genetic basis 275

fetal neuron transplantation 95

fetal neuronal grafts 12

functional imaging 131, 139–40

gene 210

genetics 5

heredity 480

idiopathic


olfactory deficit 604–5


imaging 224

incidence 211, 217

inheritance 22–3, 221

juvenile onset 39

L-dopa 482–3

late-onset 22

Lewy bodies 221





diagnosis 500

mutations 479–80

neuroleptic drugs unmasking 504

neuroprotective strategies 483

onset 476




pharmcotherapy 482–3

physical exercise 482

primary 476, 477, 478



receptor mapping of dopaminergic

system 131


rigidity 478

secondary disability control 482


sildenafil 848

sleep disorders 484, 831

sporadic 215, 221

stem cell transplantation 7–8

stereotactic surgery 210


310

stretching 482

surgical therapy 484–5, 514


symptomatic 478–9

�-synuclein 240

gene mutations 221


overinhibition 514

therapeutic principles 482–3


transplant studies 485

tremor 476, 478

essential 516

re-emergent 515–16

rest 512, 513, 515–16

parotid epidermoid carcinoma, cerebral

metastasis 931

paroxetine



paroxysmal depolarization shift (PDS)

1233



chronic 943

episodic 931

PARP repair enzyme 69–70

parvalbumin 1870, 1871


stroke 1954–5


Pathological Crying and Laughing Scale

(PLACS) 1379, 1380

pattern-recognition receptors 1501–2

Pax-1 gene 727

Pearson syndrome 1927

Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric

Disorders Associated with

Streptococcal infections (PANDAS)

393, 397, 559

diagnostic criteria 559–60

immune-mediated hypothesis 560

therapy 561

tic disorders 559–60


peduncular hallucinations 630

pegvisomant 859

peliosis, bacillary 1702


pellagra 1881

pelvic floor muscles 843

pelvic neoplasia 762

pelvic nerve injury



pelvic organ dysfunction 838

pelvic plexus 804

pemoline 824

Pendred syndrome 672

penetrance, age-dependent 18


1356–7

D-penicillamine 1155

Wilson’s disease 505, 1155, 1882, 1979

penicillin

intoxication 1988

neurosyphilis 1774

PANDAS 561



pentamidine isothionate 1750

Pentastarch 1368

pentazocine

overdose 1828

stroke 1834

pentoxifylline 1696

penumbra, ischemic 1368, 1385

peptide histidine methionine (PHM)

1341, 1342

perception, disordered 1816–17

perceptual classification, preserved 628



(PEG) 1873

perforin 1654

pergolide 483

tic disorders 561

perhexiline maleate 787

periamygdaloid cortex 597, 598

periaqueductal grey 874, 890

perihematoma vasogenic edema 1385

perikaryon 1075, 1076

perilymph fistula 687



periodic limb movement disorder 826,

2045

periodic paralyses 6, 1183, 1191, 1192,

1193–200



diagnosis 1201

hyperkalemic 1191, 1192, 1193


diagnosis 1201


Index 2165






periodic paralyses (cont.)

hyperkalemic (cont.)


1196


1193


hypokalemic 1191, 1192, 1197–9

calcium channel subunit gene

1197–8

calcium ion movement 1198–9

diagnosis 1201




pathogenesis 1199


1199

normokalemic 1201

paramyotonia 1201


sodium channel mutations 1193–5

thyrotoxic 1176

thyrotoxic periodic 1176, 1199–200

diagnosis 1201

treatment 1201–2

peripheral inflammatory disease 880,

883–4

peripheral motor nerves 584

peripheral motor neuropathy 1678

peripheral nerve fiber degeneration 1082

peripheral nerve sheath tumours,


peripheral nerves/peripheral neuropathy

AIDS 1081

biopsy 779

bridges 94–5



denervated distal stump 89

dysmetabolic 1092

HAART 1689

herpes zoster 1677, 1678–9

HIV-1-associated disorders 1696–8


hypothyroidism 2037

injury 884

anatomical plasticity 897


isolated vasculitis 1122–3

leprosy 3




muscle atrophy 1086


pregnancy 1948

regeneration 85, 88–90

shingles 1677, 1678–9


systemic vasculitis 1121–2

toxic 1092

tremor 519


varicella zoster virus 1677, 1678–9



see also metabolic neuropathies; toxic

neuropathies


antigen presentation 1508–9


axons 1075–8, 1079, 1080–3

disorders 1075


1518–20




1083–6



Schwann cells 1076–8, 1079, 1080




local hypersensitivity 881

migraine 882

peripheral sensory system, nociception

873–86

peripheral stem cell rescue 1452

perirhinal cortex 305, 306

perivascular inflammation 1651–2

periventricular band heterotopias 56

periventricular hemorrhagic infarction

571





periventricular nodular heterotopia 56

peroneal mononeuropathy 2088

peroneal neuropathy 1100

peroneal palsy 2048

peroxisomal disorders

biogenesis abnormality 1138


neonatal 1913

peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme

1913

peroxynitrate 1734

perseveration 319

persistent vegetative state 295

awakeness 293

consciousness 294


personality change in chronic hepatic

encephalopathy 1971

personhood, autism 415–16

pethidine 923


PEX gene defects 1913

peyote cactus 1831, 1832

Pfiesteria piscicida 1810–11

phaeochromocytoma 2040

phagocytosis 1654

phakomatoses, brain tumours of

childhood 1449

phantosmia 597

pharmacokinetics 129

pharyngeal airway occlusion 821

pharyngopalatine arch 1353

pharynx, swallowing 798

phencyclidine (PCP) 374, 379, 439–40

addiction 1832–3




432

GABA inhibition 439

glutamate pathways 439, 440

intoxication 438

seizures 1834

stroke 1835

withdrawal 438

phenobarbital 441


ethanol withdrawal seizures 1817


phenobarbitone 1277

phenol

dystonia 542


sclerosis 1625

phenothiazines 949

phenoxybenzamine 914

2166 Index






phentolamine 948

4-phenylbutyrate 1636

phenylhydantoin 1817

phenylketonuria 1912

phenytoin 66






neuropathy 1103



side effects 1307



fos-phenytoin 1274


phobia, vasovagal syncope 779

phonological lexicons 324

phonology

brain aging 204

input/output 324

phosphate

inorganic 1207

intracellular 2009


phosphatidylcholine precursor 67

phosphatidylinositol 3’ kinase (PI3 kinase)

241, 1435, 1436

phosphocreatinine 1207, 1211

phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) 847, 848

phosphofructokinase 1213

deficiency 1211, 1213, 1216

phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency 1214,

1216

phosphoglycerate mutase 1213

deficiency 1216–17

phospholipase, calcium-dependent 1801

phospholipase A2 65

cytoplasmic (cPLA2) 69

phospholipase C 65, 1435, 1436, 1437

phosphorylase 1213

phosphorylase b kinase deficiency 1216

phosphorylase-limit dextrin 1216

phrenic nerves, foramen magnum lesions

719

physical activity, stroke primary

prevention 1415–16

physical deprivation in autism 409

Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (PSMS)

244

physiotherapy

cerebral palsy 576


dystonia 543




partial body weight supported treadmill

training 88

physostigmine


REM sleep 829

phytanic acid storage disease 1138–9

pial surface integrity disorders 186–8

pial–glial barrier abnormalities 187

pica 2045

Pick bodies 214, 283, 497

intracellular 228

Pick cells 283

Pick-complex disorder 284

Pick’s disease 283

apo-E allele 22


diagnosis 497




diagnosis 269, 503








sporadic 220–1

pillow speakers 675

pimozide

tic disorders 561


pindolol 829

pineal region germ cell tumours 1456–7

piracetam 525–6

piriform cortex 596, 598

Pisa syndrome 500

pituitary

brain death 351

craniopharyngioma 861

failure 862

fluid abnormalities after surgery 869

hormones 853

metastases 861

microadenoma 931

normal function 853–5

posterior 865–9


tumours 855–61, 931, 942


imaging 864–5

visual field testing 864–5


ACTH-secreting 859–60

cavernous sinus invasion 856

gonadotroph-secreting tumours 860

growth hormone-secreting 858–9

incidentaloma 861

non-functional 861

prolactin-secreting 856–8

thyroid-stimulating hormone 860–1

visual abnormality 856

pituitary apoplexy 861, 865, 2001


pizotifen 922

PKD genes 1413

planum temporale 321

plasma cell dyscrasias 2055–7

malignant 1121, 2055

plasmapheresis





PANDAS 561

pregnancy 1949


plasminogen activators 1439

Plasmodium falciparum 1749, 1750

platelet activating factor (PAF)


inactivation in lissencephaly 184

platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) 702



oligodendrocyte progenitors 1593


platelet-derived growth factor � (PDGF�)

56, 57

receptor signalling 1597

platelets

hypercoagulable states with

abnormalities 2059

SSRIs 1965

transfusion in thrombocytopenia

2052–3

Index 2167






platinum

coils 1398

germ cell tumour treatment 1457

pleconaril 1664–5

pleocytosis 1769

plexopathy



plicamycin 2005

PMP22 gene mutations 1130, 1131, 1132,

1134

pneumocephalus 2019

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)

1683

prophylaxis 1577

pneumonia, acute ischemic stroke 1368

POEMS syndrome 1114, 1121, 2056–7

polar zipper formation 40

model 1903

polioencephalopathies 1914

poliomyelitis

paralytic 1676–7


poliosis of hair/eyelids 2065, 2066

poliovirus, motor neuron destruction

1085

poly(A)-binding protein 2 (PABP2) 40

polyarteritis 1177

polyarteritis nodosa 1576–7, Fig. 96.2

microscopic polyangiitis differential

diagnosis 1578




polycystic kidney disease 1999–2000

aneurysms 1394





polycystin-1 1413


polydipsia 866


867

polyglucosan 1218

deposits 1216

polyglucosan body disease, adult 1218

polyglutamine/polyglutamine diseases

33–40

aggregation 40, 1905, 1907

inclusions 39, 40


pathogenesis models of Huntington’s

disease 1905–6

polyglutamine tract 35

expansion 35, 36, 38–40

self-aggregation 40

polyhydramnios 1155

polymicrogyria

cobblestone dysplasia 187, 188

cytomegalovirus 189

four-layered type 188


pathogenesis 181

schizencephaly 181, 188

unlayered 188

polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs)

1801

polymyositis 1172–3, Fig. 70.9

eosinophilic 1175

HIV-1 infection 1697, 1698

myopathy 1176



polyneuritis, idiopathic 1679

polyneuropathy

alcoholic 1823

critical illness 1101–2

drug-associated 1095–6

environmental toxin-associated 1095–6

motor–sensory 1092

paraproteinemias 2056

progressive 1092

sensory distal 1697, Fig. 103.13–15

systemic disease association 1094–5


uremic 1990–4



polyneuropathy, organomegaly,

endocrinopathy, M protein and

skin changes see POEMS syndrome

polyopia 630

polyradiculitis, lumbosacral 1677


acute 1111, 1113, 1483

Lyme disease 1757



polyuria 867



Pompe disease 1217, 1914

pons


hemorrhage 1358–9

ischemia 1353–4


REM sleep 821

pontine micturition centre 834–5

pontine nucleus, dorsolateral 640, 641

pontine reticular formation

paramedian 634, 637


REM sleep 821

swallowing 801

population-based research 118–21

populations 118

porencephaly see schizencephaly; West

syndrome

porphyrias

acute attacks 1137

acute intermittent 1136

neuropathy 1093, 1136–7

variegate 1136

port-wine nevi 2070

portal systemic encephalopathy see

hepatic encephalopathy

Poser criteria for multiple sclerosis 1620

positive-predictive value (PPV) 121, 122

positron emission tomography (PET) 4,

131, 132–5

apo-E4 heterozygotes 5




dementia 140, 141

dyslexia 5

epilepsy 1292

function recovery 142–3



radiotracers 133


post-hypoxic encephalopathy 221

Post-stroke Depression Rating Scale

(PSDRS) 1373

post-traumatic stress disorder 827

postencephalitic parkinsonism 221, 478,

489, 490, 504

posterior circulation ischemia see


posterior fossa tumour tumours 1450–1

postherpetic neuralgia 947–8, 949–50,

1678–9

2168 Index






clinical pain 873

nociceptor terminal excitability 881

sympathetic nerve block 949–50

posthypoxic encephalopathy 525

postmicturition residual 841

postpolio syndrome 1677

postsaccadic drift 642, 643

postural control

adaptation to environmental conditions

585


neuroanatomical 582

physiology 581–2


postural response

bradykinetic 587

disinhibition of inappropriate 585

hypokinetic 587

modification 582

postural synergies 582

postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS)

773, 789, 792

potassium

calcium-activated 1230

ingestion in periodic paralysis 1201,

1202


potassium ion channels

activation 1183

agonists 66, 67

alcohol intoxication 1818–19

blockers in spinal cord injury 705

openers 66

voltage-gated 1083

gene mutations 1891

potassium ions

apoptosis 64, 70

extracellular during seizures 1235

homeostasis 2010

propagated action potentials 1195

release in neuronal activation 1337



potentiation, long-term (LTP) 81, 83–4

dendritic remodelling 86

early 83–4

hippocampus CA1 region 83

late 83–4

pottery glazes 1807

Pott’s disease 1777, 1784

treatment 1788

Pott’s paraplegia 722

PPP2R2B gene 46

Prader–Willi syndrome 14

2-pralidoxime 1160

pramipexole 483

pravastatin 1191

praxis

conceptual system 462

errors 462, 463

grasping 469

limb 462–4

anatomofunctional substrates 468

production system 462

skills and interhemispheric differences

464, 466–7

praziquantel 1177, 1747–8

prazocin 914

pre-eclampsia 1946–7

Factor V Leiden 573

precentral gyrus

atrophy in motor neuron disease 1867

motor cortex 449


neurofibroma 2062

prednisolone



prednisone



migraine 1940


neurocysticercosis 1749






system 1554

prefrontal cortex


dopamine fibres 432

dopamine neurons 434

dorsal lateral 325


dual synapses 432

glutamate-containing pyramidal cells

434

left dorsal lateral 323


strategic declarative memory 309–10

pregnancy


Bell’s palsy 1948

brain death 356

cerebrovascular disease 1941, 1942,

1943–5




drug risk categories 1940, 1941

eclampsia 1946–7

epilepsy 1945–6

headache 1942


membrane rupture 1944

migraine 1939–40, 1942


muscle disease 1948–9



neuralgia paresthetica 1948

neurologic aspects 1939–49

peripheral nerve disease 1948

plasmapheresis 1949

prolactinoma 858

seizures 1945

stroke 1941, 1942, 1943–5


taste 610

therapeutics 129

pregnenolone 1231

prekallikrein deficiency 2057

prematurity

cerebral palsy 569


preoptic area, nucleus acumbens

projections 433

presbyosmia 597

presenilin genes 226

AD 258

mutations 258

see also PS1 gene; PS2 gene

presenilin(s) 259

prestriate lesions 627–8

pretrigeminal neuralgia 946–7

prevalence of disease 123


system (PACNS) 1547, 1548

angiographic abnormalities 1550–1

autoimmunity 1548

brain biopsy 1551


course 1554–5

diagnosis/diagnostic criteria 1551–2

Index 2169







system (cont.)


etiology 1548

imaging 1549–51

pathogenesis/pathology 1548


treatment 1554–5

primidone



primitive neuroectodermal tumours

(PNET) 1449


diagnosis 1450–2

infants 1457–8



radiotherapy 1451

surgery 1450

treatment 1450–2

Pringle adenoma 1266

prion(s) 210, 211, 212, 213

biology 215–19

bovine 223

concepts 213

diversity 218

enhanced clearance 228–9

immunoassays 224, 225

replication


mechanisms 214–15

strains 218–19

prion amyloid 211

prion diseases 215–19, 1716–26

amyloid plaques 214

animals 216

ataxia 1890




diagnosis 1722–4

diagnostic tests 223–4

EEG 1723, 1725

epidemiology 217

familial 214, 216, 1717


diagnosis 1722

FTD phenotype 498

genetic 219–20

iatrogenic 222

imaging 1723–4, 1725

infectious 222–3


large aggregates of misprocessed

proteins 228

Lewy bodies 479

misfolded proteins 228

deposition in neuronal inclusions 40

MRI scan 224


phenotypes 219

species barrier 218

spinocerebellar ataxia differential

diagnosis 1890

sporadic 214, 216, 219–20


Tg mouse models 223, 224, 226


prion protein

isoforms 211, 212, 213, 1721

see also PrPC; PrPSc

prion protein gene

familial fatal insomnia 26

mutations 1716

PRNP gene 211

mutations 217, 1716

familial prion disease 1719, 1721

PRNP genotype distribution 1717

pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) 854

procarbazine 1443

prochlorperazine

migraine 1940


progenitor cells

neurons 1330

spinal cord injury 704, 706

progeria 2075–6

adult 2076

progesterone



programmed cell death see apoptosis

progressive bulbar palsy 1863

progressive cerebral degenerations of

childhood 1911–19

encephalopathies 1913–14

evaluation 1911–12

neonatal encephalopathies 1912–13


leukoencephalopathy (PML) 1702,

Fig. 103.19

progressive muscular atrophy 1481, 1863

progressive myoclonic epilepsies 1919

progressive myoclonic epilepsy type 1 34,

1240, 1241, 1885, 1919



see also Unverricht–Lundborg disease

progressive supranuclear palsy 476, 477,

489–94



diagnosis 497

diagnostic tests/criteria 493, 494


epidemiology 124

eye movement 491

familial 493

French West Indies 494


imaging 493


diagnosis 269, 503

management 494

misdiagnosis 489, 493


diagnosis 500




parkinsonism 491

pathology 491–3, Fig. 34.1, Fig. 34.2

phenotypic variants 493



prevalence 490–1

slow saccades 642

sporadic 492, 493


tau proteins 492, Fig. 34.2

tufted astrocytes 492, 497, Fig. 34.2

progressive tactile hypersensitivity (PTH)

884

prolactin 854, 855

prolactin-secreting macroadenoma 857

Prolyse in Acute Cerebral

Thromboembolism II (PROACT II)

1364, 1365–6

propantheline 840

propiverine hydrochloride 840

propofol

sedation 2024


propoxyphene overdose 1828

propranolol

2170 Index








migraine prophylaxis 922, 1940



proprioception loss 716

proprioceptors 582

propriospinal neurons 452, 879

prosencephalon, dorsal–ventral

patterning event failure 55

prosopagnosia 291, 627, 628


prostaglandins


meningitis 1732

pain modulation 881


synthesis reduction 880

NSAIDs 910

prostanoids 1508

prostatectomy



prosthetic devices, neural signals 456,

457, 458

proteasomes

function impairment 6

subunits 39

Protection against Recurrent Stroke Study

(PROGRESS) 1422

protein(s)

aberrant processing 214

large aggregates of misprocessed 228

misfolded 6, 40, 240–1

misprocessing 228, 229

trifunctional deficiency 1220

protein C 2057


protein kinase A (PKA) 82

activation 880


protein kinase B (AKT) 1437

protein kinase C (PKC) 82, 882, 1436



protein kinase signalling 1819–20

protein S deficiency 2057

protein–calorie malnutrition 2008

proteinemic polyneuropathy 1093

proteinopathies, dystrophin-associated

1166–8

proteoglycans 701

proteolipid protein (PLP) 1517, 1518, 1641

deficiency 1640


prothrombin gene mutation 2057

proto-oncogenes 1435

proton (1H) -13C magnetic resonance

spectroscopy 156–7

proton (1H) spectroscopic imaging

brain tumours 152


antiepileptic drugs 153–5

epileptics receiving vigabatrin 153–4,

155

proton (1H) spectrum 148–50

prourokinase 1364, 1365–6

proverb interpretation tests 203

proximal myotonic myopathy (PROMM)

43, 1200

proximal tubular reabsorption of fluid

2002

PrP amyloid plaques 211, 214


Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker

disease (GSS) Fig. 15.4

PrP-deficient mice 226

PrP gene 211


mutations 215, 216, 219

polymorphisms 220

sequencing 224

PrP immunostaining in lymphoreticular

tissue 1724

PrPC 211, 212, 213


conversion to PrPSc 214

structure 211, 212, 213

wild-type 214, 216

PrPSc 211, 212, 213


bovine 223

sheep 223

structure 211, 212, 213, 218

wild-type 216

PS1 gene 216, 220


mutation 253, 1842, 1846

PS1 null mice 1849

PS2 gene 216, 220

mutation 253, 1842, 1846

PS2 null mice 1849

pseudo-Chiari malformation 733

pseudo-chorea-athetosis 168

pseudo-parkinsonism 504

pseudo-sixth nerve paresis 1357

pseudoaneurysm in internal carotid artery

1346

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

brain abscess 1737

otitis externa 670

pseudosulfatase deficiency (PSD) 1637–8

pseudotumour cerebri 1980, 2027–8, 2037

pseudoxanthoma elasticum 1919, 2070–2

aneurysms 1393

genetics 2072

neurological dysfunction 2071–2

stroke 1412

psilocin 1831, 1832

psilocybin 1831, 1832

psychiatric disorders



psychiatric dysfunction in multiple

sclerosis 1627

psychic experiences 1283

psychological dysfunction in multiple

sclerosis 1627

psychometrics 105–8

developments 113–14

neuroscience applications 113

raw scores 113

tests in AD 260

psychophysics 105

scaling methods 106

psychosine 1638, 1639

psychosis


drug-induced 374


psychostimulants




432

psychotic episodes in multiple sclerosis

1610

PTCH gene 1449

pterygopalatine ganglion 1341, 1342

puberty

delayed 599

precocious 855, 2062

pudendal nerve 796–7, 804

pelvic floor muscle innervation 843

puffer fish poison see tetrodotoxin

(TTX)

Index 2171






pulpitis, reversible 941

pulse generator, implantable 842

pulse-step of innervation 634, 635

pupillary reflexes

brain death 353

rostral brainstem lesions 1355

pure autonomic failure (PAF) 773, 781

purinoreceptors 875

Purkinje cell loss 45



1478

purposeful behaviour, consciousness

293–4

pursuit, smooth 640, 641

disorders 644

pursuit commands 637

putamen


hemorrhage 1357


pyramidal system abnormalities 1972

pyramidal tract decussation 735

pyrazinamide 1701, 1785, 1786

pyridostigmine


pregnancy 1949

pyridostigmine bromide



pyridoxine

dependency in epilepsy 1253

intoxication 1083, 1085

isoniazid neuropathy 1103



pyrimethamine 1700

pyruvate dehydrogenase 1822

deficiency 1882, 1883, 1932

pyruvate metabolism disorders 1881

quadrantanopia 622

quality of life in obsessive–compulsive

disorder 386

Quebec Task Force on Whiplash

Associated Disorders 752, 753

quetiapine 561

quinidine syndrome 1157

quinine

with heroin 1836

malaria 1750

quinolinic acid 1762

rabies vaccine, transverse myelitis 1677

rabies virus 1660

diagnosis 1672–3

disease forms 1672

encephalitis 1668, 1672

radiation

acute brain toxicity 1491


dementia 1492

early-delayed brain toxicity 1491

late brain toxicity 1492

lower motor neurone syndrome 1495

malignancy-induction 1494

mineralizing microangiopathy 1493

necrosis 1492–3

necrotic lesions 1490

nervous system harmful effects 1489–96

diagnosis of damage 1490–1

syndromes 1491–4

time course 1491

Parkinsonian state 1491



plexopathy 1495

therapy for GH-secreting pituitary

adenoma 859


Radiation Therapy Oncology Group

(RTOG) 1466–7, 1469–70

radicular artery, lumbosacral 720

radicular pain 742

radiculopathy differential diagnosis 744

see also cervical radicular pain

radicular syndrome, acute 761

radiculomyelopathy syndromes 718

radiculopathy 742

infiltrative/compressive 1085

see also cervical radiculopathy

radiolabelled ligands 134–5

radiopharmaceuticals 135

radiosurgery


gamma knife 1321–2


radiotherapy



complications 1467


fractionation schemes 1489–90

myelopathy 725


side effects 1467

spinal cord damage 1494–5

whole brain 1466, 1468, 1469

ragged red fibres 1223, 1925, 1926


ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) Fig.120.3

COX-positive 1222


see also MERRF syndrome

Ramsay–Hunt syndrome 672, 1678, 1887


facial palsy 947–8

hyperacusis 665

rapamycin 1532–3, 2083

raphe nuclei


REM sleep 821

rapid eye movement sleep see REM sleep

rapid time zone change syndrome 824–5

rapsyn 1145

RAS, activated 1436

Rasch item analysis 114

rash


heliotrope 1172


epilepsia partialis continua 1278

intractable focal seizures 1240

plasmapheresis 1240

Rasmussen’s hemispherectomy 1279

reaching, somatosensory transformation

469

reactive oxygen species 47


metabolite ototoxicity 671


reading

assessment 320


reagin tests 1773

reasoning deficit with frontal lobe lesions

310

recall, delayed 202

receiver–operator characteristic (ROC)

curve 122

receptor editing 1511–12


recoverin photoreceptor protein 1481

recurrent laryngeal nerve sectioning in

dystonia 542

red blood cell indices 2044

red nucleus, essential tremor 515

2172 Index






reef fish poisoning 1093

Reelin protein 177, 185, Fig. 13.1

receptors 185

reflex sympathetic dystrophy see complex

regional pain syndrome

refocoxib 931

Refsum disease 1138, 1882–3


registration 201

rejection encephalopathy 1999

relative risk (RR) 119, 121

RELN gene 185

REM sleep 816, 820

atonia system 828

behaviour disorder 828


depression 828

forebrain activation 820–1

inhibition 829

antidepressants 829

intrusion in narcolepsy 823

PET studies 821, Fig. 55.4

see also non-REM sleep

remacemide 1907

remyelinating cell 1601–2

remyelination 1601–4

cerebellar peduncle 1603–4

endogenous of CNS 1603

inflammation and repair 1603


optic nerve 1603


renal angiomyolipoma 2066

renal artery dysplasia/stenosis 2062

renal disease 1987–2011

dialysis complications 1996–9

electrolyte disturbances 2000–2

end-stage and uremic polyneuropathy

1992–3

genetic 1999–2000





hypokalemia 2011



hypophosphatemia 2009–10

low back pain 762

myopathy in uremia 1995–6

renal transplantation complications

1999


systemic 1999–2000



see also polycystic kidney disease; von


disease

renal failure

acute 1987–9


EEG 1987, 1988

myoglobinuria 1995

chronic 1989–90

cachexia 1995–6

cholinergic autonomic nervous

system abnormality 1989, 1991

EEG 1989

peripheral nerve dysfunction 1994





renal transplantation

chronic renal failure 1100, 1990

complications 1999

compressive neuropathy 1994


repeat expansion detection (RED),

spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 37


repetitive behaviour in autism 408

repetitive nerve stimulation 1150


reserpine 576

resiniferatoxin 841

respiratory chain 1221–2

mutations in genes encoding subunits

1930

respiratory chain defects


myoglobinuria 1222

weakness 1222–3

respiratory dysfunction

chronic insufficiency in polyneuropathy

1101


1101

failure of automatic 1351

lateral medullary ischemia 1351


secondary anoxic seizures 1283

see also lung

respiratory failure in motor neuron

disease 1867, 1874

respiratory tract infection, olfactory


rest–activity cycles 818

restless legs syndrome 826, 2045

restriction fragment length

polymorphisms (RFLPs) 17

RET proto-oncogene mutation 1134

reticular activating system, waking state

817

reticular formation


nociceptive neurons 889–90

swallowing 800

waking state 817

reticuloendothelial cells 1916

reticuloendothelial system (RES) 1660

retinal degeneration, paraneoplastic 1481


circadian timing 818

retinal hamartoma 2065–6

retinal hemorrhage 2044–5

retinitis, cytomegalovirus 1701–2

retino-choroidal anastomoses 624

retinoblastoma protein (Rb) 1437–8

retinohypothalamic tract 818–19

retinoic acid 1593, 1884

retroviruses


oncogenic transformation 1434–5

Rett’s syndrome 414, 1255, 1919

reward centres

endogenous 432–5

functional integrity disruption 435

reward circuit

drug addiction 442

nicotine stimulation 440

reward systems 442

rhabdomyolysis 1208


transplant patients 2088

rheumatic fever



rheumatoid arthritis


cervical spine 738

clinical pain 873



myopathy 1176

Index 2173






rheumatoid arthritis (cont.)

neck pain 748



diagnosis 1552

prognosis 737


temporomandibular pain 951–2

vertebral column 737–8

rheumatoid vasculitis 1121

rhizotomy, selective dorsal in cerebral

palsy 577

riboflavin



ribosomal RNA (rRNA), point mutations

1924

rickettsia-like bacteria 1762

Riddoch’s phenomenon 627

rifampin 1701, 1784–5, 1786

right hemisphere

activation domination 341

contralateral limb akinesia 340, 341

damage 341


inattention 340

intention domination 341


1373–4

right–left confusion 334

Riley–Day syndrome 773, 775, 784–5, 1133

riluzole 66, 483


risk reduction, absolute 121

risperidone

dystonia 540

tic disorders 561

Ritalin see methylphenidate

rituals, obsessive–compulsive disorder


Rituximab 1121

rizatriptan 923, 924


rolipram 84

Romberg sign 2047

ropinirole 483

Rosenthal fiber accumulation 1642

rubella virus

congenital 1679



rubeola virus 1675


see also measles

Rush Video-based Tic Rating Scale 553

Russian Spring Summer encephalitis

vaccine 1671

ryanodine receptor mutations 14, 15,

1171

S100� autoantigen 1518

saccades/saccadic eye movements

catch-up 644

commands 637

generation 635

disorders 642–4

initiation 643

dysmetria 642

higher-level control 638–40

intrusions 643

oculomotor control signal 634, 635

oscillations 643–4

slow 642–3

vertical 634

saccadic pulse

decrease 642–3

disorders 642

premotor command 634

saccadic step disorders 642

sacral nerves 696, Fig. 47.2

motor pathways 797

sacral pathway 796

sacral spinal cord 804

St Anne-Mayo classification system of

astrocytomas 1431–2

St Louis encephalitis 1671

salicylates

ototoxicity 671

toxicity differential diagnosis from acute

renal failure 1988

saline, hypertonic 868

intracranial hypertension 2021–2

saliva 611

drooling



proteins/peptides 611, 612

Salmonella, subdural empyema 1740


sampling 118

Sandhoff’s disease 529

Sanfilippo syndrome 1918

saposin D deficiency 1636

diagnosis 1637

sarcoglycan(s) 1164, 1166

mutations 1167

sarcoglycanopathies 1167, 1168

sarcoid granuloma


sarcoidosis


hypercalcemia 2004

myopathy 1176

see also neurosarcoidosis

sarcolemma

chloride conductance 1190

depolarization 1163

sarcolemma-related cytoskeleton proteins

1164

sarcolemmal proteins, dystrophin-

associated 1166–7

sarcomeres 1163

SCA genes 36, 46

SCA1 gene 1888–9

SCA2 gene 1889

SCA3 gene 1889

scala media 658, 659, 660

scala tympani 658

scala vestibuli 658

scaling models 107–8

scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor



Scheuermann’s kyphosis 729

Schistosoma 1751

myelopathy 722

schizencephaly 180–1

closed-lip 181


open lip 181

pathogenesis 181



AD 376–7

animal models 8

antipsychotics 381

apo-E allele 22

catechol-o-methyltransferase gene

variant 5

cerebral metabolic activity 379–80


dendrites 377

diagnosis 374–5

dopamine hypothesis 378–9

DSM-IV criteria 374, 375


2174 Index






genetics 15, 16

gliosis 376

glutamate 379

glutamatergic functioning

enhancement 382

hippocampus 377


hypofrontality 379–80

imaging 375–6

lifetime risk 375

negative syndrome 830

neural connectivity 381

neural cryoarchitecture 377

neurochemistry 378

neurodevelopmental disorder 380, 381

neurons 377–8


neuropharmacology 378

neurophysiology 380


onset 374

pathogenic theories 380–1

pathology 378


positive syndrome 830

psychosocial treatments 382




synapses 377–8

treatment 381–2



schizophrenia-like syndromes, diagnosis

374

Schmidt–Lanterman incisures 1131

Schwann cells 89, 1076–7

axon relationship 1076, 1077

connexin 32 1131

denervated 89


MHC class II antigen expression 1508


primary disorders 1077, 1078

proliferation in Wallerian degeneration

1080


reinnervation 90

repopulation of demyelinated lesions

1601

spinal cord injury bridging 702, 703

schwannoma


neurofibromatosis 2063, 2064


scleroderma

myositis 1173



sclerotomes 727

SCN1A mutation 6

SCN4A gene mutations 1191, 1192, 1193

SCO1 and SCO2 gene mutations 1930

scoliosis

arthrodesis 730

causes 728

Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1

1130

congenital 728–9

idiopathic 727–8

bracing 730


neuromuscular 729

structural 727–8

surgery 730

syringomyelia 734

scopolamine

olfactory sensitivity 604

REM sleep 829

vestibular disorders 682

scotoma 622

homonymous central 626

size reduction 627

scrapie 216, 218, 223

screening tests for neurological diseases

121–2

second messengers 82, 83

�-secretase 262

inhibitor 11

�-secretase 228, 262, 1845, 1846, 1852

inhibitor 1853

sedatives

abuse 1830–1

hypnotics addiction 441

seeded forward solution 167


seizures

absence 294, 295, 1261



alcohol withdrawal 440, 1817, 1818

amniotic fluid emboli 1944–5

amphetamines 1834

anoxic 1283

astrocyte proliferation 1235

atonic 1264, 1282

autism 412, 413

axo-rhizomelic 1263, 1264, 1265

benign self-remitting disorders 1303

brain metastases 1463–4, 1465

brain tumours 1440

calcium 1235




CMRO2 2024

cocaine 1834


complex partial 1282, 1283

surgical techniques 1318

control 1315–16

convulsive 1308


cysticercosis 1749


drug abuse 1834

eclampsia 1946

epileptic automatisms 295

extracellular potassium 1235

foci 1235

functional MRI 139

GABA occipital lobe decline 1232

GABA receptors 1232

gap junctions 1235

generalized tonic–clonic 1261, 1262,

1263



2074

hydrogen ions 1235


hypocalcemia 2006


hypothyroidism 2036

immune mechanisms 1239–40


infrequent 1303

intractable focal 1240

isolated 1268

magnesium ions 1235

marijuana 1834


meperidine 1834

myoclonic 1255, 1261

neonatal 1267

neuronal excitability 1233–4

Index 2175






seizures (cont.)

nocturnal convulsive 1248

non-epileptic 1287

opiates 1834


palinopsia 630


phencyclidine 1834

prediction 1329

pregnancy 1945

recurrence prevention 1301

rehabilitation phase of hyponatremia

2002

severity reduction 1302

single 1302–3

sodium 1235


1259

specific triggers 1303



substantia nigra pars reticulata 1238

systemic lupus erythematosus 1240,

1573

tacrolimus-induced 2084, 2085


temporal-lobe 295

tonic–clonic 1238


tripelennamine 1834


vaccine 1240

vestibular 689, 690


see also epilepsy

selectins 1516


(SSRIs) 367, 368

bulimia nervosa 811


depression in AD 262

FTD 286–7


narcolepsy 824


397, 562

parkinsonism 504

platelet effects 1965



REM sleep suppression 829

selegiline 483

HIV dementia 1696

self 290

autobiographical 291, 297

consciousness 290

core 291

kinds 291

sella turcica 856

enlargement 861

imaging 864, 866

semantic knowledge 204

semantic lexicon 322–3

semantic processing 323

semicircular canals 634, 638

semidominance 18

senescence 239–40

see also aging

sensitivity of tests 121, 122

sensorimotor function localization 1322

sensorimotor neuropathy 1482–3

sensory deprivation

disequilibrium patterns 587

neglect 342


sensory disorganization 587


sensory motor polyneuropathy 2056

sensory nerve action potentials 1990

sensory neuronopathies 1085, 1097

paraneoplastic 1482

presentation 1096

progression 1096

pure 1093

sensory neuropathies 1097

biliary cirrhosis 1093

HIV 1093, 1688, 1690, 1697, Fig. 103.13

treatment 1698

hyperlipidemia 1093


pure 1093

sensory perineuritis 1093

sensory polyneuropathy, distal 1697, Fig.

103.13–15

HIV infection Fig. 103.13–15

sensory symptoms 715, 1084

sensory tracts

lamination 715, 716

symptoms 715

sensory transmission, central inhibition

885

sentence comprehension 320

sepsis, hypomagnesemia 2008

serotonin see 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)


polymorphism 811



serotoninergic neurotransmitter system

440, 441

radiolabelled ligand imaging 135

serotoninergic transmission, Tourette’s

syndrome 559

sertraline 397, 562

serum response factor (SRF) 1436

sexual dysfunction

hypersexuality 843–4


intraurethral therapy 848



treatment 847–8


prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma

857

sildenafil treatment 847–8

vacuum devices 848

sexual function control 842–3

SF-36 measure 109

SH2 protein activation 1435–6

shagreen patch 2065, 2066

shingles

complications 1678

pain 1678, 1679



short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA


short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

deficiency 1221




931–2

management 932

orofacial pain 943

secondary 932

short stature 863–4

short tandem repeats 17

Shy–Drager syndrome see multiple system

atrophy

sialidosis

investigations 1296


1296

type 1 1919

2176 Index






sibling pairs, affected 18

sickle cell disease 1919

aneurysms 1394


866

fat embolism 2049, 2050

G6PD deficiency association 19

myopathy 1177

painful crisis 2049

pregnancy 1944

sepsis 2049, 2050


siderosis, superficial 739–40

signalling molecules, post-translational

changes 880

sildenafil citrate 847–8


silencing of survival signals (SOSS) 242

Silver Russell syndrome 863

simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV-1)

1684–5, Fig. 103.10

simvastatin 1191

single cell electrophysiological recording

1330

single gene disorders 20

complexity 14–15

gene identification 17–18

single nucleotide polymorphism 19

single photon emission computed

tomography (SPECT) 131, 132–5

brain death 355



dementia 140

epilepsy 1291

ictal 1291

interictal 1291

postictal 1291

radiotracers 133


single-stranded DNA breakage 69

sinonasal tract disruption 603, 604

sinuses

disease and olfactory dysfunction 603

pain 940

sinusitis, chronic 940

siphon, internal carotid artery occlusion

1347

sirolimus 1532–3, 2083


SIX3 gene 178

sixth nerve palsy, radiation-induced 1494

Sjögren Larsson syndrome 1644–5

Sjögren’s syndrome 1575–6

CNS involvement 1576


866

myelopathy 725





skeletal dysplasia 729–30

skeletal muscle 1163

disorders 1164

innervation 1163

skill learning 310–11


skilled behaviours 10

skin

biopsy 11

hyperelasticity 2072

skull

distortion in traumatic injury 1798–9

Pagetic softening 737

sleep-promoting substance (S) 819

sleep/sleep disorders 816, 821–31

abnormal movements, sensations and

behaviours 821


airway patency 821


apnea/sleep apnea syndrome 730,

821–2, 859

central 821, 822

obstructive 821


555



depression 829–30

deprivation 816, 1281, 1282

adenosine accumulation 819

dreaming 820, 827


episodic phenomena 1283, 1284


heritability 26

homeostatic drive 819

medical/psychiatric illness association

821, 828–31




onset paralysis 824

PD 484, 831

psychiatric illness 828–31

states 816

swallowing 798

syndrome associated with decreased

amplitude 825–6


see also familial fatal insomnia (FFI);

insomnia; non-REM sleep; REM

sleep; waking state

sleep spindles 831

sleep terrors 826, 827

sleepiness, excessive daytime 821

narcolepsy 823–4

sleep apnea syndrome 821


sleeping sickness 1750

sleep–wake cycles 816, 818

dreaming and rostral brainstem infarcts

1355

regulation 818–21

sleepwalking 826–7

slow channel syndrome 1157

slowness, obsessional 387

Sly syndrome 1918

small capillary/arteriolar dilatations

(SCADS) 1959

small-cell lung cancer


1158, 1474, 1476


1476


1481

small vessel ischemia 454

smallpox vaccine, transverse myelitis

1677

smell sense see olfaction

Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome 178

smoking

aneurysms 1394



olfaction 599



stroke primary prevention 1416

snake bites 1155

Sneddon syndrome 2058

snoring 859

sleep-related 821

Index 2177






social awareness in autism 408

social deficit in Asperger’s

sydnrome/autism 412

social deprivation in autism 409

Social Functioning Examination (SFE)

1375

SOD-/- mice 1849–50, 1854

SOD1 216, 221

copper chaperone 1850

missense mutations 1846–7

mutant 227

copper binding 1854

D90A 1869–70

G93A 1871


toxic property 1850

mutant mice 1849–50, 1854

sodium

renal excretion 2002

seizures 1235

sodium channel gene 1191, 1192

mutations 6, 1183, 1184, 1196


missense 1191, 1193, 1194

sodium channels

antagonists 66, 67


topical 915

blockade 66, 877, 1078

depolarization-induced paralysis from

defects 1195–7

epilepsy 1234

hypokalemic periodic paralysis 1198,

1199

sensory neuron-specific 877


sodium ions

defective transport 2002

serum levels 867, 2000, 2002



sodium nitroprusside 1397

sodium valproate see valproate

sodium–calcium exchanger 62, 1082


soft tissue osteosarcoma, radiation-

induced 1494

somatesthetic stimuli 331

somatic mutation theory 240


somatosensation 165

somatosensory cortex

intensity encoding capacity 894


primary 893–4

secondary 894, 895

somatosensory evoked potentials 1990–1

somatosensory system, auditory pathway

input 663

somatostatin 855

analogues

GH-secreting pituitary adenoma 859

radiolabelled 141


somatosympathetic reflexes 879


somnolence, diurnal see sleepiness,

excessive daytime

sonic hedgehog (SHH) 55

holoprosencephaly 178

mutations 55

spasms

infantile

adrenocorticotrophic hormone 1240

EEG 1287

tonic 528

spastic ataxia of Charlevoix–Saguenay,



cranial ultrasound 571–2

imaging 571

periventricular leukomalacia 570–1

spastic paraparesis 719, 724


HAM/tSP 1711

lathyrism 725

spastic paraplegia, X-linked 1640


spasticity

cerebral palsy 569

motor deficits in stroke 455



progressive orthopedic deformity 576

spatial maps 584

specificity of tests 121, 122

spectrin 1801


brain tumours 152–3, Fig 11.4–11.5

NMR 151

postacquisition signal processing 153,

Fig 11.4

speech

apraxia 321, 473

arrest 322

autism 408

disturbance


1972–3


fluency 318

production 324



1355

see also aphasia; language

speech audiometry 666

speech therapy




speedballing 437

sphenopalatine ganglion see

pterygopalatine ganglion

sphincterotomy, sexual dysfunction 846

sphingolipidoses 1914–15

sphingomyelin

accumulation in reticuloendothelial

cells 1916

lipidoses 1140

sphingosine 1638

synthesis inhibition 1640

spider

black widow venom 1159

funnel web 1144

spike-waves

absence epilepsy 1236–9

epilepsy 1236

interictal 1237

spina bifida


occulta 733, 734

open defects 734


sildenafil 848


spinal afferents, visceral 797

spinal artery, anterior 719–20

spinal cavernous angioma 721

spinal column

anterior–lateral 888–9

dorsal system 889


spinal cord/spinal cord disease

action potential propagation 878


2178 Index






anatomy 695–6, Fig. 47.2

anterior horn 1075

ascending sensory pathways 695

axons 695


complete transection 717

dorsal column 888

laminated fibres 716

dural arteriovenous malformations 713

early-delayed myelopathy 1494–5

fetal transplants 95

functional recovery 8


infarction 719–20

intradural tumours 762

late-delayed myelopathy 1495

motor signs/symptoms 713

myoclonus 529–30

neurons 878–9

nitric oxide impairment of conduction

1599


patterns 716, 717, 718

posterior column signs/symptoms 716

radicular signs/symptoms 713–15

repair 695–706

sacral 804

sensory signs/symptoms 713–16



somatosensory tracts 888

sphincter effects 716

subacute combined degeneration 2047

transfer of sensory information 874

tuberculoma 1777

tumours 728


ventral horn reactive gliosis 1867

ventral root atrophy 1867


white matter degeneration 2047

see also cervical cord; dorsal horn;

thoracic spinal cord


anti-excitotoxic treatments 699

apoptosis 699


axons 697

direction 700, Fig. 47.5


regeneration promotion 700, Fig. 47.5

bridge building 702–3, Fig. 47.5

causes 696

cell transplants 703


clinical approaches 697–8

demyelination prevention Fig. 47.5

environmental factors 698


function restoration 705

gait 705

gene transfer 704

genetically engineered cell replacement

703


imaging 697

lesion expansion 696, Fig. 47.3

long-tract neurotransmission

restoration 704–5

lost cell replacement 703–5, Fig. 47.5

myelination 704

nerve fibre regrowth 700–1

nerve outgrowth promotion 701–2

neural activity optimizing 698


new neuron formation 704

oligodendrocytes 699, 700, 705

transplantation 705


potassium channel blocker 705

progenitor cells 704, 706

progression to secondary injury

prevention Fig. 47.5

radiation-induced 1494–5

regeneration 698, 700, 701

inhibition blocking Fig. 47.5

rehabilitative strategies for rebuilding

function 705–6

remyelination 705, 706, 1603

secondary injury limitation 698–700


stem cell replacement 703–4

steroid therapy 695

syrinx 696, 697, Fig. 47.5

terminology 696–8

traumatic 696, 696, Fig. 47.3

treatment 696, Fig. 47.5


white matter 699

spinal cord syndrome 718–19

acute 721

constipation 716

patterns 716, 717, 718

urinary retention 716

spinal dysraphism 733–5, 736, 737

spinal motor neurons

calcium-mediated injury 1870–1

differentiation 55

spinal muscular atrophy

clinical signs 1845

genetics 1847–8

motor neuronopathy 1085

spinal pathways, ascending 888–9


spinal shock 718

spinal stepping 581

spine

autosensitization 880

central pattern generators 88

deformity management 730

disorders in hyperthyroidism 2034

embryology 727

epidural abscess 1981

epidural hemorrhage 2054

extradural lesions 714

injury and anal continence 805

instability with low back pain 764–5

interneuron differentiation 55

intramedullary hemorrhage 2054

intramedullary lesions 714–15

osteopenic disorders 729

stenosis in low back pain 764

tumours 723

vascular malformations 720–1

spinobulbar muscular atrophy 34, 35–6

expanded trinucleotide repeats 32, 42

pathology 38


spinocerebellar ataxia 34, 1885,

1887–90

anticipation 32


classification 1887

familial 222


incidence 211

infantile onset 1887

nerve conduction defects 1891





type 1 (SCA1) 36, 1888–9

type 2 (SCA2) 36, 1889


diagnosis 1898

Index 2179






spinocerebellar ataxia (cont.)

type 3 (SCA3) 37, 1889

GIn residues 227


diagnosis 1898

mutant genes 222

type 4 (SCA4) 1889

type 5 (SCA5) 1889

type 6 (SCA6) 37, 1889

type 7 (SCA7) 37, 1889–90

type 8 (SCA8) 45, 1890

type 10 (SCA10) 46, 1890

type 11 (SCA11) 1890

type 12 (SCA12) 46, 1890

type 13 (SCA13) 1890

type 14 (SCA14) 1890

spinocerebellar atrophy 14


anterolateral 879

central pain syndrome 897

lamination of fibres 716

lateral 716

NK1 receptor 879


terminations 890, 891

spirochaetes 1754, 1755

spironolactone 1202

spondylarthropathies 738–9

spondylosis, low back pain 763–5

spongiform degeneration in

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 217–18,

Fig 15.4

sporadic olivopontocerebellar atrophy see

multiple system atrophy

spumavirus 1684

Standard Treatment with Alteplase to

Reverse Stroke (STARS) 1364

stapedial reflex 658, 666

Staphylococcus, subdural empyema 1740

Staphylococcus aureus, brain abscess 1737

Staphylococcus epidermidis, meningitis

1730


startle response 527–8

unknown physiology 529

startle syndrome 527–9

epilepsy 528

statins 71

cholesterol reduction 1419–20, 1422

dementia effect 242

neuropathy 1103–4


absence 1274, 1276


antiepileptic drugs 1273

causes 1272–3

cell death mechanisms 1272

classification 1271

complex partial 1276–7

definition 1271

diagnosis 1272–3

drug administration route 1308

electrical in slow wave sleep 1287

epidemiology 1271

frontal lobe epilepsy 1260

GABA receptor 1232

hippocampus 1272

hypoxia 1272, 1273

isolated 1268

management 1272–3

mechanisms 1271–2

myoclonic 1277–8

neurogenesis 58

non-convulsive partial 1276

pathology 1271–2

tonic–clonic 1272, 1273–4

EEG 1274

hypoxia 1273

mortality 1273

physiological changes 1273


stavudine 1103

steal syndromes, Takayasu’s arteritis 1583

Stellwag’s sign 2034

stem cells 7–8

apoptosis 1593

brain 59

division 56

embryonic 704

ethical concerns over research 8

expanded neural 60

fetal 11

multipotentiality 59

myelination 1593, 1594, Fig. 97.1


pluripotent

embryonic 7–8

neurogenesis 198


therapeutic use 8

transplantation 7–8


immunotherapy 1541

step of innervation 634

stepping, precision 585

stereopsis in albinos 625

stereotactic surgery


cerebral palsy 577


PD 210

see also deep brain stimulation (DBS);

pallidotomy; thalamotomy

stereotyped movements in


389, 395

stereotypical behaviour in autism 408

stereotypical utterances 319

stereotypies 551–2

steroid therapy


low back pain 761

olfactory disorders 605

optic neuritis 622


stiff person syndrome see continuous

motor unit activity

stomatodynia 618, 941

storage disorders 1914–18

strabismus

concomitant 653–4

diplopia 648

vertical 649, 650

streptococcal infection

Group A hemolytic (GABHS) 559

Group B 1730



393, 395


viridans 1737

Streptococcus pneumoniae


vaccine 1735

streptokinase 1361

streptomycin


tuberculosis 1785, 1786

stress-related neuro-humoral activity

665–6

stretch reflex–muscle spindle feedback

515

stria terminalis bed nucleus 432, 433

striatal disease/dysfunction

gliosis 536


2180 Index






reasoning impairment 310

striate cortex, visual information

processing 627

striatocapsular ischemia 1347

striatonigral degeneration see multiple

system atrophy

striatum

atrophy in Huntington’s disease 1900

neurons in Huntington’s disease 1901


string sign 1393

stroke

acute ischemic

ancrod 1366–7


aspirin 1367

collateral flow 1367–8

complication prevention 1368

heparin 1366

intra-arterial thrombolysis 1364–6

intravenous thrombolysis 1361,

1362–3, 1364, 1365

ischemic cascade alteration 1367

restoration of flow 1361, 1363

stroke units 1369

transcranial Doppler 1362–3, 1365,

1367

treatment 1361, 1362–3, 1364–9

alcohol abuse 1943

anal incontinence 805

anterior cerebral artery ischemia 1348

anterior choroidal artery occlusion

1348

apathy 1378–9




behavioural manifestations 1371, 1372,

1373–80

cardiac arrhythmias 1952–3

cardiac origin 1952

cardioembolic causes 1943–5, 1952



childhood progressive disorders 1919

cladistics 20

connective tissue disease 1411–13


coronary artery bypass surgery 1955–9

cortical plasticity 80

depression 369


drug abuse 1834–5

dysphagia 802–3

embolism 1345, 1953, 1954

epidemiology 123

function recovery 455, 456

imaging 142–3

functional imaging 141–2, 455, Fig. 31.8

gustatory disturbance 615


hemispheric 2025

hemorrhagic syndromes 1345–6


familial cerebral cavernoma 1406–8


hereditary causes 1405–14



stroke (HERNS) 1411

heritability 25

homocystinuria 1413


intracranial occlusion 1347

stenosis/occlusion in neck 1346–7




ischemic 11, 62–6, 67, 68–73

CADASIL 1405–6



ischemic mechanisms 1345

kinetic tremor 519

lacunar 454


151

Marfan’s syndrome 1411, 1412


mendelian syndromes 1405

middle cerebral artery

ishemia 1347–8

occlusion/stenosis 1347


1354

migraine-related 25

monogenic disorders in complex

syndrome 1409–10

motor cortex reorganization 455, Fig.

31.8

motor deficits 454–5

motor function recovery 455

movement poverty 455

myogenic disorders 1405–10


1412–13

neuropsychiatric disorders 1371, 1372


patent foramen ovale 1954–5


periventricular heterotopia 186




pregnancy 1941, 1942, 1943–5

prevention

ACE inhibitors 1424

antiplatelet therapy 1417, 1418,

1422–3

aspirin 1416, 1417, 1418–19, 1422,

1423


blood pressure lowering 1415, 1417,

1422


carotid endarterectomy 1420, 1424–5

cholesterol lowering 1419–20, 1422



dipyridamole 1423

homocysteine levels 1420



oral anticoagulants 1423–4


primary 1415–20

high-risk individuals 1417–20

principles 1417, 1420–1

risk factor modification 1421–2


secondary 1420–6


vertebrobasilar ischemia 1426

progeria 2075


infarction 1352–3

pseudoxanthoma elasticum 1412

psychosis 1379–80

pure motor 1356

pure sensory 1356


risk 1415, 1416

high-risk strategy 1417



spasticity 455

Index 2181






stroke (cont.)

stem cell therapy 8

substance abuse 1943

subtypes 1345–6

sudden onset 1346, 1347

swallowing disruption 802–3

syndromes 1345–59

systemic hypoperfusion 1345


thrombosis 1345

tPA therapy 123

triage 1364

units 1369



vertebrobasilar ischemia 1348–56

vulnerable brain tissue 4

see also anxiety/anxiety disorder,

poststroke; depression, poststroke;

intracerebral hemorrhage

stromelysins 1511

Strongyloides 1751

Sturge–Weber syndrome 1267, 2068–70

cutaneous features 2068–9

diagnostic studies 2070

neurologic features 2069–70

ophthalmologic features 2069


stuttering, cerebral processing study

162–3, 164, 165

stylohyoid ligament calcification 947


(SSPE) 1675

subarachnoid bolt 2017

subarachnoid hemorrhage 1345–6, 1392

aneurysm 1943




headache 1345–6, 1393

hemophilia 2051–2

imaging 1396–7

incidence 1394


myocardial injury 1962

pregnancy 1943

spinal 720–1

subarachnoid inflammation 1733

subarachnoid space


blood in myocardial necrosis 1962

exudate in meningitis 1734


subcaudate tractotomy 398

subclavian artery, occlusion/stenosis 1349

subcortical atrophy

poststroke psychosis 1380



subdural hematoma

dialysis complication 1998–9


treatment 1999

subdural hemorrhage, anticoagulant-

induced 2054

subdural implants 1329


2067–8

subependymal nodules, calcified 2067

suboccipital craniotomy, open 1384

substance abuse


stroke 1943

see also alcohol/alcohol abuse; drug

abuse/addiction

substance P 877


migraine 961


toxin conjugate 879

see also NK1

substantia nigra

Lewy bodies 270

pars reticulata seizures 1238

PD 479

pigmentation loss 479



swallowing 801

subthalamic nucleus (STN)

microelectrode recording 170, 171




succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) 1923,

1925, 1932, Fig.120.3

sudden infant death syndrome 1159

sudden unexplained death syndrome in

epilepsy (SUDS) 1248

suicide 364

sulfadiazine 1700

sulfasalazine 737


vasculitis 1980

sulfatide lipidosis 1636–8

sumatriptan 923, 924–5


migraine 963

sun-downing 830

superantigens 1514, 1517

superior colliculus 663

frontal eye field projection 639


saccades control 638, 639, 640

superior oblique myokymia 651–2

superior oblique palsy 651

superior temporal gyrus (STG) 171


superoxide dismutase (SOD)

cytoplasmic 216, 221, 227

mutations 1841, 1844, 1863, 1868


superstitions 389

supplementary eye fields 639

supplementary motor area


medial premotor region 453–4

movement formulae 461

speech arrest 322

suppression bursts 1266

suppressor T-cells (Ts) 1512

supra-bulbar regions 801

suprachiasmatic nucleus


hypothalamic 819

supramarginal gyrus 321

supranuclear gaze palsy 491, 493

suprasellar region, germ cell tumours

1456–7

suprasellar ridge meningioma 604

supraspinal centres, nociceptive 888,

889–91, 892, 893–4, 895, 896


Suramin 1750

SURF1 gene mutations 1930

surgical procedures and taste dysfunction

616–17

survival motor neuron (SMN)

EAAT2 mutations 1869

gene encoding 1841


spinal muscular atrophy gene 1847


silencing 242

sustentacular cells 595, 596

swallowing

2182 Index






afferent input 799–800

anatomy of tract 798

central regulatory system 800–1


dysfunction 801–3

efferent system 800

flexible endoscopic evaluation 803

mechanisms 798–804

motor neuron pools 800

neurophysiology 799

phases 798

physiological events 798

progressive supranuclear palsy 491, 494

reflex alteration 803

supra-bulbar regulatory system 800–1

syncope 789

trigger 799

see also dysphagia

sweat gland disorders 773

Sydenham’s chorea 552


Sylvian fissure hematoma, hemiparesis

1392–3

sympathetic innervation

cerebral circulation 1342–3

major organs 774

sympathetic nervous system efferents in

brain–gut axis 797

sympathetic thoracolumbar outflow 844–5


synapses 1146


contacts

reorganization 80

strength 81, 83, 86

plasticity

cortical map reorganization 81




transmission in immune disorders

1520, 1521

wiring 1235

synaptic potentials, slow 879–80

synaptic vesicles, nociceptor neurons 878

synaptophysin, aging brain 198

synaptotagmin 1159

syncope

with jerking leg movements 1283

neurally mediated 787–9, 791

swallowing-induced 789

see also vasovagal syncope


antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

865–6, 867–9


hyponatremia 2002

management 868–9


syntax 324–5

brain aging 204

�-synuclein 214, 215

gene 8

missense mutations 275, 1842

mutations 221, 226–7

PD 23


Lewy bodies 275–6, 277

Lewy body dementia 240, 270, 274–6,

503


PD 240, 275

�-synucleinopathies 490

ubiquitin pathway 221

�-synucleinopathies 489, 490



syphilis

aneurysms 1393

chorioretinitis 1769, Fig.109.3

CSF 1769, 1770, 1771, 1773, 1774

dementia 20

early 1768–9

disseminated 1767

localized 1767, 1768

HIV infection 1702

late 1768

latent 1767, 1768

meningovascular 1769–70


papillitis 1769, Fig.109.2

see also neurosyphilis

syringohydromyelia 731

syringomyelia 723–4, 734, 735

syrinx, spinal cord injury 696, 697, Fig.

47.5

systemic connective tissue disease 1085


systemic hypoperfusion, stroke 1345

systemic infections 3

systemic inflammatory response

syndrome (SIRS) 1101

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 1569,

2058

antiphospholipid syndrome 1574–5

anxiety 1573




confusional states 1572–3


demyelinating neuropathies 1573–4

depression 1573

haplotype 25

headache 1572

meningitis 1574

mood disorders 1573


myelopathies 725, 1573

myopathy 1176

neuropsychiatric 1569–74

apoptosis 1571

autoantibodies 1569–70

autoantigens 1571

imaging 1571–2

laboratory tests 1571–2




manifestations 1574



psychosis 1573

seizures 1240, 1573




systemic necrotizing vasculitis 1121–2

systemic sclerosis, myopathy 1176


T-cell receptor 1506–8, 1511

binding of antigen-specific 1508


targeting in immunotherapy 1542

variable regions 1507

T cells 1502, 1504–5

anergy 1512

apoptosis 1511

autoaggressive response 1518

autoreactive 1517

neurotrophic factor synthesis 1520

CD4 receptor 1685

defective Fas function 1518

encephalitogenic 1517

epilepsy 1239

Index 2183






T cells (cont.)


inhibition 1512

memory 1654

multiple sclerosis 1518, 1612, 1613


regulation by CNS 1656

self-reactive 1512

superantigen-driven broad proliferation

1517

suppression 1512


tolerance 1512, 1513

breakdown 1512–14

trimolecular complex (TMC) of

stimulation 1542

see also helper T (TH) cells

T-tubule membranes 1183

action potentials 1186

T-tubules, potassium inflow 1195, 1196

tabes dorsalis

HIV infection 1773


tachykinin antagonists 877

tacrine 262

tacrolimus 1532–3, 2083

neurotoxicity 2083, 2084, 2085, 2086

polymyositis 1172

seizure induction 2084, 2085

tactile processing 165

Taenia solium 1177

CNS inflammatory reaction 1657

life cycle 1745

Takayasu’s arteritis 1582–3



1552

Talairach space 138


target motion signals 640

Tarui disease 1209, 1216

taste buds 610–11, 611

innervation 611–12, 613

taste dysfunction

dysgeusia 614, 618

regional deficit 615

surgical iatrogenesis 616–17

taste/taste sense 610–18

auras 618

conditioned aversion 617

potencies 612

pregnancy 610

saliva 611

sensations 610–11

taste–salivary reflex impairment 616

TATA-binding protein, polyglutamine

expansion 37–8

tau genes 20

AD 258–9

mutations 221

tau proteins 214

AD 258–9, 1848, Fig. 115.4

brain injury 1800


FTD 498

hyperphosphorylated 238, 240, 1844

AD 256



isoforms 220

mutations 258

progressive supranuclear palsy 492, Fig.

34.2

tauopathies 450, 489

tauopathies 8, 256, 450, 476, 477, 489

neurofibrillary lesions 258–9

no tau 284

taurine 1201

taxol

neuropathy 1104


Tay–Sachs disease 20, 1914–15

acoustic startle 1914

diagnosis 1915


�/�Tcell receptor 1507

TdT-mediated biotinylated dUTP nick

end-labeling (TUNEL) 64

tea, herbal 494

tears, crocodile 792

teeth pain 941

referred to ear 940

telangiectasias


mucocutaneous 1409


telangiectasia

telomerase 240

telomeric shortening 240

temozolamide 1443

temperature

loss 716

sensitivity



1355

see also hyperthermia; hypothermia

temporal arteritis 1552

temporal gyrus, superior 171


temporal lobe

anterior resection 1290

anteromesial resection 1315

basal, language area 322

hemorrhage 1358

lateral resection 1318

lesions and sexual dysfunction 843

medial 305

sclerosis 1317

medial injury 304

conditioning impairment 311

neural networks 1326

resection 1317–19

see also epilepsy, temporal lobe

temporal neocortex 1318

temporal visual area

medial superior 640, 641

middle 640, 641

temporalis muscle 962

temporo-parieto-frontal system 471–2

temporomandibular joint

articular remodelling 950

orofacial pain 950

osteoarthrosis 951

referred pain to ear 940

tenascin-R 91

tendon reflexes

deep 1990, 2006

hypermagnesemia 2007

innervation 714

tendon xanthomata 1644

TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve

stimulation) 1627

terminal nerve 595

testicular feminization syndrome 35

testicular tumours 1495


tetanus 1083

tethered cord syndrome 734


tetrabenazine

cerebral palsy 576

tic disorders 561

tetraethyl lead 1806

tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) 536

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 439

2184 Index






kinetic tremor 519


tetrahydrofolic acid 2048

tetrodotoxin (TTX) 66, 876, 1086

TGIF gene 178

thalamic hemorrhage 1357–8


thalamic nuclei

intralaminar 337




lateral 890–1

medial

dorsal 891



mediodorsal 433

relay 820

reticular 820

taste 613

thalamic pain 941–2

thalamo-cortical pathway auditory fibres

662


overinhibition in PD 514

thalamotomy

dystonia 542–3


parkinsonian motor signs 482, 484, 514

rest tremor 516


thalamus

action potential bursts in nervous

system lesions 897

akinesia 337

anterior nucleus 306



dorsomedial nucleus 306



infarction 1349

injury

causing ageusia 615

extrapyramidal cerebral palsy 573–4

medial

akinetic mutism 337


sensation stimulation 891, 893




797

olfactory tract connections 596, 598

oscillations 170

paroxysmal pain 896


stimulation 1626

Vc region 890–1, 892–3




thalassemia 2048–9, 2050

myelopathies 2050

thalidomide


neuropathy 1104

ototoxicity 671

therapeutic agents

smell/taste alteration 605–6


therapeutics, principles 127–30

clinical trial evaluation 127–8

dose selection 128–9

special populations 129–30

therapy effectiveness 121

thiabendazole 1177

thiamine



Korsakoff’s amnestic syndrome 1823


thiazide diuretics 867

thioctic acid 1696

thiotepa 1452

Thomsen’s disease 1189

thoracic cord, sympathetic efferent

pathways 797

thoracic nerves Fig. 47.2

thoracic polyradiculopathy 1100

thoracic spinal cord lesions 719

watershed infarction 720

throat 940

thrombin 1385–6, 1655

thrombocytopenia 2052–3

heparin-induced 2053


thrombocytopenic purpura

idiopathic 2052, 2053

immune 2052

see also thrombotic thrombocytopenic

purpura (TTP)

thrombolysis

acute ischemic stroke

intra-arterial 1364–6

intravenous 1361, 1362–3, 1364, 1365

blood pressure control 1383


thrombophilic disorders, hemiplegic

cerebral palsy 573

thrombosis

left atrial appendage 1953

stroke 1345

venous sinus 573



(TTP) 1944, 2053

thryroid ophthalmopathy 2034

thymectomy in myasthenia gravis 1153,

1520, 1540–1


thymic tumours 1151

thymidine kinase 1671

thymus in myasthenia gravis 1520

thyroid disease

myopathy 1175–6


thyroid ophthalmopathy 654

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 854,

855


primary hypothyroidism 863

serum level measurement 864

thyroid storm 2033

thyrotoxicosis 1199–200

Na+/K+-ATPase pump 1200

thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH)

854

stimulation test 864

thyroxine (T4) 854, 1594

free 864

hyperthyroid myopathy 1175–6

hypothyroidism 863

tiagabine



seizures with glial tumours 1305

tic douloureux 944

tic(s)/tic disorders

chronic 553

neurosurgery 561



PANDAS 559–60

presentation 1283

Index 2185






tic(s)/tic disorders (cont.)

secondary 557


treatment 560–1

tick paralysis 1093

ticks 1754, 1755–6

antibiotic prophylaxis for bites 1761



timolol 922

Tinel sign 884


tinnitus


2027

management 674–5

maskers 675

mechanisms 665–6

pulsatile 1346, 1347

retraining therapy 675

tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)


intra-articular thrombolysis 1365–6


intravenous

acute ischemic stroke 1361, 1362–3,

1364, 1365

outcome 1364


stroke therapy 123, 1361, 1362–3, 1364,

1365

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

ischemic stroke 11

titubation 519

tizanidine


dystonia 540


pain control 913

TNF-� converting enzyme (TACE) 1511,

1845

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand

(TRAIL) 65

tocainide 914

�-tocopherol transfer protein 1882

Todd’s paralysis 1230

tolerance 1511–14

reverse 436

tolfenamic acid 966

Tolosa–Hunt syndrome 653

eye pain 939


tolterodine 840

toluene exposure 1835

tone decay 664

tonotopic reorganization 665

top of the basilar syndrome 1354–5

topiramate

chronic daily headache 965–6





TORCH infections 572

Torsin A gene 536

torticollis

dystonia 533

spasmodic 533–4, 538

total parenteral nutrition 1981–2

Tourette Syndrome Questionnaire (TSQ)

553

Tourette Syndrome Severity Scale (TSSS)

553

Tourette Syndrome Symptom List (TSSL)

553


anxiety 553, 554, 555

associated behaviours 553–6


552, 554–5



depression 553, 554, 555


DSM-IV criteria 553

epidemiology 556


genetic linkage analysis 558

genetics 556–7

genomic imprinting 556–7

Group A hemolytic streptococcal

infection 559

imaging 557, 558, 559

learning problems 555–6

neuroanatomy 557–8


neuroimmunology 559–60


393, 394, 395, 552, 554, 562


prevalence 556

psychopathology 553–6

rating scales 553




310

tics 551–2

treatment 560–2

Tourettism 557

toxic gain of function



toxic neuropathies 1092–7, 1102–5


drugs 1102–4





1094–5, 1096, 1097

toxins, autonomic dysfunction 787, 789

Toxoplasma gondii 1750

toxoplasmosis 1657

cerebral 1699–700, Fig. 103.16

treatment 1700



congenital 1750

primary CNS lymphoma differential

diagnosis 1703

TP53 gene germline mutations 1449

tractus solitarius nucleus 612

traditional medicines 1807

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

81, 367

dystonia 539


transendothelial migration 1516

transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)

1953


transfer RNA (tRNA) point mutations

1924

transforming growth factor � (TGF-�)

1656

transgenic animal models of


transgenic (Tg) mouse models

AD 226, 1848

ALS 227

FTD 226

HD 227, 1904

mutant �-synuclein 227

prion diseases 223, 224, 226

spinocerebellar ataxia 227–8

2186 Index






transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

involuntary movements 1283

multiple brief 1347

recurrent stroke risk 1420, 1421

transketolase 1822

translational research 11–12

transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT)

19, 20

transporter associated with antigen

processing (TAP) genes 1562

transthyretin 779, 785

mutations 229–30


acute 721, 722




trauma

ageusia 616

drug abuse 1833

dystonia 535

false aneurysms 1393

hypermetabolism 1177

kinetic tremor 519

orbital 654

parkinsonism 505

spinal cord injury 696, Fig. 47.3

travel, global 3–4

trazodone 1375

Treacher–Collins syndrome 672

treadmill training 88

tremor 512–20


1974

action 479, 512, 513, 516–20

alcohol withdrawal syndrome 1816

central mechanisms 512, 514–15

central oscillators 514



essential 512, 513, 514–15, 517–19

clinical criteria 517

diagnosis 517

inheritance 518

neurosurgical intervention 519

PD development 516

prevalence 517

rest tremor 516

treatment 518–19

hand 517

head 517

isometric 512, 513

kinetic 512, 513, 517, 519

neuroleptic drugs 517

orthostatic 518

parkinsonian 484

pathophysiologic mechanisms 512,

514–15

PD 476, 478

peripheral mechanisms 512, 515


physiologic 513, 515, 516–17

position-specific 512, 513, 518

postural 512, 517

psychogenic 519–20

rest 512, 513


induction by MPTP 514

treatment 516

tardive 517

task-specific 512, 513, 518


see also delirium tremens

Treponema pallidum 1702, 1766

chromosome 1766

hypersensitivity response 1767


microhemagglutination (MHA-TP)

assay 1773

Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke

Treatment trial (TOAST) 1366

triamterene 1202

tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle 1210

trichinosis 1177

trichotillomania 395

tricyclic antidepressants 367, 368

abuse 1833




triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride

(trientine) 1882, 1979

trifunctional protein deficiency 1220

trigeminal afferents 595

trigeminal dysesthesia 944, 947

antidepressants 949

orofacial 948

trigeminal ganglion

depolarization 922



tumours 942

trigeminal motor nucleus 800

trigeminal nerve

focal demyelination 944

stimulation 962

trigeminal neuralgia 670, 944–6

gamma knife radiosurgery 946

microvascular decompression 946


paroxysmal pain 913

surgery 945–6, 949

tooth pain 941

treatment 944–5

trigger zone 944

unilateral 944

vestibular paroxysmia differential

diagnosis 687

trigeminal neuropathy, radiation-induced

1494

trigeminal pain 729

trigeminal schwannoma, childhood 1449

trigeminovascular system 922, Fig. 61.1

activation Fig. 61.1

trigger point pain 951

triglyceride stores in adipose tissue 1208

trihexiphenidyl 483

cerebral palsy 576

dystonia 540

triiodothyronine (T3) 854, 1594

trilostane 860

trimolecular complex (TMC) 1542

trinucleotide repeat expansion 32


mechanisms 33


strand-slippage 33

type I disorders 33–41, 42

inheritance 33

polyglutamine diseases 33–40

type II disorders 33, 34, 41–7

tripelennamine 1834


triplet repeat expansion 1898–900


triptans

adverse events 924, 925

centrally penetrant 963


mechanisms 923–4

migraine 923–5, 959

overuse 958



trisomy 21 732

see also Down’s syndrome

Index 2187






TRKA gene mutations 1132

trochlear nerve palsy 650, 651–2

tropia 649

tropical spastic paraparesis 1710

myelopathy 722


�-tropomyosin gene 1171

Trousseau’s sign 2006, 2008

truncal neuropathies 1100

truncal radiculoneuropathy 1100

Trypanosoma brucei 1750

Trypanosoma cruzii 792

tryptophan depletion 368

tryptophan-linked polyvinylalcohol gels

1540

Ts and blues 1834

TSC1 and TSC2 genes 2068

TTR gene 1135

mutations 1136

tuberculin skin test 1780


brain 1777

CNS 1700

epilepsy 1289–90

HIV-associated 1784

imaging 1783–4

spinal cord 1777



caseous foci 1778


CNS 1700–1

drug abuse 1834


granuloma 1778

HIV-related 1777, 1778, 1782–3

hydrocephalus 1778–9

imaging 1779

meningitis 1701, 1778, Fig. 110.1




diagnosis 1780–2


imaging 1781–2, 1783

mortality 1782

prognosis 1782


miliary 1778


racial differences 1778

transmission 1778

treatment 1784–8

vertebral 1777, 1784

tuberculous abscess 1700

tuberculous meningitis 1777

tuberculous osteitis 722

tuberculous osteomyelitis 1700–1

tuberin 2068

tuberothalamic arteries 1357

tuberous sclerosis/tuberous sclerosis

complex 2064–8

autism 409


cardiac lesions 2066


epilepsy 1266–7

focal cortical dysplasia association

182

genetics 2068

neurologic dysfunction 2067–8


pulmonary dysfunction 2067

renal lesions 2066

retinal lesions 2065–6

skin lesions 2065, 2066


1431

West syndrome 1263

tufted cells 596, 597

tumour cells, hypoxia 1439

tumour necrosis factor (TNF)

cerebral malaria 1749


meningitis 1732

tumour necrosis factor � (TNF-�) 1504

cerebral ischemia 65, 71

CNS infection 1657

helper T cell synthesis 1509–10


tumour necrosis factor (TNF) � converting

enzyme (TACE) 1511, 1845


tuning fork tests 666

turbinate bones 595

Turcot’s syndrome 1449

Turner’s syndrome

autism 410

short stature 863

twin studies, concordance rates 15–16

tympanometry 666

TYRO protein tyrosine kinase protein

1644–5

tyrosine 775

tyrosine kinase A 242

tyrosine kinase receptors 82

growth factor binding 1435–6

pathways 1435–7

ubiquitin 39, 214


Lewy bodies 240

pathway 221

ubiquitin-proteasome pathway 38–9

Uhtoff’s phenomenon 621

ulceration, Behçet’s disease 1580, 1581

ulcerative colitis 1979


ulnar neuropathy 1100

ulnar palsy 2048

ultrasound

cranial 571–2

transcranial Doppler 355

UNC-5 netrin receptor 94

uncal herniation syndrome 2019, 2021

understanding in autism 408

ungual fibroma 2065, 2066

Uniform Determination of Death Act

(1981; USA) 358

unipolar disorders 365

United States, West Nile encephalitis 4

United States Joint Commission on the

Accreditation of Healthcare

Organizations 907

universal addiction site 431

Unverricht–Lundborg disease 1266, 1887,

1919


progressive myoclonic ataxia 525


see also progressive myoclonic epilepsy

type 1

upper airway resistance syndrome 821

Urbach–Weithe syndrome 306, 308

fear conditioning absence 311

urea cycle

enzyme deficits 1881, 1883

neonatal disorders 1912

uremia, myopathy 1177, 1995–6

uremic and diabetic polyneuropathy,

subacute 1994


uremic mononeuropathies 1994–5


uremic neurotoxins 1989, 1991–2


2188 Index






combined diabetic 1993–4


renal failure 1992–3

urethral sphincter


external 835

urinary bladder

cystometry 837, 839

dysfunction

investigations 837–8, 839, 840

neurogenic 835

neurologic disease 833–6, 837–8, 839,

840

treatment 840–2

dysfunctional voiding in women 836

function 833

incomplete emptying 841

innervation 835


neural stimulation 842

neurophysiological investigations 838,

840

storage mode 833

ultrasonography 837

voiding mode 833

urinary continence 833

urinary incontinence

epilepsy 834


neurogenic 841, 842


stroke 834


urine

collection devices 842

examination 837

retention 716, 841

women 836

voiding problems 841

urodynamic investigations 837

uroflowmetry 837, 839

urokinase




Usher’s syndrome 672

utrophin 1145, 1166

uvula lesions 642

vaccine development 11

vacuolar myelopathy, HIV-1-associated

1696




vacuum devices for sexual dysfunction

848

vagal afferents 796

vagal efferents 796

vagal motor nuclei 800

vagal nerve stimulator 1315

vagus nerve

afferent projections to nucleus tractus

solitarius 797

motor pathways 797

stimulation 1321

taste bud innervation 612, 613

valganciclovir 1702

valproate






hyperammonemia 1978







side effects 1307


valproic acid 944


valvular papillary fibroelastoma 1955

varicella zoster virus

encephalitis 1676

optic neuritis 1674




1552–3

shingles 1677


vasa nervorum occlusion 1123

vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1)

1516


vascular arteritis, stroke 1345

vascular disease, radiation 1493

vascular dissection, stroke 1345

vascular endothelial cells, radiosensitivity

1490

vascular endothelial growth factors

(VEGF)


neuronal aging 242

promoter 1439


vascular lesions



1354


infarction 1352–3

vascular malformation rupture 1345

vasculitic neuropathy 1121–3

non-systemic 1122–3

vasculitis of CNS 1547–55



drug-induced 1553

Hodgkin’s disease 1548

see also primary angiitis of the central

nervous system (PACNS)

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) 843


vasodilatation, cerebral blood flow 1337

vasogenic edema


brain tumours 1440



adenosine mediation 1338

vasopressin 854

vasospasm, aneurysms 1396, 1397

vasovagal syncope 775, 779, 788, 1965

Venereal Disease Reference Laboratory

(VDRL) test 1773, 1774

venlafaxine 824

venous sinus thrombosis 573

ventilation, mechanical 1874, 1875

ventilatory support in tonic–clonic status

epilepticus 1274

ventral pallidum 433


ventral posterior medial nucleus 893

ventral tegmental area

dopamine projections 432

dopaminergic neurons 433–4

disruption and poststroke depression

1374

drug reward states 432, 433

GABA interneurons 434

neglect 342

Index 2189






ventral tegmental area (cont.)


swallowing 801

ventricular drainage

aneurysms 1397

external 1384

ventricular enlargement, secondary 254–5

ventricular system, thrombolytic

administration 1388–9



ventriculomegaly 572

ventroamygdalamofugal fiber tract 306

verapamil



hypnic headache 935


verbal fluency 204

verbal intelligence 204

vermis, dorsal 642

vertebral artery

extracranial

dissection 1348, 1349

embolism 1353

occlusion 1349

stenosis 1349

intracranial 1350

aneurysms 1393


embolism 1353

occlusion in neck 1348

vertebral column

abnormalities 727–30

diseases 727–40

see also spine

vertebral venous system 1463, 1465




brain lesion localization 1349

stroke 1348–56

outcome 1366

surgery for secondary prevention

1426

vertigo 678–81

benign paroxysmal positional 685–7

liberatory maneuvers 685–6

central vestibular syndromes 687–8,

689, 690

episodic 687


management 681–2

mismatch concept 679–80


patient approach 680–1

psychogenic 687


syndromes 678–81

classification 679

frequency 684


very-late antigen 4 (VLA-4) 1516


very-long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

deficiency 1220

very-long chain fatty acids 1633, 1634,

1635, 1636

beta oxidation defects 1913

very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL)

receptor 22

vestibular commands 637

vestibular compensation 682–3

vestibular disorders 678–88, 689, 690

central 687–8, 689, 690

pitch plane 690

roll plane 690

yaw plane 690


classification 679

management 681–2

types 683–4

vestibular failure, bilateral 684

vestibular function substitution 682–3

vestibular loss 683

vestibular neuritis 685


vestibular paroxysmia 687

vestibular rehabilitation 684

vestibular schwannoma, bilateral 1449,

2064

vestibular system 678, 679

neglect 343

vestibular tone imbalance 684

vestibulo-cerebellar signs/symptoms

1350

vestibulo-ocular reflex

brain death 353

defective 684

smooth pursuit 644

vertical 637–8

vestibulocerebellum 640, 642

vestibular attacks 684

vestibular failure 683

vestibular information for postural control

582

vestibular nerve section 674

Viagra see sildenafil citrate

vibration sense loss 1990, 2047

video–EEG telemetry 1286


vigabatrin

epilepsy 153–4, 155



side effects 1307

vincristine



neuropathy 1083, 1084, 1104

axonal 1085–6

optic 624

ototoxicity 671



SIADH 868

violent crime 1833

viper, Malaysian pit venom 1366–7

viral DNA, epilepsy 1240

viral encephalitis 1253, 1666, 1667, 1668–9

CSF 1653

epilepsy 1253

syndromes 1669–73

viral infection

adhesion molecules 1655


brain 1253, 1661, 1666, 1667, 1668–9

syndromes 1669–73

cellular immune response 1660

chronic 1675–6

CNS 1660–79

congenital 1679

deafness 1679


1679

host defences 1660–1

humoral immune response 1660

inflammatory cell function 1656

meninges 1661–2, 1663, 1664–5


neurological syndromes 1661


prodromal syndromes 1660

routes 1660–1


subacute 1675–6

2190 Index






systemic 1660

vertigo 1679

see also meningitis, viral

viral myelopathy 722

viral nucleic acids 1656

Virchow–Robin spaces 1651–2


viremia 1660

virulence factors 1657

viruses

axonal transport time 595–6

CTL-mediated clearance 1656

replication 1660

vision

abnormalities with pituitary tumours

856

disorders 621–30

loss

functional with prestriate lesions

627–8


transient monocular 1346, 1347


visual agnosia 628–9

apperceptive 628

associative 628–9

visual allesthesia 629


visual field defects 621, 622


visual illusions 628–9

visual inattention 332

visual information processing in striate

cortex 627

visual perception, attention role 160–1,

Fig. 1.1–12.3

visual priming 312

visual processing, higher 627–30

visual stimuli 331

visuokinesthetic motor engrams 461

visuospatial function

brain aging 203


visuospatial skills in


vitamin(s)

deficiencies in entrapment

neuropathies 2048

supplementation



vitamin A deficiency 1882

vitamin B deficiency 624

vitamin B1 see thiamine

vitamin B6 see pyridoxine

vitamin B12 deficiency 2046–8

AIDS 1696

dementia 20

mental changes 2047


subacute combined degeneration of

cord 725

vitamin C 241

vitamin D 2005

hypocalcemia treatment 2007

vitamin E

AD treatment 262

antioxidant 241

deficiency 1882

secondary 1101



vitamin K 1945, 2054

vocal cords

focal dystonia 534

hypertrophy 859

paralysis 1351

vocal outbursts 1283

voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs)

876

proteins 1520

volume transmission 1235

vomeronasal organ 595

vomiting, subarachnoid hemorrhage

1392

Von Frei’s hairs 331

von Hippel–Lindau disease 1999

hemangiomas of CNS 1449


von Recklinhausen’s syndrome 855

see also neurofibromatosis


Waardenburg syndrome 672

Wada testing 1316

waddling 587

wakefulness

brainstem 298


disruption 294


preserved with disrupted consciousness

294

waking state 816

behavioural adaptation 817–18

circadian control 819

see also sleep/sleep disorders;

sleep–wake cycles

Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia 1119



1483

Walker–Warburg syndrome 187–8

walking 581


disturbance 473

gait syndromes 587–8


Wallenberg’s syndrome 629, 637, 683

lateropulsion 688

saccadic dysmetria 642

Wallerian degeneration 88–9, 1078,

1080–1, Fig. 85.5


latency period 1080

Wallerian-like degeneration 1083

war, impact on population 196

warfarin



1423

warm-up phenomenon 1183, 1190

wasting disease, chronic 216

water deficit, hypernatremia 2002

water deprivation test 866–7

water restriction, hyponatremia 2004

weakness

fixed 1217–18


1220–1


respiratory chain defects 1222–3

Weber’s syndrome 652

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale


language function 204


Wegener’s granulomatosis 1577, 1578



diagnosis 1552


weight reduction, stroke primary

prevention 1416

Werdnig–Hoffmann disease 1845

Werner’s syndrome 2075–6

Index 2191






Wernicke–Geschwind model of anatomy

of language 322

Wernicke–Lichtheim model 320

Wernicke’s aphasia 317, 326, 1348

see also aphasia, Wernicke-type

Wernicke’s area 321


functional connection with Broca’s area

1324

Wernicke’s encephalopathy 1816, 1821–2


diagnosis 1822

dialysis complication 1999

gaze-evoked nystagmus 645


diagnosis 2010

management 1822




West Nile encephalitis 4, 1671

flaccid paralysis 1676

West syndrome 1263


Western equine encephalitis 504

whiplash, neck pain 748–9, 752–3


myorhythmia 519


white matter

brain aging 198–9


damage in apraxia 467–8

degeneration in spinal cord 2047

focal lesions in inflammatory bowel

disease 1980

HIV dementia 1692, 1693

lesion imaging 1621, 1622


periventricular leukomalacia 568, 571

spinal cord

HIV-1-associated vacuolar

myelopathy 1696

injury 699

wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons 889

Wildervanks’ syndrome 672

Wilhelmsen–Lynch disease 498

Wilson’s disease 1882, 1919, 1978–9, 1999,

2000


diagnosis 1979

dystonia 534, 535

genetics 1978

hepatic dysfunction 1978


diagnosis 1898

imaging 1979

myorhythmia 519


ocular signs 1979



treatment 1979

wind-up 880

Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome 1449

Witebsky’s postulates 1514

withdrawal symptoms

addiction 431, 630

see also alcohol/alcohol abuse

Wnt 55

Wolfram syndrome 1887

women of child-bearing age, therapeutics

129

word comprehension 320

word fragment completion, neural indices

167, Fig 12.7

work shift syndrome 825

World Health Organisation (WHO)

brain tumour classification for children

1448

classification system of astrocytomas

1431, 1432

wrist drop, lead neuropathy 1093

wrist velocity, ideomotor apraxia 462, 464–6

writer’s cramp 538

dystonia 543

writing assessment 320

X25 gene 1886

xenotransplantation, neural 704

xeroderma pigmentosum 1140, 1884

xerostomia 1575

Yale Global Tic Severity Scale 553

Yasargil technique of selective

amygdalohippocampectomy 1318

Z band 1163

zalcitabine neuropathy 1103

Zellweger syndrome 1913

ZIC2 gene 178

zidovudine


HIV infection 1178


zinc

epileptogenic tissue 1234

neurotoxicity 63

supplementation in olfactory

dysfunction 606

translocation 63

zinc ions 63

ziprasidone 561

zolmitriptan 923, 924


zonisamide




Zung depression scale 1374

zygohypopphyseal joint

blocks 751

pain 748

2192 Index






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