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Index

Abbo of Fleury 269, 466, 481, 534, 541Abbo of St-Germain 534, 536Abels, Richard 203

Abercorn 174

Abingdon 63, 69, 246, 611Actium, Battle of 622Adam of Bremen 610, 611, 612Adela, countess of Blois 625Adelard 546, 551Adelidis of Barking 377Adeliza, Queen 609, 625, 627–34Adomnán, abbot of Ionaon Columba’s books 33on Columba’s scholarship 102

on cultural exchanges in Iona 124hagiography 650–1on Iona 125Latin style 126–7Life of Columbacopies 46, 102–3influence 12, 45

Northumbrian relations 100style 127, 137

Adoptionists 151Adrian and Ritheus 454Advent Lyrics (Christ I) 423–6, 448adventus Saxonum 191–7Æbbe, abbess of Coldingham 369

Áed mac Ainmirech, King 112Áed Sláine, King 112Aediluulf. See ÆthelwulfÆlberht, bishop of York 150, 151, 180Ælfflæd, abbess of Whitby 175, 367Ælfgifu, abbess of Barking 371, 634Ælfgifu of Northampton 611

Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury 372Ælfheah, St, bishop of Winchester 536, 545,

547, 599Ælfric, archbishop of Canterbury 535Ælfric of Eynshamalliteration 307–8author–reader relationship 558

on care of the sick 496–7Catholic Homilies 269, 272, 307, 465–6on Æthelwold 562–5preface 563–5

constructing male identity 404context 434De initio creaturae 601De temporibus anni 481, 483–4death 607

glosses 267Grammar 272, 462ideological promotion 565–6on King Alfred’s authorship 229

language 268–72Latin works 535Lives of Saints 269–72, 307, 377high point of OE poetry 384Life of St Cuthbert 465–6manuscripts 399preface 518

on OE Bede 262Passion of St Denis and his Companions 307–8patron 537

on prognostics 490Scandinavian contacts 600on St Edmund 466style 481–2, 537on translation 14, 257

766

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vernacular works and 231

visions of the otherworld 178

Ælfthryth, abbess of Repton 390

Ælfthryth, queen of England 560, 561Ælfwald, king of East Anglia 145, 390Ælfwine (Alboin) 198Ælfwine Prayerbook 435, 440–2Ælle, king 583Ælle, king of Northumbria 171Æthelbald, king of Mercia 266Æthelberht, king of Kent 25, 48, 122, 171, 190,

225, 500–3, 505–25Æthelburh, abbess of Barking 358, 366, 367–8,

371, 377Æthelflæd, brother of Leofwin 513

Æthelflæd of Mercia 243, 361Æthelfrith, king of Northumbria 160, 171Æthelgar, bishop of Selsey 535Æthelmær, ealdorman of the western

provinces 377, 399, 537, 563Æthelred, king of Mercia 173, 390Æthelred II, king of Englandadvisors 570charters 513genealogy 616, 626laws 507, 508marriage to Emma 12, 607praise poetry for 598seal 517

Æthelstan, king of WessexBattle of Brunanburh 567charters 512–14court 585death 243

forged charters 514high point of Scandinavian

interaction 584

praise poem for 582Welsh policy 681

Æthelstan, priest at Alfred’s court 212Æthelthryth, abbess of Ely 173, 174–5, 363, 366,

369–70, 376–7, 379, 403, 404Æthelwald, bishop of Lindisfarne 555Æthelweard, ealdorman of the western

provinceson battles 236Benedictine Reform movement 399Chronicon 245, 251, 537–41historical project 9language 538–9patron 377

use of Latin 12

William of Malmesbury on 254, 538, 550

Æthelwold, bishop of WinchesterBenedictine Reform 268, 534, 560–2building work 536environment 69, 429legacies to 524

protégés 534Regularis concordia 437–8, 442sainthood 562–5translation of Benedictine Rule 433–4‘Winchester-type’ benedictional 429

Æthelwulf, king of Wessex 171, 232, 236Æthelwulf, monk and historian

on church building 174Of the Abbots 154, 159, 180, 531poetics 162visions of the otherworld 178–9, 180

Æthilwald 138

Agamben, Giorgio 312

Agatho, Pope 178Aidan, bishop of Lindisfarne 99, 127, 366Ailech (Donegal) 639Ailill of Connacht 646–7Alba 22Alboin (Ælfwine) 198Alcuin

career 150, 151, 179on church building 174historian of the northern kingdoms 159on King Eadberht 160Latin riddles 461letters 151–2On the Bishops, Kings and Saints of York 151,

152, 159, 179–80poems 152–3private prayers 437‘quid est’ dialogue 454visions of the otherworld 178–80works 150–3

Aldfrith, king of Northumbria 99–100, 126, 133,160, 173

Aldhelm, bishop of MalmesburyBede on 142

on Canterbury 131career 45, 132–3Carmen rhythmicum 135–6, 138Carmen de uirginitate 134–5, 136–7, 157, 290,

368, 386–9, 399Carmina ecclesiastica 124, 135De pedum regulis 133–4on English travels 1Enigmata 134, 135, 143–4, 146, 208, 453influence 137–9, 146, 148, 154, 535international culture 7

Index

767






Aldhelm, bishop of Malmesbury (cont.)on Irish scholarship 124

Latin riddles 461Letter to Acircius 132, 133literary model 513octosyllabics 132, 135–6prose style 136–7, 150reputation 48

style 141, 538use of Latin 12

William of Malmesbury on 550

works 132–9Aldred, monk of St Cuthbert in Chester-le-

Street 555–7Alewih 199

Alexander the Great 467–8, 641Alexander, bishop of Lincoln 253

Alexander I, king of Scotland 655Alfred, king of WessexÆthelweard on 540

Aldhelm and 48

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and 2, 232Asser and. See Asserbattles with Vikings 236charters 512court. See Alfredian courtcultural life 155education reforms 192–3, 232, 262, 533, 554enchiridion 224, 532genealogy 235–6greatness 558historiography 196–7, 243imperialism 22

as judge 527, 528Latin and 212

laws 9, 190, 225, 503–6Laws. See Laws (OE)Life of. See Asserliterary attributions 227–31, 503literary taste 220Orosius translation 581

Pastoral Care. See Pastoral Carepost-Viking recovery 154Psalms (OE version) and 224

translator 257, 262Boethius. See Boethiusprefaces 214–19, 227–31programme 225

Alfredian courtcircle of scholars 230continental contacts 6, 214cosmopolitanism 513

cultural shift 209

decorative style 61dissemination of Christian learning 216Frisians 506Irish travellers to 1

languages 14Alhfrith, sub-king of Deira 173, 174Alice, abbess of Barking 634alliteration 297–8, 306–8, 519–20alphabets 28–30Alviva (Ælfgivu), abbess of Barking 371Amlaíb Cuarán, king of Dublin (Óláfr

Sigtryggsson) 637, 650anathema 525Anderson, James 454, 458Andreas 272, 273, 282, 343, 592Aneirin 8, 664–70Aneirin, Book of 26, 104, 662Angers 624Anglo-Saxon ChronicleÆlle. See Ælle, kingAlfredian initiative 219, 554Battle of Brunanburh 237–8, 248, 260, 287, 567,

583, 584, 596Capture of the Five Boroughs 238, 244, 248Celtic correctives 241–4Cerdicing dynasty 234–41context 232–56on Cumbra 188Death of Edgar 251English identity 234–41forgers’ references to 515

genealogies 232–3, 235–6heroic warriors 234–41historical imaginary 8ideological promotion 566–9influence 157inventions 191Irish travels 107on Jutes 595later versions 244–51C-text 286post-Conquest (Norman) 566–7

Latin sources 219manuscripts 217, 232, 245–7Northern Recension 245, 247, 248–51Parker Manuscript 1–2, 232contents 567dating 225English identity 234–41heroic warriors 234–41historical evidence 25

perspective 193Peterborough Chronicle 575

Index

768






poetry 555Saxon invasions 191sea travels 1–2source for Æthelweard’s Chronicle 538source for Anglo-Norman histories 252themes 204traditional origins 9vernacular prose 225

Anglo-Saxonsculture 187–91name 1

Anlezark, Daniel 218Annales Cambriae 233, 243–4, 245, 252Annals of St Neots 532Annolied 206Anselm, St 549, 626Antiphonary of Bangor 125Apgitir Chrábaid (Alphabet of Piety) 118Apollonius of Tyre 12, 344, 453Arfderydd, Battle of 683Aristotle 465–6, 467–8, 470, 475Armagh, Book of 26, 27Armes Prydain Fawr (Great Prophecy of Britain)

680–2, 683art, writing and 73–98Arthur, King 9, 242, 663, 677–80, 686Asser, bishop of Sherborneon Alfred’s enchiridion 224, 532on Alfred’s mentors 212Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and 219

background 107–8on candle-clocks 486on Frisians 506King Alfred and 155

Life of King Alfred 68context 156–7, 532forgers’ references to 515

influence 532Latin writing 531–3source for Byrhtferth of Ramsey 544

on poetry books 211on scholarly circle 230use of Latin 12, 14on Wærferth’s Dialogues 213

astronomy 486Athanasius 165Attila the Hun 198, 199, 604Audacht Morainn (Testament of Morann) 108, 117Augustine of Canterbury 42–3, 48, 123, 381, 384,

509

Goscelin’s biography of 548Augustine of HippoDe videndo Deo 221

influence 218OE Soliloquiesauthority 226, 227authorship 218, 229, 230, 231copies 217preface 227–8, 229reference to writs 518techniques 221–2

scriptural interpretation 171, 215space and time 320

Auraicept na nÉces (Poets’ Primer) 112–13, 114

Babylonians 422, 478Baile Chuinn Chétchathaig (Vision of Conn

Cétchathach) 117Bakhtin, Mikhail 469Bald’s Leechbook 219, 220, 288, 492–3, 494,

495–6Baldwin IV, count of Flanders 617Balthere 179Bangor, Antiphonary of 125Barking Abbey 363, 367–9, 374, 379, 380, 549,

634

Bartlett, Adeline Courtney 294Bately, Janet 213, 223Battle of Brunanburh 206, 237–8, 248, 260, 287,

567, 583, 584, 596Battle of Maldon

composition date 279hero 525

heroic discourse 204, 240–1language 264, 276manuscript 287poetic variation 294

vocabulary 305–6, 597–8Baudri of Bourgueil 623, 624Baxter, StephenBayeux Tapestry 254, 361Bayless, Martha 454Bécán mac Luigdech 102

Bede 48on Adomnán 126–7on Ælle, king 583on Æthelberht’s laws 48, 500, 502on Æthelthryth 174, 403on ages of the world 410, 412, 413, 416,

420

on Aldhelm 142

Anglo-Saxon Christian poetry and 14

on Augustine 384beginning of history 8biblical commentaries 139–40biblical scholarship 504

Index

769






Bede (cont.)on Cædmon 258, 262–3, 280–1, 288–9, 362,

366, 407calendrical debate 480on Canterbury 131career 159–60Christian learning 42–3on church building 174on Coifi 404–5on Columba 101continental influences 51De arte metrica 140De natura rerum 140, 480, 481, 488De orthographia 140, 161De schematibus et tropis 140De temporibus 480De temporum ratione 140, 480, 483, 489Death Song 161, 208, 259, 289on Edwin of Northumbria 171on Eorcenberht of Kent 502on Eorcengota 5, 124geography 20–1, 158–9, 195–6Germanic world and 185, 191–2, 195–6on God’s punishment 243on Gregory the Great 5, 171, 200–1, 384,

540–1Historia ecclesiasticaAnglo-Saxon Chronicle and 247, 250attribution 219

authority 226completion date 99dedication 517

forgers’ references to 515

Gaelic translation 640

influence 155manuscripts 47, 80, 173OE version. See OE Bedeoverwriting female sanctity 366–70reputation 139

source for later historians 252, 253–4, 538,548, 550

veritas 164–5, 166–7historian 159–69History of the Abbots 177–8homilies 140innovation 12

international culture 7on Ireland 99–100, 124on John of Beverley 495on John the Cantor 124on Jutes 595on King Oswald 188

language 261, 264

‘Liber hymnorum’ 140–1Life of St Cuthbert 141, 159, 172, 176–7,

390

on multiculturalism 99–100, 103,119, 233

on multilingualism 19, 24network of contacts 142on Oswald 382

Paschal tables 480, 487Picts and 99–100poetry 140–1Retractatio (of Bede) 142saints’ Lives 384scholarship 123, 313on Scotland 101

on Tatwine 144on translation 257–8use of Latin 12, 19, 52, 161–2visions of the otherworld 178

Wearmouth-Jarrow and 45, 177–8works 139–42

Benedeit Voyage of Saint Brendan 631–3Benedict Biscop 45, 122, 124, 177–8Benedictinesbook production in English 574

Canterbury 67–8centres 442reform 6, 449Ælfric and 399

hermeneutics 617implementation 268

Latin and 533–7promotion 560–2women and 360–1

Rule 63, 65, 77, 131translation into English 433–4, 561–2

tradition 63

vocabulary 538Benjamin, Walter 353Benson, David 408

Benson, Larry 295Beorhtgyth 148–9Beorhtwulf, king of Mercia 155Beorn, Earl 610Beowulf MS 7, 278, 287–8, 317, 318Beowulfbeasts 206bodies and objects 323–30composition date 2, 279contemporaneity 330–1Finnsburh 199, 205heroic poetry 287, 343historical imaginary 8

Index

770






influence 603–4language 260, 272, 273, 277metre 299, 300–1orality 295overview 309–31scholarship 168

space 317, 319–23themes 204time 313–19translations 8variation 293–4vocabulary 508warrior spirit 239Wiglaf ’s sword 313–15, 316, 323, 325

Bern riddle collection 461

Bernicia, kingdom of 160, 243Bertha, queen of Kent 122Bethu Brigte (Life of Brigit) 116Bewcastle Monument 260Billfrith, anchorite at Lindisfarne 555Bisagni, Jacopo 101

Bischoff, Bernhard 54, 57, 128Black Book of Carmarthen 662, 680Blanton, Virginia 369, 370Blathmacc 115, 116Blickling Homilies 384, 564, 566Bliss, A. J. 300, 301bloodletting 489, 494Blythborough (Suffolk) 31body care 491–8Boethiusinfluence 476OE De consolatione philosophiaeauthority 226, 230copies 217form 221–2Germanic world 196–7King Alfred’s authorship 202, 218model 621prose preface 229prosimetrical version 225–6style 226verse preface 196–7, 227, 230vocabulary 343, 344Wisdom 471–2

status 139Bolton, Timothy 610Boniface (Wynfrith)correspondence 146–8, 150–1, 359, 368on Germanic roots 185on Hildelith, abbess of Barking 368Latin riddles 461mission to Germany 196

script 47travels 5

Book of Aneirin 26, 104, 662Book of Armagh 26, 27Book of Cerne 47, 435, 436, 439Book of Deer 103Book of Drumsnat (Cin Dromma Snechtai) 108–9Book of Durrow 101

Book of Kells 101Book of Leinster 643, 648, 656, 658Book of Nunnaminster 435Book of St Chad 105, 660Book of Taliesin 104, 661, 662, 664–70Book of the Dun Cow (Lebor na hUidre) 108–9,

656

book productioncourt production 68–9monasteries 67–8scribe centres 66–71

Bórama (Cattle Tribute) 645Boryslawski, Rafat 469boundary lists 513Boyle, Elizabeth 652

Bradley, S. A. J. 458Brandon (Suffolk) 31Breamore (Hampshire) 79–80Breatnach, Liam 110, 655Bredehoft, Thomas 249Breedon-on-the-Hill (Leicestershie) 144, 155Brega, Raid of 100Breguswith 367

Brian Bóruma, king of Munster 646Brigit, St 115, 116, 127, 243. See also Bethu

BrigteBrihtwold, archbishop of Canterbury 47, 58Brooks, Nicholas 210, 237, 527Brown, George Hardin 160

Brown, Julian 68

Brown, Michelle 61, 158, 439Brown, Peter 166Brussels Cross 290Brutus 242Bury St Edmunds 523, 532Bynum, Caroline Walker 464, 468Byrhtferth of Ramsey

author–reader relationship 558–60De die judicii 542death 607

Enchiridion 481–3, 532–3, 541, 542, 544,558–60

hagiography 541, 542Historia regum 544

influences 534

Index

771






Byrhtferth of Ramsey (cont.)measuring time 313, 481–3overview 541–4sources 532

Byrhtnoth, ealdorman of Essex 240–1, 525–6

Cadwaladr, king of Gwynedd 681, 683, 686Cædmonattributed poems 212, 281–2Bede on 258, 262–3, 280–1, 288–9, 366, 407etymology 188Hymn 14birth of English poetry 362copies 47, 161, 258languages 258–60metre 299new interpretation 448

variation 293, 296–7vernacular poetry 407

Caistor (Norfolk) 42Calder, Daniel 226calendars 382, 477–87, 489Cambridge Songs 617, 619–21, 625Cameron, M. L. 493Camlan, Battle of 677, 680Campbell, Alistair 162, 515, 538Campbell, James 159Cannon, Christopher 358Canterbury9th-century 155, 210Anglo-Saxon Chronicle MS 246Bede on 131

Benedictines 67–8book production 54, 67, 80–1, 95, 210, 417,

535, 566charter scribes 66charters 509Christ Church 577

Cnut and 595, 599Eadwine Psalter 577liturgical writing 430rivalry with Glastonbury 551scripts 55, 56, 61, 63, 64Theodore and Hadrian’s Latin writing

130–2writs 518–19

Carey, John 642

Carmarthen, Black Book of 662, 680Carney, James 114Caroline minuscule 52, 61–6Carolingians 61Cassiodorus 139, 477Cath Maige Tuired (Battle of Mag Tuired) 645

Catraeth, Battle of 668, 669Cavill, Paul 271–2Ceadda, bishop of Lichfield 188Cecilia, abbess of Ste-Trinité-de-Caen 625

Cecilia, St 377, 388Cedd, bishop of London 188

Celain Urien (Urien’s Corpse) 674Celsus 477CelticAnglo-Saxon Chronicle and 250

histories 241–4languages 61, 188meaning of 186

Cenwald, bishop of Worcester 69Ceol, king of Wessex 235Ceolfrith, abbot of Monkwearmouth-Jarrow

33, 45, 480Life of Ceolfrith 159, 177–8

Ceolwulf, king of Wessex 223, 235Cerdic, king of Wessex 188, 232, 235–6, 240Cerne monastery 537Certeau, Michel de 354Chad, bishop of York 174Chalcidius 480Chanson d’Alexis 378Chanson de Roland 633Chaplais, Pierre 515Charlemagne 150, 151, 152, 157, 179, 216, 453, 480Charles the Bald, king of West Francia 224Charles-Edwards, Thomas 122Charles Martel 61charters 44, 57, 66, 69, 508–15Chickering, Jr, Howell 311, 313Chrétien de Troyes 633, 634, 679Christ and Satan 282Christ I (Advent Lyrics) 423–6, 448ChristianitySee also hagiography; monasticismAlfredian court and 216

belief 408–9care of the sick 496–7Church and state 119Cnut and 598–601, 610–11, 614devotion. See devotional writingfirst native bishops 130–1Gaelic writing and 650–2Latin and 56–7, 120, 161learning 42–3literacy and 53–4liturgy. See liturgical writingmissionaries 21myths 24–5Old English religious poetry 280–4, 406–26

Index

772






pre-Augustine 381Roman calendar 477Scandinavian poetry and 588–9, 590,

598–601six ages of the world 409, 426spread 23, 29, 40–6vernacular theology 406–8visions of the otherworld 178

Christina of Markyate 358, 374–9Chrodegang of Metz 61chronologygeography and 20–7issues 9–11

Cin Dromma Snechtai (Book of Drumsnat)108–9

Cinæd ua hArtacáin 637–40, 646Clark, C. 189Clemence of Barking 379–80Clonmelsh (Carlow) 48Clontarf, Battle of 585Cloyne monastery (Cork) 112Cluny 534Cnut, king of England, Denmark and

Norwayadministrative power 570–2Anglo-Saxon Chronicle on 568

Christianity and 598–601, 610–11, 614conquest of Norway (1028) 614defeat of Edmund Ironside 541, 608genealogy 608, 616image 74internationalism 7, 609–16legal codes 507, 571–2Letter of 1020 571–3Letter of 1027 609, 613peace with the Danes 507praise poetry for 591, 593–5, 598–601visits to Denmark 581writs 518–19

Codex Amiatinus 11, 33, 45, 52, 178Codex sancti Pauli 115Cogad Gaedil re Gallaib (War of the Gaels against

the Vikings) 646Cogitosus, Life of Brigit 127Coleman, monk of Worcester 551, 613, 634Colgrave, Bertram 164–5Colmán mac Lénéni 112, 114Columba, StAdomnán’s biography. See AdomnánAltus Prosator 102Bede on 101

Gaelic writing on 650

historiography 243

Irish eulogies 115leaving Ireland 125

mission to the Picts 99scholarship 102

Columbanus 125–6, 137, 383Conchobar mac Nessa, king of Ulster 118, 639,

646

Congalach ma Maíle Mithig, king of Tara 650,655

Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor 600, 612,614, 619, 620

Constance, wife of Ralph Fitzgilbert 634–5Conte, Gian Biagio 139

Copeland, Rita 407Cormac mac Cuilennáin, king of Munster

110–12, 645, 653courts

Æthelstan 585

Alfred. See Alfredian courtbook production 68–9Cnut 571

craft, writing as 27–35Creed 283, 306, 444, 445, 447Cú Brettan 115

Cú Chulainn 646–8Cúán ua Lothcháin 639, 643–4Cubitt, Catherine 166Cumbra 188Cuthbert, St

See also Bede; Ælfric of Eynsham; Life of StCuthbert

Alcuin on 179

career 175coffin 29

hagiography 12, 175–7Cuthswith, abbess of Inkberrow 56

cwide 522Cynan Garwyn, king of Powys 667Cynan of Brittany 681, 683, 686Cynddylan, king of Powys 672–3Cynefrith 370

Cyneheard 239

CynewulfChrist II 395, 423Christ III 423constructing male identity 404dating 211didactic purpose 339Elene 206, 298, 346, 397–8Fates of the Apostles 396genre 334hagiographic self-inscription 395–8Juliana 299, 396–7, 398

Index

773






Cynewulf (cont.)OE canon 384

poems 239, 289, 395prosody 298

Cynric, king of Wessex 235, 236, 240

Daniel 281, 300, 420–3Darley, Red Book of 81–3, 85, 432David, Life of King Henry 631, 635David, king of Israel 216Davis, Adam 464

Davis, Kathleen 215, 317De consolatione philosophiae. See BoethiusDe Marco, Maria 145De Pippine regis victoria avarica 585Dealwine 138Death of Edward 279, 306, 625Deira, kingdom of 160, 243Denmark, Cnut in 581, 599Deor 201–2, 203, 239, 287, 298, 332, 355, 593, 604Descent into Hell 282, 303devotional writingglosses 449Latin 438

MSS 435–6, 442OE verse 443–8Old English 10, 438–43penitential materials 449private prayer 435–43prose 435–43research directions 448–50

Dhuoda 358diagrams (scientific) 488–90Dialogues of Solomon and Satum 84–5, 218, 454Dinshaw, Carolyn 358, 361Dionysius Exiguus 479Discenza, Nicole 227disputatio 454Do Bunad Cruithnech 104Domesday Book 515, 517, 526Dominic of Evesham 549

Domnall, king of Brega 650Dorbéne 46Doubleday, James 277Downham, Clare 645Dream of Maxen 675–6Dream of the Rood 76, 114, 261, 276, 282, 301–2,

351–3, 420, 448Drumsnat, Book of 108–9Dryhthelm 179–80Dub Sláine 1, 107Dublin 582, 587, 603, 645Dublin, Battle of 585

Dumville, David 210, 217, 244Dunadd (Argyll) 30, 31, 33Dunstan, archbishop of CanterburyBenedictine Reform 268, 534, 560charters 69cult 545Osbern’s biography of 546powers 69St Dunstan’s Classbook 76–9, 98spiritual friendships 378Vita sancti Dunstani 79, 535, 536William of Malmesbury’s Life of 547,

550, 551Durham Liber vitae 65, 556Durham 234, 255–6, 308Durham Gospels 74–6

Eadberht, king of Northumbria 160Eadburg, abbess of Minster-in-Thanet 147, 360Eadfrith, bishop of Lindisfarne 555Eadmer 549–51Eadric, king of Kent 25, 502Eadwig Basan 73, 98Eadwig (Hanover) Gospels 73, 98Eadwine Psalter 81, 95–8, 283, 575–7Ealdgyth 617, 623Ealdred, bishop ofWorcester 613, 620, 625, 626Eanflæd, abbess of Whitby 173, 367Eangyth, Abbess 148Eanmund, Abbot 180–1Earcongota 370Earl, James 336Easter 477–8, 479–80, 484, 487, 558Eastwood, Bruce 488Ecgberht, bishop of Lindisfarne 154, 180, 195Ecgbert, King 173Ecgfrith, king of Northumbria 160, 174–5, 177,

178

Ecgwin of Evesham 541, 542Echa 179Echtrae Chonnlai 118Edgar, king of England 69, 512, 514, 538, 560,

561, 595, 634Edith, queen of England 7, 360, 374, 544, 616,

617, 621Edith of Tamworth 372

Edith of Wilton 371–2, 375, 377–8Edmund Ironside 541, 584, 595–6, 598Edmund, king of Wessex 237–8, 243–4Edmund, St, king of East Anglia 269–72, 534Edmyg Dinbych 661–2Edward the Confessor 7, 12, 204, 254, 516, 521,

527, 608, 616–25

Index

774






Edwin, king of Northumbria 160, 169, 171–2,179, 404

Egill Skalla-Grimsson 582–6, 587–9Eilifr Godrúnarson 590

Eilmer 476Einarr skálaglamm 590

Einhard 157

Eiríksmál 590–1elegiesgenre 334hoarding and meditation 341–6imagination 347–53imagined past 333time 335–41transience and experience 335–41transience and history 353–6ubi sunt catalogues 353–6

Ely Abbey 363, 545, 549Emma, queen of England 360, 374, 544, 607,

613, 616.See alsoÆlfgifu of Northampton; Encomium

Emmae reginaeEncomium Emmae reginae 12, 532, 544, 604, 616,

617–19English language. See Old EnglishÉnna od Aran 112

Eochaid ua Flainn 639

Eorcenberht, king of Kent 502Eorcengota 5, 124Eorcenwold 367

Eormanric 198, 201Eormenburg, queen of Northumbria 174Eormenhild 363, 371Eosterwine, abbot of Wearmouth-Jarrow 177

Épinal Glossary 44, 207Erc, bishop of Slane 112Erfurt Glossary 207Eric Bloodaxe 584–6, 590–1Eric, brother-in-law of Cnut 592Essen 537

Euclid 475

Eugenia, St 389, 399–400Eugenius of Toledo 78

Euphrosyne, St 399, 400–1European literature11th-century 607–36Cnut and 609–16internationalism 608–9

Eusebius 143–4, 146, 461Eutyches 77Evagrius 165Evans, Nicholas 641Eve of Angers 358, 371–2, 624

Evesham 541

Exeterbook production 66, 67liturgical writing 430–1, 433, 445scripts 64

Exeter Bookcontents 289cultural evidence 336Cynewulf 396, 620–1elegies 333Germanic inheritance 239hagiography 283, 384non-religious poetry 284–7Physiologus 13, 459–60, 630religious poetry 282, 423riddles 273, 286–7, 451, 452, 461Soul and Body II 459

Exodus 206, 272, 281, 300, 414–16Eyjólfr dáðaskald 590

Eynsham monastery 537Eyvindr skaldaspillir 589, 598

Faddan More (Tipperary) 30, 31, 33Fahan monastery (Donegal) 110Fates of the Apostles 282Faustus, Latin writer 121Felix of Crowland, Life of St Guthlac 145–6,

264–7, 390–2. See also GuthlacFerdomnach 26

Fergus mac Roich 647

Fiachra, prior of Iona 637Fidjestøl, Bjarne 615Fingal Rónáin (Ronan’s Kinslaying) 649–50Finke, Laurie 358Finn mac Cumaill 657Finnsburh Fragment 199, 205–6, 240, 287First Crusade 608Fitjar, Battle of 598Flann mac Maíl Shechnaill 111Flann Mainistrech 639, 640Fleury Abbey 481, 534, 545Flixborough (Lincs.) 31Folcard, Vita Ædwardi regis 544, 549, 617, 621–4Fonthill Letter 527–8Foot, Sarah 375

forgeries 514–15Forsyth, Katherine 103, 105Fortunes of Men 285Foucault, Michel 363Four Branches of the Mabinogi 684–6‘Fragmentary Annals’ 645France

annals 224

Index

775






France (cont.)Carolingian script 59–66cultural dominance 624Loire School 10, 623, 624, 627monasteries 51, 60scripts 55, 59–66, 67vernacular v. Latin 213–14writing 10, 625–36

Frank, Roberta 316, 318, 594, 614Franks Casket 91–5, 161, 162, 185, 202–3, 259Frantzen, Allen 313, 360, 438Friedman, John Block 466Frisian language 187Frithegod, Breviloquium vitae beati Wilfredi 534,

535

Frithuswith, abbess of Oxford 56, 376–7Fry, Donald 295

Fulk, R. D. 300Fulton, Helen 682

Gaelic900–1150historical tales 644–50manuscript evidence 655–9orality 657–9poetry of masks 654religious writing 650–2Scotland and Ireland 637–59secular poetry 637–44, 655voyage tales 652–3

Latin and 53, 57–8manuscripts 25, 26, 655–9ogam 29–30poetry, land and law 13

scripts 51Gaimar, Geffrei 605, 634–5Galba Prayerbook 435Galen 491, 492, 494–5Gallehus inscription 297

Gameson, Richard 79

Gariopontus 494Gawain and the Green Knight 260genealogy 9, 232–3, 235–6Genesis 208, 281, 604Genesis A 206, 292, 303, 410–11, 412–13Genesis B 303–5, 410–11, 575, 580

Geoffrey, abbot of St Albans 374, 376, 377, 378Geoffrey of MonmouthEnglish identity 553Historia regum BritanniaeArthur 677, 679, 680historical source 634loss of Britain theme 675

Norman audience 683Welsh translation 662

on Merlin 683–4origins of Britain 242

patron 634

on Welsh books 661geographyBede 20–1, 158–9borders and identities 185–6boundary lists 513chronology and 20–7linguistic zones 37–40

geometry 475Georgianna, Linda 334Gerald of Wales 553, 661Gerbrand of Roskilde 611Germanic worldadventus Saxonum 191–7Anglo-Saxon England and 185

Christian mission to 146–50cultural heritage from 187–91heroes 203–7historiography 191–7imagined past 333invasion of Britain 243

languages 187laws 190, 501legal traditions 190, 505–6meaning 186missionaries and cultural exchanges 207–8myths 189, 239–40Norman Conquest and 256

poetry 191, 198–207pre-Christian 332

religion 189–90runic script 190–1tokens 517warrior spirit 239–40

Gifts of Men 276, 285Gilbert, Sandra 357–8, 359GildasDe excidio Britanniae 121–2, 665end of Roman rule 36on God’s punishment 243influence 125Latin erudition 37

loss of Britain theme 675on praise poetry 665on Saxons 192style 137textual evidence 131use of history 165on vernacular Welsh writing 105

Index

776






Gilla-Coemáin mac Gilla-Samthainne 640Gilla Mo Dutu ua Casaide 641Giso, bishop of Wells 69Gittos, Helen 434, 438Glastonbury 69, 550, 551Gloria I 283, 444, 445, 447Glúmr Geirason 589–90Godden, Malcolm 214, 220, 345Godfrey, duke of Lower Lotharingia 627Godfrey of Reims 623Godman, Peter 179Gododdin 26, 104, 106, 665–6, 668–70, 673, 686Godwine, bishop of Rochester 513Godwine, earl of Wessex 616Goffart, Walter 160, 166–7Goscelin of St-Bertin 12, 357, 370–4, 375, 377–8,

379, 545, 547–9, 634Gosforth Cross 603Green, David 107

Greenfield, Stanley 226, 284Gregory the Great, PopeSee also Life of Gregory the GreatÆthelweard on 539–41Anglo-Saxon mission 5, 42–3, 54,

123, 382Bede on 5, 171, 200–1, 384, 540–1Columbanus and 125

Dialogues See also Wærferthauthority 226, 227model for Wærferth 220–1translation 219

English Church and 51

English reputation 381–2homilies 43Pastoral Care. See Pastoral Care (OE)portrait 80William of Malmesbury on 553

Gretsch, Mechthild 212

Griffiths, Mark 344Grimbald of St-Bertin and Reims 214Grimkell, bishop of Trondheim 611

Grossi, Joseph 256

Gruffudd ap Llywelyn 665

Gryffudd 623

Gubar, Susan 357–8, 359Guest, Charlotte 674, 682Gunnlaugr 585–7, 598Guthlac of Crowland, St 14, 145, 264–7, 390–2,

390–5, 403–4Guthlac A and B 264, 266–7, 392–5Guy, bishop of Amiens 254Gwalchmai ap Meilyn 671

Gwallawg, king of Elfed 667

Hadley, Dawn 580

Hadrian, Abbot 44, 45, 130–2Hadrian’s Wall 21, 39, 186Haeddi, bishop of Winchester 132hagiography

Aldhelm. See Aldhelmconstructing selves 403–5Cynewulf. See Cynewulffemale saints 360Bede and 366–70Eugenia 399–400Euphrosyne 399, 400–1Goscelin of St-Bertin 370–4male readers 398–403OE Mary of Egypt 399, 401–3overview 364–74virginity 398–403

Gaelic writing 650–2genre 383–4Guthlac 390–5Latin writing 12–13, 127, 152Norman transition 544–9

northern kingdoms 169–78overview 381–405role 165–9spiritual warriors 390–5traffic in saints 384–6virginity 385–9visions of the otherworld 180

Hákon Aðalsteinsfóstri 589Hákon Haraldsson 584

Hall, J. R. 281Hallvadr háreksblesi 599Hamdismál 201Hanning, Robert 165Hanover (Eadwig) Gospels 73, 98Haraldr gráfeldr 589Haraldr hárfagri 585Harley Prayerbook 435Harmer, F. E. 519Harold Godwineson, king of England 254, 278,

608, 616, 621Harold Harefoot 608Harris, Adrienne 323Harris, Joseph 206

Harthacnut, king of England and Denmark608, 616

Hastings, Battle of 256, 278Havelok the Dane 604–5Hayward, Paul Antony 373Hazeltine H.D. 522Heaney, Seamus 8Heledd 672–4

Index

777






Heliand 13, 208, 282, 575, 580Héloïse 358Helpericus 480Hendregadredd Manuscript 662Hengist 192, 236, 242, 243, 681Henry I, king of England 248, 625–36Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor 619Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor 613, 619, 620Henry of Huntingdon 251, 252–3, 627Herbarium of Pseudo-Apuleius 492Hergest, Red Book of 662heriot 523–4Herman, bishop of Sherborne 545hermeneutics 535–6, 617heroesAnglo-Saxon Chronicle 234–41heroic poetry 287

Hexham 174

Heyworth, Melanie 457Hickes, George 205, 268Hild, abbess of Whitby (Streonæshalch) 358,

362, 366–7, 376, 377Hildebert of Lavardin 623

Hildebert of Le Mans 626Hildebrandslied 208Hildegard of Bingen 83, 358Hildelith, abbess of Barking 358, 360, 368–9,

387

Hill, Thomas 454Hines, John 589

Hippocrates 491, 492Hisperica famina 129–30Historia Brittonum. See NenniushistorySee also Bede; hagiography12th-century historiography 244Anglo-Norman histories 251–6Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. See Anglo-Saxon

ChronicleBede as historian 159–69Celtic histories 241–4, 251elegies and transience 353–6manuscript evidence 25–7mythmaking 9northern kingdoms 159–69as theme 7–9Welsh historiography 665, 675–6women’s literary historiography 357–64

Hlothhere, king of Kent 25, 502, 509, 510–11Hofmann, Dietrich 583, 584, 591, 593Hofstetter, Walter 268Hollis, Stephanie 366, 367, 370, 371, 373, 375, 377Hollo, Kaarina 650

Holsinger, Bruce 447, 448Holy River, Battle of 614Homer 294–5Honorius, Emperor 36horoscopes 490Horsa 236, 242, 681How Culhwch Won Olwen 678–9Howard-Johnston, James 167Howe, Nicholas 165, 255, 285, 346Hrabanus Maurus, archbishop of Mainz 78,

214, 445, 480Hrotswith of Gandersheim 358

Hugeburc (Hygeburg) 149–50, 359Hughes, Kathleen 103

Hume, David 164

humours 489–91, 498Humphrey de Thaon 628, 629Husband’s Message 332Hwætberht, abbot of Wearmouth 142–4, 177Hygeburg (Hugeburc) 149–50, 359Hyglac (teacher of Æthelwulf) 154Hywel Dda 662, 665, 681

Ida, king of Northumbria 7imagescript and 74–80script as 80–5voice and 85–98

Immathchor nAilella ocus Airt (MutualRestitution between Ailill and Art) 118

Immram Brain (Voyage of Bran) 118Inchmarnock island (Argyll) 31Ine, king of Wessex 25, 190, 225, 503Ingram, James 239Insular minuscule 46–7, 56–9, 60–1, 63–4, 65–6internationalism 607–36Iona, monastery of 103, 124, 125IrelandBede and 99–100, 124book production 64, 109–10chronology 10cultural upheaval 655laws 25literature. See Irish writingmonasticism 109–10, 116–17Norse colony 22Roman rule 21–2, 23schools 51

‘Irish Augustine’ 128Irish Liber Hymnorum 657

Irish writing7th-century Latin 125–30chronicles 104

Index

778






earliest writings 10, 108–19influence in Wales 106–7

evidence 40–2Gaelic (900–1150) 637–59manuscripts 30, 31

Irving, Jr, Edward 348

Isaac, G. R. 666, 669Isidore of SevilleDe natura rerum 483, 488influence 123on Bede 48, 213, 480

measuring time 480, 489scholarship 476

status 139, 218on translation 215

ItalySalernitan school 494scripts 67

Jarman, A. O.H. 671Jerome, St 56, 215, 218, 227, 575Jesch, Judith 584, 597Joca monachorum 454

John of Beverley 495John Cassian 102, 131John Scottus Eriugena 116, 130John the Cantor 124, 177John the Old Saxon 214

John of Worcester 252, 253, 532Jones, C.W. 164–5Jordanes 201Judgement Day II 283, 303, 305Judith 261, 287, 292–3, 604Judith, nun of Barking 372–3Junius manuscript 6, 278, 414, 420Junius, Franciscus 281Juvencus manuscript 106, 660

Kaufmann, C.M. 631Keefer, Sarah Larratt 444Kells, Book of 101Kelly, Susan 211

Kenthistoriography 243laws 48, 190, 225, 500–3scripts 61

Kentish Hymn 444Kentish Psalm 50 417–20, 444Ker, Neil 67, 70, 608Keynes, Simon 211, 512, 604Klaeber, Frederick 293, 309, 318Kleinschmidt, Harald 320

Koch, J. T. 666, 669

Lacnunga 288, 493, 494Lactantius 477Lailoken, prophet 683Lambeth Psalter 267Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury 545–6,

547, 548languages

See also multilingualism; specific languagesGermanic heritage 187linguistic zones 37–40Scotland 104–5scripts and 40

Lantfred 534, 536Lapidge, Michael 124, 164, 210, 541Latin

9th-century decline 210–14, 531alphabet 28, 30, 40, 41–2Benedictine Reform and 533–7British Latin 121–2charters 515Christianity and 56–7, 120, 161chronology 10cultural exchanges 124–5devotional writing 438dominance 119early writing7th-century Ireland 125–309th-century 154–79th-century Wales 155–7Alcuin. See AlcuinAldhelm. See AldhelmAldhelm’s successors 142–6Bede. See BedeEnglish origins 122–5hagiography 127, 152mission to Germany 146–50overview 120–57

Gaels and 53, 57–8Germanic world and 187

later writingÆthelweard’s Chronicle 537–41Asser. See AsserByrhtferth. See Byrhtferth of Ramseychoice of language 531Goscelin. See Goscelin of St-Bertinhagiography of Norman transition544–9

‘hermeneutics style’ 535–6overview 530–53William of Malmesbury. See William ofMalmesbury

lingua franca 544liturgical writing 428–31

Index

779






Latin (cont.)northern writers 161–2prestige language 12–13, 19, 120Roman legacy 36–49scripts 39translation into Old English 213–14authority and authorship 226–31Gregory’s Pastoral Care 214–19

vernaculars and 11, 65wills 521writing technique 35

Latour, Bruno 311

lawSee also Laws (OE)authority of English 570–2charters 508–15forgeries 514–15

Fonthill Letter 527–8Germanic tradition 190, 501in action 526–8Kentish laws 48, 190, 225, 500–3overview 499–529statutes 499–508suits 526–8Wessex 503–6wills 521–6writs 515–21seals 516–17

Law of Hywel Dda 662Lawman (Layamon), Brut 308Laws (OE)Alfredian initiative 219, 225, 228copies 217overview 503–6preface 228, 229, 503–5

Layesmith, Mark 173–4Le Ronceray 624Leabhar Breac manuscript 652Lebor Bretnach 640Lebor Gabála Érenn (Book of the Conquest of

Ireland) 642–3Lebor na hUidre (Book of the Dun Cow) 108–9,

656

Leclerq, Jean 435, 449Lees, Clare A. 362, 363, 366legendary texts, Scandinavian literature

603–5Leiden Riddle 161, 207, 259Leinster, Book of 643, 648, 656, 658Lendinara, Patrizia 453Leoba (Leobgyth) 148, 358, 359Leofric, bishop of Exeter 284, 620–1, 624

Leofsin 513

Letter of Alexander to Aristotle 467–8, 633Leuthere, bishop of the West Saxons 133Levison, Wilhelm 6

Lex Frisionum 506

Liber Commonei 77, 156Liber Hymnorum manuscript 102Liber monstrorum 138

Lichfield 210

Lichfield Gospels 107Life of Abbot Ceolfrith 159, 177–8Life of Christina of Markyate 375–8Life of Findchú of Brí-Gobann 651Life of Gregory the Great (anon.) 12, 159, 161,

169–72, 366Life of St Anthony 390Life of St Christopher 633Life of St Cuthbert (anon.) 12, 127, 159, 168, 173,

175, 177Life of St Martin (Sulpicius Severus) 176Lindisfarne 12, 33, 127Lindisfarne bishopric 174Lindisfarne Gospels 35, 68, 73, 98, 101, 162, 259,

555–7Lindisfarne, sack of 153Liðsmannaflokkr 591–2literacy 20, 53–4liturgical writingLatin ordines 428–31OE ordines 431–4OE verse 443–8research directions 448–50

Liudhard 122

Liuzza, Roy 168, 279, 339Llandeilo Fawr 105, 660Llud and Llefelys 675–6Llywarch Hen 671–2Loire School 10, 623, 624, 627London, Scandinavian literary centre

591–602Lord, Albert 206, 295Lord’s Prayer II 283, 445, 447Lord’s Prayer III 283, 444, 445–6, 447Lorsch riddle collection 461

Louis the German 214

Louvain, Battle of 1Love, Rosalind 370

Loveluck, Christopher 164Lowe, E. A. 55, 60Lucan 180, 539, 621, 641Lucretius 477Lul, archbishop of Mainz 138, 147

Index

780






Mabinogion 663, 674–9, 682Mac Bethad 1, 107Mac Cana, Proinsias 655Mack, Burton 684

McAvoy, Liz Herbert 358McCluskey, Steven 486

McKinnell, John 603

McKitterick, Rosamond 55, 59–60McManus, Damian 113

Mael Dúin 653

Máel Inmain 1, 107Mael Ísu ua Brolcháin 657

Mael Mura Othna 643Máel Muru 110

Máel Rúain 116

Maelgwn, king of Gwynedd 105

Maelsechlainn mac Domnail, king of Meathand Tara 644

magic 498Magoun, Francis 295Malcolm, king of Scotland 248, 617Maldon, Battle of 240–1, 525Malmesbury (Wiltshire) 45, 48, 54Malory, Thomas, Morte d’Arthur 260Manawydan 686

Mannyng of Brunne, Robert 605manumissions 525manuscripts11th-century vernacular 608Gaelic 25, 26, 655–9historical evidence 25–7Old English poetry 278–9poetry 25–6rarity 30–1Welsh 25, 660–2

Marbod of Rennes 623, 624, 627Maredudd, king of Powys 677Margaret, queen of Scotland 248, 374, 617, 626,

627

Marie de France 358, 379, 633Martianus Capella 477Martinmas 382Martyrology (OE) 196, 212, 219, 224–5Mary of Egypt (OE) 399, 401–3Massey, Doreen 317, 320Math, lord of Gwynedd 685, 686Matilda, abbess of Essen 9, 537, 538, 544Matilda, abbess of Quedlinburg 538Matilda, Empress 248, 253, 544, 549Matilda, queen of England 374, 544, 549, 608,

625, 626–7, 631Maxims II 273, 286Mayo (Co.) 48

Medb of Connacht 646–7, 648medicine 491–8Mehan, Uppinder 161Meilyr Brydydd 671Mellitus, Bishop 200–1Menologium 285–6, 383Mercia

9th-century poetry 155books in vernacular 212–13Carolingians and 61

geography 212historiography 243MS production 210

relations with Wessex 212Mercian Register 233, 252Merfyn Frych, king of Gwynedd 156

Merhteof 181Merlin (Myrddin) 682, 683–4Meters of Boethius 295, 303, 305–6Meton 479

Meyvaert, Paul 165Michelet, Fabienne 322Middle English literature, origins 10Mildrith, St 360, 548Miracula Nynie episcopi 154monasticism

See also Benedictinesbook production 67–8care of the sick 496–7chastity 385Fleury 481, 534Frankish monasteries 51, 60function of monasteries 382Irish monks 116–17Irish scriptoria 109–10literacy 385northern kingdoms 172, 173post-Viking 514time management 486use of runes 29Wessex 51women 51, 6011th-century 370

Morgan, Edwin 8

Mugrón, abbot of Iona 637, 650Muirchú, Life of Patrick 127multilingualism

11th-century 608–9Bede on 19, 24Franks Casket 94international contacts and 7

multilingual world 27

Ruthwell Cross 85

Index

781






Muriel of Wilton 359, 379, 624Murphy, Patrick 460Muslim world 608

Myrddin (Merlin) 682, 683–4mythsChristianity 24–5Germanic world 189, 239–40historical mythmaking 9Welsh writing 684–6

Navigatio sancti Brendani 632, 652Nechtan, king of the Picts 103, 105Nechtansmere, Battle of 160Nelson, Marie 462–3, 464Nennius, [Pseudo-], Historia Brittonumassessment 156beginning of history 8–9Celtic perspective 241–3dragons 676on early poetry 665loss of Britain theme 675multiple perspectives 249overview 156, 192political divisions 233recensions 642source for Anglo-Norman histories 252, 253,

683

on Urien 667

on Vortigern 192, 681Neoplatonism 652

Neville, Jennifer 460Ní Mhaonaigh, Máire 656Nicaea, Council of 478Nielsen, Hans Frede 187–9Niles, John 294, 318, 451, 458, 462Ninian of Whithorn, St 154Norman Conquest 10, 251, 362, 552,

575, 607Normanshagiography 544–9historical obsession 244

post-Conquest histories 251–6resistance to 246

NorseSee also Scandinavian literatureCnut’s court 571Orkney and Shetland 104

territorial extent 626northern kingdomshagiography 169–78history 159–69use of Latin 161–2

Northumbria

annals 252kingdom 160

manuscripts 11Norway, conquest by Cnut 614Novacich, Sarah Elliott 273Núadu 106

Nunnaminster, Book of 435

O’Brien O’Keeffe, Katherine 85, 296O’Carragáin, Éammonn 448

Oda, archbishop of Canterbury 534, 535Odinkar, Bishop 610

Odo of Cluny 534Óengus mac Óengobann 116

Offa, king of Mercia 186, 199, 225, 511,514, 664

ogam 28–30, 33, 40, 113–14Ohthere 6, 185, 194–5, 264, 580Óláfr Eiríksson 615

Óláfr Haraldsson, king of Norway 593, 596–7,602, 611–12, 615

Óláfr kvarán, king of York 605Óláfr Sigtryggsson, king of Dublin (Amlaíb

Cuarán) 637, 650Old EnglishGermanic mythology and 189

literature. See Old English literatureorigins 187–9wills 521writs 515

Old English Bedeauthority 227, 230authorship 212, 223, 262diversity of cultures 233epilogue 290language 261–4metaphors 226variation 296–7

Old English Benedictine Office 444–6Old English literature9th-centuryAnglo-Saxon Chronicle. See Anglo-Saxon

Chronicleauthority and authorship 226–31forms and techniques 220–6poetry 225–6rise 209, 210–14translations from Latin 214–19

chronology 10devotional writing 438–43earlier writing 257–77later writing11th-century manuscripts 608

Index

782






accepted truth 573–7administrative power 569–73authority 554–78authorship 557–62ideological promotion 565–9influence and inspiration 562–5testimony of English 554–7

liturgical writing 427, 431–4poetry. See Old English poetry

Old English poetryalliteration 297–8, 306–8, 519–20anonymity 288–9Beowulf. See Beowulfdates of composition 279–80elegies, overview 332–56forms 278–308formulas and orality 294–7genres 280–8heroic poetry 287high point 384liturgical verses 443–8manuscripts 278–9metaphors 414–16metre 298–302orality and authorship 288–90prosodical syntax 302–5prosody 297–305religious poetry 280–4belief 408–9overview 406–26six ages of the world 409, 426vernacular theology 406–8

repetition 413

secular poetry 284–8styles 291–7variation 292–4, 306vocabulary 291–2, 305–6wisdom poetry 285–6

‘Old North’ 665, 668, 675, 683, 686O’Neill, Patrick 218oralityBeowulf 295dominance 20Gaelic world 657–9image, script and voice 85–98OE poetry and 288–90, 294–7voice and writing 82, 84Welsh 663–4, 685–6

Orchard, Andy 130, 135, 148, 154, 454Order of the World 349ordines 428–34Orkney 104, 638Orosius, OE Historia adversum paganos

additions to Alfredian translation 580

authority 226, 227King Alfred and 193–5, 218, 223–4language 264perspective 233preface 230

Orrmulum 282, 308Osbern 545–7, 549, 550, 551Osbert of Clare 377, 379, 634Oslac, ealdorman of Sussex 511Osraige Chronicle 645–6Osred, king of Northumbria 173, 180O’Sullivan, William 56, 58, 60, 68Oswald, archbishop of York 268, 382, 481, 534,

541, 560Oswald, Dana 365Oswald, king of Northumbria 124, 160, 179Oswiu, king of Bernicia 53, 160, 188Óttarr svarti 584, 595–6, 615Otto I, Emperor 538Overing, Gillian 362, 363, 366Ovid 77, 476, 622Owain 665, 667–8, 677, 682Owain Glyndwr 661

Paris Psalter 284, 306, 577Parker Chronicle. See Anglo-Saxon ChronicleParkes, Malcolm 67

Parry, Milman 206, 295parva glosatura 575Passio sancti Eadwardi 374, 379Passover 477Pastoral Care (OE)

meditatio 347

prose prefaceAlfred in Mercia 212authorship 503

on Danish attacks 512–13linguistic context 434overview 214–19style 517vocabulary 344voices 229, 230

scholarship 231

translation attributed to Alfred 289–90, 347,503

verse preface 227, 229, 290Patrick, St 26, 40, 118, 121–2, 127, 243, 651Paul the Deacon 453

Pelagius 121, 193penitential materials 449Perello, Tony 462Peter of Pisa 453

Index

783






Peterborough, scribe centre 47, 566Peterborough Chronicle. See Anglo-Saxon

ChroniclePetrocellus 494Philippe de Thaon 628–31, 633Phoenix 299, 343, 620Physiologus 13, 459–60, 630Picts 11, 24, 32–3, 99, 100, 113Pippin 454

Plato 498

Plegmund, archbishop of Canterbury 155, 212Pliny 477, 480Plummer, Charles 165political prophecy, Welsh writing 680–4Poole, Russell 264Portmahomack (Easter Ross) 33prayer 435–43Precepts 285Price, H.H. 409Prittlewell 207prognostics 489–91prophecy, political prophecy 680–4Prudentius 135Psalms (OE version) 224Pseudo-Apuleius 492Pseudo-Bede 461Pseudo-Matthaei Evangelium 273

Quinn, Dennis 468, 471

Radegund 358

Rædwald, king of East Anglia 171Ralph Fitzgilbert 634Ramsey Abbey 481, 541, 545, 558Rankin, Susan 448

Ratherius (Rather of Verona) 535Ray, Roger 165, 166–7Red Book of Darley 81–3, 85, 432Red Book of Hergest 662, 675Repton (Derbyshire) 390Resignation 332Rhodes, Jim 408

Rhodri Mawr 665Rhonabwy’s Dream 677–8riddlesBoniface 147convention 93

Exeter Book 273, 286–7, 451–69Leiden Riddle 161, 207, 259naming and unknowing 461–4overview 451–72wonder, and 452–61wonder, discourse and disposition 464–72

Ridyard, Susan 363

Rieinmelth, princess of Rheged 188

Riming Poem 191, 298, 332, 335, 336–41, 587Robert, earl of Gloucester 634Robert of Jumièges 432Roberts, Brynley 685Roberts, Jane 265, 266–7Robinson, Fred C. 283, 286, 293Rochester, book production 67

Roger of St Albans 375Roman law 509, 511, 517Roman rulebooks 53ending 21–2, 197impact 23–4scripts and 54–6writing legacy 36–49

Rome, sack of (410) 197Rowland, Jenny 668, 671, 674Royal Prayerbook 435Ruaidrí ua Conchobair, king of Ireland

643

Rufinus, Ecclesiastical History 30Ruin 239, 273–7, 332, 335, 348–9, 355–6, 592runes 28–9, 33, 89–91, 190–1Russom, Geoffrey 301Ruthwell Cross 29, 76, 85–91, 98, 114, 161, 162,

290, 301

saga poetry, Welsh 671–4St Albans Psalter 376, 378St-Amand-les-Eaux abbey 626, 633St-Bertin Abbey 544, 545St Gregory Abbey 548–9saints. See also individual saintsChristian calendar 382cult 382–3lives. See hagiographyspiritual warriors 390–5traffic in 384–6virginity 385–9

Salernitan school 494Salisbury, book production 66, 67Saltair na Rann (Psalter of the Quatrains) 114Sanas Cormaic (Cormac’s Glossary) 111Scandinavian literaturechronology 10Cnut and 591, 593–5, 598–601legendary texts 603–5London 44, 95, 591–602origins 10praise poetry 582–91, 596–7, 598, 611–12York 582–91

Index

784






ScandinaviansSee also Scandinavian literatureBattle of Brunanburh 567, 583Battle of Maldon 240–1battles with Alfred 236

capture of York 160Cnut’s reign 609–16continental raids 2disruption 23, 64, 154Alfred on 512–13book production 210

Latin writing 531Dublin 645

Louvain, Battle of 1peace 507presence in England 579–82sack of Lindisfarne 153slaughter of nuns 361Viking Age 22

Schlüter, Dagmar 656sciencediagrams 488–90humours 489–91, 498measuring time 477–87medicine 491–8medieval science 475–7Muslim world 608

prognostics 489–91shape of thought 488–91writing 475–98

ScotlandSee also PictsAlba 22Bede on 101

earliest writings 10, 103–5Gaelic writing (900–1150) 640languages 104–5Roman rule 21

Scragg, Donald 70

scribescentres 66–71court scribes 68–9Edgar A 69

scriptsCaroline minuscule 52, 61–6continental influences 51–3Frankish influence 55, 59–66Insular minuscule 46–7, 56–9, 60–1, 63–4,

65–6language and 40

Latin 39

overview 50–72Roman influence 54–6

script as image 80–5uncial 55, 56

sea voyage theme 1–7, 652–3Seafarer 277

anthology poem 335

Christianity 261elegiac mode 286, 332experience 342–3images 348imagination 350–1language 275, 277manuscript 285mental process 345sense of loss 153

sealing 516–17Seaxburh 363, 370Sedulus, Carmen paschale 533Sedulus Scottus 116Senchas Fer nAlban 104Senchas Már (Great Lore) 110, 117Séquence de Sainte Eulalie 626Serlo of Wilton 633

Sermon sur Jonas 626Shaftesbury 374, 525Shaftesbury Psalter 631Sherborne 432, 485Shetland 104, 638Shippey, T. A. 285Sieper, Ernst 332Sievers, Eduard 298–9, 300, 301Siewers, Alfred 267

Sigfrith, abbot of Wearmouth-Jarrow 177

Sigibert, king of East Anglia 53Sigtryggr Sigtryggsson 584

Sigtryggr silkiskeggr 585, 605Sigvatr Þórðarson 593–5, 596–7, 600–1, 613–14,

615–16Sims-Williams, Patrick 103, 113, 674skalds 581slaves 525Smaragdus 65Smith, Jeremy 258Smith, Julia M.H. 15Snédgus and Mac Riagla 653Snorra Edda 319Sockburn 603

Soul and Body 354, 459Spain, Latin writers 123Springmount Bog (Antrim) 31, 40–1Staffordshire Hoard 30, 266Stamford Bridge, Battle of 621Stanton, Robert 212, 215Statius 620, 641

Index

785






Steiner, George 411Stenton, Frank 164, 511–12Stephen of Ripon, Life of St Wilfrid 12, 159, 168,

172–6, 536Stevenson, Jane 102Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury 516Stokes, Peter 70Suibhne Geilt 683Sulpicius Severus 165Sutton Hoo 185, 207Sveinn Estrithson, king of Denmark 610Sveinn Úlfsson 591

Sweinn Forkbeard, king of Denmark 247, 608,615

Swithin, St 534, 536Symeon of Durham 256, 532, 541, 634Symphosius 135

Tailtiu (Teltown, Co. Meath) 643–4Táin Bó Cúailnge (Cattle Raid of Cúailnge) 115Taliesin 8, 663, 664–70, 682–3Taliesin, Book of 104, 661, 662Tallaght monastery 116Tara 637, 643–4Tatwine, archbishop of Canterbury 144–5, 146,

461

Textus Roffensis 25, 48, 500, 513Thacker, Alan 161

Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop ofCanterbury 43–4, 45, 130–2, 431, 479,509

Theodric, king of Bernicia 667Theodric, king of the Franks 198theology, vernacular 406–8Theophilus, bishop of Alexandria 479Thomas of Monmouth 553

Thórarinn loftunga 596, 599–600, 602, 611–12, 616Thorðr Kolbeinsson 592–3Thorkell Skallason 591

Thorkell the Tall 591–2Thorney 556timeBeowulf 313–19elegies 335–41measurement 477–87

Tintagel (Cornwall) 30, 31Tírechán 26, 40, 127Togail Bruidne Da Derga (Destruction of Da

Derga’s Hostel) 645Torhtgyth 367–9Tostig 616, 621Townend, Matthew 584

Townsend, David 161

travels, sea travel theme 1–7Trefhocul 111Triads of the Island of Britain 663, 677Turgot of Durham 627, 634Turville-Petre, Thorlac 605Tyler, Elizabeth 277, 544Tymoczko, Maria 654–5

ubi sunt catalogues 353–6Ulfcetel 592Ulster Cycle 646–9, 656Ultan 181

uncial 55, 56Urien of Rheged 665, 667, 671, 674, 682, 686Urquhart, Jane 358Ussher Gospels 41Utrecht Psalter 576Uuinniau 40

Vercelli Book 282, 283, 289, 384, 392, 397Vercelli Homilies 307, 392, 564, 566vernacular languages9th-century literary emergence 210–1411th-century manuscripts 608Gaelic. See GaelicLatin and 11, 65liturgy 434Old English. See Old Englishtheology 406–8translations from Latin 213–19See also Old English literature

Welsh. See Welsh writingVespasian Psalter 26–7, 55, 80–1, 212Victorius of Aquitaine 479Vie de Saint Alexis 633Vikings. See ScandinaviansVirgil 132, 152, 544, 618–19, 621–2, 641Virgilius Maro Grammaticus 128–9, 156virginity 385–9, 398–403Vita Ædwardi regis 544, 549, 617, 621–4Vita sancti Dunstani 79Vitalian, Pope 44, 130voice. See oralityVortigern, King 192, 242–3, 681, 683voyage theme 1–7, 652–3

Wærburh 363, 371Wærferth, bishop of WorcesterAlfred and 155, 192–3, 517Mercian scholar 212, 213OE DialoguesAlfredian commission 219

authority 227

Index

786






authorship 229

copies 217Mercian connection 213

prefaces 228, 229, 230techniques 220–1

Walafrid Strabo 480

Waldere 202, 203–5, 240, 287Walescollapse of Welsh rule (1282) 671kingdoms 664, 665literature. See Welsh writing

Wallace, David 7, 358, 361Walter Map 553

Waltheof, Earl 591, 610WandererChristianity 587, 588elegiac mode 286, 332experience 342–6images 348, 349–50language 260, 273, 275, 588manuscript 284–5meditation 347–8sense of loss 153transience 335, 341, 592ubi sunt catalogue 353–4

Ward, Benedicta 165Watt, Diane 358Waxenberger, Gaby 92Wealdhere, bishop of London 47, 58Wearmouth-Jarrow (Northumbria)Bede and 47, 177–8book production 52, 67, 80centre of learning 45origins 122script 45–6, 56vernacular texts 48

Webb, Harri 664Wehlau, Ruth 348

Weland the smith 201–3, 204, 222Welsh writingAneirin 8, 664–70anonymous writing 663–4Arthur 663, 677–80, 686Book of Aneirin 26, 104, 662Book of Taliesin 104, 661, 662earliest writing 105–7Irish influences 106–7

early poetry 664–70Four Branches of the Mabinogi 684–6genres 663Historia Brittonum. See NenniusLatin writing, 9th-century 155–7Mabinogion 663, 674–9, 682

manuscripts 25, 660–2Merlin (Myrddin) 682, 683–4mythmaking 684–6‘Old North’ 665, 668, 675, 683, 686orality and 663–4, 685–6origins of 10poetry, revising past stories 9political prophecy 680–4saga poetry 671–4scripts 65–6shared sense of the past 665, 675–6Taliesin 663, 664–70, 682–3Welsh language, origins 104, 660writing to 1150 660–86

Werwulf, priest at Alfred’s court 212Wessex

See also Alfred, king of Wessex; Alfrediancourt

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. See Anglo-SaxonChronicle

ascendancy 22Carolingians and 61

court 61genealogy 232–3, 236hegemony 532laws 503–6monasticism 51

relations with Mercia 212vernacular documents 211

Whitby Life of Gregory 169–72, 366Whitby, Synod of 127, 261, 366, 479White Book of Rhydderch 662, 674White, Hayden 166, 167Whitelock, Dorothy 522Widsith 198–201, 203, 239, 287Widukind of Corvey, Res gestae Saxonicae 538Wife’s Lament 332, 341, 346–7, 348Wigheard 130

Wihtred, king of Kent 25, 502–3, 511Wilfrid, St 179, 370

See also Stephen of RiponWilliam the Conqueror 248, 254, 568, 574, 591,

607, 625William of Jumièges 254William of Malmesbury

on Æthelweard 254, 538, 550on Aldhelm 134

attributions to Alfred 219, 229dedications 634on Eilmer 476on Frithegod 535

on Frithuswith 376

Gesta pontificum Anglorum 549

Index

787






William of Malmesbury (cont.)Gesta regum Anglorum 252–3, 254commission 549, 627debt to Bede 550forgers’ references to 515

prologue 553hagiography 550, 551–2Historia novella 549hybrid identities 549–53Latin tradition 10

Life of Dunstan 547, 551Life of Wulfstan 550, 551–2on old songs 278patrons 627sources 251, 550–2on Wulfstan 613

William of Newburgh 553

William of Poitiers 254William Rufus, king of England 634

William of St-Calais, Bishop 634

Williams, Ifor 669, 671Williamson, Craig 460–1, 462Willibald 149

Willibrord 47, 152wills 521–6Wilton Abbey 371–2, 374, 379, 545,

549, 624WinchesterAnglo-Saxon Chronicle and 235, 246Cnut’s court 571computus 485Liber vitae 556liturgical writing 429, 430, 432New Minster 440scribe centre 566scripts 63shrines 534vocabulary 267–8

Winchester Troper 429, 447Winterbottom, Michael 137, 539, 553Wipo 620

wisdom poetry 285–6, 334Woden 27, 232, 235Wogan-Browne, Jocelyn 363, 375, 377Wolf, F. A. 294–5womenbook ownership 373

early writing 357–80education 136

hagiography 360Bede 366–70Goscelin of St-Bertin 370–4male readers 398–403

overwriting 364–74virginity 385, 398–403

literary historiography 357–64monasticism 51, 60, 370patrons 549wills 522, 524–5

Wonders of the East 466–7, 486, 633Wood, Ian 172

Woolf, Virginia 330Worcestercomputus 485liturgical writing 430, 445MSS 210scribe centre 70, 283, 566scripts 63William of Malmesbury and 550

Wormald, Patrick 499, 501, 503, 508writingalphabets 28–30art and 73–98chronology 20–7craft 27–35image and script 74–80literacy 20script as image 80–5scripts. See scriptstechniques 27–35transforming Roman legacy 36–49

writs 515–21Wulf and Eadwacer 298, 332, 341, 347Wulfhild, abbess of Barking 373Wulfred, archbishop of Canterbury 61Wulfsige, Bishop 230Wulfstan of Worcester 442, 613, 634Wulfstan, archbishop of Yorkauthor–reader relationship 558

Canons of Edgar 267death 607

Institutes of Polity 506laws 506–8royal advisor 570–2Scandinavian contacts 600Sermo Lupi ad Anglos 306–8, 506, 507, 601sermons 566, 571William of Malmesbury’s life of 550, 551–2York Gospels 572

Wulfstan the Cantor 429, 481–2, 534, 536, 537,562

Wulfstan, voyages 6, 185, 194–5, 264,306–7, 589

Wulfthryth, abbess of Wilton 371–2, 378Wulfwold, abbot of Bath 520

Wynfrith. See Boniface

Index

788






YorkAlcuin and 154

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle MS246

bishopric 174charters 512Norse monuments 603

Scandinavian centre 582–91Viking conquest (866) 160

York Gospels 432, 572–3Yu, Wesley 470

Zosimus, historian 36

Zumbuhl, Mark 640

Index

789






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