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Index

Abramson, Jeffrey, xviiabsolute will. See volonté absoluëabstract rationality, 414Adams, John, xixAddresses to the German Nation

(Fichte), xxAesthetic Judgment (Kant), 71Affeldt, Steven, 316Althusser, Louis, xxi, 171Ames, William, 204amour propre (esteem), 175–176in America, 416–417Cicero and, 176, 177, 181equality and, 421free will and, 221human nature and, 302–303individualism and, 176for Rawls, 435–439, 442–443for Rousseau, 175–176, 184, 417sociability and, 298

Anti-Lucrèce (Polignac), 31Antimemoirs (Malraux), 323Apologie pour les Saints Pères

(Arnauld), 7, 8Arendt, Hannah, 71, 249, 267, 319Arnauld, Antoine, xvii–xviii, 5, 69Apologie pour les Saints Pères,7, 8

correspondence with Leibniz, 72–74,82–86

correspondence with Malebranche,72–74

Defense de l’Auteur de la Recherchede la Vérité, 90, 91

Des Vrayes et des Fausses Idées, 90,91, 95

Discourse on Metaphysics critique,74–76, 81–82

on divine salvation, 90general will for, 6–7, 8–9on God’s absolute liberty, 75on God’s will, 79–81La Logique, ou l’Art de Penser, 91Première Apologie pourM. Jansénius, 5, 6–7, 89, 128

read by Locke, 89Traité de la Nature et de la Grâcecritique, 76–81

volonté générale for, 9–11volonté particulière for, 9–11

Augustine, 247–248, 309Augustinianism, 10, 336–337Augustinus (Jansenius), 6, 59Austin, J. L., 307authority, liberty and, 210

Barber, Benjamin, xxxix, 320Bayle, Pierre, 4, 32, 33–35, 38, 40,

90–91on divine salvation, 90–91

477

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Bayle (cont.)on general will, 22–43on goodness, 42Jaquelot and, 40–42Malebranchism and, 31–43read by Locke, 89volonté générale for, 3–4volonté particulière for, 3

beauty, 190–191moral, 191

Beitz, Charles, 268–269belief. See liberty of beliefBentley, William, xxxiiBerlin, Isaiah, xxxiiBerry, Christopher, 352Bertram, Christopher, 243Bérulle, Pierre de (Cardinal), xxiii–xxivBéthune, Maximilien de (duc de Sully),

296Bettelheim, Bruno, 323Bibliotheque Universelle et Historique

(Le Clerc), 92Blake, William, 334–335Bloom, Allan, 320, 324Bonaparte, Louis, xxxviiiBosanquet, Bernard, xxiBossuet, Jacques-Bénigne, 13, 22–23,

24, 27, 29Cartesianism for, 26–27on general will, 22–31Malebranche and, 21, 24–26on nature and grace, 26political particularism for, 24–25volonté générale for, 29–31volonté particulière for, 28–29

Brogan, Hugh, 422Brooke, Christopher, 102, 352Brutus (Cicero), 182Brutus, Marcus Junius, 182bureaucracy, 324Byfield, Nicholas, xxii

Caesar, Gaius Julius, 183–184Calvin, Jean (John)in Letters Written from the

Mountain, 203in New England, 204–208

in On The Social Contract, 244Rousseau and, 203–204

Calvinismcivil religion and, 200ideal society under, 203–204in New England colonies, 198–199

Carens, Joseph, 268–269Carmichael, Gershom, 352Carrithers, David, 169Casaubon, Meric, xxiiCassirer, Ernst, 391–392causes générales (general causes),

152–153Cavallar, Georg, 302Cavell, Stanley, 314, 321Entstehung for, 328

Ce que c’est la France toute Catholiquesous le Règne de Louis le Grand(Bayle), 35

Chapman, John, 320China, 281–282Christian Blessedness (Norris), 95, 96Christian charityfor Rousseau, 199as transformative social ethic, 208for Winthrop, 199, 206–207

Christian love, 199Christian morality, 21Christian Platonists, 131–132Christianitycivil religion as substitute for, 212depoliticized, 200–201general will and, 125institutional forms of, 200–201Rousseau critique of, 113, 200–201,213

theological content of, 200–201Chronologie universelle, ou Histoire

générale du temps (Rousseau), 274Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 274amour propre and, 176, 177, 181on beauty, 190–191Brutus, 182components of virtue for, 186–187De Finibus, 358–359, 376on decorum, 181–182on eloquence, 180

478 Index






on greatness of spirit, 188–189on honor, 184–186on justice, 187on nature, 190–191On Divination, 182On Duties, 176, 181–182, 184–185,184–186, 192

On Invention, 180–181On Moral Ends, 182On the Commonwealth, 194On the Ideal Orator, 177, 180in On The Social Contract, critiqueof, 176–177

on oratory, 177, 180–191Rousseau and, 176–180on seemliness, 189–190Smith, A., and, 375–376

Cinquième Lettre (Rousseau), 47, 48City of God (Augustine), 247–248civic virtue, 406–412generality and, 384

civil liberty, 210–211general will and, 211in On The Social Contract, 211

civil religion, 113core components of, 202liberty of belief as part of, 202in On The Social Contract, 198political community and, 261for Rousseau, 113, 131, 198,201–204, 213

as substitute for Christianity, 212civil society, 364–365, 376The Closed Commercial State (Fichte),

289Cohen, Joshua, 225–226, 250, 259,

322, 443Cohen v. Commonwealth of Virginia,

xixcollective conscience, 312collective identity, 167Commentaire Philosophique (Bayle),

38, 90–91, 92commercial sociability, 351–352common good, 105, 127–128, 149,

151, 155, 168, 182, 188, 192,224–225, 233, 369, 408, 409, 433

common mindconstruction of, 116–118cultural pluralism and, 123fear as part of, 116–118general will and, 127–128harmony as part of, 117, 119–120love as part of, 118–122reason as part of, 122–125

common self, 311–313Communist Manifesto (Marx), 324communitarianism, 317compassion, 259–260, 265Confessions (Augustine), 247–248Considerations on Ancient andModern

Government of France (MarquisD’Argenson), 311

Considerations on the Government ofPoland (Rousseau), 232, 239, 260,288, 290–291, 439

Considerations on the Greatness andDecline of the Romans(Montesquieu), 27–28, 65

Constant, Benjamin, xvi, xix, 383,385–386, 389–390, 392

French liberalism and, 383–390,396–398

on general will, 382–396immanent liberalism for, 400on Lamennais, 394–396liberal constitutionalism of, 397Rousseau critiqued by, 382on self-development, 394Sieyès, I. J., critiqued by, 385–386on sovereignty, 386–387theodicy for, 391–396

Constitution, U.S, 245–246Continental Platonism, 133I Corinthians XII, 11–12, 94Cornet, Nicolas, 6cosmopolitanismfor Diderot, 271–272general will of humanity and,271–275

for Kant, 271–272for Raynal, 271–272Rousseau and, 257–258, 271–275,303

Index 479






cosmopolitanism (cont.)for Smith, A., 271–272

Cotta, Sergio, 168Cotton, John, 197–198Critique de la Critique de la Recherche

de la Vérité (Desgabets), 91Critique de la Recherche de la Vérité

(Foucher), 91Critique of the Power of Judgment

(Kant), 56, 71, 319–320Crocker, Lester, 309cultural pluralism, 123Cursory Reflections on a Book call’d,

An Essay Concerning HumanUnderstanding (Norris), 95–96

De Correctione et Gratia (St.Augustine), 7–8, 30

De Finibus (Cicero), 358–359, 376De l’Esprit des Lois (Montesquieu),

3–4De Libero Arbitrio (St. Augustine), 336De Malebranche à Rousseau: Les

Apories de la Volonté Générale etla Revanche du ‘Raisonner Violent(Postigliola), 56–58

Declaration of the Rights of Man, xvi,384

decorum, in On Duties, 181–182Défense de la Tradition et des Pères

(Bossuet), 23, 29Défense de l’Auteur de la Recherche de

la Vérité (Arnauld), 90, 91democracy, 126–127, 169, 410Democracy in America (Tocqueville),

403, 404Dent, Nicholas, 441d’Entrèves, Alexander Passerin, xxxiidepoliticized Christianity, 200–201Des Vrayes et des Fausses Idées

(Arnauld), 90, 91, 95Descartes, René, 72, 354Desgabets, Robert, 91despotic rule, republicanism compared

to, 170determinism, 134Dewey, John, xvi

Dictionnaire Historique et Critique(Bayle), 39–40, 90–91

Diderot, Deniscosmopolitanism for, 271–272on general will, xvii, xxxvi, 125Rousseau critique of, 374volonté générale for, 3–4, 340–341volonté particulière for, 3–4,340–341

Discours sur l’Histoire Universelle(Bossuet), 22–23, 27

Discourse on Metaphysics (Leibniz),xxiv, 73

Arnauld critique of, 74–76, 81–82Discourse on Political Economy

(Rousseau), 101, 178, 254–255Discourse on the Origins of Inequality

(Rousseau), 113, 276, 278, 284,289, 297, 304

in Lectures on the History of PoliticalPhilosophy, 432–433

notions of self in, 312Smith, A., response to, 367Theory of Moral Sentiments and,358–371

wealthy in, 388Discourse on the Sciences and Arts

(Rousseau), 281, 297divided power, 166divine freedom, 81–82divine justice, 4–5, 46divine miracles, 50–51, 86The Divine Right of Church-

government andExcommunication (Rutherford),xxii

divine salvationArnauld on, 90Bayle on, 90–91general will and, 90Locke on, 91–92Malebranche on, 90Pascal on, 90theological debates over, 89–90

LaDoctrine de Port-Royal (La Porte), 7Dreams of a Spirit-Seer (Kant), xxDreyfus, Ginette, 20

480 Index






Durkheim, Emile, 172, 312Dworkin, Ronald, 252

Economic Sentiments (Rothschild),380–381

Écrites sur la Grâce (Pascal), 9–10, 11Edict of Nantes, revocation of, 35, 36Edinburgh Review. See “Letter to the

Authors of theEdinburgh Review”

Edwards, Jonathan, 93Ellenberg, Stephen, 309Elliot, Gilbert, 377–378Émile (Rousseau), 53–54, 193,

285–286justice in, 228–230public response to, 99–100

Encyclopédie (Diderot), xvii, 353–354,374

Englandexecutive powers, 150–152, 165general will in, 152government systems in, 169judicial authority in, 151legislative power in, 150–152, 165non-sovereign notions of freedom in,160–161

rise of popular power in, 172enthusiasmLocke criticizes Malebranche of, 98medical dimensions of, xxii

Entretiens de Maxime et de Thémiste(Bayle), 40–42

Entstehung (production), 322, 328equality, 231–233, 418–421amour propre and, 421

Essay concerning HumanUnderstanding (Locke), 91, 95

Essay on the Origin of Language(Rousseau), 278, 280

An Essay towards the Theory of theIdeal or Intelligible World(Norris), 111

esteem. See amour propreethical commonwealth, 347ethical responsibility, 207ethics, 343–345, 346Ethics (Spinoza), 127, 133

Euthyphro (Plato), 247–248evil, 347–348Examen de la Théologie de Mr. Bayle

(Jaquelot), 40–42An Examination of P. Malebranche’s

Opinion of Seeing All Things inGod (Locke), 96

executive powers, in republicangovernment, 150–152, 165

The Fable of the Bees (Mandeville),375, 378

Fanon, Frantz, xxxiiiFarr, James, xxvFaydit, Pierre-Valentine, 25fear, 116–118, 119The Federalist (Madison, Hamilton,

and Jay), xix, 163Fénelon, François, 13, 22–23, 28on divine justice, 46Rousseau critique of, 46on universal Christian republic, 274volonté particulière for, 28–29

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, xx, 289on general will, xvi, xx

Fidler, David, 271Filmer, Robert, 105Fishkin, James, 320Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de, 13Force, Pierre, 352Foucher, Simon, 91France, liberalism in, 383–390fraternity, 120, 130, 230general will and, 238–239in Political Economy, 239for Rousseau, 304–305

free agency, 338–339free will, 220, 221–222, 237–238,

309–310amour propre and, 221

freedomcompatibilist interpretation of,134–135

in England, 160–161limitations of power and, 167for Montesquieu, 147moral, 424

Index 481






freedom (cont.)non-sovereign notions of, 153,

158–163republican government and,

157–158for Rousseau, 45, 153, 162,

372–373, 406–412sovereignty and, 163–166for Spinoza, 133–135in The Spirit of the Laws, 147for Tocqueville, 406–412

French Revolution, xv–xvi, xxxiFriedländer, Eli, 319friendship, 120Furly, Benjamin, 91–92

general causes. See causes généralesgeneral harmony. See l’harmonie

généralegeneral will. See also volontégénéraleapplication of, 125, 224–225for Arnauld, 6–7, 8–9for Bayle, 22–43for body politic, 272–274for Bosanquet, xxifor Bossuet, 22–31Christian components of, 125civil liberty and, 211collective nature of, 308–317common good and, 224–225common mind and, 127–128common self in, 311–313as concept, before Rousseau, xviiconceptual history of, 106for Constant, 382–396defined, xvderivation of, 125for Diderot, xvii, xxxvi, 125divine influences on, xxii–xxiiidivine salvation and, 90early literary mentions of, 5in England, 152equality and, 231–233evolution of, xvii–xviii, xxxi–xxxiiifor Fichte, xvi, xxas form of political sovereignty,

161–162

formal norms for, 222–223fraternity and, 238–239French Revolution and, xv–xvi, xxxithe general in, 222–225general will of humanity and,288–297

generality as part of, 153–157of God, 79–81, 85, 94, 97–98, 169goodness and, 230–231for Hegel, xvi, xxhistory of, xv–xviiof humanity, 270–278for Hume, 367identification of, 89implementation of, 236–238as influence on contemporaryphilosophy, xvi

justice and, 226–230as justifying notion, 149for Kant, xx, 317–320, 342–344law and, 235legislation of, 237for Locke, 94–99, 106maintenance of, 238–239for Malebranche, 96–97for Marx, xxias metaphor, 219for Montesquieu, 147, 150,153–158

Montesquieu critique of, 153–158for Nietzsche, 322–325in On The Social Contract, 178,219–220, 239, 272

for Pascal, 9–13Platonic ideals for, 129–130, 141political community and, 263political virtue and, 156power of the will and, 157–158in Première Apologie pourM. Jansénius, 89, 128

principle of sovereignty and, xvifor Rawls, xxxix, 320–322Riley on, 148, 222, 233in Robert’s Rules of Order, xix,xxxvii

roots of, 148–153, 222, 233, 317

482 Index






for Rousseau, xv, xvi, xxxv, 3,99–106, 115

self-expression and, xvisovereignty of, xxxv, 233–235for Spinoza, 116–128for St. Augustine, 30substantive aspect of, 222–223,225–233

Tennis Court of Oath and, xvitheodicy and, 19, 20theologians of, 89–94in Traité de la Nature et de la Grâce,128–129

universal faith and, 131volition in, 413–418, 426as volonté générale, xvii, xxifor Weber, 322–325will as part of, 220–222for Winthrop, 199World War I and, xviWorld War II and, xvi

TheGeneralWill Before Rousseau: TheTransformation of the Divine intothe Civic (Riley), xvii, xviii, 88, 99,404–405, 423

general will of humanity, 270–278. Seealso fraternity; global relations

cosmopolitanism and, 271–275development of social need for, 277during Enlightenment, 298–299human condition, 275–278for Kant, 290natural goodness of, 276–277natural laws of, 276, 301normative core of, 289reformation of societies, 284–288Shklar on, 275for Smith, A., 290in The State of War, 289, 299validity of, 301vindication of, 297–300

generalitycivic virtue and, 384cultural, 412defined, 175formal dimensions of, 223–224general will and, 153–157

justice and, 247–249for Kant, 335–342for Montesquieu, 156, 157paradox of, 262–265of political justice, 258–262political justice and, 249–252public good of community and,250

for Rousseau, 406–412for Tocqueville, 406–412

Geneva Manuscript (Rousseau), 132,219–220, 272, 285

development of social need in, 277Diderot in, 374domestic associations in, 287–288justice in, 227, 243universal society of humanity in, 272,275, 276, 286, 287

The German Ideology (Marx andEngels), xxxviii

global justice, arguments against, 271global relationsmixed condition of, 279–284in On The Social Contract, 279

global society. See also general will ofhumanity

in Geneva Manuscript, 272, 275,276, 286, 287

in The State of War, 279–280God. See also divine salvationdivine justice and, 4–5divine miracles by, 50–51general will of, 79–81, 85, 94, 97–98,169

Leibniz on, 83–84liberty for, Arnauld on, 75for Locke, 94Malebranchism and, 42–43man’s general will influenced by,xxii–xxiii

volonté générale and, 4, 16–19,77–78

volonté particulière influenced by, 4,16–19

goodness, 42, 276–277Gordon, Jane Anna, xxxiiiGourevitch, Victor, 243

Index 483






governmentin England, 169fear sponsored by, 119in On The Social Contract, 103republican, for Montesquieu, 149,

150–152grace, 26Grace, Eve, 100Grassley, Chuck (Senator), xxxiigreatness of spirit, 188–189justice and, 191

Grigg, William, 111Grotius, Hugo, 274, 352Guizot, François, 384

Habermas, Jürgen, 139, 322Habert, Isaac, 5Hadari, Saguiv A., xxxixHall, Joseph, xxii–xxiiiHamilton, Alexander, xix, 163Hampshire, Stuart, 135l’harmonie générale (general harmony),

55harmony, 117, 119–120Harsanyi, John, 320Hassner, Pierre, 303Hegel, GeorgWilhelm Friedrich, xx, 58on ethical life, 346on general will, xvi, xxKant and, 333–335on voluntarism, 346

Hendel, Charles, xvii, 223–224, 243Henri IV (King), 296Henry V (Shakespeare), 346Histoire Critique des Principaux

Commentateurs de NouveauTestament (Simon), 29

Hobbes, Thomas, 247, 248on excess pride, 377Kant critique of, 343

Holland, Matthew, 206–207honor, 184–186Hont, Istvan, 352Hulliung, Mark, 169human condition, 275–278human nature, 206amour propre and, 302–303

commercial sociability and, 351–352perfectibility of, 302–303unsociability as original state of,355–356

unsocial sociability and, 277–278humanity. See general will of humanityHume, David, 247, 248, 253–254,

350on efficacy of general will, 367on imagination, 379–380

Hutcheson, Francis, 352Hutchinson, Anne, 201, 209Hyde, Edward, xxii

identity, social conception of, 159imagination, 361, 379–380immanent liberalism, 400impartial spectator, 361–362,

377–378, 380–381impartiality, 250–251individualism, 110, 176inequality, 168, 388–389economic, 419–420, 428paradox of, 368

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causesof the Wealth of Nations(Smith, A.), 350, 369

institutional Christianity, 200–201Institutions Chymiques (Rousseau),

54–55Inston, Kevin, xxxiiiIntroduction to the Philosophy of

History (Hegel), xxinvisible hand, 365, 369, 380–381Israel, Jonathan, 227

Jansenism, 6, 51, 89–90Jansenius, 5, 6, 59, 89–90Jaquelot, Isaac, 40–42Jaume, Lucien, 383Jones, William, xxiiJouvenel, Bertrand de, 310Judgment of the Plan for Perpetual Peace

(Rousseau), 53–54, 282, 295, 305judicial authority, 151Julie (Rousseau), 44, 49–50, 53, 280,

282, 337

484 Index






Justel, Henri, 91justiceCicero on, 187among citizens, 255–258conditional application of, 227defined, 232divine, 4–5in Émile, 228–230equality and, 231–233general will and, 226–230, 233–235generality and, 247–249in Geneva Manuscript, 227, 243global, arguments against, 271goodness and, 230–231without great spirit, 191for Hobbes, 248for Hume, 248in Letters Written from theMountain, 226, 228

in On The Social Contract, 227–228partiality as challenge to, 252–255political, 249–252in Political Economy (Rousseau), 227as privilege, 264for Riley, 247for Rousseau, 226–230, 248–249sovereignty and, 233–235sympathy as challenge to, 252–255

Justice as Fairness: A Restatement(Rawls), 435

Kant, Immanuel, 56, 71, 319–320, 333,343, 347, 435–436

on Augustinianism, 336–337categorical imperative for, 426on complete art, 303cosmopolitanism for, 271–272critique of, 327on ethics, 343–345on free agency, 338–339on general will, xx, 317–320,342–344

on general will of humanity, 290generality for, 335–342Hegel and, 333–335Hobbes critiqued by, 343law of nations for, 286

moral law for, 346on moral universalism, 340on positive freedom, 337–338on rationalism, 340Rawls influenced by, xvion reflective judgment, 319–320Rousseau as influence on, xvi,333–335

teleological reading of, 343–344on universalité, 335–342on unsocial sociability of humans,277–278

volonté générale for, 333Kapossy, Bela, 361Kelly, Christopher, 100King Philip’s War, 208Knee, Philip, 171Knox, John, 204

Lamennais, Hugues Felicité Robert de,394–396

Lami, François, 13, 46languagedevelopment of, 179for Rousseau, 328, 372

Larrère, Catherine, 169Laslett, Peter, 105law, as concept. See also political justicedeviation from general will and, 235impartiality in, 250–251for Montesquieu, 166moral, 346in On The Social Contract,313–314

‘servants of the laws,’ 241–242law of nations, 271, 286Laws (Plato), 241–242Le Clerc, Jean, 92Lectures on Jurisprudence (Smith, A.),

376, 380Lectures on Kant’s Political Philosophy

(Arendt), 71Lectures on the History of Political

Philosophy (Rawls), xxx–xxxi,431–434

Discourse on the Origins ofInequality in, 432–433

Index 485






legislative powersin England, 150–152, 165for Montesquieu, 150–152in republican governments,

150–152, 165volonté générale and, 151volonté particulière and, 151

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, xxiv,73

correspondence with Arnauld,72–74, 82–86

correspondence with Malebranche,72–74, 82

defense of Malebranche, 13on divine freedom, 81–82God for, 83–84on permissive will, 83universal jurisprudence for, 4

A Letter concerning Toleration(Locke), 91–92, 97, 101

Letter to Beaumont (Rousseau), 12,50–51, 52, 200, 244

Letter to d’Alembert on the Theater(Rousseau), 324, 439

Letter to Franquières (Rousseau),132–133

“Letter to the Authors of theEdinburghReview” (Smith, A.), 352–371

English foundations of philosophyand metaphysics in, 354

review of Encyclopédie in, 353–354,374

Letter to Voltaire on Providence(Rousseau), 44, 45

Letters Written from the Country(Tronchin), 99

Letters Written from the Mountain(Rousseau), 44, 47–49, 50–51,53, 55–56, 99, 100, 102, 225,338

Calvin in, 203justice in, 226, 228, 231

liberal constitutionalism, 397liberalismConstant and, 383–390, 396–398immanent, 400liberty and, xv

for Locke, 110libertyauthority and, 210civil, 210–211law and, 102, 104–105liberalism and, xvfor Winthrop, 210–211

liberty of belief, 202Lieber, Francis, 426Lipset, Seymour Martin, 402Locke, John, xxv, 247Arnauld read by, 89Bayle read by, 89church for, 94on civil society, 376on divine salvation, 91–92doctrine of ideas for, 97Essay concerning HumanUnderstanding, 91

An Examination of P. Malebranche’sOpinion of Seeing All Things inGod, 96

on general will, 94–99, 106on God’s general will, 94,97–98

on individualism, 110law for, connection with liberty,105–106

A Letter concerning Toleration,91–92, 97, 101

on liberalism, 110literary influences for, 91–92Malebranche critiqued by, 88–89,98, 106

Norris critique of, 95Norris critiqued by, 106paradox of inequality, 368A Paraphrase and Notes on theEpistles of St. Paul, 11, 93–94

Pascal read by, 89Proast and, 92Reasonableness of Christianity, 93Some Thoughts concerningEducation, 101

toleration for, 101–102Two Treatises of Government, 100,104–105, 110

486 Index






A Vindication of the Reasonablenessof Christianity, 93

voluntarism for, 88La Logique, ou l’Art de Penser

(Arnauld), 91Lomonaco, Jeff, 372Lothian, John, 372Louis XIV (King), 224loveChristian, 199, 207fraternity and, 120moral psychology and, 121for Spinoza, 118–122

MacFie, A. L., 380–381Maistre, Joseph de, 397Malebranche, Nicolas, xvii–xviii,

xxiv. See also Traitéde la Nature etde la Grâce

Bayle and, 31–43Bossuet and, 21, 24–26causes générales for, 152on Christian morality, 21correspondence with Arnauld, 72–74correspondence with Leibniz, 72–74,82

criticism of, 16–22on divine salvation, 90on English legislature, 151on enthusiasm, 111general will for, 96–97God for, 42–43on God’s will, 79–81Leibniz defense of, 13Locke critique of, 88–89, 98, 106particularisme for, 16Politique tirée des Propres Paroles del’Écriture Sainte, 22–23

Recherche de la Vérité, 21, 91, 95Réfutation du Système de PèreMalebranche sur la Nature et laGrâce, 22–23

Réponse à une Dissertation deM. Arnauld contre unÉclaircissment de la Nature et de laGrâce, 18–19, 61

Search After Truth, 72, 78

on theodicy, general will and, 19theodicy for, 76Traité de l’Amour de Dieu, 22–23Traité de Morale, 16, 68volonté générale for, 14–22, 76–77volonté particulière for, 14–22

Malraux, André, 323Mandeville, Bernard, 355–356, 375, 378Smith, A., and, 376on unsociability of man, 355–356

Marquis d’Argenson, 311Mars Gallicus (Jansenius), 5Marshall, John, xix, 92Marx, Karl, xxi, 324Masters, Roger, 223, 226–227Mather, Increase, 208Mather, Richard, 197–198Meditations (Descartes), 72, 354Melzer, Arthur, 201, 227Memoir on Pauperism (Tocqueville),

403Men and Citizens (Shklar), 175Merchant of Venice (Shakespeare),

247–248miracles. See divine miraclesA Model of Christian Charity

(Winthrop), 197–198, 200ethical responsibility in, 207religious dogma in, 209–212social unity in, 204–205

moderate monarchies, 165–166Molyneux, William, 95Montesquieu (Baron de). See Secondat,

Charles Demoral beauty, 191moral freedom, 424moral law, 346moral necessity, 339moral philosophy, 368moral psychology, 121moral universalism, 340Moreau, Denis, 109Murphy, Andrew R., xix

Nadler, Steven, xxiv, 110, 129Nagel, Thomas, 271nationalism, patriotism and, 261

Index 487






natural lawsin general will of humanity, 276, 301right of nations and, 286–287for Rousseau, 301

naturalism, 116nature, 26, 190–191Neidleman, Jason, 423Neuhouser, Frederick, 225New England coloniesCalvinism in, 198–199Hutchinson expelled from, 201, 209King Philip’s War in, 208Pequot War in, 208religious dissent in, 209–210separatism in, 209social vision of, 197–198William, R., expelled from, 201, 209

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 321, 322–325,328

Norris, John, 88–89Christian Blessedness, 95, 96Cursory Reflections on a Book call’d,

An Essay Concerning HumanUnderstanding, 95–96

An Essay towards the Theory of theIdeal or Intelligible World, 111

Locke critique of, 106Locke critiqued by, 95occasionalism for, 110Reason and Religion, 95–96The Theory and Regulation of Love,

96The Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible

World, 96Nouvelles Lettres Critiques sur l’Histoire

du Calvinisme (Bayle), 34–35Nussbaum, Martha, 268–269

occasionalism, 110“Of Composition” (Smith, A.),

356–357O’Hagan, Timothy, 245The Old Regime and the Revolution

(Tocqueville), 402–403On Divination (Cicero), 182On Duties (Cicero), 176, 192honor in, 184–186

role of decorum in, 181–182On Invention (Cicero), 180–181On Moral Ends (Cicero), 182On Religion (Constant), 392On the Common Saying: “This May be

True in Theory, but It Does NotApply in Practice” (Kant), 343

On the Commonwealth (Cicero), 194On the Ideal Orator (Cicero), 177, 180On the Nature of the Gods (Cicero),

182“On the Perfectibility of the Human

Species” (Villers), 393–394On The Social Contract (Rousseau),

xxviii–xxix, 37, 46–47, 61, 288,371–372

Calvin in, 244Cicero critiqued in, 176–177civil liberty in, 211civil religion in, 198contacts with foreigners in, 292–293first person singular in, 308–309general will in, 178, 219–220, 239,272

global relations in, 279government in, 103Henri IV in, 296institutional Christianity in, 201justice in, 227–228key doctrines of, 102–103law in, 102, 313–314legislators in, 202–203public response to, 99–100rhetoric in, 178sovereignty in, 102, 315–316toleration in, 101–102U.S. Constitution influenced by,245–246

Oraison Funèbre de Marie-Thérèsed’Autriche (Bossuet), 22–23, 24

Orator (Cicero), 182oratoryfor Cicero, 177, 180–191corruptive influence of, 194eloquence and, 180for Rousseau, 175in Sparta, 193

488 Index






Orte (Viscount of), 159Orwin, Clifford, 248–249

Paine, Thomas, xixA Paraphrase and Notes on the Epistles

of St. Paul (Locke), 11, 93–94Parrington, Vernon L., 209particular will. See volontéparticulièreparticularisme, 16Rousseau critique of, 70, 148

Pascal, Blaise, 9–10, 11, 12–13Augustinianism and, 10on divine salvation, 90on general will, 9–13read by Locke, 89reading of I Corinthians XII, 11–12volonté générale for, 9–10

patriotismnationalism and, 261political justice and, 258–262

Pensées (Pascal), 10, 12–13Pensées Diverses sur la Comète (Bayle),

32, 33–34, 90–91Pequot War, 208Perkins, William, 204permissive will, 83persuasion, 375Peter I, 160Phillipson, Nicholas, 352, 358, 368, 380Philosophical and Theological

Reflection on the New System ofNature and Grace (Leibniz), 73

Philosophy of Right (Hegel), 58pity, 259Plan for a Constitution for Corsica

(Rousseau), 232Plato, 224Euthyphro, 247–248Laws, 241–242Republic, 229

PlatonismChristian, 131–132Continental, 133in general will, 129–130, 141social contract and, 139

Polignac, 31political community

civil religion and, 261general will and, 263political justice and, 251public good of, 250

Political Discourses (Hume), 350Political Economy (Rousseau), 130,

221–222, 227, 231–232, 293common self in, 311fraternity in, 239

political justice, 249–252community well-being and, 251generality of, 258–262impartiality in, 250–251patriotism and, 258–262as privilege, 264

Political Liberalism (Rawls), 322,437

political particularism, 24–25political sovereignty, 161–162Political Theology (Schmitt), 382–383political virtue, 154, 155, 156inequality and, 168

Politique tirée des Propres Paroles del’Écriture Sainte (Malebranche),22–23

Polysynodie (St. Pierre), 53–54Popper, Karl, xvipopular power, in England, 172La Porte, Jean, 7positive freedom, 337–338Postigliola, Alberto, 56–58, 68power. See also executive powers, in

republican government; legislativepowers

divided, 166freedom and, 163–166limitations of, 164–165, 167, 170social, 164sovereignty and, 163–166

Preface to “Narcissus” (Rousseau),280, 285

Première Apologie pour M. Jansénius(Arnauld), 5, 6–7

general will in, 89, 128preservation principle, 122pride, 377principle of fidelity, 327

Index 489






principle of sovereignty, general willand, xvi

The Principles of Politics Applicable toAll Representative Governments(Constant), 385–386, 389–390

Proast, Jonas, 92probabilism, 67production. See EntstehungProfession de Foi du Vicaire Savoyard

(Rousseau), 50, 337–338Pufendorf, Samuel, 352, 377Putterman, Ethan, 250

Quarré, Jean-Hugues, xxiii

radical Kantianism, 327Rae, Douglas, 320Rahe, Paul, 168Raleigh, Walter, xxiiRaphael, D. D., 380–381rationality, 340. See also reason,

common mind andabstract, 414

Rawls, John, xix, 139, 322amour propre for, 435–439,

442–443on general will, xxxix, 320–322Justice as Fairness: ARestatement, 435Kant as influence on, xviLectures on the History of Political

Philosophy, xxx–xxxi, 431–434Political Liberalism, 322, 437on principle of fidelity, 327Rousseau as influence on, xvi,

431–443on stability, 437–438A Theory of Justice, xxx, 140, 320,

434–435, 440, 442Raynal, Abbé, 271–272reasoncommon mind and, 122–125for Lamennais, 395

Reason and Religion (Norris), 95–96Reasonableness of Christianity (Locke),

93Recherche de la Vérité (Malebranche),

21, 91, 95

reflective judgment, 319–320Réfutation du Système de Père

Malebranche sur la Nature et laGrâce (Fénelon), 22–23, 28

religion. See Christianity; civil religionReligion within the Limits of Reason

Alone (Kant), 347, 435–436Remarks upon Some of Mr. Norris’

Books (Locke), 95Remarques sur Virgile et Homère et sur

le Style Poetique de l’ÉcritureSainte (Faydit), 25

Réponse à une Dissertation deM. Arnauld contre unÉclaircissment de la Nature et de laGrâce (Malebranche), 18–19, 61

Réponse auxQuestions d’un Provincial(Bayle), 38

Republic (Plato), 229republican government, for

Montesquieu, 149despotic rule compared to, 170executive powers in, 150–152, 165freedom and, 157–158legislative powers in, 150–152virtue as part of, 154, 155, 156,170

republican virtue, 154, 155, 156, 170Reveries of the Solitary Walker

(Rousseau), 226, 241, 319Rheinfels, Ernst von Hessen (Count), 74rhetoricdependence and, 179–180development of language and, 179in On The Social Contract, 178for Rousseau, 178–180, 357for Smith, A., 372

right of nations, 271, 286law of nature and, 286–287

Riley, Patrick, xxi–xxii, 115, 138–139,272, 274, 309, 372–373

The General Will Before Rousseau:The Transformation of the Divineinto the Civic, xvii, xviii, 88, 99,404–405, 423

on identification of general will, 89on modern concept of justice, 247

490 Index






on Montesquieu, general will for,147

on roots of general will, 148, 233, 317volonté générale for, 169volonté particulière for, 169

Rivet, André, 5–6Robert’s Rules of Order, xix, xxxviiRobertson, John, 352, 373Roman Empire, 281Roosevelt, Grace, 288Rorty, Amelie Oksenberg, 312Rosenblatt, Helena, 304Rosso, Corrado, 168Rothschild, Emma, 380–381Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. See also

general will; On The SocialContract

on amour propre, 175–176, 184, 221,239, 303–304, 410–411, 417, 444

Arendt critique of, 267Calvin and, 203–204categorical imperative for, 426on Christian charity, 199Christianity critiqued by, 113,200–201, 213

Cicero and, 176–180on civil religion for, 113, 131, 198,201–204, 213

on collective identity, 167on commercial sociability, 351–352on compassion, 259–260, 265concept of virtue for, 237–238Constant’s critique of, 382cosmopolitanism and, 257–258,271–275, 303

Democracy in America influencedby, 404

on depoliticized Christianity,200–201

Diderot critiqued by, 374on divine miracles, 50–51on economic inequality, 428on equality, 231–233on excess pride, 377Fénelon critiqued by, 46formal reading of, 222–223on fraternity, 304–305

on freedom, 45, 153, 162, 372–373,406–412

general will for, xv, xvi, xxxv, 3,99–106, 115

on l’harmonie générale, 55idealization of Rome, 175on imagination, 361Jansenism critiqued by, 51on justice, 226–230, 248–249Kant influenced by, xvi, 333–335on language, 328, 372Locke influence on, 103–104on Louis XIV, 224misanthropy of, 297Montesquieu and, 148–153, 168on moral freedom, 424on natural law, 301oratory for, 175on origins of inequality, 388–389particularisme critiqued by, 70, 148on perfect art, 303on perfectibility of human nature,302

on pity, 259Plato as influence on, 224on political economy, 282–283Rawls influenced by, xvi, 431–443on rhetoric, 178–180, 357similarities with Tocqueville, 403Smith, A., critique of, 350–352Spinoza compared to, 130–133substantive reading of, 222–223Tocqueville influenced by, 402–405on unsociability of man, 355–356volonté générale for, xvii, 43–44volonté particulière for, 43–44

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, works of. Seealso Geneva Manuscript; On TheSocial Contract

Chronologie universelle, ou Histoiregénérale du temps, 274

Cinquième Lettre 47, 48Considerations on the Governmentof Poland, 232, 239, 260, 288,290–291, 439

Du Contrat Social, xxviii–xxix, 37,46–47, 61, 371–372

Index 491






Rousseau (cont.)on cosmopolitanism, 257–258,

271–275, 303on creation of federations, 305Discourse on Political Economy,

101, 178, 254–255Discourse on the Origins of

Inequality, 113, 276, 278, 284,289, 297, 304, 312

Discourse on the Sciences and Arts,281, 297

Émile, 53–54, 99–100, 193,228–230, 285–286

Essay on the Origin of Language,278, 280

Government of Poland, 232, 239, 260Institutions Chymiques, 54–55Judgment of the Plan for Perpetual

Peace, 53–54, 282, 295, 305Julie, 44, 49–50, 53, 280, 282, 337Letter to Beaumont, 12, 52, 200, 244Letter to d’Alembert on the Theater,

324, 439Letter to Franquières, 132–133Letter to Voltaire on Providence, 44,

45Letters Written from the Mountain,

44, 47–49, 50–51, 53, 55–56, 99,100, 102, 203, 225, 226, 228, 231,338

Plan for a Constitution for Corsica,232

Political Economy, 130, 221–222,227, 231–232, 239, 293

Preface to “Narcissus”, 280, 285Profession de Foi du Vicaire

Savoyard, 50, 337–338Reveries, 226, 241Reveries of the Solitary Walker, 226,

241, 319Second Discourse, 219, 224, 233The State ofWar, 276, 279–280, 288

Rousseau’s Platonic Enlightenment(Williams), 379

Ruffin, J. Rixey, xxxiiRussell, Bertrand, xviRutherford, Samuel, xxii

Saint-Pierre, Abbé de, 295Sault, Richard, 96Scheler, Max, 261Schmitt, Carl, 382–383, 396–398Schopenhauer as Educator (Nietzsche),

321, 328Schwartzberg, Melissa, 236Scipio, 194Scott, John T., 223, 227Search After Truth (Malebranche), 72,

78Second Discourse (Rousseau), 219,

224, 233Secondat, Charles De (Baron de

Montesquieu), xvii, 3–4, 27–28,65, 129, 147

causes générales for, 152–153on concept of law, 166on democratic society, 169on executive powers, 150–152, 165on freedom, 147general will critique, 153–158general will for, 147, 150on generality, 156, 157on human sociability, 154on inequality, 168on legislative powers, 150–152, 165on moderate monarchies, 165–166Peter I critique, 160on republican government, 149,150–152, 157–158, 165, 170

Riley on, 147Rousseau and, 148–153, 168on separation of social classes, 170social conception of identity, 159on social contract, 171on virtue, 155–156volonté générale for, 150–151, 169volonté particulière for, 150–151, 169

seemliness, for Cicero, 189–190self-development, 394self-expression, general will and, xviseparatism, 209‘servants of the laws,’ 241–242Shakespeare, William, 247–248, 346The Shaking of the Olive Tree (Hall),

xxii–xxiii

492 Index






Shirely, Samuel, 141Shklar, Judith, xv, 3, 44, 99, 115, 170,

240, 309, 347on general will as metaphor, 219on general will of humanity, 275Men and Citizens, 175

Siedentop, Larry, 383Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph (Abbè), xvi,

384, 385–386Simon, Richard, 29Simpson, Matthew, 227Sleigh, Robert C., 73Smith, Adam, xix, 247, 253. See also

Theory of Moral Sentimentson Cicero, 375–376on commercial sociability, 351–352cosmopolitanism for, 271–272on Discours sur lnégalité, 350on general will of humanity, 290on imagination, 361impartial spectator for, 361–362,377–378, 380–381

An Inquiry into the Nature andCauses of the Wealth of Nations,350, 369

invisible hand for, 365, 369,380–381

Lectures on Jurisprudence, 376, 380“Letter to the Authors of theEdinburgh Review,” 352–371

on Mandeville, 376“Of Composition,” 356–357on persuasion, 375response toDiscourse on the Originsof Inequality, 367

rhetoric for, 372Rousseau critiqued by, 350–352onRousseau’s rhetorical strategy, 357on sympathy, 360Wealth of Nations, 199

Smith, Steven, 130, 144–145, 223sociability, 154amour propre and, 298commercial, 351–352for Mandeville, 355–356for Montesquieu, 154for Phillipson, 380

for Rousseau, 355–356in Theory of Moral Sentiments,359–360

unsociability and, 355–356unsocial, 277–278

social contractfor Montesquieu, 171as Platonic idea, 139for Spinoza, 136in The Spirit of the Laws, 171

social contract theory, 171social power, 164Some Thoughts concerning Education

(Locke), 101sovereigntyfor Constant, 386–387freedom and, 163–166of general will, xxxv, 233–235justice and, 233–235in On The Social Contract, 315–316power and, 163–166

Sparta, 193Spinoza, Benedict de, xxv–xxvi. See also

common mindas anti-Platonist, 141democracy for, 126–127determinism for, 134on emotions, 117Ethics, 127, 133on fear, 116–118fraternity for, 120freedom for, 133–135friendship for, 120general will for, 116–128against general will tradition, 129–138within general will tradition, 128–129on harmony, 117on love, 118–122on naturalism, 116preservation principle for, 122reason for, 122–125Rousseau compared to, 130–133social contract for, 136Theological-Political Treatise, 117,131

universal faith for, 131, 144–145spirit. See greatness of spirit

Index 493






The Spirit of the Conquest (Constant),383

The Spirit of the Laws (Montesquieu),xvii, 129

freedom in, 147generality in, 156republican virtue in, 154, 155social contract in, 171

A Spiritual Treasure containing ourObligations to God, and theVertues Necessary to a PerfectChristian (Quarré), xxiii

Sreenivasan, Gopal, 223, 226St. Augustine, 7–8, 30, 336on general will, 30

St. Pierre, Abbé de, 53–54, 70Starobinski, Jean, 276–277, 302The State of War (Rousseau), 276,

279–280, 288general will of humanity in, 289, 299

Stein, Peter, 380Stillingfleet, Edward, 93Stoic Paradoxes (Cicero), 182Stoughton, William, 208Strauss, Leo, 223sympathy, 360justice challenged by, 252–255

Talmon, Jacob L., 233, xvi–xviiTaylor, Thomas, 96, 111Tennis Court of Oath, xviTertre, Rodolphe du, 69–63theodicyfor Constant, 382, 391–396general will and, 19, 20, 39for Malebranche, 76

Theological-Political Treatise(Spinoza), 117, 131

Theory and Practice (Kant), 333,343

The Theory and Regulation of Love(Norris), 96

A Theory of Justice (Rawls), xxx, 140,320, 434–435, 440, 442

Theory of Moral Sentiments (Smith, A.),254, 350, 358–371, 378

civil society in, 364–365

Discourse on the Origins ofInequality and, 358–371

imagination in, 361sociability in, 359–360societal progress in, 363–364sympathy in, 360task of moral philosophy in, 368

The Theory of the Ideal or IntelligibleWorld (Norris), 96

Tocqueville, Alexis de, xix, 402–403on amour propre, in America,416–417

on civic virtue, 406–412on cultural generality, 412on cultural particularities, 412on democracy, 410on economic inequality, 419–420,428

on equality, 418–421on formal politics, 409–410on freedom, 406–412on generality, 406–412rejection of abstract rationality, 414Rousseau as influence on, 402–405similarities with Rousseau, 403on volition, 413–418, 426

toleration, 101–102Trachtenberg, Zev, 261Traité de la Nature et de la Grâce

(Malebranche), xxiv, 13, 53, 91Arnauld’s critique of, 76–81general will, 128–129Leibniz critique of, 73textual additions to, 62volonté générale in, 14–22volonté particulière in, 14–22

Traité de l’Amour de Dieu(Malebranche), 22–23

Traité deMorale (Malebranche), 16, 68Treatise on Human Nature (Hume),

253–254, 350Tronchin, Jean-Robert, 99, 312–313The True Catholicks Tenure (Hyde),

xxiiTusculan Disputations (Cicero), 182Two Treatises of Government (Locke),

100, 104–105, 110

494 Index






universal faith, 131, 144–145universal jurisprudence, 4universalité (universality), 335–342unsocial sociability, 277–278

Van Dyke, Vernon, 320Vaughn, C. E., xviiLe Verger des Charmettes (Rousseau),

53Villers, Charles de, 393–394A Vindication of the Reasonableness of

Christianity (Locke), 93Viroli, Maurizio, 245virtuefor Cicero, 186–187civic, 384, 406–412general will and, 156for Montesquieu, 155–156republican, 154, 155, 156, 170Rousseau’s conception of,237–238

virtuous societies, 281–282volonté absoluë (absolute will), 10volonté générale (general will), xxifor Arnauld, 9–11for Bayle, 3–4for Bossuet, 29–31for Diderot, 3–4, 340–341divine influences on, 4, 16–19establishment of, 4, 9–11God and, 4, 16–19, 77–78judicial authority and, 151for Kant, 333legislative power and, 151literary references to, 13for Malebranche, 14–22, 76–77for Montesquieu, 150–151, 169for Pascal, 9–10for Postigliola, 57–58, 68for Riley, 169for Rousseau, xvii, 43–44

in Traité de la Nature et de la Grâce,14–22

volonté particulière (particularwill), 3

for Arnauld, 9–11for Bayle, 31–43for Bossuet, 28–29for Diderot, 3–4, 340–341divine influences on, 4, 16–19establishment of, 9–11for Fénelon, 28–29judicial authority and, 151for Kant, 339–340legislative power and, 151literary references to, 9–11for Malebranche, 14–22for Montesquieu, 150–151, 169for Riley, 169for Rousseau, 43–44, 339–340in Traité de la Nature et de la Grâce,14–22

voluntarism, 88, 346, 351

Wealth of Nations (Smith, A.), 199Weber, Max, 322–325Williams, David Lay, 169, 374, 379Williams, Roger, 201, 209Wilson, James, xixWilson, Woodrow, xixWinthrop, John, xix, 197–198, 200,

204–205, 207, 209–212. See alsoCalvinism

on Christian charity, 206–207on Christian love, 199on civil liberty, 210–211on general will, 199on human nature, 206on liberty, 210–211on religious dogma, 209–212

World War I, general will and, xviWorld War II, general will and, xvi

Index 495






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