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Abdali, Ahmad Shah, 7 Act for Establishing certain Regulations for the better Management of the Affairs of the East India Company, 51 Adam’s Reports on Vernacular Education in Bengal and Behar, 91 Ad-Dhar Mandal, 361 Advisory National Defence Council, 388 Age of Consent Act of 1860, 98 Bill of 1891, 201–204, 240 ‘Age of Discovery,’ 23 age of reform, 87–89 Agnes, Flavia, 450 agrarian crisis, 9–10 agrarian depression, 109 agrarian radicalism, 338 Agriculture, Cotton, 162–163 Cash crops, 69, 111, 152 crops ‘commodified’ agriculture, 165 commercialization of agriculture, 165–166 Depeasantization in the nineteenth century, 165 Forced cultivation of cash crops, 166 ahimsa, 272, 283, See also, Gandhi. Ahmad, Mirza Ghulam, 105–106 Ahmad, Nazir, 191 Ain-i Akbari, 8 Akali movement, 311 Akalis, 306–307 Akbar, emperor, 4, 34 akharas, 241 Alam, Emperor Shah, 35 Alam, Muzaffar, 10 Alavi, Seema, 33 Ali, Amar, 251 Index Ali, Aruna Asaf, 407 Ali, Athar, 11, 29 Ali, Haidar, 17, 24–26 Ali, Mohammad, 319 Ali, Rehmat, 409 Ali, Sheik, 69 Ali, Syed Amir, 249 Ali, Wazir, 71 Aligarh Zenana Madrassa, 192 Ali Raja of Kannur, 25 All India Congress Committee (AICC), 286, 326 All-India Depressed Classes League, 358, 361, 364 All India Kisan Sabha, 396 All India Liberal Federation, 326 All India Muslim League, 198, 251, 253–255, 273,326 Foundation, 251 Support of Gandhi, 280 And Khilafat movement, 284 And Hindu Mahasabha, 307 Communal politics, 311, 313 And Morley-Minto Reforms, 253 See also, Muslim League All India Trade Union Committee (AITUC), 279, 318–319, 373–374 All India Trade Union Congress, 396 All India Women’s Conference, 335 Ambedkar, B. R., 312, 336, 352, 355–359, 388, 448– 450 Bahiskrit Hikarni Sabha, 358 burning of the Manusmriti, 358 ‘Castes in India, their Mechanism, Genesis and Development,’ 356–357 demand for a separate electorate, 359–360 Depressed Classes Education Society, 359 education and family, 356–357 Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-65972-8 - A History of Modern India Ishita Banerjee-Dube Index More information www.cambridge.org © in this web service Cambridge University Press

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Abdali, Ahmad Shah, 7Act for Establishing certain Regulations for the better

Management of the Affairs of the East India Company, 51

Adam’s Reports on Vernacular Education in Bengal and Behar, 91

Ad-Dhar Mandal, 361Advisory National Defence Council, 388Age of Consent

Act of 1860, 98Bill of 1891, 201–204, 240

‘Age of Discovery,’ 23age of reform, 87–89Agnes, Flavia, 450agrarian crisis, 9–10agrarian depression, 109agrarian radicalism, 338Agriculture,

Cotton, 162–163Cash crops, 69, 111, 152crops ‘commodified’ agriculture, 165commercialization of agriculture, 165–166Depeasantization in the nineteenth century, 165Forced cultivation of cash crops, 166

ahimsa, 272, 283, See also, Gandhi.Ahmad, Mirza Ghulam, 105–106Ahmad, Nazir, 191Ain-i Akbari, 8Akali movement, 311Akalis, 306–307Akbar, emperor, 4, 34akharas, 241Alam, Emperor Shah, 35Alam, Muzaffar, 10Alavi, Seema, 33Ali, Amar, 251

Index

Ali, Aruna Asaf, 407Ali, Athar, 11, 29Ali, Haidar, 17, 24–26Ali, Mohammad, 319Ali, Rehmat, 409Ali, Sheik, 69Ali, Syed Amir, 249Ali, Wazir, 71Aligarh Zenana Madrassa, 192Ali Raja of Kannur, 25All India Congress Committee (AICC), 286, 326All-India Depressed Classes League, 358, 361, 364All India Kisan Sabha, 396All India Liberal Federation, 326All India Muslim League, 198, 251, 253–255, 273,326

Foundation, 251Support of Gandhi, 280And Khilafat movement, 284And Hindu Mahasabha, 307Communal politics, 311, 313And Morley-Minto Reforms, 253See also, Muslim League

All India Trade Union Committee (AITUC), 279, 318–319, 373–374

All India Trade Union Congress, 396All India Women’s Conference, 335Ambedkar, B. R., 312, 336, 352, 355–359, 388, 448–

450Bahiskrit Hikarni Sabha, 358burning of the Manusmriti, 358‘Castes in India, their Mechanism, Genesis and

Development,’ 356–357demand for a separate electorate, 359–360Depressed Classes Education Society, 359education and family, 356–357

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Index468

Gandhi vs, 359–364on Hinduism, 360–361Mooknayak, 357The Problem of the Rupee, Its Origin and Solution,

357in Round Table Conferences, 359and Simon Commission, 358–359

Amery, Leopold, 395Amherst, Lord, 93Amrita Bazar Patrika, 318Anagol, Padma, 192Anandamath, 184, 232Anderson, Benedict, 179Andhra Provincial Congress Committee, 396Andrews, C. F., 290Anglicists, 91Anglicized gatherings of the Congress, 241Anglo–Arabic School (College), 105Anglo–Boer Wars (1880–81 and 1899–1902), 227Anglo–Burmese war of 1824–26, 223Anglo–French hostilities, 25Anjuman-i-Islami (Mohammedan Association), 249Anjuman-i-Punjab, 101Ansari, Asaf Ali, 365anthropometry, 146anti-Brahman movement, 151–152anti-labour Trade Disputes Bill, 325Anti-Non Cooperation Society, 316anti-Sikh riots in Delhi, 461Anti-Untouchability League, 363Anushilan Samiti of Calcutta, 244Arab merchants, 22Arms Act of 1878, 198, 241Army,

East India Company, 58Martial castes and races in,see Martial races.Modernization of, 389Reorganization of Indo-British, 140Sepoys in, see Sepoys,

Arnold, David, 376Arnold, Edwin, 265Aryans, 146–147, 352Aryavarta, 101Arya Samaj, 97, 100, 157, 191, 233, 239, 281, 313Asaf-ud-Daula, 3, 31, 34–35

asbab-i Baghavat-I Hind, 137Asian societies, 4‘Asiatic invasion’, 267Asiatic Society of Bengal, 55, 57Asiatic tyranny, 61assimilation, principle of, 86Associations of Calcutta and Bombay, 193Atlee, Clement, 424atmashakti (self-reliance), See Swadeshi MovementAurangzeb, emperor, 4

revolt with Jats, 5wars in the Deccan, 5Religious policy, 7Marathas and, 15Richard’s view, 8Land policies, 8

Awadh, annexation in 1856, 305Azad, Chandra Sekhar, 324Azad, Maulana, 313Azad, Maulana Abul Kalam, 372, 411Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army), 403–404Azimuddaula, Nawab, 117

Backward Classes Commission in 1953, 451Bagchi, Amiya Kumar, 160, 163Bahadur, Subahdar Girdaur, 16Bahiskrit Hitakarni Sabha, 360Bajaj, Jamnalalji, 316Baker, Sir Herbert, 254‘Balkanisation’ of India, 457Banda Bahadur, 6Bande Mataram movement, See nationalism (Indian)Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar, 327Banerjea, Krishnamohan, 99Banerjea, Surendranath, 195, 207, 226, 229, 238, 245,

249Banerjee, Prathama, 318Banerji, Aswinicoomar, 231Bangamata (mother Bengal), 232Bangiya Sahitya Parishad, 227Banias, 262Bardoli resolution, 307Bardoli satyagraha, 327–328Barelvi, Saiyid Ahmad, 104–105Barsod satyagraha, 311

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469Index

Bates, Crispin, 87, 330Battle of Buxar (1764), 30, 48, 70Battle of Panipat (1761), 7, 18, 24Battle of Plassey, 30, 46Bayly, Chris, 4, 158, 165, 167Behn, Anashuya, 335Bengal

Anglo-vernacular schools in, 157bhadralok caste and class, 226–227, 234boycott and Swadeshi movement, 226–236Company as ‘civil magistrate’ in, 53domestic economy in the first half of eighteenth

century, 50Dutch and French settlements in, 44English East India Company in, 30, 44–45Famine of 1770, 50–51flourishing Asian trade, 44First partition of, 221–226regional identity of, 227renaissance, 98

Bengal, eighteenth centuryRole In International trade, 20intra-Asian trade, role in, 20and Mughal Empire, 20Nawabs of, 18–21Revenue system, 19zamindari system of, 19

Bengal Code of Regulations of 1793, 66Bengal Extremism, 244–246Bengali-educated community, 201Bengali language, 188

Development of prose style, 183Education in, 184

Bengali Muslims, 248Bengal National Chamber of Commerce, 315Bengal National College, 228Bengal Provincial Kisan Sabha (BPKS), 407Bengal Technical Institute, 228Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885, 212Bentham, Jeremy, 62, 86Bentinck, Lord William Cavendish, 91, 93, 108Bertillon, Alphonse, 145Besant, Annie, 255, 265, 273–274Bhabe, Vinoba, 388bhadralok caste and class, 226–227, 234

Bhagavad Gita, 89, 201, 240, 265bhakti cults, 14bhakti movements, 351–352Bhandarkar, R. G., 100Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP), 453Bharatmata, 232Bhikhaji, Dadaji, 204Bhil movement, 305Bhimabai, 356Bhosle, Raghuji, 70Bijapur, 4, 5 8Biplabi, 400–401Bird, R. M., 108Birla, G. D., 316, 363–365Black hole tragedy, 403Blavatsky, Madame, 255, 265Boer War in South Africa (1899–1902), 140Bombay Legislative Council, 253Bombay Presidency in 1919, 357Bonnerji, W. C., 204, 206Bore, Parvati, 335Bose, Jagadishchandra, 232Bose, Jnanendranath, 244Bose, Kshudiram, 244–245Bose, Nirmal Kumar, 296Bose, Premtosh, 231Bose, Subhas, 310, 326–327, 329, 365, 376, 387,

403–408Boxer rebellion in China (1900), 140Boycott movement in Bengal, 226–236

of British textiles, 228brahmacharya, 96Brahmo Samaj, 99–101, 202Brailsford, H. N., 331Bramho Samaj, 191Braudel, Fernand, 32British administrators-cum-ethnographers, 142British exploitation of India, 207British imperialism, 166Britishness, 67Broca, Paul, 145Brown, Judith, 267, 282Buchanan, Francis, 225Burke, Edmund, 59, 60, 87Butler, Sir Harcourt, 378

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Index470

Calcutta Municipal Amendment Act in 1899, 226Calcutta Municipal Bill, 226Calcutta School of Art, 231Calkins, Philip, 19Cama, K. R., 106Canning, Lord, 137, 139Canon, Edwin, 357Capitalism,

Capitalists, see Economy, Indianrupture of traditional society, 167

capitalist development in agriculture, 210capitalization of world agriculture, 165Carey, William, 81–82, 96Carpenter, Edward, 264cartazes, 23

casteArya Samaj on, 101As race, 146–147British scholars on, 142–143caste and caste identity, 147–154caste movements, 152–153Christian missionaries on, 148Gandhi on, 312immutability of caste ideology, 147in the Indian Constitution, 450–453

Catherine of Braganza, 26Censuses, 144–146

and caste, 143–145classification according to varna model, 146in Britain, 147

Central Mohammedan Association, 250Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU), 373Chaki, Prafulla, 244Chakrabarty, Bidyut, 401chamars, 103Chamber of Princes, 377Chandavarkar, 167–168Chandra, Bipan, 207, 316, 318, 375Chapekar, Balkrishna, 241Chapekar, Damodar, 241charkha movement, 334Charles II, 26Charter Acts

1813, 83, 86, 89–90

1833, 98, 1361858, 136of Charles II, 1662, 53

Chatterjee, Bankim Chandra, 184, 201, 232, 271Chatterjee, Nilanjana, 441Chatterjee, Partha, 189, 202, 271, 427Chatterji, Joya, 428Chattopadhyaya, Gadadhar, 102Chatuspathi, Bhagabat, 229Chaudhurani, Sarala Devi, 297, 335Chaudhuri, B. B., 64Chaudhuri, Benoy, 166Chaudhuri, Jogeshchandra, 229Chaudhuri, K. N., 29, 165Chaudhuri, Nirad C., 396Chauhan, Subhadra Kumari, 122Chauri Chaura incident, 291–292Chelmsford, Lord, 273–274, 378Chhatrapati, Shahu, 351–352Chittagong Indian Republican Army, 324Christianity, 100, 148Christian missionaries, 350Churchill, Winston, 340, 369, 411Civil Disobedience movement (1933–34), 329–339,

352–353, 359, 365, 377business and capitalists involvement, 336Gandhi–Irwin Pact, 337–338, 359women’s movement, 334–336

Civilisation: Its Cause and Cure, 264Clive, Robert, 30, 46–49, 57Code of Criminal Procedure of the Indian Penal Code,

199Code of Gentoo Laws, 57, 89A Code of Gentoo Laws, 54–56

Political definition of Hindu and Muslim in, 57Code of Muslim Laws, 57Cohn, Bernard, 11, 34, 139, 141, 144Colebrooke, Henry Thomas, 55, 81collective Hindu self, 360colonial boundary making

Bengal’s boundaries, 221–226construction of ‘British Assam,’ 223–224Curzon’s scheme for Bengal, 225–226mapping of northeast, 223–224unification of Oriya speaking tracts, 222–223

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colonial knowledge, 141–147, 350‘dialogic’ theory of production of, 141indigenous initiatives and, 143

colonial masculinity, politics of, 199–200colonial Punjab, 145colonial sociological theatre, 144‘colonizer’ and the ‘colonized,’ separation between,

141–142communalism, 158–159

emergence, 159in the 1880s and 1890s, 158Indian history as the history of, 159

Communist Party of India, 319, 373–377Congress-Khilafat-Swaraj Party, 309Congress Responsibility for the Disturbances, 395Congress Socialist Party, 396Congress Working Committee, 331, 338, 367, 377Constitution of India, 445–450

Article 44, 447caste and equality, 450–453centre-state relations, 454–458events and enactments relating official languages

and organization of linguistic states and provinces, 455–456

Five Year Plans, 458–460Fundamental Rights, 447personal laws, 448political economy, 458–462Preamble, 446secularism, 453–454secular rights, 449, 452Uniform Code of Civil Procedure (Uniform Civil

Code), 446–447, 449Cornwallis, Lord, 58–59, 62, 64–65

Company’s civil service, 65Minute of, 62

Cossingy, Governor, 68cottage-based industry, 161Cotton, Sir Henry, 222cotton cultivation, 111Council-entry programme, 365Council of Four, 136Council of the Governor-General of India, 136Councils Act of 1861, 136–137Court of Wards, 139cow protection, 158

criminal castes, 147Criminal Tribes

Classification as, 145Act of, 145

Cripps Mission, 391–392, 410Crops, see AgricultureCuddalore weavers’ protest of 1778, 29Curzon, Lord, 221–223, 250, 348Customary Law, 54–55, 97

Dacca Anushilan Samiti, 244Dada Abdullah and Co., 265dadni system, 43Dalhousie, Lord, 116–117, 138Damin-i-Koh, 110, 115Dandi March, 1930, 330Dange, S. A., 320, 375Dange, Ushabai, 335dangs, 111daroga, 291dar-ul-harb (enemy territory), 104Das, Chittaranjan, 244, 285–286, 308, 311, 318Das, Jatin, 325Dasgupta, Ashin, 12dastak account, 46Datta, Rajat, 166Dawn Society, 229dayabahaga system of Hindu personal law, 94Dayananda Anglo-Vedic School, 101Deb, Radhakanta, 89, 99Debi, Sarala, 229Deccan, 21Deccan Educational Society, 191Deccan Riots Commission, 116Deccan Riots of 1875, 115–116, 210–211Defence of India Act of 1940, 403deindustrialization in the colonies, 160–163, 166‘Deliverance Day’, 373Deoband group, 156Department of Public Instruction (DPI), 92Depressed Classes, 354Depressed Classes Education Society, 359depressed/scheduled castes, 147Depressionseeeconomy, Indian.Derozio, Louis Henri, 99

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Desai, Bhulabhai, 365Desai, Khandubhai, 375Desai, Mahadev, 290, 328desavali, 22Desher Katha, 233Deshmukh, Gopalrao Hari, 148deshmukhs, 14Deuskar, Sakharam Ganesh, 233Dev, Acharya Narendra, 374Devi, Prabhabati, 335Devji, Faisal, 191Dewey, John, 356Dhangars, 74–75Dharmasastras, 55, 57Dhillon, G. S., 405A Digest of Hindu Law on Contract and Succession, 55dikus, 115Direct Action day, 423Disraeli, British Prime Minister, 139diwani adalat (civil court), 56Doctrine of Lapse, 115–117Dow, Alexander, 53, 61Dravidian ideology, 353–354Dravidian Kshatriyas, 150–151Dreze, Jean, 169Duff, Alexander, 86, 90Dufferin, Lord, 154–155, 205Duncan, John, 56Durbar, 139–140Durlabh, Rai, 45Dutch Verenigde Oost–Indische Compagnie (VOC),

27Dutt, Michael Madhusudan, 211Dutt, R. P., 207Dutt, Romesh Chunder, 207Dutta, Aswini Kumar, 230–231, 234, 245Dutta, Batukeswar, 325Dutta, Bhupendranath, 320Dutta, Narendranath, 102dyarchy, 339Dyer, General, 281

East India Company, see English East India CompanyEaton, Richard, 248Economic History of India, 207

economy,IndianAs private-enterprise economy, 162dependent colonial economy, 207Depression years, 322impact of colonialisation, 160–168Indian capitalists, 316–317Industrialization, 167–168post independence, 458–462See also, Indian Cotton Textile industry

The Education of the People of India, 92education

In Bengal Swadeshi Movement, 228–229For depressed classes, 358–359English, 194, 204For Muslims, 154–156Nationalism and, 181Western, 104, 181Women, 190–192

eighteenth century IndiaAwadh’s administration, 3As period of decline, 3, 10as ‘early modern,’ 32Lucknow, 3Maisur (Mysore), 24–26Malabar, 22–24Marathas, 14–18Mughal empire, end of, 4–13Nawabs of Bengal, 18–21Nizam of Hyderabad, 21Afghan invasion, 7Rajasthan, 13shared ideological atmosphere of late, 61–66Van Leur’s analysis, 3–4

Eka (unity) movement, 306elections under the 1935 Act, 364–370

Congress, 364–369election symbols of India parties, 371Muslim electorate, 367Muslim League, 366regional parties, major, 371regional parties in Muslim majority provinces, 367

Elphinstone, Monstuart, 56, 74Elphinstone College, 240English East India Company, 22

abolition of sati, 93

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473Index

Act of 1784 (Pitt’s India Act), 59administration between Hastings and Cornwallis,

58annexation policy, 117–118‘as a state,’ 28–29beginnings, 26–31in Bengal, 30, 44–45Christian missionaries, 86chronology of, 27chronology of Governor Generals of India, 1774–

1858, 59civilizing mission, 87‘civilizing mission’ of, 98as ‘civil magistrate’ in Bengal, 53Company’s contracts, 47Confrontation with Siraj-ud-daula, 45–46conquest and acquisition of newer territories, 66–

67Coromandel trade, 27Court of Directors, 61Debt, 135‘despotic’ powers of, 49developments in Asian trade, 29–30diwani function of, 48dominant military power in eastern India, 48as a dual government, 46–51English education, 89–93‘era of reform,’ 87–89evangelism in India, 86forest management, See ForestsHastings’ administrative measures, 51–53imperatives in land and land revenue, 106–109Indian textiles, trade in, 27–28Industrial Revolution, 44–45investment or public trade, 43‘Islam,’ reform and revival within, 103–106land-revenue policy of zamindars, 63law and order, 56–58Lucknow, importance of, 34–36marriages with Indian women, 83monopoly over East India trade, 28Munro’s Ryotwari policy in Madras, 72–74‘nodal-points’ of Indo–British exchange and

interaction, 27norms of customary law, 54–55period of giving gifts to Englishmen, 47

permanent revenue settlement, 58–63, 65polygamy, struggle against, 98‘principle of assimilation,’ 86private trade of servants, 47, 49process of ‘state-making,’ 109–113public and private rights in lands, 107railway construction, 118reclaiming of ‘wastelands,’ 110reforming of men and women, 93–99religious reforms, 99–103resistance to colonial policies of land and forest

management, See Forestsrevenue settlements, 108revival of vernacular Indian literatures and sciences,

90role of force and fortifications, 27–29setting up of weaving villages, 29–30shared ideological atmosphere of, 61–66socio-religious reforms, 106status of women, 96use of sipahis (sepoys) and peons, 29, 57use of army, 57–58virtual sovereignty, 48–49vs Maratha chiefs, 69–71vs Tipu Sultan, 67–69Wellesley’s administration, 71–72widow remarriage, 97–98as zamindar, 50

English education, 89–93, 98Erikson, Erik, 296, 329Essay on the Causes of the Indian Revolt, 137Essays on Indian Economics, 207ethnographic state, 142extremism in Indian politics, 237–240‘Europeanization’ of Muslim society, 155Europe’s domination of the world, 141evangelism, 86Exposition of the Judicial System of India, 65

Factory Law in 1881, 245famine,

effect of, 168–169famine of 1876–77, 239famine of Orissa in 1866, 222in the nineteenth century, 111, 168–169

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Famine Commission Report of 1880, 168Faraizi movement, 212farman, 44Farukshiyar, emperor, 18, 44faujdari/nizamat adalat (criminal court), 56Fazl, Abul, 8Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and

Industry (FICCI), 315, 317, 336female infanticide, 145Final Report on the Survey and Settlement of the District

of Patna, 1907–12, 63First Anglo–Maratha War, 70First Burmese War (1824–26), 93fituri (revolt) of 1879, 115forced cultivation of cash crops, See Agriculture.Forests

Act in 1865, 213conservation of, 112–113establishment of forest department, 212–213forest crimes in Travancore, 214resistance to colonial policies of, 114–116separation of wild and civilized spaces, 109–111

Forts (St. George and St. David), 27Fort William College, 30, 35, 43, 71, 81, 83, 183

Anglicist-orientalist debate, 91importance, 90learned natives assisting European professors, 89role in reforming men and women, 94–95

Fox, Richard, 307Francis, Philip, 59, 61–62Fraser, Sir Andrew, 222–223Free Church of Scotland, 103Free Church School, 86‘Free State of Bengal,’ 428Freitag, Sandria, 159Fuller, Lieutenant Governor Bamfylde, 251

Gadgil, N.V., 352Gaekwad family, 15Gama, Vasco da, 22Ganapati festival, see Tilak, Balwant GangadharGandhi, Indira, 460Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, 261, 327–329, 355,

393–394, 410, 427Ambedkar vs, 359–364

anti-liquor campaigns, 312assassination of, 444attack on civilization, 269attitude of cooperation with the British, 364attitude to the law training, 264attitude toward the Raj, 262Autobiography, 263, 267, 293–294, 296beginning of political career, 265–272charkha and khadi, 292–298college education, 263as a ‘coolie barrister,’ 267decision to call off civil disobedience, 338definition of swaraj, 269–270Hind Swaraj,261, 264, 268–269, 286, 295Hindu-Muslim unity, 268idea of boycott of foreign cloth, 337immediate family, 261Khilafat movement, 284–286law practice, 265as a leader, 276–284lifestyle, 290marriage, 264moralized notion of the nation, 271My Experiments with Truth, 263Non-Cooperation movement, 287–288notion of health, 263passive resistance, 268as people’s Gandhi, 288–292perfectly moral person, views on, 263political vocabulary, 283politicization of a ‘social problem,’ 360Poona Pact, 361–362Pranami sect, 262Putlibai’s (mother) influence, 262–263against racial discrimination of Indians, 268rebellion against caste and family ethic, 264satyagraha, 268, 272, 276–277, 281–282‘self-suffering,’ practice of, 263South African life, 266–267stance on untouchables, 361–363trip to England, 263untouchability, idea of, 312vegetarianism, 264on western science and technology, 270–271vow of brahmacharya, 268, 296and women, 295–298, 334–336

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Gandhi, Rajiv, 461Gandhi–Irwin Pact of 1931, 337–338, 359Gandhi Mahatma Sabha, See Chauri-Chaura incidentGandhi’s Rise to Power, 277Gangohi, Rashid Ahmad, 156Ganguli, Kanai Lal, 320General Services Enlistment Act of 1856, 118George V, King-Emperor, 254Geschiedenis van Nederlandsch Indië, 3Ghadr (revolution) Party, 246Ghar, Bibi, 121Ghazi, Salar Masud, 324Ghosh, Athanasius Apurbakumar, 231Ghosh, Aurobindo, 242–244Ghosh, Rashbehari, 238Gidwani, Vinay, 65Giri, V. V., 320, 375Girni Kamgar unions, 321Glorious Revolution of 1688, 43Godse, Nathuram, 444Gokhale, Gopalkrishna, 228, 255Goldenweiser, A. A., 356Golconda, 4, 5, 8Gordon, A. D. D., 316Gosh, Kasiprasad, 187, 195Goswami, Rajeev, 452–453Government of India Act 1919, 274, 311

governmental organization of British India under, 275

Government of India Act, 1858, 135Government of India Act of 1935, 339–340, 364, 377,

444gram sevaks, 312Grant, Charles, 86, 199Great Calcutta Killing, 423Green Revolution, 451, 460Grey’s Inn, 357Guha, Ranajit, 189, 209, 236Gujarat Vernacular Society, 191

Habib, Irfan, 8–10Haileybury College, 83Halhed, Nathaniel Brassey, 55Hali, Khwaja Altaf Husayn, 191Hamilton, Francis Buchanan, 25

Hardinge, Lord, 246Harijan, 355Harijan Sevak Sangh, 363Harishchandra, Bharatendu, 187, 249hartal, 280Hastings, Warren, 51–53, 84, 89, 118, 136, 447

Administrative measures 51–53collection of revenue, 52controlling councils of revenue, 51–52demarcation of personal laws, 190farming contracts, 52Judicial Plan, 53–56Roman categorization of canon law and civil law,

56scheme of reform, 52–53

Hedgewar, K. B., 308hegemonic nationalist discourse, 189‘Hill’ peoples, 110–112, 223Hilton-Young Commission in 1926, 317Hindoo Patriot, 195Hind Swaraj, see GandhiHindi language, 122, 187

As national language, 413, 455Gandhi’s use of, 282, 379Identificationwith Hindu tradition, 188Hindi-Urdu controversy, 249

Hindi Belt, 158, 313, 428Hindu Code Bill, 449Hindu Intelligencer, 195Hinduism, 96,360–361

Reformation of, 100–101Tilak on, 240

Hindu Law, 55, 97Hindu Mahasabha, 307–308, 313, 330, 361, 364Hindu Missionary Society of Gajananrao Vaidya, 98Hindu–Muslim relations, 246, 250–251, 309, 312–

314, 330, 347In Bengal, 246In the First Partition of Bengal, 250–251

Hindu patriarchal norms, 202Hindus of the Sanatan Dharma Sabha, 364Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA), 324–

325Hindutva, 308Hindu Widow’s Remarriage Act (Act XV of 1856), 97

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Index476

Hirachand, Walchand, 336History of British India, 86–87History of Hindoostan, 53History of India, 116History of the Mutiny, 122Holkar, Yaswant Rao, 69–70Holkar family, 15Holmes, Richard, 116Home Public Proceedings A, 225Home Rule League, 254–255, 273hukmnamah, 68Hume, A. O., 205Hunter, W. W., 145, 155Huq, Fazlul, 367Hussain, Liakat, 245

Ibbetson, Hunter, 146Ilbert, C.P., 199Ilbert Bill, 199Illahabadi, Akbar, 230Imagined Communities, 179Imambara, Bara, 34imperialism, 203Imperial Forest Department, 112Imperial Legislative Council, 137, 252–253India as I Knew It, 309India in world affairs

1914–1948, 389–3901947–1971, 441–443

Indian cotton textiles industry, 160labour militancy, 317, 319mill operations, 314

Indian Councils Act of 1861, 194Indian Councils Act of 1909, 252, See Morley-Minto

Reform,Indian factory textile industry, 161–162Indian independence

C. R. formula, 410caste politics late 1980s and early 1990s, 452–453centre-state relations, 454–458communal violence, 440–441eastern Bengal, 441elections and cabinet mission, 412–422chronology of events leading to, 1861–1947, 348–

350

‘First war of ’, see Revolt of 1857imponderables of partition, 437–444Kashmir issue, 439–440non-brahman and ‘untouchable’ movements, 350–

356Pakistan, formation of, 409parting of ways between the Congress and the

Muslim League, 408partitioned freedom, 423–430peasant organizations in the movement for, 305–

307proclamation of India as a ‘republic,’ 446scene in 1940s, 408–411survivors of the partition’s violence, 438–439

Indian industries and businesses, 315–316attitude towards nationalism, 316labour militancy, 317, 319

Indian Merchants Chamber, 315Indian National Congress, 286, 329, 347, 408–409

business attitude towards, 364–368Discussions on colonial economic and social

policies, 207–209Formation, 204–205positions on self-rule, 1885–1942, 326and Second World War, 387vs Muslim League, 369–373

Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC), 373Indian Official Secrets Amendment Act of 1904, 226Indian Opinion, 267Indian Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure,

201Indian Universities Act of 1904, 226Indigo Revolt of 1859–60, 211indigo trade, 163Indo–British commerce, 83–87

cotton industry, 83–84, 162Indian exports and imports, 83mood of ‘expansive optimism,’ 86opium and indigo trade, 84procurement of Chinese tea, 84tea production and sale, 85

Indo–European language group, 147Industrial Revolution, 161–162

economic and industrial modernization, 209industrialization, see economy, Indian.

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477Index

Irish Home Rule Movement, 205Irvine, William, 7Irwin, Lord, 337Islam

European representations of, 248Reformation and revival, 103–106Sir Sayid Ahmad Khan on, 104Seen as declining, 155

Iyer, Subrahmanya, 207

Jafar, Mir, 45–48jagirdari crisis, 8–10jagirdars, 213jagir (landed estate), 4–5

crisis in the system, 8–10Rebellion of peasants, 9

Jah, Nizamu’l Mulk Asaf, 6, 21, 24Jalal, Ayesha, 106, 159, 366Jallianwala Bagh massacre, 281, 286Jamait-ul-Ulemai-Hind, 370Jambhekar, Gangadhar Shastri, 98Janata Party, 460–461Jang, Shaukat, 45Janmam tenure, 212jatiya sarkar, 400–401Jat Sikhs, 145Jayakar, M. R., 309, 311, 337Jhansi ki Rani Lakshmi Bai, 122jhum cultivation, 214Jinnah, Mohammad Ali, 254–255, 284, 327, 370, 372,

387, 408–411Joglekar, 320Jones, Sir William, 53, 55, 81,89jotedars, 64Julahas, 158

Kabirpanthi, 356kachehris, 68Kaiser-i-Hind, 140Kakori Conspiracy Case in 1925, 324kalapani, 118Kamalakanter Daptar, 230Kanitkar, Kashibai, 203Kanpur riots in 1931, 307karewa levirate marriage, 97

Karnataka Satyagraha Mandal, 334Kasim, Mir, 47–48Kathiawad, 261–262, 264Keene, H. G., 116Kelkar, N. C., 310–311Khan, Abdul Ghaffar Khan, 332Khan, Abdul Latif, 249Khan, Aga, 251Khan, Alivardi, 19–21, 45, 52Khan, Anwaruddin, 24Khan, Badshah, 332Khan, Chin Qilich, 21Khan, Kartalab, 18Khan, Major-General Shah Nawaz, 403, 405Khan, Muhammad Reza, 56, 65–66Khan, Murshid Quli, 18–20, 48, 59Khan, Murtaza, 3Khan, Sarfaraz, 20Khan, Shuja-ud-din, 19Khan, Sikander Hayat, 367, 409Khan, Sir Sayyid Ahmad, 104, 124, 347, 137, 139,

249, 251On women education, 191On education for muslims, 155–156

Khare, N. B., 369Kheda satyagraha, 278Khilafat movement, 284–286, 348Khudai Khidmatgars, 332Kichlu, Saifuddin, 254Kirti Kisan Party in Punjab, 320Kisan Sabhas, 305–306Kisan Sangha, 402Kripalani, J. B., 374Krishak Praja Party, 367Krishna, C. S., 376Krishna of Vaishava bhakti (devotion), 201Kshatriyas, see Dravidian Kshatriyaskulkarnis, 14Kumar, Ravinder, 283, 362Kunbi cultivators, 210–211

labour in India, 317Communists and revolutionaries, role of, 319–321Congress’ relationship with labour, 318–319labour unrest, 317–318

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Index478

organizations, 320strikes, 319, 323, 374

Labour Swaraj Party, 320Lahore Resolution, 409Lakshmibai, Rani, 121–122Lakshmir Bhandar, 229La Martinières of Lucknow, 36Landholder’s Society, 193Land revenue systems, 108lands, public and private rights in, 107Law, Thomas, 61Lawrence, Henry, 117Lawrence, John, 117, 121Lees–Mody Pact in 1933, 365TheLegend of Bhagat Singh, 325Leitner, Gottlieb Wilhelm, 101Leonard, Karen, 12Leur, Job Van, 3Liberalism, 86, 87, 107Lilooah Rail Workshop, 320Linguistic states, 455–457Linlithgow, Viceroy, 380, 387–388, 397Little Tigers of Tamil Elam, 461Long, Rev. James, 211Lord North’s Regulating Act of 1773, 51Low, D. A., 340lower-caste movements, 148, 152lower-caste radicalism, 152Lucknow, 34–36Lucknow Pact of 1916, 307, 370Ludden, David, 165Lutyens, Sir Edwin, 254Lytton, Governor-General Lord, 140, 195

Macaulay, Thomas, 86, 200Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 91Macaulay’s Minute, 92Macdonald, Prime Minister Ramsay, 361Mackenzie, Holt, 107Madras Mail, 195Madras Presidency, 73, 97, 113, 115Mahabharata, 201, 240Mahadevan, T. K., 312Mahalwari Settlement, 107Maharaja of Bikaner, 378

Mahdi uprisings in Sudan (1885–86 and 1889), 140Mahila Samaj, 203Mahima Dharmis of Orissa, 147Malabar, 22–24Malabar and Moplahs: A Leaflet Issued by the Madras

Publicity Bureau, 288Malabar coast, 22–24

Dutch trade in, 23Portuguese trade in, 23significance of, 23

Malabarkuttam, 22Malaviya, Madan Mohan, 250, 253, 306, 311, 363Malhotra, Anshu, 101Manav Dharma Sabha, 100Mandal Commission, 452Mani, Lata, 93Maniktala Conspiracy Case trial, 244mansabdari system, 4–5,

crisis of, 8Manusmriti, 336Map of Hindoostan, 57Mappilas, 22Marathas, 5–6, 14, 111, 202Marathas, eighteenth century, 14–18

administrative centralisation, 16–17architecture, 17Baji Rao’s successful tactics, 15–16military conquest, 16–17Maratha Confederacy, 16Mughal–Maratha relationship, 6, 17Peshwas, 15territorial expansion, 17

Maratha Swarajya (self-rule), 14Marathi language, 14

history writing in, 184–185Markovits, Claude, 316Marshman, Joshua, 81‘martial races’ 57, 141Martin, Claude, 35martyr bridegroom, See Singh, BhagatMarxist historiography, 206Mashruwala, Kishorlal, 297May Day celebration, 319Mayo, Viceroy, 154McAlpin, Michelle, 169

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479Index

Mehta, Pherozshah, 238, 255Mehta, Uday Singh, 87, 269, 328Mehtab, Sheikh, 264Menon, V. P., 426Meos of Rajasthan, 428–429middle-class

Indian ideas of rights and belonging, 206In Calcutta, 186as effeminate, 199–200

Mill, James, 87, 107, 199–200Mill, John Stuart, 86–87Miller, Webb, 331Minimum Landholding Act, 1927, 320Minorities Pact, 361Minto, Lord, 226, 378Minute on Territorial Redistribution of India, 223Mira, 295mirasidars, 73Mirat al-arus, 191Misra, Gauri Shankar, 305Mitra, Dinabandhu, 211Mohammedan Educational Conference (Congress till

1890), 156Mohammedan Literary Society, 249Montagu, Edwin, 274Montagu–Chelmsford reforms of 1919, 151, 275,

313–314, 316, 323, 352–353Moonje, B. S., 311Moore, R. J., 313Moplahs (Mapillas) revolt, 1880s and 1890s, 212Morley, Lord, 252Morley–Minto Reforms of 1909, 151, 157, 247, 275,

313, 348governmental organization of British India under,

252–254Morris, Morris D., 162Morton, Samuel, 145Mountbatten Plan, 425–426Mrityunjay Darogar Ikrarnama, 66Mughal administrative system, 4Mughal empire, end of, 4–13, 31

Extension in 18th century, 4Agrarian crisis, 8And Bengal, 20Alam’s study, 10

amildars, role of, 11causes and consequences, 7–13centralization and regional power, 11–12considerable political turmoil, 11–12economic dislocation, due to, 11–12Habib’s theory of, 8–10jagirdari crisis, 8–10and rise of English East India Company, 12structural weaknesses of the Mughal state, 8vs Marathas, 5–6vs Sikhs, 5–6warrior aristocracies, politics of, 8

Mughal faujdar (commandant), 24Muhammad, Fat’h, 24Muhammadan Anglo–Oriental College, 105, 156Muhammedan Educational Conference, 192Mukherjee, Aditya, 316, 338Mukherjee, Harishchandra, 195Mukherjee, Mridula, 318Mukherjee, Satishchandra, 229Mukherjee, Sir Ashutosh, 287Mukherji, Abani, 319Mullick, Raja Subodh, 228Mundas, 213Munro, Thomas, 72–74Munshi, K. M., 365Muslim aristocrats, 156Muslim criminal law, 66Muslim elites, 248–250Muslim League, 313, 326, 330, 366, 387

and Second World War, 387vs Indian National Congress, 369–373

Muslim Mass Contact campaign, 372Muslim minority, 154–159Muslim peasantry, 235Muslim politics, 247–252, 347

Separate electorates, 327Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act,

1986, 454

Nagaraj, D. R., 363Naicker, E. V. Ramaswamy, 336, 353Naidu, Sarojini, 297, 335Namasudras of Bengal, 153Nambutiri (Namboodiri) Brahmans, 22

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Index480

Nanak, Guru, 5Nanautawi, Muhammad Qasim, 156Nanda, Gurzarilal, 375Nandy, Ashis, 82, 271Naoroji, Dadabhai, 106, 207–208, 265Napoleonic wars, 69, 84, 86Narain, Jai Prakash, 367Narayan, Jaiprakash, 374, 401, 460Nariman, K. S., 365National Federation of Trade Unions (NFTU), 373–

374nationalism, 179,221,nationalism, Indian, 179–180, 203

And Age of Consent, 201Bande Mataram movement, 233, 238, 244beginnings, 180–183boycott and Swadeshi movement, 226–236configuration of the nation as mother, 232elite mobilization, in the nineteenth century 193–

194historiography of, 179–180impact of colonialism, 214–215middle-class and, 181‘moderate’ phase of, 206–209moderates vs extremists in swadeshi movement,

237–238first partition of Bengal, 221–226social reforms and condition of women, See Womensubaltern, 209–212in terms of language, nation, and history, 183–188

natuvali, 22Nawab of Arcot, 29Nawab of Bengal, 70Nawabs of Bengal, 18–21Nayars, 22Nayars of Kottayam, 25Nehru, Jawaharlal, 305, 310,320, 323, 326, 329–330,

365–366, 374, 377, 379, 387, 437, 458On caste, 450On Civil Disobedience, 365As Congress President in 1936, 366On Cripps Mission, 392On Gandhi’s death, 444On Linguistic organization of states, 457

Nehru, Motilal, 284–285, 308, 311, 313, 328

Nehru Report, 326–327, 378Nejd, Abdul Wahab of, 104niskama karma, 96Nivedita, Sister, 231–232Nizam, 6nizamat function, 48Nizam of Hyderabad, 21, 25, 67–68No-changers, 308non-brahman and ‘untouchable’ movements, 350–356,

379Non-Brahman Association, 352

Non-Cooperation movement, 287–288, 305–306, 348, see also, Gandhi

Northbrooke, Lord, 250Northcote, Sir Strafford, 222North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), 425nyandan mandals, 400

O’Dwyer, Michael, 281, 309‘officializing’ procedures, 142Okakura, Kakuzo, 231Oldham, W. B., 225Omvedt, Gail, 350On Liberty, 87opium

cultivation, 163export to China, 84

Oriental or Asiatic despotism, 53, 67Orientalism, 82, 142–143Orientalism, 141Orientalists, 91Oriya (Odia) language, 186, 222–223Oudh Kisan Sabha, 306

Paharias, 110Pal, Bipin Chandra, 232–233, 237, 243, 245Pandey, Gyanendra, 395, 429Pandey, Mangal, 119–120Pandurang, Atmaram, 100Pant, Govind Ballabh, 310, 323Pantulu, Veeresalingam, 97Parakunnel, Thomas, 321Paramhansa, Ramakrishna, 102Paramhansa Mandali, 100Paramhansa Sabha, 98

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481Index

Parekh, Narahari, 297Parthasarathi, Prasannan, 29, 33Parties and Politics at the Mughal Court, 1707–1740, 7Pasha, Mustafa Kamal, 307Patankar, Bharat, 350Patel, Vallabhbhai, 308, 311–312, 328, 330, 370, 374,

406, 445Patel, Vithalbhai, 309pathshala system, 91patils, 14Patullo, Henri, 61Payne, Robert, 263Permanent Settlement of Bengal, 58–61, 89, 106–108,

125Ideological base of, 61–62Peasants under, 64And ryotwari system, 106–108

Persian language, 84, 100, 155, 185, 187, 249.Persian Secretariat, 71–72Persianized Hindus, 89Peshwas, 15, 1, 69–70Phadke, Wasudeb Balwant, 239–240Phoenix Settlement, 268Phule, Jotirao, 103, 148–150, 352, 357Pindaris, 111plague epidemic, 1897, 241A Plea for Vegetarianism, 264Polier, Antoine, 35poligars (paliagars), 72political alliances, 313political parties and organizations, 1912–1946, 273–

274polygamy, struggle against, 98Poona Municipal Council, 253Poona Pact of 1932, 339, 361, 364Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, 196Pouchepadass, Jacques, 277Poverty and Un-British Rule in India, 207The Poverty Problem in India, 207prajamandals, 379, 402Prajamitramandali, 352Prarathana Sabha, 192Prarthana Samaj, 191Prarthana Samaj (Prayer Society), 100Prasad, Rajendra, 308, 370, 374, 377, 445

Pratt, Tim, 279pre-Congress and pre-Muslim League organizations,

246–247Press, Indian, 195,

See also, Vernacular Pressprincely states and British India, federation of, 377–380Pro-changers, 308proclamations, Queen Victoria’s, see Victoria, Queen.Prometheus Unbound, 87Protestant evangelism, 83Protestant Islam, 156Public Safety Act, 321Punjabi language, 186, 457Punyah ceremony, 52Puranas, 94purna swaraj, 326–327, 329, 379Pyarelal, 362

Qanungo, Hemchandra, 244Quit India movement, 387, 393–402, 410

acts of sabotage, 399Congress resolution, 396–397peasant insurgency, 398second phase, 398–399six-point and 12-point programmes, 396terrorist activities by revolutionaries, 398third phase, 399–400women participation, 400

‘Quit Kashmir’ struggle, 426Quli, Murshid, 45

Radcliffe, Sir Cyril, 426radicalization of Indian politics in 1916–17, 273Rahnumai Mazdnedayasan Sabha, 106Rai, Lajpat, 233, 237–238, 311, 318railway construction, 112, 118Railwaymen’s Union, 231Raja, Kerala Vamma Palassi, 22Rajagopalachari, C., 308, 334, 365, 410Rajah, M. C., 361Rajah-Moonje Pact, 361raja of Travancore, 26Rajasthan, eighteenth century, 13Rajbhog, P. N., 361Rajguru, 338

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Index482

rakhi(rakhsha)-bandhan, 227Rakhmabai case, 204Ram, Chhotu, 367Ram, Jagjivan, 364Ramabai, Pandita, 203Ramakrishna Mission, 102Ramchandra, Baba, 305Ramjanmabhoomi-Babri Masjid controversy, 453–454Ranade, M. G., 100, 207Rand, Walter Charles, 241Rang De Basanti, 325Rao, Balaji Baji, 15–16Rao, Narasimha, 461Rao I, Madhav, 70Rao II, Peshwa Baji, 103, 117Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh, 308Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), 423, 444Rasul, Abdul, 245Rathor rajas of Jodhpur, 13Ray, Prafulla Chandra, 207, 232Ray, Rajat, 64, 315Ray, Ratnalekha, 64Raychaudhuri, Tapan, 10Read, Captain Alexander, 69Reading, Lord, 307, 327Red Flag Trade Union Federation, 374Regulating Act of 1773, 53, 56Regulation Code of 1827, 56Regulation of the Bengal Government, 61Regulations for the Decennial Settlement of Bengal,

Bihar and Orissa (Midnapore), 59Regulations of the Bombay Presidency, 56Religious Reform Association in 1851, 106Religious reforms, 100–103

Within Islam, 103–106Within Parsi community, 106Within Sikh Community, 102In nationalist historiography/as first war of

Independence, 125–126In rural India, 103

Rennell, James, 57Rent Act X of 1859, 211Report of the Famine Commission, 169Report of the Sedition Committee, 244Representative Government, 87

Responsive Cooperators, 311Revolt of 1857, 109, 114–126, 254, 347, 406

As mutiny, 116Causes 116–119, 138Chronology, 119–120,Defeat of , 135–136Involvement of civilians in, 122–124

revolutionary terrorism, 323Ricardo, David, 72, 107Richards, J. F., 8, 33right of adopted heirs, 138Risley, Herbert Hope, 145–147, 149, 224–225Round Table Conference, 337–338, 359, 361–363Rowlatt, S. A. T., 279Rowlatt Act, 280–281Rowlatt satyagraha, 281–282Roy, B. C., 310, 365Roy, Manabendra Nath (Narendranath Bhattacharya),

319, 373Roy, Rammohan, 65, 89–90, 94, 96, 99–100, 104, 183Roy, Tirthankar, 161–162, 167Royal Commission, 321Royal Titles Act by the British Parliament, 139Roychaudhuri, Prabhatkusum, 231Rudolph, Susanne, 264, 267Ryotwari (Raiyatwari) Settlement, 25, 69, 74, 106–108Ryotwari (Raiyatwari) System, 73, 210, 212

Sadar Diwani Adalat, 56–57, 72Sadar Nizamat Adalat, 56, 66, 72‘safety-valve’ theory, 205Sahib, Nana, 121Said, Edward, 141sakam karma, 96Sakpal, Ramji, 356Salt, Henry, 264Salt Law, 330–331samantas, 22samitis, See Swadeshi Movement, sangathan, 313Sanskrit College, 90Sanskrit language and literature, 89

‘anglicization’ of Sanskrit studies, 90As classical tradition, 185,187, 151English translation of Sanskrit texts, 55–56, 89,

100

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483Index

Genetic relationship with European languages, 82, 146

In Maharashtra, 184Law texts in, 94Orientalist study of, 82, 91And Tamil, 353

Sanskrit literature, 82Santals, 110Santal hool, 115, 137Sapru, Tej Bahadur, 337Saraswati, Dayanand, 97Saraswati, Swami Dayananda, 100–101Saraswati, Swami Sahajananda, 333Sarkar, Prati, 400Sarkar, Sir Jadunath, 7Sarkar, Sumit, 231, 287, 319, 394Sarkar, Tanika, 95Sasmal, Birendra Nath, 305, 310sati,88

abolition of, 93–94, 100sati daha, practice of, 94

Satnamis of Chhattisgarh, 147Satyamurty, 365Satyarth Prakash, 101Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth-Seeking Society), 103,

149, 352, 357Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar, 308Schenkel, Emilie, 403Scindia, Daulat Rao, 67, 69–70Scindia, Mahadji, 70Seal, Anil, 194, 313Second Anglo–Maratha War, 70Second Anglo–Mysore War (1784), 26, 68Second Anglo–Sikh War (1848–49), 117Second Partition of Bengal, 429Second World War and India’s reaction, 387–391Secretary of State, 136–137Sehgal, P. K., 405Self-Respect Movement, 152, 353Seligman, Edwin, 356Sen, Keshab Chandra, 100sepoys (sipahis), 29, 116, 121, 123–124Serampore Mission, 81Seth, Jagat, 19–20, 209Seth, Sanjay, 206

Settlement of Ludhiana in 1853, 144Seven Years’ War in Europe, 23Shafiq, Mohammad, 319Shah, emperor Bahadur, 5, 124, 135Shah, Munnalal G., 297Shah, Nawab Wajid Ali, 3Shah, Nawab Wazid Ali, 117Shah, Wajid Ali, 121Shah Bano case, 449, 454Shah II, Bahadur, 406Shahu, 14Shaik, Farzana, 428Shakershet, Jagannath, 98Shambhuji, 14Shanans, 151Shinde family, 15Shiromoni Akali Dal, 425Shiromoni Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC),

307, 311Shivaji festival, 240Shivaji’s Maharashtra, 6, 14Shore, John, 62, 64, 67shuddhi, 313Shuja, Prince Shah, 20Shuja-ud-daula, 48Shuja-ud-din, 45Shukla, Ravi Shankar, 369Sikh community, 101–102Sikh Gurdwara and Shrines Act in 1925, 311Sikhs, 5–6Simon, Sir John Allsebrook, 314Simon Commission, 314, 323, 326, 328, 358–359Simon Commission Report of 1930, 340Singaravelu, 319Singh, Bhagat, 324–325, 338Singh, Guru Gobind, 324Singh, Kumar Suresh, 213Singh, Maharaja Duleep, 101Singh, Manmohan, 461Singh, Raja Rampal, 207Singh, Ranjit, 104, 306Singh, Sawai Jai, 31Singh, V. P., 452Singha, Radhika, 95Singh Sabha, 239

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Index484

Singh Sabha movement, 157Sinha, H., 322Sinha, J. C., 322Sinha, Mrinalini, 199, 202, 206Siraj-ud-Daula, 21, 30

Attack on Calcutta, 45–46Sita, 295Sitaramayya, 376Skaria, Ajay, 268Smith, Adam, 86Smuts, J. C., 272Some Economic Aspects of British Rule in India, 207Southborough Committee, 357Speeches and Writings, 229Spratt, 320Sri Guru Singh Sabha, 102Sriramalu, Potti, 457Statutory Law, 97Stein, Burton, 239Stephen, Fitzjames, 226Stokes, Eric, 87Strachey, John, 209Strachey, Lytonn, 226Striyancha Sabha (Women’s Society), 193Subaltern

Insurgency, 210–212nationalism, 209–210

Subaltern Studies, 168, 210, 215, 282subjection to planters, 166Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 11, 13, 32–34, 165Subsidiary Alliance, 117Sufis, 104, 248Sukhdev, 338Sultan, Tipu, 26, 29, 67–69Survey of India project, 144, 154Swadeshbandhav Samiti, 230–231, 234Swadeshi Bhandar, 229Swadeshi movement, 226–236, 243, 297

Atmashakti (self-reliance), 229–230, 237Extremists, 237–238Samitis, 231, 244

Swadeshi Samaj, 234Swaraj Party, 310, 312–313, 353

Tagore, Abanindranath, 231

Tagore, Jyotirindranath, 231Tagore, Rabindranath, 89, 227, 230, 235, 282,

Ghare Baire, 235Gora, 235On educational boycott, 287

Tagore family, 229Tahzib al-Akhlaq, 105Talasseri, 25taluqdars, 71, 107Tambe, S. B., 311Tamil-Dravidian, 353–354Tamil language, 151, 456

as goddess, 181revival 353–354

tankha jagirs, 4tarakuttam, 22taravatus, 22Tarlo, Emma, 298Tata, R. D., 316Tata Industrial Steel Company (TISCO), 310Tata Iron and Steel Company, 315tea plantations, 164Telang, K. T., 100Telengana, 7Telugu language, 151, 186–187, 233, 455Temple Entry Bill, 364‘temple-entry’ movement, 312Tendulkar, D. G., 330Textile Labour Association, 279Thakkar, Amritlal V., 363Thakurdas, Purushottamdas, 316, 365theory of India’s salvation, 271Theosophical Society of London, 265thikadars, 213Third Anglo–Mysore War in 1792, 68Thorner, Daniel, 163Tilak, Balwant Gangadhar, 185, 202, 237–238, 245

Ganapati Festival(sarvajanik), 158, 240Tilak Swaraj Fund, 316Tomlinson, B. R., 313Tope, Tantia, 121Trade Disputes Act, 375Trade Disputes Bill, 321Trade Union Act in 1926, 319traditional society, 167

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Transvaal Ordinance of 1906, 267Trautmann, Thomas, 82Treaty of Allahabad, 48Treaty of Deogaon, 71Treaty of Salbei in 1781, 70Treaty of Serves, 285Tribes, resistance to colonial state, 212–214Tripathi, Dwijendra, 315‘Tripuri crisis’ of 1938–39, 403Trivedi, Ramendrasundar, 227Tyabji, Abbas, 331Tyabji, Badaruddin, 157, 249

Uniform Code of Civil Procedure (Uniform Civil Code), 446–447, 449Unionist Party in Punjab, 367Universal Empire, 32Untouchability Abolition Week, 363Upadahyay, Brahmobandhav, 244Upanishads, 100Urdu language, 104–105, 155, 188, 192

Vaikom Satyagraha (1924–25), 311, 360Vaishyas, 262Valangkar, Gopal Baba, 151Varma, Martand, 22Varma, Raja Ravi, 231Varma, Vrindavan Lal, 122varna model, 146, 149, 153, 262varnashramadharma, 312, 353, 358vatan jagirs, 4–5Vedanta philosophy, 102Vedas,

Orientalist study of, 81Arya Samaj use of, 100–101

Vedic Aryan settlements, 97Verelst, Harry, 50Vernacular languages

education in, 91, 155, 230Fort William College and, 183Gandhi’s use of, 282historical writing in, 184–185literary revival of, 183, 186–187, 192, 194sanskritical, 249teaching by missionaries, 82

Vernacular Press 198–199, 222, 227Act of 1878, 195, 198Chronology of newspapers in English and regional

languages (1780–1969), 193–198Vernon, James, 279Viceroy of the Queen, 136

chronology (1858–1947), 137–138Victoria, Queen, 135

rights granted to Indian rulers, 138–139classification of castes and caste identity, 147–154Indian economy under, 160–168Muslim aristocrats and backward Muslims, 154–

159nature of ‘colonial knowledge’ and imperial

governance, 141–147proclamations and promises, 136–141

Vidyasagar, Iswar Chandra, 96–97, 183–184Vidyasagar, Pandit Iswar Chandra, 90Visva-Bharati (school), 228Viswananda, Swami, 311Viswanath, Balaji, 15Vivadarnavasetu, 56Vivekananda, Swami, 102, 201Voltaire, 82

Wadiyar Rajas of Mysore, 378–379“Wahabi” conspiracies, 104Ward, William, 222War of Austrian Succession, 44Washbrook, David, 340Watson, Admiral, 46Wedderburn, William, 205Wellesley, Arthur, 67, 70Wellesley, Richard, 66, 81

administration (1798/99– 1803/4), 71–72Whitehall, 136White Paper of 1939, 387–388Whitley Commission on Labour, 321widow remarriage, 97–98Widow Remarriage Association in 1891, 98Wilberforce, William, 86Wilkins, Charles, 89Wilson, H. H., 82, 90Wilson, John, 148Wilson, Woodrow, 273

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womenAge of Consent bill and, 201–204Indian nationalism and social reform on, 188–189education, 190–192and Gandhi, 294–298participation in public sphere and press, 203–204male anxiety on women education, 192, 204nationalist discourse with regard, 202participation in Quit India movement, 400

Wood’s Educational Despatch, 92Workers and Peasants Party in Bengal (1925–26), 320

Workers and Peasants Party in Bombay (1927), 320working classes as a political community, 321

Yagnik, Indulal, 375Yugantar revolutionaries, 320

Zamindar (landholder), 6Struggle with Mughal power, 9–10, 12Alliance with rebellious peasantry, 12

Zamindar, Vazira, 429zones of anomaly, 110

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