I Tavi. adamianiს buneba, individi da sazogadoeba...moqmedebis mTavari motivacia. kerZod,...
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1 I Tavi. adamianiს buneba, individi da sazogadoeba Zalzed xSirad, cneba “adamianis buneba”, friad ganzogadebuli da ubralod moduri saxiT gamoiyeneba, romlisTvisac mTavaria gaarkvios, Tu “ras warmoadgens adamiani sinamdvileSi”. praqtikulad rom vTqvaT, “adamianis bunebis” Sesaxeb msjeloba moiTxovs gamovyoT mTeli rigi maxasiaTeblebi da daSvebebi, romelTa pirobebSic adamianebs da sazogadoebebs uxdebaT arseboba. imis miuxedavad, rom adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb urTierTgansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi arsebobs, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am koncefcias mainc gaaCnia naTeli da mwyobri Sinaarsi. adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb koncefcia, rogorc wesi mimarTavs xolme adamianis arsebiTi da ucvleli maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvris praqtikas. igi yuradRebas adamianis ‘bunebiT” Tandayolil sakiTxebze amaxvilebs da ganasxvavebs mas adamianis imgvari bunebisgan, romelic mas ganaTlebiT an sxva sazogadoebrivi gamocdilebis Sedegad aqvs SeZenili. mocemuli Sexeduleba, ra Tqma unda ar gulisxmobs imas, rom mecnierebi, romelTac miaCniaT, rom adamianis qcevas sazogadoeba ayalibebs da igi ucvleli mocemulobis saxiT ar warmoiSoba, mTlianad uaryofen adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb koncefcias. mocemuli mtkicebuleba emyareba daSvebas, rom adamianis Tandayolili maxasiaTeblebi gare faqtorebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad yalibdeba. Tumca, Riad, politikur moazrovneTa mxolod mcireodenma nawilma uaryo idea adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, frangi eqsistencialisti filosofosi Jan-pol sartri (1905-80) amtkicebda, rom ar arsebobs windawin gansazRvruli “adamianis buneba”, romlis mixedviTac avxsnidiT adamianis qcevas, Tu moqmedebas. sartris azriT, jer arseboba (Existence) gvaqvs saxeze da Semdeg ki arsi (essence), rac imas niSnavs, rom adamiani TavisuflebiT, mxolod sakuTari moqmedebis da saqcielis gansazRvris Sedegad tkbeba. sartris azriT, aseT
Transcript of I Tavi. adamianiს buneba, individi da sazogadoeba...moqmedebis mTavari motivacia. kerZod,...
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I Tavi. adamianiს buneba, individi da sazogadoeba
Zalzed xSirad, cneba “adamianis buneba”, friad ganzogadebuli da
ubralod moduri saxiT gamoiyeneba, romlisTvisac mTavaria
gaarkvios, Tu “ras warmoadgens adamiani sinamdvileSi”.
praqtikulad rom vTqvaT, “adamianis bunebis” Sesaxeb msjeloba
moiTxovs gamovyoT MmTeli rigi maxasiaTeblebi da daSvebebi,
romelTa pirobebSic adamianebs da sazogadoebebs uxdebaT
arseboba. imis miuxedavad, rom adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb
urTierTgansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi arsebobs, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom am koncefcias mainc gaaCnia naTeli da mwyobri Sinaarsi.
adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb koncefcia, rogorc wesi mimarTavs xolme
adamianis arsebiTi da ucvleli maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvris
praqtikas. igi yuradRebas adamianis ‘bunebiT” Tandayolil
sakiTxebze amaxvilebs da ganasxvavebs mas adamianis imgvari
bunebisgan, romelic mas ganaTlebiT an sxva sazogadoebrivi
gamocdilebis Sedegad aqvs SeZenili. mocemuli Sexeduleba, ra
Tqma unda ar gulisxmobs imas, rom mecnierebi, romelTac miaCniaT,
rom adamianis qcevas sazogadoeba ayalibebs da igi ucvleli
mocemulobis saxiT ar warmoiSoba, mTlianad uaryofen adamianis
bunebis Sesaxeb koncefcias. mocemuli mtkicebuleba emyareba
daSvebas, rom adamianis Tandayolili maxasiaTeblebi gare
faqtorebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad yalibdeba. Tumca, Riad,
politikur moazrovneTa mxolod mcireodenma nawilma uaryo idea
adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, frangi eqsistencialisti
filosofosi Jan-pol sartri (1905-80) amtkicebda, rom ar arsebobs
windawin gansazRvruli “adamianis buneba”, romlis mixedviTac
avxsnidiT adamianis qcevas, Tu moqmedebas. sartris azriT, jer
arseboba (Existence) gvaqvs saxeze da Semdeg ki arsi (essence), rac imas
niSnavs, rom adamiani TavisuflebiT, mxolod sakuTari moqmedebis
da saqcielis gansazRvris Sedegad tkbeba. sartris azriT, aseT
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viTarebaSi, adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb raime mtkicebuleba mocemuli
Tavisuflebis Seuracxyofa iqneboda mxolod.
unda iTqvas, rom adamianis bunebis koncefciis gamoyeneba,
sulac ar niSnavs adamianis cxovrebis raime karikaturad
warmosaxvas. politikur moazrovneTa udidesi nawili naTlad
acnobierebs im faqts, rom adamiani rTuli da mravalsaxovani
arsebaa, romelic sakuTar arsSi biologiur, fsiqikur,
fsiqologiur, inteleqtualur, socialur da SesaZloa sulier
elementebsac ki aerTianebdes. adamianis bunebis koncefcia
namdvilad ar uaryofs adamianis sirTules da ar eswrafis raime
wesrigis vinmeze Tavs moxvevas, romelic adamianis “bunebiT”, an
“arsiT” iqneboda nakarnaxevi. mizanSewonili iqneboda gvefiqra
imaze, rom Tu davuSvebT adamianis arsis arsebobis SesaZleblobas,
umjobesia misi adamianis konkretul qcevaSi moZieba. amdenad,
adamianis bunebis gaazreba unda moxdes raime qceviTi modelebis
mixedviT, romelnic Cveulebrivi da erTmniSvnelovnad
adamianiseulni arian. Tumca, xSir SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba ase ar
iyos. zogierTi Teoretikosi amtkicebs, rom adamiani xSirad ise
iqceva, rom cdilobs sakuTari “WeSmariti” arsi gadafaros.
magaliTad, imis miuxedavad, rom uxvad gvaqvs mtkicebulebebi
adamianis xarb da TavkerZa qcevis Sesaxeb, socialistebs jer kidev
mtkiced swamT, rom adamiani TanamSromlobiTi da sazogadoebrivi
bunebisaa. socialistebi amtkiceben, rom adamianis qcevas
sazogadoeba ayalibebs da igi bunebrivad ar warmoiSoba. amave
dros, ar unda daviviwyoT isic, rom adamianis buneba arc erT
SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba iyos deskripciuli, an mecnieruli
koncefcia. imis miuxedavad, rom adamianis bunebis Teoretikosebi
SesaZloa raime empiriul da mecnieruli tipis dasabuTebulobaze
acxadebdnen pretenzias, arc erT eqsperiments Tu qirurgiuli
saxis gamokvlevas ar ZaluZs adamianis “arsis” naTelyofa. amdenad,
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adamianis bunebis yvela modeli normatiuli saxisaa: isini
filosofiuri da zneobrivi daSvebebis Sedegad warmoiqmnebian da
realur praqtikaSi maTi gadamowmeba principulad SeuZlebelia.
adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb diskusiebi jer kidev araa
dasrulebuli. maTgan zogierTi SesaZloa politikur TeoriaSic
gamoviyenoT. ganxiluli debatebidan, yvelaze mniSvnelovania
sakiTxi, romelsac xSirad moixsenieben, rogorc debats “Bbuneba-
aRzrdis winaaRdeg”. sakiTxi ase dgas: adamiani raime Tandayolili
biologiuri faqtorebis produqtia, Tu ganaTlebis da
sazogadoebrivi gamocdilebis nayofi? mocemul sakiTxs namdvilad
didi mniSvneloba aqvs idividis da sazogadoebis
urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebis ganxilvisas. mniSvnelovania agreTve
gavarkvioT Tu ramdenad gonivrulad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT
adamianis qceva, rodesac sakiTxi personalur avtonomias da
individualur Tavisuflebas exeba. arian ki adamianebi
racionaluri qmnilebani, romelTa moqmedebasac goneba,
argumentacia da angariSianobs warmarTavs, Tu isini ubralod
araracionaluri vnebebis da moqmedebebis tyveebi arian mxolod?
dasasrul, gvainteresebs gavarkvioT, Tu ra aris adamianis
moqmedebis mTavari motivacia. kerZod, gvainteresebs gavarkvioT,
rom adamianebi TavkerZa da egoisturi qmnilebani, Tu upiroboT
TanamSromlobiTi, altruistuli da sazogadoebrivi arsebani
arian? aRniSnuli sakiTxebis gaazreba did samsaxurs gviwevs
gavigoT ekonomikuri da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis organizebis
arsi, romelic simdidrisa da kidev sxva resursebis gadanawilebas
Seexeba.
buneba aRzrdis winaaRmdeg
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvelaze mwvave da fundamenturi dava
mimdinareobs sakiTxze, Tu ra faqtorebi ayalibeben adamiაnis
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bunebas. sakiTxi Semdegnairad warmogvidgeba: aris ki adamianis
buneba “bunebrivad” Camoyalibebuli mudmiva, Tu igi ufro
sazogadoebrivi gamocdilebis gavleniT anu “aRzrdiT”
ganisazRvreba? am SemTxvevaSi, “buneba” biologiur/genetikur
faqtorebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da miiCnevs, rom arsebobs
garkveuli myari da ucvleli adamianuri safuZveli. mocemuli
rwmenis politikuri mniSvneloba friad TvalSisacemia. aRniSnuli
mosazreba moiTxovs, rom politikuri da socialuri Teoriebi,
uwinaresad, adamianis bunebis windawin gansazRvrulobis
koncefciis safuZvelze Seiqmnas. martivad rom vTqvaT, adamiani ki
ar gamoxatavs sazogadoebas, aramed sazogadoebaa adamianis bunebis
anarekli. meore, “bunebiTi” Teoriis mixedviT, politikuri gagebis
sazrisi sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi, kerZod ki biologiaSi
unda veZioT. amdenad, politikuri argumentebi biologiur Teoriebs
unda emyarebodes, raTa argumentacias “mecnieruli” xasiaTi
mieniWos. Tu ki zemoTmoyvanil mosazrebebs gaviTvaliswinebT, maSin
naTlad avxsniT, Tu ratom gaxda popularuli politikis
bilogiuri Teoriebi 20-e saukuneSi.
unda vaRiaroT, rom socialur da politikur Teoriebze
gansakuTrebiT didi gavlena Carlz darvinis (1809-82) bunebrivi
gadarCevis Teoriam moaxdina, romelic darvinma ganaviTara
naSromSi: “saxeobaTa warmoSobis Taobaze” (1859). darvinis mizani,
dedamiwaze arsebuli uTvalavi cocxali saxeobis arsebobis axsna
iyo. misi SexedulebiT, yvela saxeoba SemTxveviTi genetikuri
mutaciis Sedegad ganviTarda, romelTaganac zogierTi gadarCa da
ganviTarda, xolo zogierTi uiRblo ki – ganadgurda. mas Semdeg,
rac darvinma dainaxa, rom misi Teoriebi radikalur politikur
qveteqstebs Seicavda, Sewyvita kvleva-Zieba. socialuri darvinizmi
pirvelad herbert spenserma (1820-1903) ganaviTara naSromSi -
“adamiani saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg”(1884). spenserma Seqmna termini
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“Semgueblebis gadarCena” (Survival of Fittest). mocemuli terminiT,
spenseri aRwerda adamianTa dausrulebel urTierTbrZolis
process, romlis mixedviTac bunebiT Semgueblebi gadarCnen da
sazogadoebas saTaveSi moeqcnen, xolo bunebiT naklebad
dajildoebulni damarcxdnen da fskerze daeSvnen. amgvari
Sexedulebis mixedviT, warmateba da warumatebloba, simdidre da
siRaribe biologiuradaa ganpirobebuli da bunebiTi gadarCevis
procesis gamoxatulebaa, romelic sustebs ar wyalobs. mocemulma
Sexedulebam didi zegavlena moaxdina klasikur liberalizmze,
romelic biologiur safuZvlebs iZleoda imisas, rom liberalizmi
saxelmwifos individis socialur d ekonomikur cxovrebSi Carevas
SewinaaRmdegeboda. socialuri darvinizmi faSistebma sxvadasxva
rasebis da erebis dausrulebel brZolis dasasabuTeblad
gamoiyenes.
me-20 saukunis politikuri Teoriebi biologiuri ideebis
mzard gavlenas ganicdidnen. magaliTad, eTnologebma konrad
lorencma da niko timbergenma, cxovelTa qcevis detaluri
Seswavlis safuZvelze ganaviTares Teoria adamianis qcevis Sesaxeb.
naSromSi, “agresiis Taobaze”, lorencma ganaviTara Sexeduleba,
sadac agresia yvela cocxali saxeobis da maT Soris adamianis
moqmedebis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad gamoacxada. aRniSnulma
Sexedulebam, pupularoba moipova mTeli rigi moazrovneebis
naSromebSi (magaliTad robert ardrei). amiT, isini cdilobdnen
aexsnaT omis da socialuri Zaladobis fenomeni, daukavSires ra
adamianis amgvari qceva instiqtebsa da teritorias. me-20 saukunis
70-ian wlebSi warmoSobili sociobiologia da mis safuZvelze
ganviTarebuli evoluciuri fsiqologia (romelic Tavis mxriv e.w.
“bioteqnikuri revolucias” da adamianis dnm-s aRmoCenas
emyareboda) gansakuTrebiT moduri gaxda socialuri qcevis
asaxsnelad. saamisod, farTo gavrceleba hpova biologiurma
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programirebam, rac Tavis mxriv, zemoT aRniSnul evoluciuri
memkvidreobiTobis safuZvelze xorcieldeboda. sociobiologiur
naSromebs Soris, gansakuTrebuli gavleniT riCard daukinsis
(Richard Dawkins) naSromi “TavkerZa geni” (Selfish Gene)(1989) gamoirCeoda.
daukinsi, adamians “genetikur manqanad” ganixilavda da amtkicebda,
rom rogorc egoizmis, ise alturizmis warmoSobis safuZveli
biologiaa.
umTavres SemTxvevebSi, mocemuli biologiuri Teoriebi nel-
nela universalizmsac gadaeWdo. isini amtkicebdnen, rom
kacobriobas saerTo, universaluri xasiaTi gaaCnia, romelic
genetikuri memkvidreobiT warmoiSoba. YTumca, sxva Teoriebi
asabuTebdnen adamianebis biologiur gansxvavebulobas,
romlisTvisac politikuri mniSvneloba unda migveniWebina.
mocemuli Teoriebi rasialistur Teoriebs gulismobs, romelic
yvela rasas sxvadasxva konteqstSi ganixilavs. rasialistebis
Sexedulebis mixedviT, dedamiwis zurgze arsebuli yvela rasa
genetikurad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, romelic maT unikalur
fsiqikur, fsiqologiur da inteleqtualur mekvidreobaSi aisaxeba.
rasializmis ukidures formas nacisturi arielobis doqtrina
warmoadgenda, romelTa rwmeniTac, germanuli modgmis xalxebi
“umaRles rasas” warmoadgendnen. radikaluri feminizmis erT-erTi
skolac (romelsac xandaxan separatistul feminizmsac ucodeben)
asabuTebs adamianTa Soris biologiur da ucvlel gansxvavebebs,
romelic amjerad genderuli gansxvavebulobis safuZvelze
warmoiSoba. mocemul Teorias “esencializmi” ewodeba, radganac
misi mixedviT qalsa da mamakacs Soris gansxvavebuloba maT
bunebiT arsSia (essence) fesvgadgmuli. amdenad, aRniSnuli skolis
mixedviT, sqesobrivi uTanasworoba socialurad ki araa
ganpirobebuli, aramed igi mamakacebis biologiur xasiaTSi Zevs,
romelic maT qalebze gabatonebis, eqsploataciis da Cagvrisken
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mouwodebs. magaliTad, siuzan braunmileri (Susan Brownmiller)
naSromSi “Cveni nebis sawinaaRmdegod” (Against Our Will)(1975),
asabuTebda, rom “yvela mamakaci” biologiurad daprogramebulia,
raTa gabatondes “yvela qalze”. mamakacebi amas gaupatiurebis, an
kidev gaupatiurebis SiSis gamoyenebiT axorcieleben. amgvari
radikalebi, mocemuli debulebis gasamyareblad, cdilobdnen
evoluciuri fsiqologiis miRwevebi gamoiyenebinaT.
zemoT aRniSnuli Teoriebis sapirispirod, adamianis bunebis
sxva Teoriebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas “aRzrdas”(Nurture)
aniWeben, miiCneven ra, rom adamianis xasiaTis Camoyalibebaze did
gavlenas sazogadoebrivi garemo da gamocdileba axdens. mocemulma
Teoriebma, didi rolis iTamaSes biologiuri da ucvleli
adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb Teoriebis daRmasvlaSi, miuTiTebdnen ra
adamianis bunebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobebze, rasac xSirad adamianis
bunebis “plastiurobas” uwodeben. es Teoriebi imdenadaa
mniSvnelovani, ramdenadac maT politikuri gagebebi biologiidan
sociologiisken Seabrunes. politikuri qceva bevrs arafers
gveubneba adamianis ucvlel arsze, Tu ki mas sazogadoebis
struqturis konteqstis mixedviT ganvixilavT. ufro metic, Tuki
kacobriobas misi biologiuri mijaWvulobebidan gavaTavisuflebT,
maSin xSirad amgvar Teoriebs optimisturi (Tu aSkarad utopiuri
ara) qveteqstebic mravlad eqneba. Tuki adamianis bunebas
“mocemulobad” warmovsaxavT, maSin progresis da socialuri
winsvlis aSkara SezRudva gvemuqreba; magram Tu adamianis buneba
“plastiuria”, adamianis winsvlis SesaZleblobebi umal izrdeba da
SesaZloa ukideganoc ki gaxdes. iseTi ukeTurebebi, rogorebicaa:
siRaribe, sazogadoebrivi konfliqti, politikuri Seviwroveba da
genderuli uTanasworoba, SesaZlebelia nabij-nabij gadailaxos
kidec, Tu gavacnobierebT, rom am yvelafers socialuri da ara
biologiuri safuZvlebi aqvs.
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idea, rom adamianiს buneba “plastiuria” da yalibdeba gare
Zalebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad, mravali socialisturi Teoriis
centraluri kategoriaa. magaliTad, britanelma socialistma
robert ouenma (Robert Owen) naSromSi “sazogadoebis axleburi
xedva” (A New View of Society)(1816), ganaviTara Semdegi martivi principi:
“nebismieri saerTo maxasiaTebeli, saukeTeso iqneba igi Tu yvelaze
uaresi, ganaTlebuli Tu gaunaTlebeli, SesaZlebelia yvela
sazogadoebas gamoumuSavdes”. mocemuli idea karl marqsma
ganaviTara sakuTar naSromebSi, romlis umTavresi mizani iyo
aRmoeCina kanonzomiereba, Tu ratom da rogor ganapirobebs
adamianis qcevas sazogadoebrivi garemo. marqsi acxadebda Semdegs:
“adamianis cnobierebas ara TviTon adamiani, aramed misi
sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba gansazRvravs.” marqssa da Sesabamisad
marqsistebs sjeraT, rom sazogadoebrivi, politikuri da
inteleqtualuri cxovreba unda ganvsazRvroT “materialuri
cxovrebis warmoebis meTodebis”, anu arsebuli ekonomikuri
sistemis mixedviT. Tumca marqss ar sjeroda imisa, rom adamiani
materialuri garemos mxolod pasiuri amsaxvelia. igi ufro im
azrisken ixreboda, romlis mixedviTac adamiani mwarmoebeli
arsebaa, homo faber, romelic mudmivadaa CarTuli sakuTari
sacxorisi garemos Seqmnasa da gardaqmnaSi. amdenad, marqsis
Sexedulebis mixedviT, adamianis bunebas kacobriobisa da
materialuri samyaros urTierTobis dinamika, anu “dialeqtika”
ayalibebs. feministebis umravlesobac im azrzea, rom adamianis
bunebas umTavresad sazogadoebrivi faqtorebis zegavlena
ayalibebs. magaliTad, simona de bovuarma (Simone de Beauvoir) saetapo
mniSvnelobis naSromSi, “meore sqesi” (Second Sex) Semdegi ram
ganacxada: “qalebad ki ar ibadebian, aramed qalebad gadaiqcevian
xolme”. uaryves ra qalsa da mamakacs Soris “esencialisturi”
gansxvavebulobis cneba, feministebisTvis misaRebi aRmoCnda
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adamianis androginuli/usqeso buneba. maTi mtkicebulebebiT, imis
gamo, rom sqesizmi socialuri gavlenis da gansakuTrebiT ojaxuri
tradiciebiT gadaicemoda, SesaZloa misi Sesusteba da Semdeg
sabolood gaqrobac ki.
adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb koncefcia, romelic adamians
sazogadiebrivad Camoyalibebul arsebad miiCnevs, misaRebi gaxda
iseTi bihevioristi fsiqologebisTvisac, rogorebic iyvnen: ivan
vasilis Ze pavlovi, jon uotsoni da beres frederik skineri. maTi
mixedviT, adamianis buneba axsnadia, imdenad, ramdenadac TiToeuli
adamiani misi sacxovrisi garemo pirobebis anabeWdis matarebelia.
magaliTad, pavlovma cxovelebis magaliTze aCvena, Tu ramdenad
axerxeben isini sakuTri qcevis “gamosworebas” garemo pirobebis
mkacrad zemoqmedebis Sedegad. mocemuli ideebi, sabWoTa kavSirSi
arsebuli fsiqologiuri skolis safuZveli iyo, sadac, sastiki
biheviorizmi gamoiyeneboda marqsis socialuri Teoriebis
WeSmaritebis dasamtkiceblad. amerikeli fsiqologi skineri
mTlianad Sinagan procesebis analizze gadaerTo da adamianis
organizmi “Sav yuTad” gamoacxada. skinerma, naSromSi
“Tavisuflebis da Rirsebi miRma” (Beyond Freedom and Dignity), adamianis
ukiduresad deterministuli suraTi warmosaxa, romelSic saerTod
aRar Canda adamianis Tavisufali neba da am adamians, pavlovis
ZaRlze meti Rirsebis da pativiscemis grZnoba ar gaaCnda. aseTi
ideebi farTo gamoyenebas pulobda im wreebSi, romlebic
socialuri inJineriiT iyvnen dakavebulni. isini asabuTebdnen, rom
SesaZlebelia adamiani, ubralod “Seqmna”, Sesabamisi
sazogadoebrivi pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi .
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inteleqti instiqtis winaaRmdeg
debatebis meore nawili adamianis moRvaweobis racionalur
aspeqtebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. Tumca, mocemuli sakiTxi
racionaluris da iracionaluris arCevanze ar daiyvaneba. misi
ZiriTadi amocanaa gamoarkvios, Tu ramdenad warmarTavs adamianis
moRvaweobas moazrovne goneba (reasoning mind). aRniSnuli debatebi
cdiloben dainaxon gansxvaveba adamianis fiqris, analizis da
racionalur gamoTvlis unarsa da mis impulsur, instiqtur da
araracionalur unarebs Soris. araracionaluris mniSvnelobis
gacnobiereba, sulac ar gulisxmobs adamianis gonierebaze
mTlianad uaris Tqmas. danamdvilebiT unda iTqvas, rom mravalma
amgvarma Teoriam sakmaod didi winsvla ganicada, ramac bevr
cnobil racionalistur da TviT mecnierul terminologiis
SemuSavebasac ki daudo saTave.
adamianis gonebis Zalisadmi rwmenam, gansakuTrebul
ganviTarebas, 17-18 saukuneebis mijnaze, ganmanaTleblobis, e.w.
gonebis epoqaSi miaRwia Tavis umaRles ganviTarebas.
ganmanaTleblobis droindelma filosofosebma da politikurma
moazrovnebma ukuagdes religiuri dogmatika da rwmena da mis
magivrad ideebis ganviTareba racionalizmis safuZvelze daiwyes.
es iyo rwmena, romlis mixedviTac fizikuri da socialuri
samyaros axsna SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod gonebis gavarjiSebis
Sedegad. mocemuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, adamiani arsiT
racionaluri qmnilebaa, romelsac inteleqti, argumentaciis,
analizis da kamaTis procesi warmarTavda. racionalisturi idea
gansakuTrebuli simkveTriT frangi filosofosis rene dekartis
(1596-1650) mier Camoyalibebul dualizmSi gamoixata fraziT: “Cogito
ergo sum” (“vazrovneb, maSasadame varsebob”). amgvari fraziT,
dekartma adamiani moazrovne manqanad warmoaCina da gonebas
sxeulisgan gancalkevebuli adgili miuCina. racionalizmis
11
mixedviT, adamians ZaluZs sakuTari cxovrebis da samyaros
damoukideblad gardaqmna. Tuki adamiani sakuTari gonebis ZaliT
moqmedebs, maSasadame mas gaaCnia Tavisufali neba da
TviTgansazRvris unari. racionalizmis mixedviT, adamiani TviTonve
irCevs sakuTari moqmedebis strategias. amrigad, racionalisturi
Teoriebi gansakuTrebulad usvamen xazs individualuri
Tavisuflebis da avtonomiis mniSvnelobas. damatebiT SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom racionalizmi xSirad radikaluri da revoluciuri
doqtrinebis Camoyalibebasac uwyobda xels. Tu ufro farTod
ganvixilavT Sexedulebas, rom adamians sakuTari samyaros Secnobis
unari aqvs, maSin gamodis, rom mas misi gaumjobeseba da
reformirebac xelewifeba.
adreuli racionalisturi ideebi Zvelma berZenma
filosofosebma Camoayalibes. magaliTad, platoni amtkicebda, rom
saukeTeso mmarTvelobis forma ganaTlebuli despotizmia romlis
mmarTvelic inteleqtualuri elita, filosofosi mefe iqneboda.
racionalisturi ideebi sakmaod mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobdnen,
agreTve, me-19 saukuneSi aRmocenebul liberalur da socialistur
doqtrinebSi. liberali moazrovneebi, magaliTad jon stiuart
mili sakuTar Teoriebs adamianis racionalur gagebaze amyarebda.
es magaliTi gvexmareba gavigoT, Tu ratom swamda mils ase Zalumad
individualuri Tavisuflebisa. mas sjeroda, rom mxolod
gonierebiT aRWurvili individebi SeZlebdnen bednierebis
mopovebasa da TviTrealizacias. igive mizeziT emxroboda mili
qalebisTvis saarCevno uflebis miniWebasac, radganac miaCnda, rom
mamakacTa msgavsad, qalebic racionaluri qmnilebani iyvnen da
mamakacTa msgavsad, politikur garemoze zemoqmedebis meqanizmebis
flobis ufleba maTac gaaCndaT. Tavis mxriv, socialistebmac
racionalzmis safuZvelze SeimuSaves sakuTari Teoriebi. es
yvelaze aSkarad marqsis da engelsis naSromebSi gamosWvivis,
12
romelTac, rogorc TviTon uwodebdnen, “mecnieruli socializmi”
ganaviTares. zneobrivi mtkicebulebebis da eTikuri analizis
magivrad, (romelsac eyrdnoboda umetesad e.w. “utopiuri
socializmi”), marqsi da engelsi Seecadnen mecnieruli analizis
safuZvelze gaecnobierebinaT istoriis da sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis dinamika. maT kapitalizmis dacema iwinaswarmetyveles
ara imis gamo, rom sjerodaT kapitalizmis “ukeTurebisa”, romelic
Tavidan moSorebas imsaxurebda, aramed es ubralod istoriuli
ganviTarebis logika iyo.
gviandeli me-19 saukunidan moyolebuli, adamianis moazrovne
manqanad gagebas mravali kritikosi gamouCnda. ganmanaTleblobis
ocneba mowesrigebul, racionalur da Semwynareblur samyaroze
savalalod gaamruda konfliqtebis warmoqmnam da socialuri
gaCanagebis procesebma, rasac Tan daerTo iseTi mZlavri da
aSkarad araracionaluri Zalebis aRmoceneba, rogorebic
nacionalizmi da rasizmi iyo. amgvarma procesebma, moazrovneTa
erT nawils ubiZga politikaze ufro iseTi faqtorebis zegavlenis
Seswavlaze gadaetanaT yradReba, rogorebic emocia, instiqti da
sxva msgavsi fsiqologiuri sakiTxebi iyo. xSir SemTxvevebSi, aseTi
ideebis ganviTareba konservatizmis zogierTi ukve Camoyalibebuli
tradiciis safuZvelze mimdinareobda. konservatorebi xom
racionalizmis manias yovelTvis ugulvebelyofdnen. magaliTad,
edmund berki xazs usvamda adamianis inteleqtualur
arasrulyofilebas, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac adamiani
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sirTuleebs mTeli sisavsiT eCexeboda.
mokled rom vTqvaT, konservatizmis mixedviT, samyaro usasrulo,
friad CaxlarTuli da damabnevelia adamianisTvis, raTa man
mTlianad SeZlos misgan Tavis daRweva. amgvar Sexedulebas Rrmad
konservatuli qveteqstebi gaaCnia. Tuki adamianisTvis liberalebis
da socialistebis racionalisturi Teoriuli ocnebebi
13
aradamajereblad gamoiyurebian, maSin konservatorebis mixedviT,
adamiani imdenad brZenia, rom igi sakuTar rwmenas nacnob
samyaroSi, tradicias da adaT-CvevebSi daiZiebs. revoluciebi da
TviT reformebic ki ucnobi samyaroa; Cveni samoqmedo rukebi xom
ubralod arasaimedoni arian.
unda iTqvas, rom araracionaluris Zala pirvelad swored
konservatorma Teoretikosebma dainaxes. magaliTad, Tomas hobss
sjeroda adamianis gonebisa, magram igi gonebas mxolod raime
sakiTxis dasasrulamde miyvanis saSualebad ganixilavda. hobsis
Sexedulebis mixedviT, adamians umetesad iseTi araracionaluri
vnebebi warmarTavdnen, rogorebicaa: zizRi, SiSi, imedebi da
survilebi, romelTaganac yvelaze mZlavri vneba sxvebze
Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis survilia. adamianis bunebaze swored
amgvarma ukiduresad pesimisturma Sexedulebam miiyvana hobsi
daskvnamde, rom sazogadoebis qaosisa da uwesrigobisgan dacva,
mxolod erTpirovnul mmarTvelobas xelewifeba. berksac miaCnda,
rom xSirad ganusjeli grZnobebi da eWvebi (Prejudice) ufro did
rols TamaSobdnen socialuri samyaros struqturirebaSi, vidre
racionaluri msjelobebi. imis gamo, rom “SiSveli goneba” (rogorc
berki uwodebs) moZraobis metad sust mimarTulebaze migvaniSnebs,
eWvebi da bunebrivi instiqtebi ufro axerxeben adamianis
uSiSroebis grZnobiT da socialuri identobiT uzrunvelyofas.
zogierTi Tanamedrove biologi, warmogenili rwmenis mecnierul
axsnasac Seecada. kerZod, konrad lorenci aRniSnavda, rom agresia
biologiurad adaptirebuli qcevaa, romelic evoluciis procesis
Sedegad yalibdeba da Sesabamisad adamianiseuli agresia da
sisastike “bunebiT” Tandayolili movlenaa. esaa mtkicebuleba,
romelic aSkarad uimedod Secqeris Sinagani Zalmomreobebis
gadalaxvis, sazogadoebis uwesrigobebisgan gankurnebis da omis
SeCerebis perspeqtivebs.
14
zogierTi gavleniani Teoria, romelic yuradRebas ara-
racionaluri elementebis zegavlenis sakiTxze amaxvilebda,
froidis fsiqologiur skolasTan asocirdeboda, romelic Tavis
mxriv me-20 saukunis adreul wlebSi warmoiSva. zigmund froidma
(1856-1939) erTmaneTisgan ganasxvava cnobieri da aracnobieri goneba.
froidis mixedviT, cnobieri goneba racionaluri kalkulaciis da
gansjis safuZvelze, xolo aracnobieri _ CaxSobili mexsierebis da
mTeli rigi mZlavri fsiqologiuri orientirebis safuZvelze
yalibdeba. kerZod, froidi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas adamianis
sqesobriv cxovrebas aniWebda. misTvis, seqsobrioba ori
komponentisgan Sedgeba: pirvelia idi (id), romelic aracnobierSi
arsebuli yvelaze primitiuli instiqtia, xolo meorea fsiqikuri
energia libido (libido), romelic idisgan momdinareobs da Tavis
mxriv sqesobrivi moTxovnilebebis da survilebis sakiTxebs
ukavSirdeba. maSin, rodesac froidi, mocemuli ideis mixedviT
mTel rig Terapiuli saxis teqnikis nairsaxeobebs aviTarebda (rac
umetes SemTxvevaSi fsiqoanalizis saxiTaa cnobili), mravalma
moazrovnem froidiseuli ideebi politikur sakiTxebs daukavSira.
froidis erT-erTma gviandelma mowafem, vilhelm raixma (1897-1957)
gamoiyena froidiseuli fsiqoanalizi da Seecada igi faSizmis
fenomenis asaxsnelad gamoeyenebina. raixi mivida im daskvnamde, rom
faSizmis aRmoceneba CaxSobilma sqesobriobam ganapiroba. axali
memarcxeneobis cnobilma warmomadgenelma, herbert markuzem da
feministma germain grirma (Germaine Greer), swored froidistuli
fsiqologia gamoiyenes sqesobrivi gaTavisuflebis politikis
sakiTxebis dasamusaveblad.
15
konkurencia TanamSromlobis winaaRmdeg
SeuTanxmeblobis mesame sakiTxia gavarkvioT, adamiani arsiT
TavkerZa da egoisturi arsebaa, Tu sazogadoebrivi (sociable) da
TanamSromlobiTi? mocemuli Teoriuli dava, adamianis bunebis
Sesaxeb, fundamenturi politikuri mniSvnelobisaa da konkretul
praqtikaSi igi sruliad gansxvavebul sazogadoebriv da ekonomikur
organizaciis modelebs ayalibebs. Tu ki davuSvebT, rom adamianis
moRvaweoba, bunebrivad, misi kerZo interesebiTaa ganpirobebuli,
maSin gamodis, rom konkurenciis arseboba sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawilia da garkveuli TvalsazrisiT,
jansaRi movlenac kia. adamianis bunebis amdagvari Teoria
dakavSirebulia iseT individualistur ideebTan, rogorebic
bunebiTi uflebebi da kerZo sakuTrebis sakiTxebia. am ideas
sabazro/kapitalisturi ekonomikuri wesrigis gasamarTleblad
iyeneben xolme, radganac, miaCniaT, rom aseT viTarebaSi, individebs
kerZo interesebis ganxorcielebis ukeTesi saSualebebi aqvT.
pirvelad Zvelma berZnebma da kerZod sofistebma Camoayalibes
Teoriebi, romelic adamianis egoistur da TavkerZa bunebaze
mianiSnebda. Tumca, sistemurad sakiTxi yvelaze naTlad adreuli
modernis xanaSi damuSaves. politikur moZRvrebaTa istoriaSi,
bunebiTi uflebebis Teoriam yvelaze metad miaqcia yuradReba
adamianis egoistur bunebas. bunebiTi uflebebis Teoriis mixedviT,
yvela individi RvTiT boZebuli xelSeuvali uflebebis
matarebelia. Sesabamisad, bunebiTi uflebis matarebeli yvela
adamiani individualuradaa. me-18 saukunis bolos da me-19 saukunis
dasawyisSi aRmocenebuli utilitarizmi Seecada obieqturad da
mecnieruladac ki dasabuTebina adamianis egoizmis arsi. jeremi
benTamis mtkicebulebiT, adamiani hedonisturi da xorcieli
siameebisken midrekili qmnilebaa. benTamis SexedulebiT, siame da
bedniereba sruliad “dadebiTi”, xolo tkivili da ubedureba ki
16
sruliad uaryofiT movlenebia. amdenad, individi siamovnebis
maqsimizaciis da tkivilis minimizaciisTvis moqmedebs da saamisod
TiToeul fenomens “sargeblis” (utility) mixedviT afasebs. adamianis
bunebis mocemulma Teoriam didi gavlena moaxdina, rogorc
ekonomikur, ise politikur Teoriebze. ekonomikas adamiani
“ekonomikur arsebad” esmis, romelic materialistia da
upirvelesad “sargeblis” maqsimizacias eswrafvis. amdagvari
filosofiuri daSvebebi, rogorc wesi, sabazro kapitalizmis
efeqturobis da qmediTobis asaxsnelad gamoiyeneba xolme.
utilitarizmis safuZvelze ganviTarda, rogorc me-17 saukunis
sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Teoriebi, ise Tanamedrove
politikuri mecnierebis “racionaluri| da “sazogadoebrivi
arCevanis” skolebi.
adamianis egoisturi (self-interestedness) bunebis ideas
mecnierulad darvinizmi umagrebda zurgs, romelic emyareboda
Sexedulebas TviTgadarCenis brZolis Sesaxeb. Tumca unda iTqvas,
rom SesaZlebelia darvinistuli ideebis sxvadasxva saxiT
intepretacia. iseTi avtorebi, rogorebic arian lorenci da endriu
asabuTebdnen, rom saxeobaTa TiToeuli individualuri wevri
biologiurad aris daprogramebuli saimisod, raTa TviTonve
izrunos saxeobis gadarCenaze. mocemuli Sexedulebis mixedviT,
cxovelebi (maT Soris adamianebic) sabolood “saxeobaTa
sasikeTod” moqmedeben. deda yovelTvis mzadaa sakuTari Svilis
keTildReobisTvis Tavis gasawirad. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
aseT viTarebebSi, individebi amJRavneben TanamSromlobiT da
sazogadoebriv saxes da SesaZloa saxeobebis bed-iRbali sakuTar
me-ze win daayenon. meores mxriv, iseTi Tanamedrove avtorebi,
magaliTad rogoric riCard daukinsia (1989) fiqroben, rom
TiToeul gens (maT Soris zemoT aRweril calkeul individebs)
egoizmis anabeWdi atyvia mudam da mxolod sakuTar gadarCenaze
17
zrunavs. am SexedulebiT, individebs Soris arsebuli egoizmi da
konkurencia, arsebiTad, biologiis mier windawin daprogramebuli
qcevis saxeobebia. es, ra Tqma unda, adamianis TavkerZobiT (selfishness)
dabrmavebulobas ar gulisxmobs. imis miuxedavad, rom daukinsis
SexedulebiT individi “dabadebiTve TavkerZaa”, mas mainc miaCnia,
rom adamianis egoisturi qcevis Secvla SesaZlebelia
“keTilSobilebis da altruizmis swavlebiT”.
umTavres msoflio religiebs, adamianis sruliad
gansxvavebuli bunebisa sjeraT. monoTeistur religiebs
qristianobas, islams da iudaizms, miaCniaT, rom kacobrioba RvTis
mieraa Seqmnili. Sesabamisad, maT adamianis arsi esmiT ufro
sulier, vidre fsiqikur da mentalur realobad. mocemuli ideas
qristianoba gamoxatavs moZRvrebiT “sulis” Sesaxeb. cnebam, rom
adamianebi moraluri qmnilebani arian, romelnic RvTaebrivi
windaxedulebiT arian SekavSirebulni, didi gavlena iqonia
socialistur doqtrinebze, romelnic gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
TanagrZnobas, bunebriv simpaTiebsa da sayovelTao humanizmze
amaxvilebdnen. aRmosavluri religiebi, induizmi da budizmi
mniSvnelovan yuradRebas cxovrebis yvela formis erTianobaze
amaxvilebdnen. maT didi wvlili Seitanes sayovelTao humanizmis
ideas da ara-Zaladobrivi (non-violance) filosofiis ganviTarebaSi.
ucnauria, magram faqtia, rom religiuri doqtrinebi xSirad
eTikuri socializmis doqtrinebis ganviTarebas uwyobdnen xels.
Tumca Secdoma iqneboda gvefiqra, rom religiur Teoriebs
socialisturi qveteqstebi gaaCniaT. magaliTad, protestantuli
eTika, romelic individualur gadarCenas, kerZo iniciativas da
Sromismoyvareobas moiTxovs (rasac xSirad “protestantul eTikas”
uwodeben), ufro TviTdaxmarebis da Tavisufali bazris ideas
ukavSirdeba, vidre socialistur TanagrZnobas. amave dros,
qristianobis mier SemuSavebulma pirvelyofiTi codvis doqtrinam
18
xeli Seuwyo iseTi socialuri da politikuri moZRvrebebis
ganviTarebas, romelnic adamianis bunebaze pesimistur
Sexedulebebs emxrobodnen. amgvari Sexedulebebi mravlad
SegviZlia moviZioT netari avgustinesa da martin luTeris
swavlebebSi.
religiebis msgavsad, sekularuli Teoriebic Seecadnen
yuradReba miepyroT adamianis bunebis “sazogadoebriv arsze”. aseTi
Teoriebi tradiciulad yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen sazogadoebrivi
yofierebis (social being) sakiTxebze. isini xazs usvamdnen faqts, rom
individs, rogorc sazogadoebis (community) wevrs, uxdeba
koleqtiurad Sroma da cxovreba. Eamdenad, maTi mixedviT, egoizmi
da konkurencia aranairad araa bunebiTi mdgomareoba. isini
kapitalisturi sazogadoebis mieraa danergili, romelic kerZo
iniciativas uwyobs xels. Sesabamisad, adamianis arsi
sazogadoebrivi, TanaziarobiTi da TanamSromlobiTia. mocemuli
principebi Tanabrad exmianeba, rogorc komunisturi koleqtiuri
sakuTrebis miznebs, ise SedarebiT zomieri socialisturi
keTildReobis saxelmwifos ideas. im mcire samecniero
TeoriaTagan, romelic adamianis bunebaze (romelic adamianis
sazogadoebriv da TanamSromlobiT bunebis ideas iziarebda)
Seqmnila, erT-erTi piotr kropotkinma ganaviTara. kropotkini
iziarebda darviniseul evoluciis Teorias, magram mas
“SemguebelTa gadarCenis” sakiTxebSi ewinaaRmdegeboda. naSromSi
“urTierdaxmareba” (1897), kropotkinma evoluciis imgvari Teoria
ganaviTara, romelmac safuZvlianad daayena kiTxvis qveS darvinis
Teoria. konkurenciis da brZolis Sedegad gadarCenis ideis
nacvlad, kropotkinma wamoayena Teoria, romlis mixedviTac
adamianis saxeobis arsi (rac mas ganasxvavebs sxva ufro dabali
ganviTarebis saxeobisgan) isaa, rom adamians Zlier ganviTarebuli
aqvs TanamSromlobis, anu “urTierTdaxmarebis” unar-Cvevebi.
19
amdenad, TanamSromloba ara imdenad eTikur-religiuri idealia,
ramdenadac friad praqtikuli saWiroeba, romelic evoluciurma
procesma adamianis bunebis arsis nawilad aqcia. am ideiT,
kropotkinma mxari dauWira, rogorc komunisturi sazogadoebis
Seqmnas, sadac simdidris koleqtiuri flobis ufleba yvelas
eqneboda, aramed anarqizmsac, romlis drosac adamianebi
TanamSromlobis da mSvidobis safuZvelze TviTonve moaxerxebdnen
sakuTar saqmeTa gamgeblobas.
II. Tavi. Zalaufleba, xelisufleba, legitimuroba
Zalaufleba
politikur TeoriaSi Zalauflebis mravali koncefcia
arsebobs. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs Zalaufleba, “Zalad”(force)
da “energiad” esmiT. socialuri mecnierebebis mixedviT, Zalufleba
sasurveli Sedegis miRwevis unaria da xSirad ukavSirdeba cnebas
Zalaufleba raRacisTvis (power to). am SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa,
Zalaufleba gavigoT miRweuli moqmedebebis erTobliobad,
magaliTad rogoricaa oTaxSi bolTis cema, an kidev presis SeZena.
umTavres SemTxvevebSi, Zalaufleba SegviZlia aRviqvad imgvar
moqmedebad, rodesac erT pirovnebas meoris gakontroleba
xelewifeba, anu esaa Zalaufleba raRacaze (power over). xSirad,
mecnierebi cdiloben erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavon iseTi kontrolis
formebi, rogorebicaa “Zalaufleba” da “gavlena” (influence). am
SemTxvevaSi, Zalaufleba gvesmis, rogorc formaluri
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis unari, romelic sxvadasxva subieqtebis
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis safuZvelze miiReba. aRniSnul
viTarebaSi, ar aqvs mniSvneloba es samTavrobo gadawyvetileba
20
iqneba, mSoblebis Svilebisadmi, Tu skolaSi maswavleblebis
mowafeebisadmi damokidebuleba. amisgan gansxvavebiT, gavlena
gadawyvetilebebis Sinaarsze efeqtis moxdenis unaria sxvadasxva
gare Zalebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad, rac imaze mianiSnebs, rom
formaluri da urTierTSemakavSirebeli xasiaTis gadawyvetilebebi
cariel vakuumSi ar miiReba. amdenad, gavlenis moxdena SesaZloa
gulisxmobdes organizebul lobizmsa da racionalur
darwmunebulobas, Ria daSinebis gamoyenebis saSualebiTac ki.
mocemuli procesi, wamoWris sakiTxs, aris Tu ara Zalauflebis
ganxorcieleba windawin ganzraxuli aqti. aris ki SesaZlebeli,
rom reklamirebiT, materialisturi faseulobebis gavrcelebiT
gavlena movaxdinoT Zalauflebaze, maSin rodesac reklamis
damkveTni pirvel rigSi mxolod sakuTari produqciis gasaRebaze
zrunaven? am TvalsazrisiT, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian
Zaluflebis “intencionalisturi” (intentionalist) da
“struqturalisturi” gagebebi. pirvelis mixedviT, Zalaufleba
yovelTvis daiyvaneba konkretuli moqmedebis pirebamde, rogorebic
arian interes-jgufebi, politikuri partiebi, msxvili korporaciebi
da a.S., maSin rodesac, meore gagebis mixedviT Zalaufleba mTliani
socialuri struqturis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebaa.
erT-erTi Sexeduleba, romelic mocemuli winaaRmdegobebis
gadaWras eswrafvis, aRiarebs faqts, rom Zalaufleba “arsebiTad
winaaRmdegobrivi” koncefciaa, romlis erT romelime zust
Teorias, an koncefciaze dayvana aramarTebuli iqneboda. amgvari
yaidis Sexeduleba ganaviTara stiven liuksma (Steven Lukes)
naSromSi, “Zalaufleba: radikaluri Tvalsazrisi” (Power: Radical
View.) liuksma Zalauflebis 3 saxe/ganzomileba gamoyo. avtoris
mixedviT, realur praqtikaSi Tu gvsurs, rom Zalaufleba
sisxlxorceulad davinaxoT, igi ramdenime gamovlinebis
erTobliobad unda warmovsaxoT: Tu A aiZulebs B-s moimoqmedos
21
is, rac A –s surs da razec jer B –s ar miuRia gadawyvetileba,
niSavs imas, rom Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis procesi saxezea.
sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, Zalaufleba esaa unari meore mxares
iZulebiT raime gakeTebino, rasac igi sxva SemTxvevaSi ar
gaakeTebda. liuksis Sexedulebis Rirebuleba isaa, rom yuradReba
miaqcia sakiTxs, Tu rogor xorcieldeba Zalaufleba realur
cxovrebaSi. am TvalsazrisiT, SegviaZlia vTqvaT, rom Zalauflebas
sami saxe gaaCnia. pirveli, esaa gadayvetilebis miRebaze gavlenis
moxdenis unari, meore- Camoayalibo politikuri dRis wesrigi da
Tavidan aicilo miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi da mesame –aRqmis da
prioritetebis manipulaciebis saSualebiT gaakontrolo
adamianebis Sexedulebebi.
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi (Decision-Making)
Zalauflebis pirveli “saxis” Sesaxeb yvelaze adreuli msjeloba
Tomas hobsma ganaviTara, romlis mixedviTac Zalaufleba es iyo
“moqmedi piris” unari gavlena moexdina “urC subieqtze” (patient).
mocemuli cneba fizikuri/meqanikuri ideis analogiaa, romlis
mixedviTac Zalaufleba mavanis nebaze “zewolis” ganxorcielebaa.
Zalauflebis es cneba mTavari sakiTxia konvenciuri politikuri
mecnierebisTvis, romelic yvelaze ukeT robert dalma daamuSava
naSromSi, “mmarTveli elitis modelis kritika”(1958). dali Zalze
kritikulad udgeboda gavrcelebul Sexedulebas, rom aSS-Si
Zalaufleba mmarTveli elitis xelSi iyo koncentrirebuli.
mecnieris mixedviT, msgavsi Teoriebi yalibdeboda
adamianis/jgufis garkveuli reputaciis sakiTxebis mixedviT,
romelic xazs usvamda sakiTxs, Tu risa gvjera, rodesac
Zalauflebis adgilsamyofelze viwyebT msjelobas. amgvari
mtkicebulebis sapirispirod, dalma SemogvTavaze idea, romlis
22
mixedviTac umjobesi iqneboda Zalaufleba ufro sistemuri da
Semowmebadi hipoTezebis saSualebiT gagvego. man sami kriteriumi
Camoayaliba, romelic, avtori mixedviT, manam unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, sanam “mmarTveli elitis” Teziss mivaniWebdeT
validurobas. pirveli, mkafiod unda ganvsazRvroT Tu vinaa
mmarTveli elita (Tu ki igi arsebobs saerTod). meore: unda
ganvsazRvroT mmarTveli elitasTan dakavSirebuli “sakvanZo
politikuri gadawyvetilebebi”, romliTac mocemuli elita sxva
dajgufebebisgan gamoirCeva. mesame, unda movipovoT imis
mtkicebulebebi, romelic dagvidasturebda, rom mmarTveli elitis
prioritetebi mudmivad upirates mdgomareobaSi imyofeba sxva
dajgufebebis prioritetebTan SedarebiT. dals miaCnda, rom
Zalaufleba gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesze zegavlenis
moxdenis unaria. misi azriT, es iyo midgoma, romlis saSualebiTac
Zalauflebis gageba ufro obieqturi da daTvladi iqneboda.
warmodgenili Sexedulebis mixedviT, Zalaufleba esaa sakiTxi
gavarkvioT, Tu vin ayalibebs sakuTari moZraobis gezs da ramdenad
xSirad da ra sakiTxebze akeTebs amas. mocemuli midgomis mTeli
xibli imaSia, rom igi exmaureba farTod gavrcelebul rwmenas imis
Sesaxeb, rom Zalaufleba raime sakiTxis Sesrulebaa, romelic
yvelaze naTlad gadawyvetilebsa da maTi miRebis wesebSi
gamoixateba. dalis mtkicebulebiT, mocemuli midgomis kidev erTi
dadebiTi mxare imaSia, rom misi saSualebiT ZalgviZs nebismier
dajgufebaSi, mcire Temsa, Tu sazogadoebSi Zalauflebis
ganawilebis empiriuli da mecnieruli Seswavla. kvlevis meTodi
naTelia: SevarCioT ramdenime “sakvanZo” gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
sfero, gamovavlinoT misi moqmedi pirebi da moqmedi pirebis
prioritetebi, da bolos ukve movaxdinoT gadawyvetilebis analizi
da SevudaroT igi moqmedi pirebis Tavdapirvel prioritetebs.
politologebma da sociologebma, 1950-60-ian wlebSi, mocemuli
23
procedurebis didi enTuziazmiT gamoyeneba daiwyes (gansakuTrebiT
ki aSS-Si), romlis Sedegadac sokoebiviT momravlda kvlevebi
Zalauflebis Sesaxeb. amgvari kvlevebidan, yvelaze metad,
gamoirCeva TviT robert dalis naSromi, “vin marTavs”(1963),
romelic niu hevenSi (qalaqia aSS-Si mT. Sen.) Zalauflebis
ganawilebis sakiTxebs eZRvneba. aRniSnuli kvlevebi, gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas adgilobriv da patara qalaqebis TemebSi Zalauflebis
ganawilebaze amaxvilebda, romelTa empiriulad Seswala ufro
martivi iyo, vidre erovnuli mTavrobebisa. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom
patara TemebSi Zalauflebis ganawilebis SeswavliT miRebuli
pasuxebi da sqemebi erovnuli mTavrobis aRsaweradac gamoiyeneboda.
niu hevenis kvlevisas, dalma sami sakvanZo politikuri procesis
sfero (policy area) SearCia: urbanuli ganviTarebis, saxelmwifo
ganaTlebis da politikur kandidatTa wardgenis sakiTxebi.
TiToeul mocemul sferoSi, dalma daadastura didi
uTanasworobis arseboba politikurad priviligirebul da
ekonomikurad Zalmosil dajgufebebsa da ubralo moqalaqeebs
Soris. imis miuxedavad, rom praqtikuli politikis sferoSi
elituri dajgufebebi gansazRvraven konkretuli politikis
sakiTxebs, dali aRniSnavda, rom es mainc ar mianiSnebda mdgradi
mmarTveli elitis arsebobaze. mecnierma daaskvna, rom “niu heveni
iyo demokratiuli sistemis, xarvezebis da am yvelafris
erTobliobis dadastureba”. Cveulebrivia, rom patara TemebSi
arsebuli Zalauflebis Seswavlis Sedegebis mixedviT, Zalaufleba
sazogadoebaSi ganfenil fenomenad warmovidginoT. mocemuli
kvlevebis Tanaxmad, Zalauflebis saxe (gadawyvetilebebze moxdenis
unari) Zalauflebis “pluralistul” gagebasTan asocirdeba,
romlis mixedviTac sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis ramdenime centris
arseboba unda davuSvaT. amis miuxedavad, unda iTqvas, rom es
Secdomaa: pluralizmi arc Zalauflebis amdagvar gagebas da arc
24
Zalauflebis Ziebis mocemul meTodologias ar emyareba.
gaugebaria, Tu ratom unda uarvyoT Zalauflebis elitisturi
gageba, Tu ki davadgenT, rom erTi adamianTa mcire jgufi mudmivad
axorcielebs iZulebas sxva dajgufebebze da Sesabamisad maT
prioritetebis gansazRvraze miuwvdeba xeli. Tumca, mocemuli
midgomis ufro naTeli kritika migviTiTebs imaze, rom aRweril
SemTxvevaSi, yuradRebas mxolod gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze
vamaxvilebT, maSin rodesac uyuradRebod gvrCeba mTeli rigi
garemoebebi, romlebic Zalauflebis ara gadawyvetilebiT mxareze
migvaniSneben.
dRis wesrigis Sedgena (Agenda-Setting)
Zalauflebas, Tu ki mas ubralod gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesze zegavlenis moxdenad gavigebT, maSinve aRmocendeba mTeli
rigi saWir-boroto sakiTxebisa. uwinares yovlisa, aSkarad
vawydebiT sirTules, rom sandod SevamowmoT Zalauflebis
danawilebis hipoTeza. magaliTad, rogor unda gamovyoT ukve
gamokvleuli ”sakvanZo” gadawyvetilebebi kvlevis dros
ugulvebelyofili ”rutinuli” saxis gadawyvetilebebisgan; aris ki
mizanSewonili vifiqrod, rom erovnuli doneze danawilebuli
Zalaufleba saTemo doneze arsebuli Zalauflebis danawilebis
sistemis gamoxatulebaa? ufro metic, Zalauflebis amgvari gageba
mxolod qceviT procesze koncetrirdeba, anu YyuradRebas A-s mier
B-ze Zalauflebis ganxorcielebaze amaxvilebs. Zalauflebis
amdagvari gageba uyuradRebod tovebs Zalauflebis fenomenis iseT
sakiTxebTan kavSirs, rogorebicaa simdidre, politikuri pozicia,
socialuri statusi da a.S. magaliTad, SesaZloa garkveulma
jgufebma gavlena iqonion gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesze,
magram TviTon pirovnulad ar CaerTon mocemul procesSi,
radganac safrTxes arafers moelodnen miRebuli
25
gadawyvetilebebisgan. am SemTxvevaSi, kerZo biznesi, rogorc wesi,
didad SeiZleba ar iyos jandacvis, sacxovrebeli farTiT
uzrunvelyofis da ganaTlebis sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli, garda
im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac mocemuli momsaxurebebi biznesze
gadasaxadis gazrdis xarjze xorcieldeba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas
im SeTxvevazec, rodesac adamianebi maameblobiT epyrobian
xelmZRvanel pirebs, raTa Tavi daiZvrinon mkacri instruqciebisgan,
anu imisgan Tavis daRwevas cdiloben, rasac ”mosalodneli
reaqciebis kanoni” (law of anticipates reactions) ewodeba.
saetapo mniSvnelobis naSromSi ”Zalauflebis ori saxe” (1962),
peter baxraxma (P. Bachrach) da morton baracma (M. Baratz)
gadawyvetilebis-armiRebis process (non-decision-making) ”Zalauflebis
meore saxe” uwodes. imis miuxedavad, rom baxraxic da baracic
iziarebdnen Sexedulebas, rom Zalaufleba yvelaze ukeT
gadawyvetilebis procesSi Cans, asabuTebdnen, rom ”adamiani an
jgufi – cnobierad Tu aracnobierad – romelic, xels uwyobs
politikuri konfliqtis sajaro barierebis Seqmnas da gaZlierebas,
swored, rom is flobs Zalauflebas.” rogorc e. e. SatSnaideri
SeniSnavs moswrebulad, ”zogierTi sakiTxi politikis Signis
iqmneba, xolo zogierTi ki mis gareT”; martivad, rom vTqvaT,
Zalaufleba dRis wesrigis Sedgenis unaria. SesaZloa Zalauflebis
amdagvari gageba ufro rTulia, Tumca SesaZlebelia igi
gadawvetilebis-armiRebis procesis dinamikasTan davakavSiroT.
maSin, rodesac Zalauflebis gadawyvetilebis-miRebis procesis
midgoma yuradRebas procesSi aqtiurad monawile jgufebze
amaxvilebs, gadawyvetilebis-armiRebiTi procesi xazs usvams iseTi
politikuri organizaciis sakiTxs, romelic xels uSlis zogierTi
jgufis procesSi CarTvas da garkveuli Sexedulebebis gamoTqmis
saSualebas ar iZleva. SatSnaiderma, mocemuli Sexeduleba,
sabolood mokled ase daasrula: ”organizaciis sakiTxi calkeul
26
tendenciaTa mobilizaciaa”. baxraxis da baracis mixedviT,
adekvaturad rom gavigoT Zalaufleba, srulad unda
gaviTvaliswinoT ”im gabatonebuli Rirebulebebis da politikuri
miTebis, ritualebis da instituciebis arseboba, romelTac
mxolod, erTi an ramdenime jgufi akanonebs,”.
liberalur-demokratiebSi, gadawyvetilebis-armiRebis
procedurebis moqmedeba, ramdenime aspeqtiT SegviZlia davinaxoT.
magaliTad, imis miuxedavad, rom politikuri partiebi interesTa
gamoxatulebis da moTxovnilebebis artikulaciis umTavresi
saSualebani arian, Zalian xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac partiebi
SexedulebaTa garkveuli nawilis daTrgunvasac axerxeben. es
SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes maSin, rodesac ZiriTadi
warmmarTveli partiebi ugulvebelyofen sajaro politikis
garkveul sakiTxebs, da maSinac, rodesac partiebi imgvar
fundamentur sakiTxebze Tanxmdebian, romlebic maTi mecadineobis
gareSe arasdros moeqceodnen yuradRebis centrSi. iseTi
problemebi, rogorebicaa ganviTarebadi qveynebis davalianebebis,
CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs Soris gayofis da ekologiuri krizisis
sakiTxebi, iSviaTad Tu gadaiqcevian xolme ZiriTadi politikuri
partiebis prioritetebad. gadawyvetilebis-armiRebis procesi, civi
omis dros xels uwyobda gamalebuli SearaRebis process.
mocemuli drois umTavres monakveTSi, dasavleTis politikuri
partiebi SeTanxmdnen sakiTxze, rom SesaZlo sabWoTa agresias
iaraRis ZaliT gamklavebodnen da Sesabamisad amisa, iSviTad Tu
ganixilavdnen xolme calmxrivad ganiaraRebis procedurebs. igive
moqmedebis tendenciebi SegviZlia davinaxoT interese-jgufebis
politikaSi, romelnic garkveuli interesebis daTrgunvis xarjze,
interesTa garkveul nawils niadag qomagad udgebian. interes-
jgufebi umuSevarTa, usaxlkaroTa, RaribTa, moxucTa, an
axalgazrdebis dajgufebebisgan gansxvavebiT, ukeT informirebul
27
da mdidar jgufebs warmoadgenen da Sesabamisad, gacilebiT
warmatebiT axerxeben kidec zegavlena iqonion politikuri dRis
wesrigis Sedgenaze.
Zalauflebis, rogorc gadawyvetilebis-armiRebad gageba
ufro elitisturi saxisaa, vidre pluralistuli. magaliTad,
baxraxi da baraci mianiSneben, rom konvenciur politikaSi, rogorc
wesi, ”calkeul tendenciaTa mobilizacia” imaTi interesebis
mixedviT mimdinareobs, visac ”status kvos damcvelebs” uwodeben,
rac elitistur/priviligirebul jgufebs gulisxmobs. elitistebis
mixedviT, liberalur-demokratiuli politika marTlac, rom
imgvari realobaa, romelic mxolod sxvadasxva radikaluri
mimarTulebebis gafiltvras Tu eweva, raTa amiTi politikuri dRis
wesrigi SeinarCunos. Tumca, kidev erTxel unda iTqvas, rom
Secdomaa davijeroT, rom Zalauflebis windawin gansazRvreli
faqtorebis empiriulad aRmoCena xelgvewifeba. im SemTxvevaSic ki,
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ”calkeul tencenciaTa mobilizacia”
politikuri sistemis SigniT mimdinareobs, Zalian bevri SemTxveva
gvaqvs imisa, rom davinaxoT, Tu rogor xdeba xolme, saxalxo
saprotesto moZraobebis zewoliT, ”ucvleli interesebis” ukana
planze gadaweva. saamiso magaliTebs mravlad aRmovaCenT, Tu ki
gadavxedavT keTildReobis uflebebisTvis, an kidev samomxmareblo
da ekologiuri sakiTxebis gaumjobesebisTvis gamarTuli
moZraobebis istorias. Tumca problema amiT ar amoiwureba. imis
miuxedavad, rom dRis-wesrigis Sedgena da gadawyvetilebis-miRebis
procesi Zalauflebis mniSvnelovani saxeebia, ar unda daviviwyoT
isic, rom SesaZloa Zalauflebas flobdes is subieqtic, romelsac
adamianis azrovnebis manipulacia xelewifeba.
28
azrovnebis kontroli (Thought Control)
Zalauflebi winare ori midgoma – gadawyvetilebis-miRebis da
gadawyvetilebis-armiRebis procesi – ZiriTadad uSvebs imas, rom
individis da jgufis survili isaa, Tu risi gakeTebis survilic
maT aqvT. es gageba, im SemTxvevaSic gaziarebulia, Tu ki davuSvebT,
rom individs da jgufs arc sakuTari miznebis ganxorcieleba
ZaluZT da arc dRis-wesrigis Sedgena xelewifebaT. marTlac, orive
Sexeduleba eTanxmeba azrs, rom maSin SegviZlia jgufTa
Zalauflebaze vimsjeloT, Tu ki maT saamisod mkafiod
gamokveTili prioritetebi gaaCniaT. mocemuli Sexedulebis
promlematuroba imaSia, rom igi individs da jgufs racionalur
da avtonomiur moqmed pirebad ganixilavs, romelTac kargad uwyian
sakuTari interesebis Sesaxeb da naTladac axerxeben amis
gamoxatulebas. sinamdvileSi, arc erTi adamiani ar flobs
sruliad damoukidebel gonebas, radganac misi Sexedulebebi,
ideebi da prioritetebi struqturirdeba da yalibdeba socialuri
gamocdilebis, ojaxis gavlenis, misi samoRvaweo jgufis, skolis,
samsaxuris, mas-mediis, politikuri partiebis da kidev sxva am tipis
faqtorebis zegavlenis Sedegad. magaliTad, reklamirebis Zalis
Sesaxeb, klasikur naSromSi, ”faruli marwmunebelni” (The Hidden
Persuaders) (1960) vens pekardma (Vance Pachard) (1914-1996) aRwera
viTareba, rodesac adamianis qcevis manipulaciiT SesaZlebeli
xdeba misi saWiroebebis formireba.
amdenad, viwyebT msjelobas Zalauflebis mesame, yvelaze
metad mzakvruli ”saxis” Sesaxeb: esaa a-s unari gavlena moaxdinos
b-ze, ara imdenad, rom aiZulos b raime moimoqmedos, aramed stiven
liuksis sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT ”gavlena moaxdinos,
Camoayalibos/gansazRvros b-s yvelaze sanukvari moTxovnilebebi”.
axali memarcxeneobis Teoretikosma, herbert markuzem, naSromSi
”erTganzomilebiani adamiani” gaanaliza mocemuli Sexeduleba da
29
Sedegad, ganviTarebul industrializebul sazogadoebebs
”totalitaruli” uwoda. markuzes mixedviT, hitleruli da
stalinisturi klasikuri totalitarizmebisgan ganxvavebiT
(romelnic moqalaqeebis damorCilebas sisastikiTa da teroriT
axerxebdnen), ganviTarebuli industriuli sazogadoebebi,
Seuqcevadi manipulaciebis saSualebiT, moqalaqeTa
moTxovnilebebis gakontrolebas axerxeben, oRond amas ukve
Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT akeTeben. es aris viTareba,
rasac markuzem ”komfortuli, mSvidi, mizanSewonili da
demokratiuli araTavisufleba” uwoda. Tanamedrove mdgomareoba,
miuxedavad imisa, rom socialuri konfliqtebis naklebobiT
xasiaTdeba, sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom Zalaufleba mimobneulia
sazogadoebaSi. ufro metic, markuze asabuTebs, rom ”uSfoTveli
sazogadoeba”, SeiZleba maluli indoqtrinizaciis da
fsiqologiuri kontrolis dadastureba ufro iyos. es aris
Sexeduleba, rasac liuksma Zalauflebis ”radikaluri
Tvalsazrisi” uwoda.
Zalauflebis radikalur Tvalsazrisis mTavari Temaa
erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavos WeSmariteba da siyalbe, romelic
naTlad gamosWvivis subieqturi, anu ”yalbi” interesebis da
obieqturi, anu ”WeSmariti” interesebis SepirispirebaSi. martivad,
rom vTqvaT, adamiani yovelTvis ar uwyis yvelafers sakuTari
gonebis Sesaxeb. Zalauflebis mocemuli koncefcia, gansakuTrebiT
mimzidveli marqsistebis da postmodernisti TeoretikosebisTvis
aRmoCnda. marqsistebis mixedviT, kapitalizmi eqploataciis da
Cagvris sistemaa, sadac Zalaufleba ”mmarTveli klasis”,
burJuaziis xelSia Tavmoyrili. burJuaziis Zalaufleba, rogorc
ideologiuri, ise ekonomikuri da politikuri xasiaTisaa. marqsis
mixedviT, nebismier sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli ideebi,
faseulobebi da rwmenebi marTveli klasis sakuTrebaa. amdenad,
30
Cagruli klasi, proletariati SecdomaSi Seyavs gavlenian
burJuaziul ideebs da Teoriebs da amiT proletariati itanjeba
movlenisgan, rasac engelsi ”yalb cnobierebas” uwodebda. Sedegad,
proletariati ver acnobierebs sakuTar eqsploatrebul
mdgomareobas. aqedan gamodinare, proletariatis obieqturi, anu
”WeSmariti” interesebi, (romelic kapitalizmis gauqmeba iqneboda)
gansxvavdeba misi subieqturi, anu ”yalbi” interesebisgan. leninis
SexedulebiT, ”burJuaziis ideologia” iseTia, rom saTavisod
yovelTvis itovebs iaraRs, raTa proletariatma mxolod
”profkavSirul cnobierebas” miaRwios (rac mis materialuri
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisTvis brZolas niSnavs), rac Tavis mxriv
kapitalizmis sistemis SigniT mimdinare procesia.
postmodernistma moazrovneebma (romlebic miSel fukos
naSromebis zegavlenas ganicdidnen) yuradReba miapyres
Zalauflebis da azrovnebis sistemis urTierTkavSirs. mocemuli
midgoma daemyara ideas, rasac isini ”Zalauflebis diskurss”
uwodebdnen. diskursi socialuri urTierTobebis da praqtikis
imgvari sistemaa, romelsac sistemis SigniT mcxovreb da momuSave
pirebze gadaaqvs yuradReba da cdilobs maT identobis SegrZneba
gamoumuSaos. yvela is movlena, rac ki institucionalizebul
fsiaqiatriidan da sapyrobileebidan dawyebuli, akademiur
disciplinebsa da politikur ideologiebSi mimdinareobs, miSel
fukos diskursis sakiTxad miaCnia. diskursi Zalauflebis formaa,
romelic sakuTari sistemis SigniT antagonizms da adamianTa Soris
urTierTobebs ayalibebs, romelTac SeiZleba subieqtebi da
obieqtebi, anu ”insaiderebi” da ”autsiderebi” vuwodoT. Semdgom
etapze, mocemuli identobebis gaSinaganeba (internalize) xdeba, risi
meSveobiTac maT gabatonebul mdgomareoba iqvemdebarebs da
marqsisa ar iyos, ver acnobiereben mocemuli batonobis
mniSvnelobas. maSin, rodesac marqsis mixedviT, Zalaufleba
31
klasobrivi uTanasworobis SenarCunebis iaraRia, postmodernisti
Teoretikosebis mixedviT, Zalaufleba yvelganaa da yovelgvari
codna Zalauflebis gamovlenaa.
amis miuxedavad, Zalauflebis ”radikalur” Tvalsazriss
sakuTari kritikosebic yavs. kritikosebis mixedviT, SeuZlebelia
adamianis yovelgvar aRqmis sistemas da prioritets cdomileba
vuwodoT. ver vityviT, rom maTi ”yalbi” saWiroebebi ”WeSmariti”
saWiroebebi arian da ganvsjiT maT ise, rom ar SevimuSavebT
WeSmaritebis raime standartul kriteriumebs. Tu ki adamianebis
mier warmodgenil prioritetebs ar vendobiT, maSin rogor
SegviZlia maTi ”WeSmariti” interesebis dadgena? magaliTad, Tu
klasobriv antagonizms burJuaziuli ideologia STanTqavs,
SegviZlia ki saerTod marqisis mier aRwerili ”mmarTveli
klasisis” cnebis arseboba Sevamowmod? marqsizmi, tradiciulad,
zemoT naxseneb maxasiaTeblebs endoboda da maT safuZvelze qmnida
”mecnieruli socializmis” Teorias. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom
”mecnieruli socializmis” mecnieruli statusi mravalma
Tanamedrove marqsistma da post-marqsistma uaryo.
postmodernistebis erT-erTi problema imaSia, rom nebisieri codna
socialurad determinirebulad miaCniaT (romelic umetes
SemTxvevebSi Zalauflebis mieraa SebRaluli) da maTTvis,
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, WeSmariteba mxolod relatiuri cnebaa.
mocemuli Sexeduleba, ara marto mecnieruli Teoriebis statusis
WeSmaritebas ayenebs eWvqveS, aramed TviT postmodernul Teoriasac
ki eWvis TvaliT Sescqeris. liuksma, arsebuli viTarebidan
sakuTari gamosavals miagno. misi mixedviT, yuradReba unda
mivapyroT imas, ”Tu ris gakeTebas moisurvebs adamiani da saamisod,
ra viTarebaSi ganaxorcielebs sakuTar arCevans.” sxva sityvebiT,
rom vTqvaT, mxolod racionalur da avtonomiur individebs
ZaluZT gaarkvion sakuTari ”WeSmariti” interesebi. magram,
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mocemuli poziciis sirTule imaSi mdgomareobas, rom igi
ubrundeba sakiTxs, Tu rogor gavarkvioT arian Tu ara adamianebi
mzad racionaluri da avtonomiuri gadawyvetilebebisTvis?
xelisufleba
imis miuxedavad, rom politika tradiciulad Zalauflebis
aRsrulebis sakiTxebTanaa dakavSirebuli, ufro viwro
mniSvnelobiT, mas yovelTvis ainteresebda fenomeni, rasac
“xelisuflebas” vuwodebT, gansakuTrebiT ki “politikur
xelisuflebas”. farTo gagebiT, xelisufleba Zalauflebis formaa
da erTi piris mier, meore piris qcevaze zegavlenis moxdnas
niSnavs. Tumca, rogorc wesi, Zalauflebas da xelisuflebas
erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben, rogorc urTierTsapirispiro
saSualebebs Tanxmobis da morCilebis misaRwevad. Zalaufleba,
xSirad ganisazRvreba mavanis qcevaze zegavlenis moxdenis unarad,
xolo xelisufleba ki aseTi gavlenis moxdenis uflebad.
Zalauflebam Tanxmobas SesaZloa darwmunebis, zewolis, SiSis,
muqaris da Zaladobis gziT miaRwios. xelisufleba, meores mxriv,
efuZneba “marTvis uflebas” da Tanxmobas miRwevas moralur
valdebulebiTi morCilebis saSualebiT eswafvis. imis miuxedavad,
rom politikis filosofosebi xSirad davoben xelisuflebis
raobis Sesaxeb, isini mudam Tanaxmani arian aRiaron, rom
xelisuflebas moraluri mxare gaaCnia. mocemul davaSi, mTavaria
sakiTxia ara is, rom vemorCilebiT xelisuflebas, aramed is, rom
unda davemorCiloT mas. swored am ideiT iyo gamsWvaluli
inglisis stuartTa samefo dinastia, rodesac 1688 wels asabuTebda
samefo taxtze sakuTar kanonier uflebebs, imis miuxedavad, rom
mosaxleobis umravlesoba ar eTanmxeboda mefis amdagvar uflebas.
igive SeiZleba vTqvaT maswavleblis xelisuflebis Sesaxeb,
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romelic moiTxovs mowafeebisgan saSinao davalebis Sesrulebas,
imis miuxedavad mowafeebi Tanaxmani arian Tu ara amaze.
xelisuflebis sruliad sawinaaRmdego cneba ganaviTares
Tanamedrove sociologebma. mocemuli wiaRsvlebi umTavresad
germaneli sociologis maqs veberis (1864-1920) naSromebs eyrdnoba.
vebers ainteresebda, Tu ratom da ra viTarebebSia xalxi mzad
daemorCilos Zalauflebis aRsrulebas da cnos igi kanonierad,
anu legitimurad. sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, vebers xelisufleba
esmoda, rogorc adamianis rwmena kanonierebisadmi, imis miuxedavad
Tu saidan aRmocendeboda da saerTod iyo Tu ara igi moralurad
gamarTlebuli. veberis midgomis mixedviT, xelisufleba
Zalauflebis erTgvari formaa, “legitimuri Zalauflebaa”,
legitimaciT Semosili Zalauflebaa. mocemuli Sexedulebis
mixedviT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTavrobis mrCileba xelisuflebis
ganxorcielebaa, imis miuxedavad, rom aseTi morCileba SesaZloa
sistemuri indoqtrinizaciis da propagandis Sedegi iyos.
xelisuflebis da “marTvis uflebis” urTierkavSiri
naTelyofs, Tu ratomaa xelisuflebis koncefcia mTavrobis
moqmedebebis Seswavlis gulisguli: Tanxmobis ver miRwevis
SemTxvevaSi, mxolod mTavrobas xelewifeba, wesrigis
SesanrCunebisTvis iZulebis, daSinebis da Zaladobis gamoyeneba.
Tumca, xelisufleba erTdroulad rTuli da
urTierTwinaaRmdegobrivi fenomenia. magaliTad, SesaZloa
xelisufleba da Zalaufleba analitikurad ganvasxvavoT
erTmaneTisgan, magram realur praqtikaSi es ori fenomeni xSirad
emTxveva erTmaneTs da Wirs maTi erTmaneTisgan gancalkeveba. ufro
metic, imdenad, ramdenadac xelisuflebas sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo
da sxvadasxva viTarebebSi vemorCilebiT, mniSvnelovania
erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvaoT yvela is forma, romlebSic
xelisuflebas uxdeba operireba. yovelive amis miuxedavad, unda
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iTqvas, rom xelisufleba sayovelTaod Tanxmobis sagania. maSin,
rodesac mravali mosazrebis mixedviT, xelisufleba arsebiTad
wesrigis da stabilurobis garantiaa (Tumca xSirad wuxan
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi “xelisuflebis daisis” Sesaxeb),
mravali moazrovnis mixedviT, xelisufleba friad axlos dgas
avtoritarizmis sakiTxebTan da sruliad martivad SeiZleba igi
Tavisuflebis da demokratiis mtrad gadaiqces.
Zalaufleba da xelisufleba
Zalaufleba da xelisufleba urTierTgamomricxavi cnebebia, magram
praqtikaSi maTi erTmaneTisgan daSoriSoreba metad rTuli saqmea.
xelisuflebis yvelaze saukeTeso gageba iqneboda, Tu ki mas
Tanxmobis miRwevis saSualebad warmovidgendiT, romelic erTi
mxriv gaurbis darwmunebas da racionalur argumentacias, magram
meores mxriv uars ambobs zewolis da iZulebis meqanizmebis
gamoyenebaze. darwmuneba mZlavri da mavanis qcevaze zemoqmedebis
efeqturi saSualebaa, magaram igi mainc xelisuflebis pirdapir
ganxorcielebas ar niSnavs. saarCevno politikuri procesi,
umTavresad darwmunebis realizaciaa: politikuri partiebis
kampaniebi, reklamebi, Sexvedrebis da Sejibrebebis organizeba,
yvelaferi es amomrCevlis darwmunebas isaxavs miznad. darwmuneba
gavlenis ori formidan erT-erTs aucileblad gulisxmobs: is an
racionaluri argumentaciis formas mimarTavs da Seecdeba
konretuli politikuri kursis mimarTulebebs garkveuli “sazrisi”
SesZinos, an kidev amomrCevelTa kerZo interesebs mouxmobs da
Seecdeba daajeros isini, rom misi partiis gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi
amomrCeveli met sargebels miiRebs, vidre es mowinaaRmdege partiis
SemTxvevaSi iqneboda. orive viTarebaSi, amomrCevlis arCevani
didwilad iqneba ganpirobebuli aRwerili partiebis mier gaweuli
saarCevnod gaweuli damarwmunebeli samuSaos mier. martivad rom
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vTqvaT, saarCevno kampaniisas partiebi ar axrocieleben
xelisuflebas, Tumca ki amomrCeveli darwmunebas saWiroebs. imis
gamo, rom xelisuflebis arsi “damorCilebis valdebulebis” ideas
emyareba, xelisuflebis ganxorcieleba avtomatur da usityvo
morCilebas unda gamoxatavdes. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, SegviZlia
ganvacxadoT, rom politikuri partiebi xelisuflebas, mxolod maT
mimarT yvelaze loialur da morCil momxreebze axorcieleben da
isic imitom, rom TviT partiis momxreTa ganwyobilebebi iTxovs
darwmunebas.
veberiseuli mniSvnelobiT rom vTqvaT, xelisufleba unda
ganvasxvaoT Zalauflebis sxvadasxva gamovlinebebisgan. Tu ki
xelisufleba mavanze gavlenis moxdenis uflebas gulisxmobs
(Zalaufleba, ki mocemuli procesis ganxorcielebis unaria),
Zalaufleba, rogorc wesi, garkveuli resursebis gamoyenebaze
migvaniSnebs. sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, Zalaufleba, rogorc
dajildoebis, ise dasjis unaria. es aris SemTxveva gavarkvioT, Tu
rodis iRebs Zalaufleba represiis, daSinebis, iZulebis an
Zaladobis formebs. racionaluri argumentaciis/darwmunebisgan
gansxvavebiT, zewola jildos gacemis da dasjis process
gamoxatavs, magram igi Ria Zaladobisgan TavSekavebisTvis
gamoiyeneba. mocemuli viTareba naTlad gamosWvivis, magaliTad e.w.
zewolis jgufebis moqmedebebis Seswavlisas. imis miuxedavad, rom
zewolis jgufebi politikur procesebze gavlenis moxdenas
eswrafian darwmunebis da argumentaciis saSualebiT, isini sakuTar
Zalas avlenen, magaliTad politikuri partiebis da kandidatebis
dafinansebiT, sxvadasxva juris saprotesto moZraobebis
xelSewyobiT da a.S. daSineba, iZuleba da Zaladoba sruliad
upirispirdeba xelisuflebis ideas. imis gamo, rom Zalaufleba
xSirad daSinebas da Zalis gamovlenas efuZneba, iZuleba
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xelisuflebis srul antiTezad warmogvidgeba. rodesac mTavroba
xelisuflebas axorcielebs, moqalaqeni kanonebs mSvidobianad da
nebayofilobiT emorCilebian; rodesac morCilebas nebayofilobiTi
xasiaTi akldeba, maSin mTavrobas aiZuleben uari Tqvas masze.
imis miuxedavad, rom analitikurad Zalaufleba da xelisufleba
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, praqtikaSi xSiria maTi damTxveva.
iSviaTia xelisuflebis Zalauflebis gareSe ganxorcieleba, xolo
Zalaufleba ki, xandaxan, xelisuflebis gareSec SeiZleba
moqmedebdes. magaliTad, politikuri lideroba, TiTqmis yovelTvis
moiTxovs xelisuflebis da Zalauflebis Serwymas. magaliTad,
premier-ministrs, an prezidents SesaZloa ministrTa kabinetis
sruli mxardaWera qondes, misi partiuli loialobisda miuxedavad,
radganac afasebdnen mis pirovnul Tvisebebsa da unar-Cvevebs. am
SemTxvevaSi, premier-ministri, an prezidenti ufro xelisuflebas
axorcielebs, vidre Zalauflebas. Tumca, politikuri lideroba
mxolod xelisuflebas arasdros eyrdnoba. premier-ministris, an
prezidentisadmi xsenebuli mxardaWera, imis gamoxatulebaa, rom
liders gaaCnia kolegebis dajildoebis da waxalisebis unari.
Tavis mxriv, xelisuflebis mier kanonebis ganxorcielebas,
nawilobriv Zalauflebac ganapirobebs. kanonier da mSvidobian
garemoSi cxovrebisadmi morCileba uSinaarso cneba iqneboda,
xelisuflebis ganxorcielebas iZuleba, sapolicio Zalebi,
sasamarTlo da sapyrobileTa sistema da a.S. rom ar umagrebdes
zurgs.
aSkaraa, rom xelisuflebis Zalauflebis gareSe ganxorcieleba
Zalzed iSviaTia. didi britaneTis monarqi xSirad aris magaliTi
xelisuflebisa Zalauflebis gareSe. imis miuxedavad, rom mas
ufleba aqvs veto daados kanonebs, daniSnos ministrTa kabinetis
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wevrebi da xeli moaweros xelSekrulebebze, monarqi mas arasdros
iyenebs da rogorc wesi, am saqmes mmarTvelobis sxva organoebi
axorcieleben xolme. Tumca, britaneTis monarqia araa
Zalauflebisgan daclili xelisuflebis yvelaze kargi
gansaxierebaa. igi ufro imgvari institucia, romelsac raime
mniSvnelovani xelisufleba aRar gaaCnia. samefo prerogativebi, anu
monarqis marTvis ufleba, didi xania ukve rac parlamentis winaSe
angariSvaldebul ministrTa kabinets aqvs gadacemuli.
Zalauflebis da xelisuflebisgan daclili monarqia ufro
ceremoniul figurad gadaiqca, romelic odnav metia, vidre
ubralod konstituciuri xelisuflebis simbolo. xelisuflebis
Zalauflebis gareSe ganxorcielebis sxva magaliTebi, faqtobrivad
arc gvaqvs. Zalaufleba xelisuflebis gareSe niSnavs, rom
politikuri mmarTveloba mTlianad daafuZno SiSis, iZulebis da
Zaladobis sistemaze. ^TviT totalitaruli diqtaturebic ki,
(rogorebic hitleris, pol potis an sadam huseinis reJimebi iyvnen),
axorcielebdnen xelisuflebis garkveuli nawils, gansakuTrebiT im
moqalaqeebTan mimarTebaSi, romelnic mocemul reJimebisadmi
ideologiurad loialurni iyven, an kidev mocemuli reJimebis
warmmarTveli qarizmatuli liderebisadmi rwmena gaaCndaT. yvelaze
ukeTesi gamovlineba Zalauflebisa xelisuflebis gareSe, albaT
samxedro gadatrialebebia - Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic ki,
Zalauflebis warmatebuli ganxorcieleba damokidebulia TviT
samxedro Zalis SigniT ganxorcielebul saxelisuflebo
struqturaze.
xelisuflebis sazrisis bolo sirTule, mis sxvadasxva konteqstSi
gamoyenebaa. magaliTad, adamianebs SegviZlia, rogorc
“avtoriteti”, ise “xelisuflebaSi myofebi” vuwodoT. Tu vinmes
vuwodebT “xelisuflebaSi myofs”, es mis instituciur ierarqiaSi
38
dakavebul mdgomareobaze miuTiTebs. am TvalsazrisiT,
maswavlebeli, policieli, sajaro moxele, mosamarTle, an ministri,
xelisuflebas axorcielebs. “xelisuflebaSi myofebs” garkveuli
Tanamdebobebi ukaviaT, romelTa xelisuflebac maT mier dakavebul
formalur “Zalauflebas” eyrdnoba. amis sapirispirod,
xelisufleba/avtoriteti garkveuli upiratesi codnis gamovlenis
aRiareba da mavanis Sexedulebisadmi pativiscemiT ganwyoba
iqneboda. adamianebis iseTi kategoria, rogorebic mecnierebi,
eqimebi, maswavleblebi, iuristebi da akademiuri pirebi arian,
SegviZlia, mocemuli TvalsazrisiT mixedviT,
“xelisuflebis/avtoritetis” ergvar variaciad warmovsaxoT da maT
namoRvawars “avtoritetuli” saxe movaniWoT. am SemTxvevas, xSirad
“saeqsperto xelisuflebas” uwodeben.
zogierTi komentatoris mixedviT, amdagvari gansxvavebuloba
xelisuflebis ori sxvadasxva saxis arsebobaze miuTiTebs.
xelisuflebaSi yofna, damorCilebis moTxovnis uflebas niSnavs,
romelic, magaliTad, SeiZleba policiis mier sagzao wesebis
gakontrolebaSi gamoixatebodes. meores mxriv,
xelisufali/avtoriteti, rom iyo niSnavs, imas, rom pirovnebis
Sexedulebebs pativiscemiT epyrobode, magram amave dros misadmi
upirobo morCileba gamoiCino. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, cnobili
istorikosebis naSromebs, meore msoflio omis warmoSobis Sesaxeb,
akademiuri pirebisgan kolegebisadmi ufro meti gansxvavebuli
Sefasebebi moyva, vidre es maT mier studentebTan gaweul muSaobis
Sefasebis SemTxvevaSi iqneboda. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, istorikosi
gvesmis, rogorc xelisufleba, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ki
morCilebas gamovavlendiT, misi, rogorc avtoritetuli pirisadmi.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas pirisadmi, romelsac
xelisufleba/avtoriteti gaaCnia da amitomac igi sxvaze
39
aRmatebulad migvaCnia, xolo sruliad gansxvavebuli viTarebaa, Tu
piri xelisuflebaSi imyofeba, rac ubralod mis samsaxureobriv
upiratesobaze mianiSnebs, romelic samsaxuris datovebasTan erTad
qreba.
xelisuflebis saxeobebi
xelisuflebis kategorizaciis Seswavlis saqmeSi, maqs veberis
moRvaweobas, upirobod gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs. vebers surda
konkretuli “batonobis sistemebis” kategorizacia moexdina da
yuradRebas batonobis TiToeuli formis warmoSobis safuZvlebze
amaxvilebda. man batonobis “sami idealuri” tipi gamoyo, romelsac
igi mxolod konceptualur modelebad miiCnevda. Tumca mocemuli
modelebis gamoyenebiT, veberi politikuri marTvis bunebis
garkvevas imedovnebda. veberma gamoyo tradiciuli, qarizmatuli da
legalur-racionaluri batonobis sami idealuri tipi,
romelTaganac TiToeulis legitimuroba sruliad gansxvavebul
safuZvelze aRmocendeboda. politikuri xelisuflebis raobis
garkvevis Sedegad, veberi, batonobis sistemebis
urTierTSepisispirebis saSualebiT, sazogadoebis transformaciis
sakiTxebis gagebasac fiqrobda. mas surda aexsna, Tu rogor
xdeboda “tradiciuli sazogadoebebis”, Zlier biurokratiul da
industrializebul Tanamedrove sazogadoebebad gardaqmna
veberis azriT, tradiciul sazogadoebebSi, xelisufleba
saukunovani adaT-wesebis da tradiciebis pativiscemas emyareba. ase,
rom am SemTxvevaSi Zalaufleba legitimuria, imdenad, ramdenadac
igi “mudam arsebobda” da Zveli Taobebis mierac iyo gaziarebuli.
amrigad, am saxis xelisufleba istoriis mieraa sanqcirebuli da
“uxsovar adaT-wesebs” efuZneba. mocemuli saxis xelisufleba,
praqtikaSi, ierarqiuli sistemis safuZvelze moqmedebs, romlis
40
mixedviTac, adamianis adgils sazogadoebaSi, misi socialuri
statusi ganapirobebs. adamianis mocemuli “statusi”,
TanamedroveobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli samsaxureobrivi
movaleobisgan gansxvavebiT, zustad araa gansazRvruli da
xelisuflebis keTili nebis Sedegad warmosdgeba, rasac veberi
“Tavisufal mowyaleobas” (free grace) uwodebda. Tumca, aRniSnuli
saxis xelisufleba konkretuli wesebis, fiqsirebuli da upirobo
adaT-wesebis mieraa SezRuduli, romelnic Tavis mxriv ar
saWiroeben gamarTlebas, rameTu maTi arsebobis mudmivobaa
aRiarebuli. tradiciuli xelisuflebis yvelaze naTeli magaliTi
tomobrivi/mcire jgufebis gaerTianebaSi SeiZleba moviZioT,
romelic “patriarqalizmis” saxiT xorcieldeba (mamis batonoba
ojaxze, an “batonisa” mis msaxurebze). igive SeiZleba iTqvas
“gerontokratiis” Sesaxebac, romelic asakovanTa mmarTvelobas
gulisxmobs da rac tradiciulad sasoflo saxis dasaxlebebSi
“uxucesTa” mmarTvelobis saxiT gvxvdeba. amrigad, tradiciuli
xelisufleba mWidrodaa gadaWdobili Zalauflebis da
privilegiebis memkvidreobiT sistemasTan. tradiciuli
xelisuflebis mxolod mcireodeni gadmonaSTebi Tua SemorCenili
Tanamedrove industrializebul sazogadoebebSi, radganac, erTis
mxriv, igi gaaqro mZlavrma socialuri cvlilebebis talRam da
meores mxriv, memkvidreobiTi statusis ganxorcielebis idea
sruliad Seusabamoa Tanamedrove demokratiis da SesaZleblobebis
Tanasworobis principebTan. Tumca, tradiciuli xelisuflebis
nakvalevi SesaZloa aRmovaCinoT SemorCenili monarqiis
institutebis saxiTac, romelic iseT ganviTarebul
idustrializebul sazogadoebebSic ki arsebobs, rogorebicaa:
didi britaneTi, belgia, niderlandebi da espaneTi.
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batonobis meore forma, romelic veberma daamuSava, qarizmatuli
xelisuflebaa. mocemuli xelisuflebis forma mTlanad emyareba
individualuri personaliis Zalauflebas, mis “qarizmas”. TviT
sityva “qarizma” qristianobidan momdinareobs da RvTiT
“momadlebuls” niSnavs, da aris Zalaufleba, romelic qristes mier
mociqulebisadmi damokidebulebaSi gamoixateboda. qarizmatul
xelisuflebas saerTo araferia aqvs personalur statuss,
sazogadoebriv mdgomareobas, an samsaxureobriv TanamdebobasTan da
yvelaferi mis pirovnul SemZleobas da unar-Cvevebzea
damokidebuli, romliTac igi garemo samyarosTan pirdapiri
urTierTobis damyarebas axerxebs. mocemulma xelisuflebam rom
iarsebobs, mudmivar CarTuli unda iyos politikur cxovrebaSi,
radganac yovelgvari juris lideroba komunikaciis da loialobis
uzrunvelyofis unar-Cvevebs moiTxovs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi,
politikuri liderobis konstruireba, TiTqmis mTlianad
qarizmatul xelisuflebis safuZvelze xdeba, magaliTad, rogorc
es hitleris da musolinis SemTxvevaSi iyo, romelnic sakuTar Tavs
“loderebad” warmosaxavdnen da windawin gansazRvrulad
mieltvodnen sakuTar xelSi imgvari SeuzRudavi Zalauflebis
Tavmoyras, romelic sruliad gaTavisuflebuli iqneboda
konstituciurad ganpirobeuli liderobis raime cnebisgan. Tumca,
Secdoma iqneboda, rom qarizmatuli xelisufleba, ubralod
momadlebuli, an bunebiTi midrekilebebis gamovlenad CagveTvala.
xSirad, politikuri liderebi, TviTonve axdenen sakuTari qarizmis
“manufaqturizacias”, romelsac, rogorc media saSualebebiT imijis
SeqniT da oratorul unarebze yuradRebis gadataniT, ise
musolinis, stalinis, hitleris da mao Zedunis msgavsad,
“pirovnebis kultis” danergviT akeTeben, romelsac
propagandistuli manqanis gakontrolebis Sedegad aRweven.
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bunebiT, Tu manufaqturizebul qarizmatul xelisuflebas, xSirad,
eWvis TvaliT ucqeren. mocemuli Sexedulebis mixedviT,
qarizmatuli xelisufleba, rogorc wesi, avtoritaruli reJimis
arsebobas ukavSirdeba, romelic usityvo morCilebas moiTxovs da
moqalaqeebTan SeuTanxmebel xelisuflebas gvaxvevs Tavs. imdenad,
ramdenadac qarizmatuli xelisufleba ufro personalias
eyrdnoba, vidre statuss, an samsaxureobriv mdgomareobas, igi
sruliad SeuzRudavia raime procedurebisgan da SeiZleba
“totaluri Zalauflebis” speqtric ki warmoqmnas. ufro metic,
qarizmatuli xelisufleba, momxreTagan, ara mxolod morCilebis
mzaobas, aramed mociquleobriv moRvaweobas da Tavganwirvasac
moiTxovs. amrigad, qarizmatuli lideri morCilebas aRwevs imgvari
rwmenis danergviT, rom TiTqosda mis moRvaweobas adamianTa
cxovrebis Secvla xelewifeba. amdenad, qarizmatul xelisuflebas
xSirad mesianisturi elferi gasdevs; iseTi liderebi, rogorebic
napoleoni, hitleri da stalini iyvnen, sakuTar Tavs “mesiebad”
warmosaxavdnen, romelnic samyaros mSvelelebad,
ganmaTavisufleblad da qveynis gardamqmnelad moevlinnen. imis
miuxedavad, rom mocemuli yaidis xelisuflebis sakiTxi naklebad
aqtualuria liberaluri demokratiuli reJimebisTvis, radganac
igi konstituciurad zRudavs lideris funqciebs, igi masSi mainc
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs. ufro metic, unda gvaxsovdes, rom
qarizmatuli maxasiaTeblebi ara mxolod margaret TetCeris, an
Sarl de goliviT mtkice da xist liderebs axasiaTebT, aramed
ufro zomierebsac, rogoric, magaliTad, f.d. ruzvelti iyo, an
kidev yvela Tanamedrove liders, romelnic televizualuri
saSualebebiT cdiloben sakuTari Tavis warmoCenas.
batonobis mesame formas, veberi, legalur-racionalur
xelisflebas uwodebda. veberis SexedulebiT, xelisuflebis es
43
saxe yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo, radganac man mTlianad Secvala
tradiciuli xelisufleba da organizaciis gabatonebul
saSualebad gadaiqca Tanamedrove industrializebul
sazogadoebebSi. veberi asabuTebda, rom legalur-racionaluri
xelisufleba biurokratiuli organizaciiT xasiaTdeboda,
romelsac Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba
ekava. legalur-racionaluri xelisufleba mkafiod gansazRvruli
wesebiT Camoyalibebuli organoebis saSualebiT moqmedebs;
praqtikulad, legalur-racionaluri xelisufleba mTlianad
ukavSirdeba samsaxureobriv moRvaweobas (office) da ufro mis
formalur “Zalauflebebs” iTvaliswinebs, vidre dawesebulebis
mflobelis interesebs. legalur-racionaluri xelisufleba,
rogorc aseTi, mkveTrad gansxvavdeba, rogorc qarizmatuli, ise
tradiciuli xelisuflebisgan, radganac sakuTar arsebobas zustad
gansazRvruli biurokratiis meSveobiT uzrunvelyofs da ara
statusis cnebis mixedviT.
legalur-racionaluri xelisufleba “kanonis mmarTvelobis”
koncefciidan aRmocendeba, sadac Zalaufleba samarTlebrivadaa
gansazRvruli da garantiaa imisa, rom Zalaufleba kanoniT
gansazRvruli CarCoebis mixedviT ganxorcieldeba. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom Tanamedrove mmarTvelobis sistema umTavresad legalur-
racionalur xelisuflebas emyareba. prezidentis, premier-ministris
da sxva samTavrobo pirebis mier ganxorcielebuli Zalaufleba,
yvela SemTxvevaSi, formaluri, konstituciuri wesebis mieraa
gansazRvruli, romelic xelisuflebis meTaurs windawin uwesebs
konkretul SezRudvebs. veberis Sexedulebis mixedviT, legalur-
racionaluri xelisufleba, rogorc tradiciul, ise qarizmatul
xelisuflebaze ukeTesia. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, xelisuflebis
kompetenciebi naTladaa gansazRvruli da konkretul
44
mmarTvelobiT organos ukavSirdeba da ara pirovnebas da
Sesabamisad, biurokratiul xelisuflebas ufro naklebad emuqreba
garyvna da usamarTlobebis gamovlena. veberis rwmeniT,
biurokratiuli wesrigi efeqturobis da Sromis racionaluri
danawilebis safuZvelze yalibdeba. mocemuli Sexedulebis
Tanaxmad, is Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi, sadac biurokratiuli
xelisuflebaa dominanturi, ufro ganviTarebulni arian. Tumca,
veberi, biurokratiuli xelisuflebis naklovanebebsac kargad
amCnevda. veberi SiSobda, rom mzardi efeqturobis safasuri ufro
da ufro depersonalizebuli da arahumanuri socialuri garemos
Camoyalibeba iyo, romelic ulmoblad nergavda yvelgan
organizaciis biurokratiul formebs.
xelisuflebis saxeebis alternatiuli saSualebaa erTmaneTisgan
ganvasxvavoT de Jure (xelisufleba kanoniT) da de facto (xelisufleba
faqtobrivad) xelisufleba. De Jure xelisufleba moqmedebs
dadgenili wesebis da procedurebis mixedviT, romelic
gansazRvravs, Tu vis da ra kompetenciis xelisufleba gaaCnia.
magaliTad, Tu vinmeze amboben, rom aris “ xelisuflebaSi”, niSnavs,
rom mas gaaCnia de jure xelisufleba. am SemTxvevaSi, misi
“Zalaufleba”, romelime samTavrobo dawesebulebisgan warmosdgeba.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi, veberis mier gansazRvruli tradiciuli da
legalur-racionaluri xelisuflebebi de jure xelisuflebis
formebi arian. arsebobs SemTxvevebi, rodesac saxeze arsebuli
xelisufleba ar ukavSirdeba romelime procedurul wesebs; am
tipis xelisuflebas de facto xelisufleba ewodeba. rom iyo
“xelisufleba”, magaliTad, SesaZloa efuZnebode gansazRvrul
sferoebis eqspertizas, magram ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es wesebiT
miniWebuli xeliuflebaa. mocemuli SemTxveva, SesaZloa davinaxoT
konkretuli gamvlelis moqmedebaSi, romelic sagzao saavario
45
SemTxvevis dros spontanurad daiwyebs konkretuli instruqciebis
gacemas, imis miuxedavad, rom misTvis aravin miuniWebia es ufleba.
am SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli piri flobs de facto xelisuflebas,
romelsac igi samarTlebrivi, anu de jure xelisuflebis gareSe
axrocielebs. qarizmatuli xelisuflebis yvela forma de facto
xasiaTisaa. qarizmatuli xelisufleba de facto xelisuflebas
axorcielebs, mTlianad emyareba individis personalias da arad
dagidevT raime wesebis arsebobas.
mcvelebi da diqtatorebi
xelisuflebis koncefcia ara Tu metad rTuli, aramed Rrmad
winaaRmdegobrivicaa. kiTxvebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu raSi gvWirdeba
xelisufleba da unda vaRiaroT Tu ara igi upirobo mowyalebad,
politikuri Teoriis siRmreebisken mivyavarT da friad axlosaa
marTva-gamgeobis saWiroebis sakiTxTan. Tumca, gviani me-20
saukunidan, xelisuflebis sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT sakamaTo gaxda.
erTis mxriv, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi individualuri uflebebis
da Tavisuflebebis mzardma gafarToebam da Semwynarebluri
socialuri eTikis winsvlam xeli Seuwyo xelisuflebisadmi
negatiuri ganwyobilebis dasadgurebas, romlis Sedegadac mas
moZvelebul, usargeblo da Sinaganad mCagvrel fenomenad
warmosaxavdnen. meores mxriv, mocemulma procesma gaaZliera
xelisuflebis damcvelTa rigebi. xelisuflebis damcvelTa
SexedulebiT, xelisuflebis eroziam ojaxSi, samsaxurSi, skolebSi,
kolejebsa Tu universitetebSi safrTxe Seuqmna wesrigs,
stabilurobas da sazogadoebis ganviTarebas.
me-17 da me-18 saukinis droindelma sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis
warmomadgenlebma, xelisuflebis arsebobis gamarTlebis klasikuri
versiebi ganaviTares. mocemuli Sexedulebis mixedviT,
xelisuflebis gareSe arsebuli sazogadoeba vardeba, e.w. “bunebiT
46
mdgomareobaSi”, sadac barbarosoba da usamarTlobaa gamefebuli,
radganac individebi erTmaneTs dausruleblad ebrZviani, romlis
Sedegebic bundovania. Tumca, aRniSnuli mtkicebulebebi
xelisuflebisadmi ambivalentur damokidebulebebs ayalibebs da es
ambivalentoba mravalma liberalma Teoretikosma dagvitova
memkvidreobad. mocemuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, yvela
racionalurma moqalaqem unda cnos xelisuflebis saWiroeba, imis
gamo, rom xelisufleba ara mxolod wesrigis da stabilurobis
damyarebas uwyobs xels, aramed icavs individualur Tavisuflebas
sxva Tanamoqalaqeebis mxridan xelyofisgan. am TvalsazrisiT,
liberalebi yovelTvis xazs usvamdnen faqts, rom xelisufleba
“qvemodan” warmoiSoba da marTulTa Tanxmobas emyareba. Tumca,
amave dros, xelusfleba yovelTvis SeiZleba Tavisuflebas
daemuqros da individebis sawinaaRmdego tiraniad gadaiqces.
amitomac, liberalebi xelisuflebis legalur-racionalur formas
aniWebdnen upiratesobas, romelic mkafiod gansazRvrul
samarTlebriv, konstituciur CarCoebSi moeqceoda.
konservator moazrovneebs, tradiculad, xelisuflebisadmi
gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba qondaT. maTi mixedviT, xelisufleba
iSviTad Tu arsebobda marTulTa Tanxmobis safuZvelze da mis
warmoSobas ufro is fenomeni ganapirobebda, rasac rojer
skrutoni (Roger Scruton) (2001) “bunebiT saWiroebas” uwodebda.
amrigad, xelisufleba gagebulia yvela socialuri institutis
arsebiT maxasiaTeblad, romelic liderobis, winamZRolobis da
mxardaWeris saWiroebis gulisgulia. magaliTad, konservatorTa
SexedulebiT, ojaxSi mSoblebis xelisufleba martooden Svilebis
TanxmobiT warmoiSoba. mSoblebis xelisuflebis warmoSobas, maTi
Svilebisadmi aRzrdis survili, mzrunveloba da siyvaruli
ganapirobebs. am TvalsazrisiT, mocemuli saxis xelisufleba
“qvemodan” warmoiSoba qvemdgomTa sasargeblod. konservatorTa
47
SexedulebiT, xelisuflebis arseboba xels uwyobs sazogadoebriv
SekavSirebulobas da sazogadoebrivi fabrikis SenarCunebas, rac
Tavisi mxriv WeSmariti erTobis (community) safuZvelia. swored
amitom iyo, rom neo-konservatorebi sastikad ewinaaRmdegebodnen
yvelafris nebarTvis ideis gavrcelebas, radganac swamdaT, rom
xelisuflebis eWvqveS dayenebiT da Sesabamisad mSoblebis,
maswavleblebis da policiis avtoritetis xelyofiT “ugzo-ukvlo
udabnos” CamovayalibebdiT, romelic Tavis mxriv kriminals,
ukanonobas da zogadad siTavxedis ganviTarebas daudebda saTaves.
amave dros, mocemuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, xelisuflebis
erozias totalitaruli mmarTvelobis Camoyalebeba xelewifeba.
hana arendti (romelic nacizmis Camoyalibebis gamo geraniidan
iZulebiT gaiqca) asabuTebda, rom sazogadoebis wevrebis
gverdigverd dgomas, maT mier tradiculi xelisuflebisadmi
pativiscema ganapirobebda. mZlavri sazogadoebrivi normebi,
romelic moraluri da socialuri qcevebis standartebSi
gamosWvivis, sazogadoebrivi SekaSirebulobis duRabia.
xelisuflebis Rirseba imaSia, rom igi warmoSobs individebSi
sazogadoebrivi identobis, stabilurobis da TviTdajerebulobis
SegrZnebas; “xelisuflebis dacema” adamianebs eulad tovebs da maT
disorientacias warmoSobs, rac aZlierebs maT Soris
demagogebisadmi locvis survils, romelnic umetes SemTxvevebSi
diqtatorebi arian xolme. naSromSi, “totalitarizmis sawyisebi”
(1958) arendtma ganaviTara debuleba, romlis mixedviTac nacizmis
da stalinizmis aRmocenebis erT-erT faqtors swored, rom
tradiciuli Rirebulebebisa da ierarqiebis ukugdeba warmoadgenda.
arendti erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebda avtoritarul da
totalitarul sazogadoebebs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, avtoris
mixedviT, politikuri opozicia da samoqalaqo Tavisufleba
rutinas yavs daTrgunuli, magram individualuri Tavisuflebis
48
mniSvnelovani nawili nebadarTulia, sul mcire ekonomikur,
socialur da kulturul sferoebSi mainc. masTan SedarebiT,
totalitaruli reJimi sruliad gamoricxvas individualuri
Tavisuflebis arsebobas, adamianis cxovrebis yvela aspeqts
akontrolebs da Sesabamisad “totaluri Zalauflebis” warmoSobas
udebs saTaves.
amis miuxedavad, xelisuflebas xSirad eWvis Tvalis Sescqerian da
xandaxan misadmi Ria mtrobasac ki gamoxataven. mocemuli
Sexedulebis mTavari sakiTxi isaa, rom igi xelisuflebas
Tavisuflebis mtrad warmosaxavs. am debulebis mixedviT,
xelisuflebis yvela forma, arsebiTad individualizmis
ganviTarebis safrTxea da upirobo morCilebas moiTxovs. am
TvalsazrisiT, Tavisufleba da xelisufleba mudam evaWrebian
erTmaneTs: Tu ki xelisufleba farTovdeba, maSin Tavisufleba
aucileblad izRudeba. amdenad, yvela pirobaa imisa, rom
xelisuflebis daRmasvla vizeimoT. Tu ki mSoblebi, maswavleblebi
da saxelmwifo aRar moiTxovs xelisuflebis upirobo gankargvas,
maSin namdvilad mowmeni gavxdebiT Svilebis, studentebis da
individualuri moqalaqeebis pasuxismgeblobebis da Tavisuflebis
zrdisa. mocemuli debulebis mixedviT, arsebobs gansakuTrebuli
mizezi imisa, rom gveSinodes xelisuflebis SeuzRudavi xasiaTisa.
qarizmatuli xelisufleba (da ra Tqma unda xelisuflebis yvela
forma) xorcieldeba “qvemodan” da ukontrolo Zalauflebis mTels
speqtrs warmoSobs. magaliTad, rogor unda SevzRudoT mSoblebis
xelisufleba Svilebze, Tu ki mocemuli xelisufleba Svilebis
TanxmobiT ar xorcieldeba?
ufro metic, xelisufleba gonierebis da kritikuli azrovnebis
safrTxedac SegviZlia ganvixiloT. xelisufleba upirobo, usityvo
morCilebas moiTxovs da Sesabamisad xels uSlis
urTierTpativiscemis garemos Camoyalebebas, xels uwyobs
49
pasuxismgeblobaze xelis aRebas da sxva adamianebis
gadawyvetilebebisadmi rwmeniT gamsWvalvas mogviwodebs. mocemuli
tendenciebis ganviTarebas xeli fsiqologiurma kvlevebis
ganxorcielebam Seuwyo, romelic Seecada xelisuflebis
ganxorcielebis procesi mis avtoritarul StrixebTan
daekavSirebina: es iyo batonobis da sxvebis morCilebisken
midrekilebebis gamokvleva. naSromSi “faSizmis masobrivi
fsiqologia” (1933), vilhelm raixma (1897-1957) wamoayena Sexeduleba,
romlis mixedviTac, faSizmi, tradiciul avtoritarul ojaxSi,
mamis batonobis damaxinjebuli formiT gamovlinebam warmoSva.
mocemuli analizi, SedgomSi ganaviTares Teodor adornom da kidev
sxva mecnierebma naSromSi, “avtoritaruli pirovneba”(1950). am
kvlevis mixedviT, mecnierebi fiqrobdnen, rom miagnes
mtkicebulebebs, Tu ratom uCndebodaT F”f-Skalaze” (igulisxmeba
faSizmis Skala-mTrg. SeniSvna) maRal safexurebze mdgom adamianebs
faSisturi tendenciebi. fsiqolog stenli milgrams (Stanley Milgram)
miaCnda, rom aRmoaCina mocemuli Teoriis eqsperimentaluri
mtkicebulebebi. am mtkicebulebis mixedviT, adamianebs, romelTac
mZlavri midrekileba aqvT morCilebiTi saxis xelisuflebisken,
ufro meti Sansi aqvT barbarosulad moqcevisa. magaliTad, rogorc
wesi, am yaidis adamianebi midrekilni arian sxvebis tkviliT
TviTon miiRon siamovneba. milgramis mixedviT, swored amiTi unda
avxsnaT nacistur sikvdilis banakebSi, banakis mesveurTa
araadamianuri qcevebi. igive SeiZleba iTqvas, aSS-s samxedro
danayofebis mxridan vietnamSi ganxorcielebul saSinelebebzec.
legitimuroba
legitimurobas, rogorc wesi, ubralod “kanonierebad”
ganmartaven xolme. Zalzed mniSvnelovania erTmaneTisgan
ganvasxvavoT Zalaufleba da xelisufleba. legitimuroba, erTgvari
50
Tvisebaa, romelsac ZaluZs SiSveli Zalaufleba kanonier
xelisuflebad gardaqmnas; igi brZanebas avtoritetul xasiaTs
aniWebs, morCilebas ufro valdebulebiTi mxriv ganapirobebs da
praqtikulad, uars ambobs daSinebaze. aSkaraa, rom xelisuflebas
da legitiurobas Soris metad mWidro kavSiria da maT xandaxan
sinonimebadac ki iyeneben. imis miuxedavad, rom es ori termini,
umTavres SemTxvevebSi, erTnairad gamoiyeneba, adamianebi maSin
cnoben xelisuflebis arsebobas, rodesac politikur sistemaa
legitimuri. politikuri Teoriis umTavresi sazrunavic isaa
gaarkvios, Tu rodis da ra safuZvelze axerxebs mTavroba
brZanebas, an mowodebas legitimuri xasiaTi mianiWos. mocemuli
sakiTxi sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa, radganac, rogorc winaT
aRvniSneT, legitimurobis ar arsebobis pirobebSi, mTavroba
marTvis sadaveebis SenarCunebas mxolod muqaris, daSinebis da
Zaladobis saSualebiT axerxebs. rogorc Jan-Jak ruso SeniSnavda
traqtatSi, “sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba” (1762), “uZlieresi
arasdros iqneba imdenad Zlieri, rom ibatonos, sanam igi Zalas
kanonad da morCilebas kidev valdebulebad ar gardaqmnis.”
amis miuxedavad, legitimurobis koncefcias Rrma
winaaRmdegoba axasiaTebs. terminis gamoyenebis yvelaze
gavrcelebuli versia vebers ekuTvnis. veberi legitimurobas
rwmenas uwodebda, “marTvis uflebis” rwmenas, legitimurobaSi
darwmunebulobas. sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, Tu ki igi adamianebis
morCilebisTvis momzadebas uzrunvelyofs, maSin marTvis sistemas
legitimuri SeiZleba vuwodoT. mocemuli Sexeduleba sastikad
ewinaaRmdegeba politikur filosofosTa umTavress Sexedulebebs,
romelnic cdiloben legitimuroba racionalur da moralur
sawyisebze daafuZnon da Sesabamisad, gvTavazoben azrs, rom
erTmaneTisgan mkafiod da obieqturad ganvasxvavoT mmarTvelobis
legitimuri da aralegitiur formebi. aristoteles mtkicebulebiT,
51
mmarTvelobas maSin SegviZlia legitimuri vuwodoT, Tu ki igi
mTeli sazogadoebis da ara mmarTveli umciresobis egoisturi
interesebis mixedviT moqmedebs. Jan-Jak ruso asabuTebda, rom
mmarTveloba maSinaa legitimuri, Tu ki misi ganxorcieleba
“sayovelTao nebas” daemyareba. naSromSi, “Zalauflebis
legitimacia” (1991), devid biTemi (David Beethem) Seecada
legitimurobis social-mecnieruli koncefcia SeemuSavebina,
romelic gansxvavdeboda veberiseuli debulebebisgan. biTemis
SexedulebiT, Tu ki vaRiarebT, rom legitimuroba sxva araferia,
Tu ara “legitimurobaSi darwmunebuloba”, gamodis, rom ar
dagidevT misi warmoSobis sakiTxebs. am SemTxvevaSi, legitimurobis
sakiTxs Zlevamosili pirovnebebis amarad vtovebT, romelTac
kanonierebis uzrunvelyofa PR kampaniebis da sxva msgavsi
moqmedebebiT xelewifebaT. amrigad, biTemis azriT, Zalauflebas
maSin SegviZlia legitimuri viwodoT, Tu ki igi sam pirobas
akmayofilebs. pirveli, Zalaufleba dawesebuli formaluri
samarTlebrivi, Tu araformaluri SeTanxmebiTi wesebis mixedviT
unda xorcieldebodes. meore, mocemuli wesebis arseboba
mmarTvelTa da marTulTa Tanaziar rwmenas unda emyarebodes.
mesame, legitimuroba marTulTa Tanxmobis gamoxatulebis procesSi
unda gamosWviodes.
uTanxmoebebi arsebobs iseT sakiTxSic, rogoricaa
saSualebebi, romelTa safuZvelzec xdeba Zalauflebis
legitimacia, an kidev Tu ras SeiZleba vuwodoT “legitimaciis
procesi”. biTemis mixedviT, rom vimsjeloT, legitimuroba iseT
reJimebSi arsebobs, rodesac Zalaufleba dawesebuli da miRebuli
principebis safuZvelze xorcieldeba, anu esaa reJimebi, romelTa
safuZvelic saxalxo Tanxmobaa. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom Zalian
bevri moazrovnis mixedviT, politikur reJimTa umravlesoba, Tu
yvela ara, legitimurobis manufaqturizacias mieltvis, romelsac
52
isini manipulirebiT, moqalaqebs Soris yalbi rwmenis danergviT
axorcieleben. amrigad, am Sexedulebis mixedviT, legitimuroba
sxva araferia, Tu ara ideologiuri hegemonoba, an batonoba. amis
garda, arsebobs mTeli rigi sakiTxebisa gavarkvioT, Tu ratom da
rogor kargaven politikuri sistemebi legitimurobas da
zaraldebian imgvari procesisgan, rasac “legitimurobis kriziss”
uwodeben. legitimurobis krizisi gansakuTrebiT seriozuli
sakiTxia, radganac igi politikuri reJimebis da sistemebis
arsebobisadmi mTel rig eWvebs warmoSobs: arc erT reJims ar
ZaluZs sakuTari arsebobis gaxangZliveba, martooden Zaladobis
gamoyenebis saSualebiT.
konstitucionalizmi da Tanxmoba
liberaluri demokratia, xSirad, mmarTvelobis yvelaze
stabilur da grZelvadian formad miaCniaT. momxreebis mosazrebiT,
liberalur demokratiis Rirseba imaSia, rom igi TviTgadarCenis
saSualebebs TviTonve Seicavs: misi grZelvadiani legitimurobis
garantia, ara mxolod samTavrobo Zalauflebis gakontrolebas da
misi TviTneburobis SezRudvaSia, aramed imaSic, rom masSi
mmarTveloba, mTlianad sazogadoebis survilebis, prioritetebis
da interesebis mixedviT xorcieldeba. mocemuli procesis
realizacia or principul meqanizms eyrdnoba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi,
liberalur-demokratiuli reJimebi garkveuli “Zalauflebis
wesebis” dacviT moqmedeben, rac garkveuli saxis konstituciis
formas iRebs. es ki, SeZlebisdagvarad, individualuri
Tavisuflebis dacviT da samTavrobo Zalauflebis SezRudviT
xorcieldeba. meore, liberaluri demokratiebi regularuli, Ria
da konkurenciuli arCevnebis saSualebiT saxalxo Tanxmobas
uzrunvelyofen. am TvalsazrisiT, legitimuroba marTulTa
53
survils da racionalur morCilebas emyareba; mTavroba manamdea
kanonieri, sanam igi saxalxo zewolas eqvemdebareba.
konstitucia, misi yvelaze martivi gagebiT, SesaZloa gavigoT
wesebis erTobliobad, romelic mmarTvelobis sistemas ganagebs.
Sesabamisad, konstitucia imgvari wesebis erTobliobaa, romelic
mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva institutebs Soris valdebulebebs,
Zalauflebebs da funqciebs anawilebs da amave dros, saxelmwifosa
da individebis urTierTobebs gansazRvravs. amgvari procesis
Sedegad, konstitucia gansazRvravs da zRvars udebs mTavrobis
Zalauflebas da mis arCeviTobas ganapirobebs. Tumca, konstituciam
SesaZloa sxvadasxva formebi miiRos. qveynebis umetesobaSi da
virtualurad yvela liberalur demokratiaSi e.w. “dawerili”, anu
kodificirebuli konstitucia arsebobs. am SemTxvevaSi, yvela
konstituciuri wesi erT saerTo avtoritetul dokumentSi,
“konstituciaSia” Tavmoyrili. pirveli magaliTi amdagvari
konstituciisa aSS-s konstituciaa, romelic 1787 wlis
filadelfiis yrilobaze miiRes. “dawerili” konstitucia Tavis
mxriv umaRlesi, uzenaesi kanonia, romelic yvela sakanonmdeblo
aqtze maRla dgas. am TvalsazrisiT, kodificirebuli
konstituciebi, mTavari sakonstitucio wesebis safuZvelic xdeba
da sasamarTloebs sasamarTlo kontrolis (judicial review)
ZalauflebiTac aRWurvavs da maT “konstituciis damcvelebad”
aqcevs. mxolod liberaluri demokratiebis umcires nawilSia
gavrcelebuli e.w. “dauwereli” konstitucia. es qveynebi arian: didi
britaneTi da israeli. “dauwereli” konstituciis mqone qveynebSi,
Teoriulad mainc, uzenaesi konstituciuri xelisufleba
sakanonmdeblo organoebs da didi britaneTis SemTxvevaSi
parlaments aqvs gadacemuli. danarCeni sakonstitucio wesebi ki
ganfenilia sxvadasxva saxis SeTanmxmebebSi, zogad samarTalsa
54
(common law) da sakonstitucio xelisuflebis Sesaxeb arsebul
SromebSi.
konstitucia, politikur reJims legitimurobas aniWebs da
marTva-gamgeobas wesebis CarCoSi svams. amrigad, sakonstitucio
mmarTveloba legalur-racionalur xelisuflebas axorcielebs;
misi Zalauflebebi sakonstitucio samarTliT arian aRWurvilni.
istoriulad, konstituciuri mmarTvelobis moTxovna gaCnda maSin,
rodesac eWvqveS dadga samefo xelisuflebis RvTaebrivi
warmomavlobis idea. Tumca, martooden konstituciis arseboba
sulac ar niSnavs samTavrobo Zalauflebis kanonier
ganxorcielebas. sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, mxolod
konstituciebis arseboba ar ganapirobebs legitimurobis
formirebas; isini Tavis mxriv wesebis erTobliobani arian,
romelTac legitimaciis sakiTxebi gansazRvraven. rogorc biTemi
SeniSnavs, sinamdvileSi, konstitucia mxolod maSin warmoSobs
legitimurobas, Tu ki misi principebi sazogadoebis udidesi
nawilis Rirebulelebs da rwmenebs gamoxatavs. amdenad, mTavrobis
Zalaufleba maSinaa ligitimuri, Tu igi xorcieldeba
marTulTaTvis misaRebi wesebis mixedviT. magaliTad, sabWoTa
kavSirma, 4 konstituciis miRebis miuxedavad (1918, 1924, 1936, 1977),
ver moaxerxa myari legitimurobisTvis mieRwia. ase moxda imis gamo,
rom konstituciiT uzrunvelyofili individualuri uflebebis
dacva ar xorcieldeboda da konstituciis mTavari principi
komunisturi partiis Zalauflebis monopolizaciis Sesaxeb, ar
Seesabameboda sabWoTa xalxis udidesi nawilis rwmenebsa da
Rirebulebebs.
miRebuli wesebis Sesabamisoba legitimurobis saWiro
pirobaa, Tumca ara sakmarisi. SesaZloa konstituciurma
mmarTvelobebma ver moaxerxon legitimurobis damyareba, radganac
ver SeZlon mTavrobis moqalaqeebTan moTanxmeba. Tanxmobis idea
55
sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Teoriidan momdinareobs da swams,
rom mTavrobis aRmoceneba Tavisufali individebis nebelobiT
SeTanmxebas unda emyarebodes. magaliTad, jon lokma SesaniSnavad
icoda, rom praqtikaSi, mTavroba sazogadoebrivi SeTanxmebidan ar
momdinareobda, magram moqalaqeebs mouwodebda erwmunaT es idea,
Tu ki mTavroba eyolebodaT. amitomac, jon lokma “nagulisxmevi
Tanxmobis” (tacit consent) cneba SemoiRo, romelic moqalaqeTa
Tanxmobas niSnavs, raTa daemorCilon kanons da pativi miagon
mTavrobas. Tumca, politikuri reJimis legitimuroba Tanxmobas rom
daemyaros, man ara Tu nagulisxmevi SeTanxmebis forma unda miiRos,
aramed sazogadoebis politikur cxovrebaSi nebayofilobiT da
aqtiur monawileobas unda daefuZnos. amrigad, politikuri
monawileobas Tanxmobis aqtiuri gamoxatulebac SeiZleba vuwodoT.
politikuri marTvis mraval forma, legitimurobis saxalxo
Tanxmobaze damyarebas mieltvoda. es procesi musolinis da
hitleris faSistur reJimebsac exeba, romelnic mosaxlobis
mxridan reJimis masobrivi mxardaWeris uzrunvelsayofad uamrav
plebiscitebs, Sejibrebebs, marSebs, demonstraciebs da kidev
mraval RonisZiebebs awyobdnen. Tumca, saxalxo Tanxmobis
gamoxatulebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma arCevnebia. erT
partiul reJimebSic ki (rogoric magaliTad orTodoqsuli
komunisturi reJimebia) tardeba formaluri arCevnebi, raTa
legitimurobis SenarCuneba moxerxdes. imdenad, ramdenadac
mocemuli reJimebi erTpartiuli da arCevnebSi erT kandidatiani
reJimebi iyvnen, arCevnebis mniSvneloba dakninda da propagandis
donemde davida. magaliTad, amomrCevlebi arakonkuretul arCevnebs
arasdros miiCnevdnen politikuri monawileobis gaazrebul formad
da Tanxmobis gamoxatulebis saSualebad. amis sapirispirod,
liberalur demokratiebSi, Ria da konkurentuli arCevnebis
Sedegad, moqalaqeebs eZlevaT gaazrebuli arCevanis saSualeba, da
56
amave dros imis ufleba, rom warumatebeli politikosebi da
partiebi gamocvalon saWiroebisamebr. mocemul viTarebaSi,
arCevnebSi monawileoba Tanxmobis WeSmariti gamoxatulebaa. am
TvalsazrisiT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom liberalur-demokratiul
reJimebs SeswevT Zala SeinarCunon legitimuroba, farTo
sazogadoebriobasTan Tanxmobis miRwevis meSveobiT.
ideologiuri hegemonia
liberaluri demokratiebis imiji, romelsac yvela
veTanxmebiT isaa, rom maTi legitimuroba, erTis mxriv,
individualuri Tavisuflebis pativiscemidan warmosdgeba da
meores mxriv, xalxis azris gaTvaliswinebas eyareba. Tumca, misi
kritikosebis mixedviT, konstitucionalizmi da demokratia
mcirediT ufro metia, vidre fasadi, romelic “mmarTvelis elitis”,
Tu “mmarTvelis klasis” gabatonebul mdgomareobis SesaniRbavad
gamoiyeneba. neo-marqsistebi, magaliTad ralf milibendi (1982),
liberalur demokratias “kapitalistur deokratias” uwodebs,
romelSic ganviTarebis tendenciebi kerZo sakuTrebis interesebs
emsaxureba da kapitalizmis grZelvadian stabilurobas
ganapirobebs. imdenad, ramdenadac kapitalisturi sistema klasTa
uTanasworobis Zalauflebas emyareba, marqsistebi iZulebulni
arian aRiaron, rom mocemuli reJimebi ar efuZneba WeSmarit
damorCilebis survilsa da Tanxmobas. marqsistuli da anarqistuli
tradiciebis radikalurad ganwyobilma moazrovneebma,
legitimaciis procesis aRsawerad, ufro metad radikaluri midgoma
gamoiyenes, romelic asabuTebs, rom legitimuroba ideologiuri
manipulaciebis da indoqtrinaciis Sedegad yalibdeba.
farTodaa gaziarebuli Sexeduleba, rom ideologiuri
kontroli, SesaZloa stabilurobis SenarCunebis da legitimurobis
formirebisTvis iqnas gamoyenebuli. mocemuli Sexeduleba iyo
57
swored gamoxatuli, Cvens mier adre ganxiluli Zalauflebis
“radikalur” TvalsazrisSi, romelic yuradRebas adamianiseuli
saWiroebebis manipulaciuri formirebis unarze amaxvilebda.
amdagvari ideologiuri manipulaciebis kargi magaliTi
totalitaruli reJimia, romelic “oficialuri ideologias”
qadagebs da Seubraleblad axSobs yvela mowinaaRmdege elements,
doqtrinebs da rwmena-warmodgenebs. aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad
gamoyenebuli saSualebebic naTelia: ganaTleba ideologiur
indoqtrinaciazea dayvanili; mas-media propagandistul manqanadaa
gadaqceuli; “arasaimedo” rwmena-warmodgenebi mkacrs cenzuras
ganicdis; politikuri opozicia sastikad idevneba da a.S. nacional-
socializmi swored imave saxiT gardaiqmna saxelmwifo religiad
germaniaSi, rogorc marqsizm-lininizmi sabWoTa kavSirSi.
Tumca, marqistebi igive tendenciebis danaxvas cdiloben
liberaluri demokratiis praktikaSi. konkurentuli partiuli
sistemebis, avtonomiuri zewolis jgufebis, sityvis Tavisuflebis
da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis konstituciuri garantiebis
arsebobis miuxedavad, marqsitebi amtkiceben, rom liberalur-
demokratiebSi gabatonebuli mdomareoba, rogorc isini uwodeben,
“burJuaziul ideologia”-s ukavia. cnebas “ideologia” Wadrakuli
saxis istoria aqvs, magram ara imitom, rom masSi sxvadasxva azria
Cadebuli. TviT termini desiu diu trasim (Destutt de Tracy) Seqmna,
romelic axali “ideebis mecnierebis” damkvidrebas imedovnebda.
Tumca, aRniSnuli terminis SenarCuneba safrangeTis revoluciis
dros ver moxerxda da man gansakuTrebuli gamoyeneba pova mxolod
me-19 saukuneSi, karl marqsis naSromebSi. marqsituli tradiciis
mixedviT, ideologia ideebis imgvari wyobaa, romelic
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli klasTa dapirispirebis SeniRbvas
eswrafvis. Sesamabisad, ideologia siyalbes, sicrues da
mistifikacias qadagebs. amave dros, mas mZlavri socialuri
58
funqciis Zala gaaCnia: igi klasobrivi sistemis stabilizacias da
konsolidacias axdens, rasac eqsploatirebulTa sakuTar
eqsploataciasTan SeCvevis saSualebiT axerxebs. amrigad,
ideologia “mmarTvelis klasis” interesebis mixedviT moqmedebs,
romelic mTlianad akontrolebs inteleqtualur warmoebas,
imdenad, ramdenadac mas materialuri warmoebis procesi aqvs xelSi
Cagdebuli. kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi, magaliTad, burJuaziaa
gabatonebuli ganaTlebis, kulturis da xelovnebis sferoebSi.
rogorc marqsma da engelsma daaskvnes naSromSi, “germanuli
ideologia” (1846), “mmarTveli klasis ideebi yvela epoqaSi
mmarTveli ideebia”.
Tumca, mocemuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, “mmarTvelis klasis”
idea ar axdens inteleqtualuri cxovrebis monopolizacias da
yvela metoqe Sexedulebis gariyvas ar iwvevs. marTlac,
Tanamedrove marqistebi aRiareben, rom arsebobs kulturuli,
ideologiuri da politikuri konkurencia, magram miiCneven, rom
konkurencia uTanasworo pirobebSi mimdinareobs da yvela is
Sexeduleba, romelic ki kapitalisturi sazogadoebis arsebobas
eWvqveS ayenebs, damcrobilia. realurad, amdagvari indoqtrinacia
SesaZloa warmatebulic ki iyos, imdenad, ramdenadac, igi sityvis
Tavisuflebis, Ria konkurenciis da politikuri pluralizmis
ideebsaa amofarebuli. aRniSnuli Sexedulebis yvelaze mkafio
warmomadgeneli Aantonio gramSia, romelmac yuradReba gadaitana
viTarebaze, romlis mixedviTac klasobrivi sistemis SenarCuneba
ara mxolod uTanasworo ekonomikuri da politikuri Zalauflebis
mixedviT xdeba, aramed sxva saSualebiTac, rasac man burJuaziuli
“hegemonia” uwoda, romelic cxovrebis yvela sferoSi burJuaziuli
ideebis gabatonebul mdgomareobas uzrunvelyofs. ideologiuri
hegemoniis sazrisi naTelia: imis gamo, rom proletariati
burJuaziuli Teoriebis da filosofiuri moZRvrebebis mier
59
SecdomaSia Seyvanili, igi ver aRwevs klasobrivi cnobierebis
Camoyalibebas da Sesabamisad, arc misi revoluciuri potencialis
gamoyeneba xelewifeba. amitomac, “klasi sakuTar TavSi” gamoketili
rCeba da ver axerxebs iseT gardaqnas, rasac marqsi uwodebda
“klass sakuTari interesisTvis”.
mocemuli yaidis ideebi ganaviTara, iseTma mimdinareobam,
rasac “codnis sociologias” uwodeben. aRniSnuli mimdinareoba,
xSirad marqistuli “gabatonebuli”, an mmarTveli ideologiis
alternatiul idead miaCniaT. am sociologiuri skolis erT-erTi
fuZemdebeli, karl manhaimi (1893-1947) fiqrobda, rom misi mizani iyo
sacnaureyo “Cveni codnis socialuri safuZvlebi”. manhaimis
mtkicebulebiT, rom gavigoT, Tu “rogor azrovnebs adamiani”,
yuradReba unda mivaqcioT mis socialur mdgomareobas da misi
socialuri jgufisadmi mikuTvnebulobas, romelTaganac TiToeuls
sakuTari xedva gaaCnia samyaroze. amrigad, ideologiebi
“socialurad determinirebulni” arian d im jgufis socialur
viTarebas da survilebs gamoxataven, romelSic adamianis
Camoyalibeba mimdinareobs. naSromSi, “realobis socialuri
konstruqcia”(1971), bergerma da lukmanma ufro ganavrces mocemuli
Sexeduleba da asabuTebdnen, rom ara mxolod maorganizebeli
kredoebi da ideologiebi, aramed yvelaferi is, rac “codnis”
Camoyalibebas axerxebs, socialurad konstruirebulia. aRniSnuli
analizis politikuri mniSvneloba imaSia, rom igi yuradRebas
amaxvilebs ara imaze, Tu rogor aRiqvamen adamianebi samyaros,
rogorc aseTs, aramed imaze, Tu ras fiqroben masze, anu ras
mouTxrobs mas sazogadoeba amis Sesaxeb. codnis sociologias,
legitimurobis sakiTxze, radikaluri Sexeduleba gaaCnia, radganac
miaCnia, rom ar SeiZleba individebi gavigoT, ubralod, rogorc
racionaluri da damoukidebeli moqmedi pirebi, romelTac marTvis
legitimurobis formebis aralegitimuri formebisgan gamocalkaveba
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xelewifebaT. mokled rom vTqvaT, legitimuroba mudam “socialuri
konstruqciaa”.
Tanamedrove ideologiuri manipulaciebis erT-erT yvelaze
gavlenian avtors, amerikeli radikaluri inteleqtuali da
anarqisti Teoretikosi noam xomski warmoadgens. naSromSi,
“Tanxmobis manufaqtura” (Manufacturing Consent) (eduard hermanis
TanaavtorobiT) (1994), xomskim mas-mediis “propagandistuli
modelis” idea ganaviTara, romelic gvixsnis, Tu rogor maxinjdeba
politikuri axali ambebi TviT mas-mediis struqturis mier.
avtoris mixedviT, mocemuli damaxinjeba garkveuli “filtrebis”
saSualebiT xdeba. es “filtrebia”: media saSualebis mflobelis
interesebi, axali ambebis mgrZnobiare mxare da reklamis damkveTTa
da sponsorebis interesebi, sainformacio wyaroebis momwodebelTa
interesebi, romelTac avtori uwodebs “Zalauflebis agentebs” da
gulisxobs samTavrobo dawesebulebebs da biznesiT
mxarmomagrebul analitikur centrebs. xomskiseuli analizi
yuradRebas amaxvilebs sakiTxze, Tu rogor SeuZlia mas-medias Ziri
gamouTxaros, an “Seakavos” demokratia da moaxdinos masebis
mobilizeba (gansakuTrebiT aSS-s SemTxvevaSi) imperialisturi
sagareo miznebis mxardasaWerad. mas-mediis gabatoebuli-
ideologiis models kritikosebic bevri yavs. kritikosTa mixedviT,
mas-mediis gabatonebuli-ideologiis modeli saTanadod ver
afasebs presis da samauwyeblo mediis mier (gansakuTrebiT ki
sazogadoebrivi samauwyeblo media saSualebebis mier)
alternatiuli informaciis gavrcelebis mniSvnelobas. ufro metic,
Sexeduleba, rom media gansazRvravs politikuri ganwyobebis
Camoyalibebas, deterministulia da ugulvebelyofs adamianis mier
Rirebulebebis TviTfiltraciis unars. amave dros, igi arc imas
iTvaliswinebs, rom SesaZloa adamiani media saSualebiT miwodebul
informacias ar daeTanxmos da uaryos kidec igi.
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legitimaciis krizisi
ar aqvs mniSvneloba, warmoiSoba Tu ara legitimuroba
nebelobiTi Tanxmobis safuZvelze, an kidev manufaqturizebuli
ideologiuri indoqtrinaciis Sedegad, niSnavs imas, rom igi ukve
arsebobs da metad mniSvnelovania politikuri marTvis nebismieri
sistemis SesanarCuneblad. amrigad, am SemTxvevaSi yuradReba
gadagvaqvs ara mxolod legitimurobis SenarCunebis meqanizmze,
aramed im viTarebazec, romlis drosac reJimis legitimacia
kiTxvis qveS dgeba da sabolood SesaZloa gaqres kidec. naSromSi,
“legitimurobis krizisi”(1975), neo-marqsisti Teoretikosi iurgen
habermasi asabuTebda, rom liberaluri demokratiebi “krizisis
tendenciebs Seicavdnen”, romelic ligitimurobas eWvqveS ayenebda
da reJimis stabilurobas emuqreboda. mocemuli argumenti, mTavar
problemas, kerZo-mewarmeobas, anu kapitalistur ekonomikas da
demokratiul politikur sistemas Soris winaaRmdegobaSi xedavs.
habermasis mtkicebulebiT, aseT viTarebaSi, SesaZloa
kapitalisturi demokratia memkvidreobiT arastabilur reJimad
gadaiqces.
demokratiuli procesi, mTavrobas aiZulebs yuradReba
miapyros xalxis ganwyobebs. es imis gamoa, rom rogorc politikuri
partiebi mieltvian xelSi Caigdon politikuri Zalaufleba, ise
zewolis jgufebi cdiloben Seubraleblad raime dastyuon
politikosebs. mocemuli viTareba, SegviZlia davinaxoT saxelmwifo
danaxarjebis umowyalo gazrdis processa da saxelwifos
pasuxismgeblobis mzard gafarToebaSi, rogorc ekonomikur, ise
socialur cxovrebaSi. enToni kingma (1975), naxseneb problemas
mTavrobis “zedmetad gadatvirTva” uwoda. mTavroba gadaitvirTa
ubralod imis gamo, rom partiebis da zewolis jgufebis
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moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad, demokratiis politikosebma
sajaro politikuri kursis imgvari ganxorcieleba daiwyes,
romelic kapitalisturi ekonomikuri sistemis sijansaResa da
grZelvadian arsebobas daemuqra. magaliTad, saxelmwifo
danaxarjebis zrdam fiskaluri krizisi warmoSva, sadac maRalma
gadasaxadebma sawarmoebis ganviTareba Seaferxa, da mTavrobis mier
sesxebis gazrdam permanentuli maRali inflacia gamoiwvia.
habermasis mtkicebulebiT, liberaluri demokratia, verc
socialuri usafrTxoebis/dazvevis da keTildReobis saxalxo
moTxovnebs akmayofilebs da verc kerZo mogebis safuZvelze
funqcionirebadi sabazro ekonomikis sakiTxebs umklavdeba.
habermasis SexedulebiT, imis gamo, rom kapitalisturi
demokratiebi iZulebulni arian SeewinaaRmdegon saxalxo zewolas,
an kidev maSin riski gawion, rasac ekonomikuri kolafsi SeiZleba
moyves, metad arTulebs saqmes, raTa legitimurobis SenarCuneba
moxerxdes.
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, legitimaciis krizisis SiSma, 70
iani wlebis liberaluri demokratiebis friad pirquSi suraTi
daxata. habermass surda “krizisis tendenciebis” gamokveTa, romlTa
kontrolic liberaluri demokratiebis unars aRemateboda. Tumca,
saarCevno meqanizmis arseboba, saSualebas aZlevs liberalur
demokratias imgvari politikuri kursi gaataros, romelic
konkurirebad moTxovnebs exmianeba da mTlianobaSi sistemas
legitimurobis SenarCunebis saSualebas Zlevs, imis miuxedavad,
rom bevri politikuri nabiji kritikas iwvevs da arapopularulia.
amrigad, umTavres SemTxvevebSi, liberalur demokratiuli
politika iZleva saSualebas intervencionistuli sajaro politika
Tavisufali ekonomikiT Seicvalos, xolo ZalauflebisTvis
brZolaSi, memarcxene da memarjvene mimdinareobebis alternativebi
uzrunvelyos. Tumca, SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom 70-ian wlebSi
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aRmocenebuli axali memarjveneoba legitimaciis krizisis
gamopasuxebas warmoadgenda. axali memarjveneebi, upirvelesad
aRniSnavdnen, rom “gadatvirTvis” problema im Sexedulebidan
aRmocendeboda, romelsac swamda, rom mTavrobas ZaluZs, rogorc
ekonomikuri da socialuri, ise politikuri problemebi mogvareba.
amis Sedegi iyo, rom axali memarjveneobis mimdevari iseTi
politikosebi, rogorebic aSS-s prezidenti ronald reigani da
didi britaneTis premier misitri margaret TetCeri iyvnen,
sazogadoebas arwmunebdnen, rom didi molodini ar qonodaT
mTavrobis moRvaweobisa. saamisod, isini Seecadnen,
pasuxismgeblobebis didi nawili saxelmwifodan individebs xelSi
gadaecaT. amrigad, keTildReobis sakiTxebi, maT individTa
pasuxismgeblobad gamoacxades da mouwodebdnen meti
individualuri gamrjeobis, danazogebis Seqmnis, samedicino
dazRvevis, kerZo sapensio uzrunvelyofis da sxva msgavsi
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. ufro metic, umuSevroba ukve samTavrobo
pasuxismgeblobad aRar ganisazRvreboda: umuSevrobis moculoba,
“bunebrivad warmomdgari nixri” iyo, romlis Semcirebac, TviT
momuSaveTa mier “sakuTari Sromis dafasebiT” Tu iyo SesaZlebeli.
axali memarjveneebi, ufro radikalurad Seecadnen, jer
eWvqveS daeyenebinaT da Semdeg SeecvalaT is Teoriebi da
Rirebulebebi, romlebic, winaT, saxelmwifo pasuxismgeblobebis
mzard gafarToebas kanonierad miiCnevda. am TvalsazrisiT, axalma
memarjveneebma Tavi mouyares “hegemonur proeqts”, romelic Seecada
urTierwinaaRmdegobrivi sabazro Rirebulebebis da Teoriebis
Zalis damyarebas. aman, imgvar politikuri filosofiis
popularobas Seuwyo xeli, romelic individualizms ganadidebda
da “ZiZa” saxelmwifos ideas akninebda. mocemuli proeqti ori
TemiT iyo dakavebuli, neo-liberaluriT da neo-konservatuliT.
neo-liberaluri Teoriebi Seecadnen bazris avtonomiis
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dadasturebas, romlis mixedviTac “ekonomika maSin muSaobs
saukeTesod, Tu ki mTavroba mas Tavs anebebs”. am TvalsazrisiT,
ekonomika da socialuri yofa kerZo sferod gamocxadda,
romelTanac saxelmwifos araferi esaqmeba. meores mxriv, neo-
konservatorebi xelisuflebis/avtoritetis, wesrigis da
disciplinis ideebis aRdgenas Seecadnen. kerZod, es niSnavs imas,
rom mTavrobis xelisufleba/avtoriteti gaZlierdes, sul mcire
iseT sakiTxebSi, romelSic, axali memarjveneebis mixedviT
mTavrobas upiirvelesi roli aqvs: kanoniereba da wesrigi,
sazogadoebrivi moralis uzrunvelyofa da Tavdacva.
Tu ki industrializebul dasavleTSi, leberalur-
demokratiuli reJimebi, legitimaciis krizisis TvalsazrisiT
SedarebiT daculni aRmoCndnen, igive ar SeiZleba iTqvas,
liberalur mmarTvelobebis mimarT ganviTarebad samyaroSi.
ganviTarebadi samyaros qveynebidan, mxolod mcireodenma nawilma
Tu moaxerxa Seeqmna imgvari mdgradi sistema, romelic
Zalauflebis mopovebisTvis Ria da Tavisufal konkurencias
daemyareboda da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis mniSvnelovan nawils
SeinarCunebda. imis miuxedavad, rom ganviTarebad samyaroSi
liberalur demokratiuli Seferilobis reJimebis raodenoba
SesamCnevad izrdeboda, indoeTis msgavsi warmatebis ganmeoreba,
friad iSviaTi movlenaa. leberalur-demokratiul eqperimentebs
xSirad samxedro gadatrialebebi da erTpartiuli mmarTvelobis
damyareba mosdevda xolme. aseT movlenebs, legitimaciis krizisis
garkveuli elferi gadakravda. magaliTad, iseTi struqturuli
problemebis arsebobam, rogorebicaa ganviTarebis dabali done,
gadaumuSavebeli nedleuliT vaWrobaze zedmeti damokidebuleba,
dasavleTis bankebisadmi davalienebis arseboba da a.S., rTuli,
faqtobrivad SeuZlebeli gaxada ganviTarebadi qveynebis politikur
reJimebs liberalur-demokratiuli reJimisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
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moTxovnebis Sesruleba. ufro metic, mravalpartiuli
demokratiebis arseboba, xSirad Seusabamod moCans, da xSirad
SesaZloa dabrkolebac ki aRmoCndes, rodesac sazogadoeba erT
mTavar sakiTxs aris pirispir SeCexebuli: esaa socialuri
ganviTarebis moTxovna. meores mxriv, saerTod sakiTxavia,
sargeblobdnen ki am tipis reJimebi raime ligitimurobis xarisxiT,
romelTa SemTxvevaSic reJimTa msxvrevas Znelad Tu vuwodebT
legitimurobis kriziss. liberalur-demokratiuli reJimebi xSirad
yofili koloniuri metropoliis danatovars warmoadgenda da iseT
sakiTxebs asaxavda, rogorebic individualizmi da konkurenciaa,
romelnic sruliad ucxoni iyo ganviTarebadi samyaros didi
nawilisTvis.
aRmosavleTi evropis da sabWoTa kavSiris orTodoqsuli
komunisturi reJimebis 1989-1991 wlebis msxvreva, legitimurobis
krizisis, Tu legitimurobis krizisis seriebis metad karg
magaliTs warmoadgens. mocemul krizisebs politikuri,
ekonomikuri da socialuri ganzomilebebi qonda. politikuri
sakiTxebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, orTodoqsuli komunisturi
reJimebi erT-partiul saxelmwifoebs warmoadgendnen, sadac
“mmarTveli” komunisturi partia, warmosaxviT mainc, sazogadoebis
yvela jgufs akontrolebda. ekonomikis TvalsazrisiT, gegmiurma
centralizebulma ekonomikam, romelic mocemul reJimSi arsebobda,
ver SeZlo imgvari keTildReobis Seqmna da gavrceleba, rogorc es
kapitalisturi dasavleTis SemTxvevaSi iyo. socialuri
TvalsazrisiT, orTodoqsuli komunisturi reJimebis miRwevebi
friad saeWvo iyo: industrializaciam da masobrivi ganaTlebis
danergvam ukeT informirebuli da mzardi gamocdilebis mqone
moqalaqeTa fena Seqmna, romelTa mxridan samoqalaqo
Tavisuflebebis da dasavluri samomxmareblo saqonelze
moTxovnilebebis gazrdam, ubralod reJimis gacamtvereba gamoiwvia,
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radganac mas ar SeeZlo am moTxovnebis dakmayofileba. mocemulma
faqtorebma TandaTanobiT Zala gamoacala orTodoqsuli reJimebis
legitimurobas da 1989 wels aRmosavleT evropaSi da 1991 wels ki
sabWoTa kavSirSi masobrivi demonstraciebis Sedegad es reJimebi
daemxnen kidec.
Tanasworoba, socialuri samarTlianoba da keTildReoba
Tanasworoba
dRes farTod gamoyenebul termin “Tanaswori”-s pirvelad
mniSvnelobaSi, raime sagnis Tanabari fizikuri SesaZleblobebi
igulisxmeboda. am gagebiT, SegviZlia visaubroT ori sasmisis
Sesaxeb, romlebSic ori “Tanabari” moculobis wyali asxia. msgavsi
magaliTebi SesaZloa moviyvanoT agreTve sxva fizikuri sagnebis
Sesaxebac. magram, politikur TeoriaSi viTareba cota sxvagvaria.
am SemTxvevaSi, Tanasworobis sakiTxi mkveTrad unda gavmijonoT
iseTi ideebisgan, rogorebicaa “erTgvarovneba” (uniformity), “igiveoba”
(Identity) da “erTnairoba” (sameness). imis miuxedavad, rom
Tanasworobis ideis kritikosebi saqmis gaiolebis mizniT sakiTxis
ubralo erTgvarovnebamde dayvanasac ki cdiloben (ukavSireben ra
mas socialuri inJineriis sakiTxebs), arc erTi mniSvnelovani
politikuri moRvawe/moazrovne arasdros yofila yvela sagnis da
sakiTxis absoluturi Tanasworobis damcveli. Tanasworoba arc
kacobriobis mravalferovnebis mteria da arc imas cdilobs, rom
yvelaferi erTmaneTs daamgvanos. egalitaristebi xSirad yvela
individis unikalurobasac aRiareben da moswonT kidec azri, rom
adamianebi gansxvavebuli niWis, SesaZleblobebis da unarCvevisani
ibadebian. Tumca, maT mizans imgvari samarTlebrivi, politikuri an
sazogadoebrivi pirobebis Seqmna warmoadgens, sadac adamianebs
67
miecemaT saSualeba Tanabrad daimsaxuron yuradReba da datkbnen
cxovrebiT. sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, Tanasworoba es ubralo
SeSveli erTgvarovneba ki ara, aramed sazogadoebrivi arsebobis im
pirobebis “gaTanabrebaa”, romelTac uaRresad mniSvnelovani
adgili uWiravT adamianTa keTildReobis uzrunvelyofaSi. Tumca
unda iTqvas, rom Tanasworoba saSiSi idea, Tu ki mas ubralo
politikur devizad gadavaqcevT da ar davsvamT kiTxvas Tu ra aris
Tanasworoba? raSi unda iyvnen adamianebi Tanasworni, rodis,
rogor, sad da ratom?
Tanasworoba metad winaaRmdegobrivi cnebaa, romelic
socialuri cxovrebis yoveli Sedarebis dros, sruliad
gansxvavebulad warmogvidgeba. magaliTad, SesaZlebelia visaubroT
moraluri, samarTlebrivi, politikuri, socialuri, sqesobrivi,
rasobrivi da a.S. Tanasworobebze. ufro metic, Tanasworobis
principi ramdenime formas moicavs, romelTaganac yvelaze
mniSvnelovania: formaluri, SesaZleblobebis da Sedegis
Tanasworobebi. imis miuxedavad, rom SesaZleblobebis da Sedegis
Tanasworobis principebi formaluri Tanasworobis ideisgan
momdinareoben, isini xSirad sruliad gansxvavebul mniSvnelobebze
miuTiTeben. magaliTad, samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis momxreni
xSirad kicxaven SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobis ideas, rodesac igi
gansxvavebulobis mxardasaWerad Raribebis da uunaroebis
sasargeblod gadaixreba xolme.. igive SeiZleba iTqvas socialuri
Tanasworobis ideis momxreebis mimarTac, romlebic ewinaRmdegebian
SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobis ideas, radganac maT miaCniaT, rom
es ukanaskneli uTanasworobis uflebis aRiarebas ufro uwyobs
xels. amdenad, egalitarizmi mraval ideas da Sexedulebas moicavs
da misi politikuri xasiaTi xSirad did winaaRmdegobebs
warmoSobs.
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formaluri Tanasworoba
Tanasworobis yvelaze adreuli versia, romelmac gavlena
moaxdina politikur moZRvrebaze gvTavazobs Semdeg Sexedulebas:
adamianebi Tanasworebi arian imdenad, ramdenadac yovel maTgani
adamianuri Rirsebis Tanabrad matarebelia. Tanasworobis mocemul
gagebas, xSirad “safuZvelmdebare Tanasworobadac” moixsenieben. es
idea warmoiSva me-17-18 saukuneebSi ganviTarebuli bunebiTi
uflebebis Teoriebis safuZvelze. magaliTad, amerikis
damoukideblobis deklaracia acxadebs, rom “yvela adamiani
Tanasworad ibadeba”, xolo “adamianis da moqalaqis uflebaTa”
frangul deklaraciaSi miTiTebulia, rom “adamianebi ibadebian da
inarCuneben Tavisuflebis da Tanasworobis uflebas”. Tumca
saintereso iqneboda gvekiTxa, Tu ra saxis Tanasworobas afuZneben
aRniSnuli deklaraciebi? ra Tqma, ar unda movTxovoT mocemul
deklaraciebs mogvawodon adamianuri yofis sasurveli pirobebis
detaluri aRwera, imdenad ramdenadac me-18 saukune jer kidev
fesvgadgmuli socialuri privilegiebis da sruli ekonomikuri
uTanasworobis epoqa iyo. mocemuli deklaraciebi ufro
normatiuli xasiaTis mocemulobebi iyo, romelic yvela adamianis
moralur Rirsebas asabuTebda. ubralod, rom vTqvaT, adamianebi
“Tanasworni” arian imis gamo, rom adamianebi arian. isini
Tanasworad “ibadebian” da “RvTis xatebas Tanasworad gamoxataven”.
magram Cndeba kiTxva, Tu ras SeiZleba niSnavdes mocemuli
Tanasworoba praqtikaSi?
adre modernul periodSi, safuZvelmdebare Tanasworoba ar
iyo SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobis ideasTan Sewyvilebuli,
romelic mas daakavSirebda Tanaswori simdidris da Tanaswori
socialuri mdgomareobis sakiTxebTan. iseTi moazrovne, magaliTad
rogoric jon loki iyo erTis mxriv icavda ideas, rom “adamianebi
69
Tanasworad ibadebian” da amave dros moiTxovda sakuTrebis
uflebis absolutur xelSeuvalobas da sakuTrebis mflobelis
mier sakuTari qonebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis SeuzRudaobas.
igi arc qalebis sakiTxze ambobda rames, romelnic maSin sruliad
gariyulebi iyvnen kategoriidan “adamiani”. principi, rom yvela
adamiani flobs Tanaswor uflebas, “formaluri Tanasworobis”
ideis safuZvelia. “formaluri Tanasworoba” aviTarebs debulebas,
rom yoveli adamianis adamianuri Rirseba adamians uflebas aZlevs,
misTvis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis wesebi Tanaswori iyos.
procedurulia is wesi, rogorc aseTi, romelic adamians
moqmedebis Tanasworobis uflebas aZlevs. imis miuxedavad, rom
adamianebs sakuTari SesaZleblobebis farglebSi yvelafris arCeva
SeuZliaT, saamisod, maT windawin ar unda moiTxovon raime
SesaZleblobebis, resursebis da simdidris uzrunvelyofa.
formaluri Tanasworobis yvelaze mniSvnelovan
gamoxatulebas samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis anu “kanonis winaSe
Tanasworobis” idea warmoadgens. amgvari ideis mixedviT, kanonma
yvela adamiani individad unda ganixilos da yuradReba ar unda
miaqcios mis socialur, religiur, rasobriv, sqesobriv da a.S.
mdgomareobas. am gagebiT, samarTali “brmaa” yvela aRwerili
faqtoris mimarT da misTvis erTaderT WeSmaritebas sasamarTloSi
warmodgenili mtkicebulebebi warmoadgenen. amgvarad,
samarTlebrivi Tanasworoba, kanonis mmarTvelobis (Rule of Law)
umTavresi safuZvelia. kanonis mmarTvelobis idea moiTxovs yvela
adamianis mxolod kanonisadmi morCilebas, ar aqvs mniSvneloba
kerZo moqalaqe iqneba YTu saxelmwifo moxele. aSS-Si amgvari
praqtikis gamoxatulebaa “Tanaswori dacvis” (equal protection)
konstituciuri principi. am ideis mixedviT, erTidaimave pirobebSi
myofi adamianebi erTidaimave pirobebiTve unda ganisjebodnen.
mocemuli principi yvelaze naTlad gamoiyena uzenaesma
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sasamarTlom saqmis dros, romelsac ewodeboda “brauni ganaTlebis
sabWos winaaRmdeg” (1954). mocemulma saqmem daadgina, rom amerikul
skolebSi arsebuli rasobrivi segregacia ewinaaRmdegeboda
amerikis konstitucias. aman, ki Tavis Tavis mxriv, samoqalaqo
uflebebis sakiTxebis win wamowevas da ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli.
amis miuxedavad unda iTqvas, rom formaluri Tanasworobis
principi arsebiTad negatiuria: mas uaRresad SezRuduli resursebi
gaaCnia sazogadoebaSi arsebuli specifikuri saxis privilegiebis
aRmosafxvrelad. formaluri Tanasworobis warmoSobisTanave
gaCnda imedi, rom igi xels Seuwyobda feodalizmis droindeli
ierarqiis da wesrigis gaqrobas; axal viTarebas win
aristokratuli privilegiebi eRobeboda xolme. swored amiT
iaxsneba is faqti, rom formalurma Tanasworobis principma
TiTqmis sayovelTao mxardaWera moipova, gansakuTrebiT
konservatul da liberalur wreebis mxridan, Tumca mas naklebad
endobodnen xolme socialistebi. formaluri Tanasworoba,
Tanasworobis is formaa romelic iSviaTad saWiroebda xolme
raime gamarTlebas: privilegiebi, romelic gadaecemoda erTi
klasSi mcxovreb pirovnebas genderis, kanis feris, raime kredos an
religiis msgavsad “dabadebis SemTxveviTobis” gamo, amJamad
aRiarebulia, rogorc ubralod fanatizmi an iracionaluri
crurwmena. msgavsi viTareba, yvelaze aSkarad, sayovelTaod
dagmobili samxreT afrikuli aparteidis sistemaSi gamosWvioda.
Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom formaluri Tanasworoba mravali
TvalsazrisiT friad Sezuduli cnebaa, romelmac SesaZloa ver
Svas WeSmariti Tanasworoba, miT umetes maSin, Tuki mas saerTod
martod davtovebT. magaliTad, samarTlebrivi Tanasworoba yvela
adamians aZlevs Zvirfasian restoranSi kvebis uflebas, miuxedavad
misi rasisa, sqesisa da a.S., magram TiTqmis arafers gveubneba imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor movipovoT Tanxebi, raTa aRvasruloT CvenTvis
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boZebuli es ufleba. swored amaze miuTiTebda frangi mwerali
anatol fransi nawarmoebSi “wiTeli lili”, rom “jadosnuri
samarTlebrivi Tanasworoba mdidars da Raribs erTnairad
ukrZalavs puris moparvas da xidis qveS Zils”.
mocemuli SezRudvebi SesaZloa davinaxoT agreTve, rogorc
rasobriv, ise sqesobriv TanasworobasTan mimarTebaSic. formaluri
Tanasworoba moiTxovs, rom aravis waerTvas raimes ufleba maTi
rasobrivi Tu sqesobrivi mikuTvnebulobis gamo. amis miuxedavad,
rasobrivi diskriminaciis akrZalva ver axerxebs kulturaSi
fesvgadgmuli da “institucionalizebuli” rasizmis mospobas.
formalur Tanasworobas ar ZaluZs agreTve im ekonomikuri da
socialuri usamarTlobis gaqroba, romelmac ganapiroba zogadad
rasobrivi umciresobebis Cagvra. karl marqsi Seecada aexsna
mocemuli problema naSromSi “ebrauli sakiTxis Taobaze”(1844).
marqsi cdilobda ebraelebis magaliTze warmoeCina Tanaswori
samoqalaqo uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis “politikuri
emansipaciis” sakiTxi, romelSic ara mxolod ebraelebs, aramed
mTels kacobriobas gulisxmobda, romlebic klasobrivi tiraniiT
iCagrebodnen. marqsistebi kapitalizms ganixilavdnen iseT sistemad,
romelmac Seqmna Tanasworoba sabazro principis mixedviT. mocemul
SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi ara maTi socialuri mdgomareobiT da
individualuri gansakuTrebulobis mixedviT ganisjebian, aramed
mTavaria mxolod maTi sabazro Rirebuleba. amis miuxedavad, kerZo
sakuTrebis arseboba klasobriv gansxvavebulobebs warmoSobs,
romelic Tavis mxriv iseT sazogadoebas ayalibebs, sadac
adamianebs mkveTrad gamoxatuli urTierTgansxvavebuli sabazro
Rirebulebebi gaaCniaT. swored amitom saxaven marqistebi
samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis ideas “sabazro” da “burJuaziul”
Tanasworobad. marqistebs miaCniaT, rom formaluri Tanasworobis
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principi realurad fasaduri saxisaa da cdilobs SeniRbos
sinamdvileSi arsebuli eqploatacia da ekonomikuri uTanasworoba.
sqesobrivi TanasworobisTvis brZola moiTxovs samarTlebriv
Tanasworobas, romelsac xandaxan “Tanaswor uflebebsac” uwodeben
xolme. iseTma adreulma feministebma, rogorebic iyvnen meri
uolstounkrafti da jon stiuart mili, wamoayenes sakuTari
argumentebi liberaluri individualiszmis sasargeblod. maTi
azriT, genderul mikuTvnebuloba ar unda aisaxebodes sajaro
cxovrebaSi, radganac yovel pirovnebas erTi da igive ufleba aqvs
ganaTlebis, kanonis, politikis da a. S. TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad,
uolstounkrafti asabuTebda, rom “qalic Cveulebrivi “adamiania”,
miuxedavad misi sqesobrivi gansxvavebulobisa”. miuxedavad imisa,
rom YTanamedrove epoqaSi, qalebis mamakacebTan gaTanasworebis
sakiTxi gacilebiT win wavida, vidre ubralod “formaluri”
Tanasworobis idea, jer kidev arsebobs kulturuli, socialuri da
politikuri uTanasworobebi, romlebic genderuli
mikuTvnebulobis xarjze aRmocendebian xolme. amis gamo, mravali
Tanamedrove feministi ar dakmayofilda mxolod liberaluri
Tanaswori uflebebis ideiT da Tanasworobis aRiareba ufro
radikaluri formebiT moiTxova. magaliTad, socialisti
feministebi ufro didi socialuri uTanasworobis sawyisebis
arsebobaze amaxvileben yuradRebas, rogorc wesi. saamisod, isini
miuTiTeben sazogadoebaSi arsebul ekonomikur uTanasworobaze,
romelic Tavis mxriv saSualebas aZlevs mamakacebs kvlav
SeinarCunon “marCenalis” statusi, maSin rodesac qalebi ara
mxolod uxelfaso diasaxlisebad rCebian, aramed ganwirulni arian
dabalSemosavliani da dabali statusis mqone samsaxurebisTvis.
radikaluri feministebi, Tavis mxriv, miuTiTeben formaluri
Tanasworobis araadekvaturobazec. maT miaCniaT, rom es ukanaskneli
mxolod sajaro cxovrebiT aris dainteresebuli, maSin, rodesac
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igi sruliad uyuradRebod tovebs patriarqalizmis da “mamakacTa
mmarTvelobis” faqts, romelic Tavis mxriv ojaxis sturuqturas
da personaluri cxovrebis organizebis wesebSia fesvgadgmuli.
maSasadame, srulfasovani sqesobrivi Tanasworobis damyareba ara
mxolod qalebisadmi Tanaswori uflebebis miniWebas moiTxovs,
aramed gulisxmobs qalis mamakacTan gaTanasworebasac, rogorc
ekonomikur, ise socialur da saojaxo cxovrebaSi.
SesaZleblobebis Tanasworoba
bevri moazrovne fiqrobs, rom ufro radikaluri,
SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobis cneba, bunebrivad formaluri
Tanasworobis ideisgan momdinareobs. miuxedavad am ori cnebis
mravali urTierTmsgavsebisa, isini SesaZloa or sruliad
gansxvavebul fenomens gulisxmobdnen. Zalian xSirad,
SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobis idea arRvevs formalur
Tanasworobas. SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobis principebze
msjelobas platonis naSromebSi vawydebiT. platoni, adamianis
raime sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis dakavebas mtkiced ukavSirebda
individis unars an mis saamisod garjas. mocemuli msjelobis
mixedviT, saganmanaTleblo sistemam yvela bavSvs Tanabari Sansi
unda misces sakuTari niWierebis gamosavlenad. platonis mocemuli
koncefcia aitaces Tanamedrove ideologiebma da dResdReobiT
TiTqmis yvela politikuri partiis mier farTod gamoiyeneba
msjelobis yvela mimarTulebiT. social-demokratebs da
Tanamedrove liberalebs mtkiced swamT, rom SesaZleblobebis
Tanasworoba socialuri samarTlianobis qvakuTxedia. Tanamedrove
konservatorebi (romlebmac bevr sakiTxze Seicvales Sexeduleba)
xotbas asxamen imgvar Rirsebebs, rasac isini “klasikur
sazogadoebas” uwodeben. konservatorTa SexedulebiT, amgvari
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sazogadoeba individualur garjas emyareba da ara marqsis mier
aRweril koleqtiur sakuTrebaze damyarebul sazogadoebas.
formaluri Tanasworoba ufro adamianis mdgomareobas da
kanonierebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, rac Tavis mxriv arc
cxovrebis “SesaZleblobebs” aqcevs yuradRebas da arc mocemuli
pirobebidan Tavis daRwevis gzebis Ziebas dagidevs ramed.
SesaZleblobebis Tanasworoba, upirvelesad, sawyis pirobebze,
cxovrebis sastarto niSnulis sakiTxze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.
Zalzed xSirad, mocemuli sakiTxis ukeT warmosaxvisTvis, sportul
metaforas moiSvelieben xolme, romelic Tanaswori “startis” Tu
“Tanaswori donis sarbielis” uzrunvelyofas moiTxovs. cxovrebis
sawyisi pirobebis gansazRvrebis mcdelobebma, SesaZloa sruliad
araegalitaruli Sedegebi mogvitanos. SesaZleblobebis
Tanasworobis momxreT ar sjeraT, rom srbolis yvela monawile
SedegTan Tanabrad miva, imis miuxedavad rom maT sastarto
pozociebi saerTo iyo. mravali Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, “Tanaswori
sawyisi” uTanasworo Sedegebis legimacias uwyobs xels, romelmac
gamarjvebuli damarcxebulisgan unda gamijnos. sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli uTanasworo realobani (performance) , ubralod adamianTa
gansxvavebul SesaZleblobebze migviTiTebs. saboloo jamSi,
amgvari viTareba ayalibebs sinamdviles, romlis mixedviTac
SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobis principi “uTanasworobis miRwevis
Tanaswor saSualebad” gadaiqceva xolme. es imitom aris ase, rom
mocemuli koncefcia or gansxvavebul Tanasworobas ayalibebs,
romelTaganac erTi misaRebia, xolo meore miuRebeli. bunebiTi
uTanasworobis Camoyalibeba, romelic SesaZloa pirovnebis
niWierebis, unar-Cvevebis, Sromismoyvareobis da kidev sxva msgavsi
pirobebisgan momdinareobdes, gardauvali procesia, rasac Tavis
mxriv moraluri arsebobis “uflebac” gaaCndes. margaret TetCeris
sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, sinamdvileSi mxolod “uTanasworod
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arsebobis ufleba” arsebobs. amis miuxedavad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
uTanasworoba, romelic iseTi socialuri pirobebiT ikvebeba,
rogorebicaa: siRaribe, usaxlkaroba an umuSevroba, moralurad
“ukeTuria”(wrong), radganac Tu ki zogierTs cxovrebis srbolis
dawyeba Suagzidanac xelewifeba, zogierTi monawile saerTod ver
axerxebs srbolis sarbielze misvlas.
SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobis idea friad gansakuTrebul
araegalitaruli idealis Camoyalibebas mieltvis, romelsac
meritokratuli sazogadoeba ewodeba. termini meritokratia maikl
iangma(1958) Seqmna. iangi meritokratiaSi niWierebis da inteleqtis
safuZvelze Seqmnil mmarTvelobas gulisxmobda. meritokratuli
sazogadoebis arsebobis pirobebSi warmatebac da marcxic
pirovnul damsaxurebad moiazreba, romelic gamoxatavs faqts,
romlis mixedviTac zogi niWieri an Sromismoyvare ibadeba, xolo
zogi ki – naklebad niWieri an zarmaci. amgvar uTanasworobas
merotokratia araTu moralurad amarTlebs, aramed cdilobs
Seqmnas iseTi pirobebi, romelic adamians yovelnairad daexmareba
sakuTari niWierebis gamovlenaSi. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom
meritokratiis idea mainc endoba uTanasworobis gamomwvev
“bunebiT” da “socialur” mizezebad gayofis tradicias. magaliTad
fsiqologebi hans aisenki (Hans Eysenck)(1973) arTur ienseni (Arthur
Jensen)(1980) pirvelebi Seecadnen daesabuTebinaT bunebiTi
uTanasworobis arseboba. saamisod, isini eyrdnobidnen inteleqtis
Semowmebis testebs (IQ), romelTa saSualebiTac cdilobdnen
adamianis gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis gazomvas. amgvari idea udevs
safuZvlad didi britaneTSi arsebul tradicias, romlis
mixedviTac skolebi e.w. “Tormeti-plius” gamocdebis saSualebiT
cdiloben SearCion mowafeebi. Tumca, praqtikaSi, mocemuli
gamocdebis CatarebiT gamovlenil “bunebrivi unarebis”
samarTlianobaze did gavlenas axdenen socialuri da kulturuli
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faqtorebi. magaliTad, didi britaneTis skolebi xels uwyoben
saSualo klasis bavSvebis sasargeblod saqmis warmoebas, romelTa
mSoblebic skolebSi kargi akademiuri moswrebiT gamoirCeodnen.
sirTule imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Tu ki bunebiTma niWierebam ver
moaxerxa adamianis socialuri faqtorebis zegavlenisgan gamoxsna,
maSin “bunebiTi uTanasworobis” ideaze uaris Tqma mogviwevs. ufro
metic, Tu ki simdidresa da sazogadoebriv mdgomareobas pirovnul
miRwevad ver miviCnevT, maSin SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobis cnebam,
SesaZloa Tanasworobis ufro radikaluri koncefciebi warmoSvas.
yvelafris miuxedavad, unda iTqvas, rom SesaZleblobebis
Tanasworobis mimzidveloba mZlavria. saxeldobr, igi pativs
miagebs sayovelTao Tanasworobis maqsimizaciis process.
SesaZleblobebis Tanasworoba uaryofs yvela im winaRobas,
romelic ki pirovnul ganviTarebas da TviTrealizacias (rac
yvela moqalaqis ufleba unda iyos) uSlis xels. mocemuli
principebis realizacia ukve aRar iwvevs winaaRmdegobebs.
sayovelTaodaa gaziarebuli azri, rom karierul winsvlaSi,
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba adamianis niWsa da unars unda eniWebodes.
Tumca, zogierTi moazrovne asabuTebs, rom SesaZleblobebis
Tanasworobis amdagvari gamoyeneba saxelmwifos sazogadoebriv da
pirovnul cxovrebaSi Carevis SesaZleblobas zrdis, rac Tavis
mxriv individualur Tavisuflebas emuqreba da SesaZloa
formaluri Tanasworobac ki daarRvios. magaliTad, ojaxis
instituti SesaZloblobebis Tanasworobis ganxorcielebis erT-
erT mTavari Semaferxebeli faqtoria. imis gamo, rom adamianebi
gansxvavdebian ojaxuri memkvidreobis mixedviT (es exeba maT
materialur mdgomareobas da sazogadoebaSi stabiluri
mdgomareobis sakiTxebs), mianiSnebs faqtze, rom yvela adamianis
erTnairi sawyisi pirobebi ar eqneba. SesaZleblobebis Tanasworoba,
rom davnergod misi ukiduresi formebiT, maSin unda gadaixedos
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kanonebi, romlebic memkvidreobas krZalavs da ojaxis instituts
sakompensacio programebis mixedviT aregulirebs. mocemuli
Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, SesaZloa Tavisuflebis da Tanasworobis
moTanxmebac ki gaxdes saWiro. yovelive es ki moiTxovs
wonasworobis damyarebas, SesaZleblobebis gaTanasworebis
moTxovnas da individualur uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis dacvis
procedurebs Soris.
erTi yvelaze rTuli sakiTxi, rasac SesaZleblobebis
Tanasworobis ganxorcieleba iwvevs, esaa e.w. “pozitiuri”
diskriminaciis sakiTxi. esaa konkretuli politikuri kursis
nairsaxeoba, romelic ukavSirdeba aSS-Si warmoSobili
“antidiskriminaciuli moqmedebis” (Affirmative Action) sakiTxebidan
momdinareobs. mocemuli politika rasobrivi segregaciis sakiTxebs
exeboda da diskriminacias Cagrul mdgomareobaSi myofi jgufebis
sasargeblod axorcielebda. amdagvari politikis gamarTleba
aSkarad SesaZlebelia SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobis gamoyenebiT.
magaliTad, Tu ki rasobrivi umciresobebi socialurad Cagrul
mdgomareobaSi imyofebian, maTTvis mxolod formaluri
Tanasworobis miniWeba ar iZleva imis saSualebas, rom maT miiRon
Sesabamisi ganaTleba, waratebas miaRwion karierul winsvlaSi, an
kidev daiwyon politikuri moRvaweoba. mocemuli viTareba aRiara
aSS-s uzenaesma sasamarTlomac saqmis dros “kaliforniis
universitetis mmarTvelebi beikis winaaRmdeg” 1978 wels, romelmac
mxari dauWira saswavlo dawesebulebebSi misaRebi procedurebis
dros, pozitiuri diskriminaciis realizacias. am SemTxvevaSi,
pozitiuri diskriminacia, golfis TamaSis msgavsad, wonasworobis
sistemis dacvas uwyobs xels, romelic or uTanasworo
mowinaaRmdeges Soris samarTliani da Tanaswori Sejibrebis
Catarebas axerxebs. zogierTi Sexedulebis mixedviT, uTanasworo
damokidebulebebi (romelic Tumca Zveli Cagruli mdgomareobis
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aRmosafxvreladaa mowodebuli) Tanaswori uflebebis principis
darRvevas gamoiwvevs aucileblad. magaliTad, beikis saqmis
mixedviT, students universitetSi Cabarebis ufleba aRar qonda, Tu
ki mas masze ufro cudi akademiuri moswrebis kandidatebTan erTad
mouwevda konkurenciis gavla.
Sedegis Tanasworoba
Sedegis Tanasworobis idea egalitarizmis yvelaze ufro
radikaluri da winaaRmdegobrivi saxeobaa. maSin, rodesac
SesaZleblobebis Tanasworoba mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebis
gatarebas moiTxovs socialuri da ekonomikuri Tanasworobis
misaRwevad, gacilebiT meti unda gakeTdes saimisod, rom “Sedegis”
gaTanasworebas mivaRwioT. es aris mizani, romelic yvelaze metad
aaSkaravebs fundamentur ideologiur gansxvavebulobas:
socialistebis, komunistebis da zogierTi anarqistebisTvisac,
socialuri Tanasworobis maRali donis miRweva fundamenturi
mizania, xolo konservatorebs da liberalebs swamT, rom es
uzneoba da arabunebiTia.
“SesaZleblobebis” sakiTxTan SedarebiT, “Sedegis” ideas
yuradReba cxovrebis sawyisi pirobebis gansazRvrebidan mis
Sedegebze, xolo sawyisi Sansebidan jildoze gadaaqvs. Sedegis
Tanasworobis mixedviT, srbolis/Sejibris yvela monawile
finiSTan Tanabrad unda mivides, maTi sastarto pirobebis da
srbolaSi gamovlenili siswrafis gansxvavebulobis miuxedavad.
SesaZleblobebis Tanasworoba, rogorc aseTi, ara mxolod
gansxvavdeba formaluri da SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobis
ideebisgan, aramed SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dadebiTi mxrivac
ewinaaRmdegeba maT. amis miuxedavad, xSirad bundovania gavarkvioT
“Sedegi” resursebis Tanabrad ganawilebas, keTildReobis donis
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gaTanasworebas Tu raime sakiTxis Tanabrad Sesrulebas moiTxovs.
Sedegebis gaTanasworeba, rogorc wesi materialuri Tanasworobas,
Tanaswori socialuri pirobebis Seqmnas da SromiTi anazRaurebis
gaTanasworebasac ki moiTxovdes. Tumca, xSir SemTxvevebSi,
materialuri Tanasworoba sasurvel mizanTagan erT-erTia. am
azriT, sasurvelia morigeba iseT sakiTxebs Soris moxdes,
rogorebicaa socialuri Tanasworoba da individualuri
Tavisufleba da ekonomikuri iniciativis sakiTxebi. Jan-Jak rusos,
rogorc wesi, msgavsi moZRvrebis mTavar warmomadgenlad
ganixilaven xolme. imis miuxedavad, rom ruso socialisti ar
yofila da kerZo sakuTrebis Tavgamodebuli damcveliT gaxldaT,
mainc aRiarebda socialuri uTanasworebis saSiSroebas. rusos
mixedviT, “arc erTi moqalaqe ar unda iyos ise mdidari, rom meore
moqalaqe iyidos, da arc erTi ise Raribi, rom iZulebiT sakuTari
Tavi gayidos”. mocemuli principi pirdapir ukavSirdeba mdidridan
Raribze simdidris gadanawilebis Tanamedrove ideas, romelmac
Tavis mxriv gacilebiT meti unda moimoqmedos socialuri
uTanasworobis Sesamcireblad, vidre ubralod socialuri
Tanasworobis abstraqtuli ideis Seqmnaa. swored am suliskveTebiT
arian Tanamedrove social-demokratebi gamsWvalulni, rodesac
zomieri “ganawilebiTi” Tanasworobis ideas eqomagebian. maTi mizani
araa “absoluturi” Tanasworobis miRweva. imis miuxedavad, rom
Tanamedrove social-demokratebi mxars uWeren materialuri
Tanasworobis ideas, uTanasworobis garkveuli doziT aRiarebasac
ar ewinaaRmdegebia, romelic, magaliTad, kerZo SromiTi
iniciativisTvis iqneboda saWiro.
amis miuxedavad, fundamentalisti socialistebisTvis,
gacilebiT maRali donis socialuri Tanasworoba, erTdroulad
misaRebic da aucilebelicaa. marqsi, magaliTad, pirvelsawyis
Tanasworobis ideas ugulvebelyofda, radganac igi miaCnda
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“burJuaziuli” uTanasworobis idead. Sesabamisad, marqsi
erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebda Tanaswor an ufro Tanaswor
sakuTrebis da warmoebis resursebis saerTo sakuTrebis (rac misi
mizani iyo) formebs. misi mixedviT, sakuTrebis yvela forma unda
gauqmebuliyo, Tanasworad gadanawilebuliyo da amis Semdeg
iqneboda SesaZlebeli “absoluturi” socialuri Tanasworobis
miRweva. radikaluri egalitarizmis yvelaze cnobili eqsperimenti,
albaT, CineTSi ganxorcielebuli “kulturuli revolucia” iyo
(1965-8). mocemuli revoluciisas mebrZolma wiTelma gvardiebma ara
mxolod gansxvavebuli SromiTi anazRaureba, privilegiebi da
ierarqiebi, aramed konkurenciuli sportis saxeobebic (magaliTad
fexburTi) ki akrZales.
Sedegis Tanasworobis momxreni, zomierebi iqnebian, Tu
radikalebi, tradiciulad asabuTeben, rom Sedegis Tanasworoba,
Tanasworobis yvelaze ufro arsebiTi formaa, romlis gareSec
Tanasworobis winare ori forma mxolod TvalTmaqcobaa.
martooden Tanaswori samarTlebrivi da samoqalaqo uflebebiT
moqalaqeni bevrs verafers miRweven, Tu ki maT ar eqnebaT
garantirebuli samsaxuri, rigiani anazRaureba, sakuTari Weri da
a.S. ufro metic, mocemuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, SesaZleblobebis
Tanasworoba, rogorc wesi materialuri uTanasworobis SesaniRbad
gamoiyeneba, romelic qmnis miTs, rom TiTqos materialur
uTanasworoba “bunebiTia” da araa ganpirobebuli “socialuri”
faqtorebiT. socialuri Tanasworobis momxreni metad iSviaTad Tu
exmianebian “bunebiTi” uTanasworobis koncefcias, radganac
miaCniaT, rom adamianebs uTanasworod socialuri faqtorebi
gadaaqceven xolme da ara bunebiTi movlenebi. magaliTad, maTi
mixedviT, inteleqtis Semowmebis gamocdebis warmatebiT Cabareba
damokidebulia kargi ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobaze,
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adamianis socialur mdgomareobaze da swavlebis xarisxze da ara
bunebiT Tandayolil unar-Cvevebze.
SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobis idea SesaZloa gavamarTlod
imitomac, rom igi qmnis safuZvels individualuri Tavisuflebis
garantirebulad realizaciisTvis. ramdenadac individis sakiTxebs
SevexebiT, maSinve davinaxavT Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania misTvis
materialuri keTildReobis garkveul donis uzrunvelyofa, raTa
man sakuTari qmedebebi warmatebulad ganaxorcielos. rusos
eSinoda, rom materialur uTanasworobas ar gamoewvia Raribi
adamianebis damoneba da ar waerTmia maTTvis moraluri da
inteleqtualuri avtonomia. amave dros, uTanasworobas SesaZloa
gaeryvna mdidrebi da gaeRvivebina maTSi egoizmi, angarebis da
pativmoyvareobis grZnoba. xSir SemTxvevebSi, maRali donis
socialuri Tanasworoba socialuri harmoniis da stabilurobis
uzrunvelyofis garantadac miaCniaT. r. h. tounei (R.H. Tawney),
naSromSi “Tanasworoba” (1931), asabuTebda, rom socialuri
Tanasworoba “saerTo kulturis” formirebis praqtikuli
safuZveli iyo, romelic “Tanaziarobis” (fellowship) gancdis
gamaerTianebel Zalas efuZneboda. man gaamaTraxa SesaZleblobebis
Tanasworobis idea da mas “Tavkombala filosofia” uwoda. avtoris
mixedviT, yvela adamians xelewifeba Tanabari starti aiRos
erTidaimave poziciebidan, magram SemdgomSi isini bazris
arasasurveli pirobebis amarad arian mitovebulni, romelTaganac
mxolod mcireodeni nawili Tu miaRwevs warmatebas. amdenad,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom socialistebis mTeli Taobebi, socialuri
Tanasworobis sakiTxebs, spontanuri TanamSromlobis da WeSmariti
komunis Seqmnis safuZvlad ganixilavdnen.
amis miuxedavad, kritikosebi aRniSnaven, rom Sedegis
Tanasworobis damkvidrebam stagnacia, usamarTloba da TviT
tiraniis damkvidrebac ki SeiZleba gamoiwvios. stagnacias
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socialuri “gamTanabrebloba” iwvevs, rac Tavis mxriv amuxruWebs
miswrafebebis gamovlenas, klavs kerZo samewameo iniciativebsa da
Sromis unarianobis gazrdas. Tu ki vaRiarebT, rom sazogadoeba
socialuri Tanasworobis miznisken miemarTeba, maSin saamisod didi
safasuris gadaxda mogviwevs, imdenad, ramdenadac mocemulma
procesma SesaZloa unayofo da inerciuli moqmedebebis
ganviTarebas daudos saTave. Tumca, socialuri Tanasworobis
ekonomikuri Rirebuleba moralur RirebulebasTan SedarebiT
naklebad SemzRudavia. es is gakveTilebia, romelTac uxalisod
gvaswavlian axali memarjveneobis iseTi wamrmomadgenlebi,
rogorebic fridrix haieki da qeiT jozefi arian. maTi Sexedulebis
mixedviT, Tanasworobis socialisturi principebi esaa socialuri
Suri imisa, rom gagviCndes mdidari adamianebis qonebis mitacebis
survili. yvela is politika, romelic ki gadanawilebis procesis
saSualebiT Tanasworobis miRwevas lamobs, sxva araferia, Tu ara
mdidarTa Zarcva RaribTa sasargeblod. haieki asabuTebs, rom
yvela adamiani erTmaneTisgan Zlier gansxvavebulia niWierebis,
miswrafebebis Tu sxva niSan-Tvisebebis mixedviT da gamodis, rom
Tanasworobis ganxorcielebiT unda ugulvebelyoT maTi aseTi
gansxvavebuloba. swored am sakiTxs miiCnevda jozefi yvelaze
winaaRmdegobriv sakiTxad, romelic ki Tanasworobis koncefciis
gulisgulSi iyo Cadebuli. jer kidev aristotele ambobda, rom
usamarTloba ara mxolod maSin aRmocendeba, rodesac Tanasworebs
uTanasworod movepyrobiT, aramed maSinac, roca ki uTanasworoT
Tanasworad miviCnevT.
SesaZloa dasanania, magram faqtia, rom yvela adamians
erTidaigive simardiT moZraoba ar ZaluZs; zogierTi maTgani ufro
mardia, zogierTi ufro Zlieri, xolo zogierTi ki ufro meti
gamZleobiT gamoirCeva. amdenad, Sedegis Tanasworoba SesaZloa
“arabunebriv” idead ganvixiloT, romlis miRwevac mxolod masiuri
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CareviT da “patiosani” Sejibris cnebis darRveviTaa SesaZlebeli.
gamodis, rom Sejibris swrafi monawileni zant monawileebs unda
gavuwonasworoT da saamisod isini vaiZuloT, rom SejibrSi zanti
monawileebis Semdgom Caeban, an kidev iZulebiT daviTanxmod ufro
meti winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxvaze. mokled, rom vTqvaT, niWiereba
unda daisajos da Tanaswori Sedegebi “zemodan qvemoT mimarTuli
gamTanabreblobiTobiT” (levelling downwards) unda miviRoT.
sazogadoebaSi Sedegis Tanasworobis farTo doneze damkvidreba
mxolod mzardi manipulaciuri sistemis danergviT miiReba,
romelsac xSirad “socialur inJinerias” uwodeben. amdenad,
Tanasworobis miRweva individualuri Tavisuflebis xarjzea
SesaZlebeli. amitomac warmosaxaven egalitarizms aseT avbediT
ferebSi axali memarjveneebi da asabuTeben, rom Sedegis
Tanasworobis damkvidrebas yovelTvis Tan axlavs sazogadoebis
jgufebad daqsaqsvis procesi, diskriminacia da Zaladoba. maTi
SexedulebiT, SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom CineTis kulturuli
revoluciis mebrZolma egalitarizmma daTesa qaosi, sazogadoebis
paralizeba moaxdina da saboloo jamSi 400.000 kacis sicocxle
Seiwira.
socialuri samarTlianoba
termini “socialuri samarTlianoba” politikuri
winaaRmdegobebiTaa daxunZluli. magaliTad, zogierTi mosazrebis
mixedviT, igi erTmniSvnelovnadaa gadajaWvuli egalitarizmze da
Tanasworobis erTgvar niSnuladac ki warmogvidgeba. amitomac,
politikuri uflebebi socialuri samarTlianobisgan warmosdgeba,
garda misi negatiuri/damamcirebeli SemTxvevebisa. magaliTad,
haieks socialuri samarTlianoba “orWoful sityvad” miaCnda,
romelic xSirad araswor interpretaciebis ganviTarebas uwyobda
xels. mocemuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, socialuri samarTlianobis
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idea, malulad, saxelmwifos da mTavrobis Carevas eqomageba.
social-demokratebsa da Tanamedrove liberalebs moswonT
socialuri samarTlianobis idea. maT sjeraT, rom misi saSualebiT
SesaZlebelia socialuri wesrigis gardaqmna moraluri principebis
Sesabamisad da amiT socialuri usamarTlobis aRmofxvra. Tumca
unda iTqvas, rom araa aucilebeli socialur samarTlianobas,
Tanasworobas da saxelmwifo kontrolis moTxovnas Soris
pirdapiri politikuri/logikuri kavSiri davinaxoT. rogorc amas
mogvianebiT davinaxavT, socialuri samarTlianobis yvela versiis
gamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli uTanasworobis gasamarTleblad.
socialuri samarTlianobis bevri Teoria ki sruliad
araegalitaruli xasiaTisaa.
sakuTriv “socialuri samarTlianobis” koncefcia adreul me-
19 saukuneSi aRmocenda da ufro Zvel epoqis droindel
“samarTlianobis” ideals daupirispirda. am SemTxvevaSi,
samarTlianoba “socialuria” imdenad, ramdenadac igi ukavSirdeba
socialuri keTildReobis da ara samarTlebrivi dasjadobis
sakiTxebs. amdenad, socialuri samarTlianoba qomagad udgeba
sazogadoebaSi dovlaTis ganawilebis imgvar moralur sakiTxebs,
rogorebicaa: Rirseuli anazRaureba, mogebiT sargebloba,
sacxovrebeli farTiT uzrunvelyofa, jandacva, socialuri
daxmareba da a.S. gamomdinare aqedan, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
socialuri samarTlianoba aris sakiTxi “Tu vin ras iRebs”.
magaliTad, Tu ki Semosavlebi sruliad gansxvavebuladaa
ganawilebuli sazogadoebaSi, SegviZlia ki davgmoT es movlena,
rogorc “usamarTlo”? an, saerTaSoriso doneze, SegviZlia ki, rom
mdidar da industrializebul CrdiloeTsa da ganviTarebad
samxreTs Soris gansxvavebulobas “amoraluri” vuwodoT? mravali
mecnieris mixedviT, socialuri samarTlianoba sawyisSive mcdari
cnebaa. maTi SexedulebiT, materialuri simdidris zrdas saerTo
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araferi aqvs iseT moralur principTan, rogoric samarTlianobaa.
umjobesia igi mxolod iseTi ekonomikuri kriteriumebis mixedviT
Sevafasod, rogoric efeqturoba da zrdis tempebia. haieks imitom
ar moswonda termini socialuri samarTlianoba, rom swamda
samarTlianobis Sefasebis mxolod individualuri kriteriumebisa.
am SemTxvevaSi ki, “socialuri” principebis gafarToebulad
gamoyeneba ubralod araswori iqneboda.
amis miuxedavad, unda iTqvas, rom mravali adamianis
SexedulebiT, aramarTebulia materialuri ganawilebis sakiTxi
mxolod ekonomikaze daviyvanoT. maTi mixedviT, esaa SemTxveva,
romelSic samarTlianobis damyarebis procesi yvelaze ukeT
gamosWvivis. sirTule imaSi mdgomareobs, rom politikuri
moazrovneni iSviaTad Tu Tanxmdebian sakiTxze, Tu ras niSnavs
materialuri resursebis samarTliani ganawileba. TavisTavad
samarTlianobis sakiTxisa ar iyos, socialuri samarTlianobac
“imTaviTve sakamaTo” koncefciaa da Sesabamisad arc misi
sayovelTaod gaziarebuli versia arsebobs. devid milerma,
naSromSi, “socialuri samarTlianoba” (1976), gaiziara Sexeduleba,
rom socialuri samarTlianobis koncefcia sawyisSive sakamaToa da
socialurad relatiuria, magram amave dros Seecada
samarTlianobis ramdenime sakvanZo principi gamoekveTa. es
principebia: “samarTlianoba saWiroebisda mixedviT”,
“samarTlianoba uflebebisda mixedviT” da “samarTlianoba
damsaxurebisda mixedviT”.
samarTlianoba saWiroebisda mixedviT
materialuri dovlaTis saWiroebisda mixedviT ganawilebis
sakiTxebis ideas, umTavresad socialisti moazrovneebi
aviTarebdnen da amitomac mas samarTlianobis socialistur
Teoriasac uwodeben. aRniSnulma sakiTxma, yvelaze ukeT pova
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gamoxatuleba karl marqsis naSromSi “goTas programis kritika”
(1875). naSromis mixedviT, srulyofil komunistur sazogadoebas
sakuTar droSaze Semdegi formula unda waewera: “yvelas
SesaZlebloblebisda mixedviT, yvelas saWiroebisda mixedviT”.
Tumca, Secdoma iqneboda, socialuri samarTlianobis
socialisturi koncefcia gamartivebul moTxovna-dakmayofilebis
Teoriamde dagveyvana. magaliTad, marqsis mixedviT, erTmaneTisgan
ganasxvavebda ganawilebiTi principebi, romelic saWiroa
srulyofili komunisturi sazogadoebisTvis da ganawilebiTi
prioncipebi, romelic aucilebelia gardamavali “socialisturi”
sazogadoebisTvis. Mmarqsi iziarebda Sexedulebas, rom
socialistur sazogadoebaSi, kapitalizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebi, magaliTad, rogorc kerZo iniciativaa, ar unda gamqraliyo
erTianad da garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi earseba. amdenad,
marqsma aRiara, rom socializmis pirobebSi, muSaTa klasisTvis
gasamrjelo unda gadaxdiliyo individualuri wvlilis moxedviT,
rac damokidebuli iqneboda muSis fizikur da mentalur unarebze.
Sesabamisad amisa, marqsiseuli “socialisturi” principis mixedviT,
samarTlianoba unda dafuZneboda ideas “TiToeuls Sromisda
mixedviT”. unda iTqvas, rom saWiroebis kriteriumi “komunisturi”
samarTlianobis principis safuZvelia, radganac marqss miaCnda, rom
igi materialurad mdidar momavlis sazogadoebaSi
ganxorcieldeboda, sadac simdidris ganawilebis sakiTxze
msjeloba, ubralod saCoTiro iqneboda.
saWiroeba (needs) gansxvavdeba, rogorc moTxovnilebis (wants),
ise prioritetebisgan (preferences). “saWiroeba” aucileblobaa,
romelic dakmayofilebas moiTxovs. “saWiroeba” ubralod
qarafSutuli da usagno survili araa. amitomac, igi xSirad
adamianuri yofis “safuZvladac” miaCniaT, romlis dakmayofilebac
adamianuri yofis yvela aspeqtis gulisgulia. maSin, rodesac
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“moTxovna” pirovnuli gansjis sagania, romelic socialuri da
kulturuli faqtorebis Sedegad yalibdeba, adamianiseuli
saWiroeba obieqturi da universaluria, romelic nebismieri piris
sakuTrebaa, miuxedavad misi genderuli, erovnuli, religiuir,
socialuri da kidev sxva kuTvnilebisa. socialuri samarTlianobis
saWiroebaze dafuZnebuli Teoriis mimzidveloba imaSia, rom igi
Rirseuli adamianuri yofis yvelaze fundamentur moTxovnebs exeba.
mocemuli Teoria, moralur imperatiulad moiTxobs sabaziso
saWiroebebis dakmayofilebas, radganc mis gareSe sruliad
warmoudgenlad eCveneba adamianis arsebobis sakiTxi. magaliTad,
adamianis uflebebis gansazRvra, xSirad, sabaziso saWiroebebis
cnebas efuZneba. erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniania mcdeloba, mocemuli
saWiroebis gansazRvrebisTvis fsiqolog abraam maslous (1908-70)
ekuTvnis, romelmac “saWiroebebis ierarqiis” idea ganaviTara.
maslous mixedviT, amgvari saWiroebebis safuZveli fsiqologiuri
ganwyobebia, magaliTad SimSili da Zili, romelsac usafrTxoebis
da siyvarulis sakiTxi mosdevs, rac Tavis mxriv pativiscemis
saWiroebas aRvivebs da sabolood sruldeba procesiT, rasac
maslou “TviT-aqtualizacias” uwodebs. naSromSi “adamianiseuli
saWiroebis Teoria” (A Theory of Human Needs) len doialma (Len Doyal)
da ian gofma (Ian Gough) janmrTeloba da avtonomia gamoacxades
obieqtur da universalur saWiroebad, romlebic adamianis
socialur cxovrebaSi monawileobis uzrunvelyofis arsebiT
winapirobebs warmoadgenda.
socialuri samarTlianobis saWiroebaze dafuZnebul Teorias
aSkarad egalitaruli saxe aqvs. Tu ki saWiroebebi urTierTmsgavsni
iqnebian, maSin materialuri resursebi ise inda ganawildes, rom
TiToeuli piris sabaziso saWiroeba dakmayofildes. yovelive es ki
mianiSnebs imaze, rom TiToeuli adamiani imsaxurebs qondes sasmel-
saWmeli, gaaCndes sakuTari Weri, sargeblobdes Sesabamisi
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jandacviT da pirovnuli usafrTxoebis garkveuli xarisxiT.
ubralod uzneoba iqneboda adamianebisTvis neba dagverTo
yofiliyvnen mSier-mwyurvalni, usaxlkaroni, avadmyofni da SiSiT
Sepyrobilni, maSin rodesac yovelive amis aRmosafxvrelad
Sesabamisi resursebi arsebobs. amdenad, saWiroebis kriteriumi,
dasavleTis mdidar sazogadoebebs moralurad avaldebulebs
izrunon samyaros sxva nawilebSi gamefebuli SfoTis da SimSilis
dasaZlevad. mocemuli idea aSkarad simdidris globaluri
gadanawilebisken mogviwodebs. usamarTloba iqneboda Tanasworad
avadmyofi adamianebis uTanasworo jandacvaze gvefiqra. amdenad,
saWiroebisda mixedviT ganawilebis idea migvaniSnebs keTildReobis
momsaxurebebis ufaso, saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofaze da
ewinaaRmdegebeba mocemuli momsaxurebis kerZo, fasian
uzrunvelyofas. amis miexedavad, unda iTqvas, rom saWiroebaze
dafuZnebuli socialuri samarTlianobis Teoria ar moiTxovs
yvela SemTxvevaSi resursebis Tanaswor ganawilebas, radganac
miaCnia, rom SesaZloa saWiroebebi gansxvavebuli iyos. magaliTad,
Tu ki saWiroeba kriteriumi iqneboda, maSin gamodis, rom jandacvis
momsaxureba mxolod avadmyof adamianebze gavrceldeboda. Aam
SemTxvevaSi, avadmyofi adamianebi erovnuli resursis ufro did
wils miiRebdnen janmrTelebTan SedarebiT mxolod imitom, rom
janmrTelebi avadmyofebi ar arian.
ATumca, adamianis saWiroebis mixedviT ganawilebis ideas
mkacri kritikosebi gamouCndnen. maTi mixedviT, saWiroebis zusti
gansazRvra metad rTuli saqme iyo. konservatori da zogierT
SemTxvevaSi liberali kritikosebis mixedviT, “saWiroebis”
koncefcia friad abstraqtuli da TiTqmis metafizikuri
ketegoriaa, romelic ar iTvaliswinebs adamianis realur
moTxovnilebebs da qcevis normebs. maTi azriT, resursebis
ganawilebis procesi konkretuli “priorotetebis” sakiTxebs unda
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ukavSirdebodes, romelsac individebi, magaliTad, sabazro
moqmedebebis dros avlenen xolme. kritikosebi aRniSnaven agreTve,
rom Tu ki mxedvelobaSi miviRebT saWiroebis arsebobas, maSin ar
unda daviviwyoT is istoriuli, socialuri da kulturuli
pirobebi romelTac aRmoacenes konkretuli saWiroebebi. Tu ki
mocemuli msjeloba simarTles Seesabameba, maSin gamodis rom
nonsensia “adamianis” saWiroeba iseTive universalur koncefciad
gamovacxadoT, rogoric es “adamianis Uuflebebis” sakiTxis
SemTxvevaSia. samyaros sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, urTierTgansxvavebul
socialur pirobebSi aRzrdil adamianebs, SesaZloa gansxvavebuli
saWiroebebi gaaCndeT. Sejamebis saxiT unda iTqvas, rom idea, rom
erTi adamianis saWiroebas meore adamianis saWiroebaze moraluri
imperativis ufleba gaaCnia, Seqmnis imgvar viTarebas, rodesac
adamiani mxolod iseT materialur sargebelze izrunebs, romelic
gankerZoebuli moraluri da filosofiuri daSvebebis safuZvelze
aRmocendeba. amgvari ideis mkafio dadasturebaa adamianis
socialuri pasuxismgeblobis rwmena, romelic, rogorc wesi
saerTo adamianurobis cnebas ukavSirdeba. maSin, rodesac mocemuli
rwmena socializmis da mravali msoflio religiisTvis
fundamenturia, igi icxoa konservatizmis da klasikuri
liberalizmisTvis, romelTac adamiani, uwinaresad
TviTorientirebul arsebad miaCniaT.
imis miuxedavad, rom saWiroebis da Tanasworobis idea xSirad
xelidan xelSi gadadioda, Tanamedrove egalitarizmis
Teoretikosebma yuradReba kidev ufro Rrma argumentebzec
gaamaxviles. maT Soris yvelaze gavleniania jon roulzi, romelic
naSromiT “socialuri samarTlianobis Teoria” (1971) daexmara
Tanamedrove liberalebs da social-demokratebs CamoeyalibebinaT
socialuri samarTlianobis koncefciebi. imis miuxedavad, rom
roulzi ar warmoadgenda mkacri gagebiT saWiroebis Teoriis
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mimdevars, man saWiroebis instrumentaluri cneba gamoiyena, raTa
ganeviTarebina idea sawyisi sikeTis (primary good) Sesaxeb. roulzma,
mocemuli idea warmoadgina adamianis saboloo miznis miRwevis
universalur saSualebad. amdenad, socialuri samarTlianobis
sakiTxi ukavSirdeba kiTxvas, Tu rogor unda ganawildes
sazogadoebaSi sawyisi sikeTe da saWiroeba-resursebi. roulzma
ganaviTara “keTilsindisieri samarTlianobis” (justice as fairness)
Teoria. mocemuli Teoria or ZiriTad princips eyrdnoba:
1. yovel adamians yvelaze farTo Tavisuflebis
flobis ufleba aqvs, romelic sxva pirebis
TavisuflebasTan SeTavsebadia.
2. socialuri da ekonomikuri uTanasworobis sakiTxebi
ise unda mogvardes, rom orive SemTxveva iqnas
gaTvaliswinebul:
a) yvelaze Cagrulma yvelaze meti miiRos.
b)da yvela pozicia da samsaxuri Ria unda iyos
yvelasTvis, rac Tavis mxriv SesaZleblobebis
Tanasworobis keTilsindisier pirobebs daeyrdnoba.
pirveli principi tradiciul liberalur Tanasworobas
warmoadgens, xolo meore – e.w. “gansxvavebulobis princips”,
romelic socialuri Tanasworobis dasamyareblad garkveuli
zomebis miRebas moiTxovs. Tumca, mocemuli viTareba, yvela
SemTxvevaSi, absolutur socialur Tanasworobas eqomageba.
roulzi sruliad acnobierebs im faqts, rom ekonomikuri
uTanasworoba motivaciis safuZvelia. amis miuxedavad, roulzma
mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadadga Tanasworobis sasargeblod, misi
azriT, materialuri uTanasworobis gamarTleba mxolod maSinaa
SesaZlebeli, rodesac igi yvelaze metad warumatebeli adamianis
win wasawevadaa mowodebuli. mocemuli pozicia SesabamisobaSi
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modis sabazro ekonomikasTan, romlis drosac simdidris
gadanawileba gadasaxadebiTa da keTildReobis sistemiTaa
SesaZlebeli, romelmac rogorc sawarmoebs SeuZlia Seumciros
motivacia, ise Raribebis winsvlac Seaferxos. roulzis
egalitarimzi sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis erTgvar versias
ufro eyrdnoba, vidre adamianis obieqturi saWiroebis Sefasebas.
man warmosaxa hipoTeturi viTareba, sadac adamianebi (romelTac
warTmeuli aqvT codna sakuTari niWierebis da unarebis Sesaxeb)
erTmaneTs upirispirdebian egalitarul da araegalitarul
sazogadoebaSi cxovrebis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. roulzis
SexedulebiT, adamianebma unda airCion egalitarul sazogadoebaSi
cxovreba, (Tumca SesaZloa gamdidrebis cduneba gauCndeT) radganac
maT aRarasdros eqnebaT SiSi icxovron siRaribes da Cagrul
mdgomareobaSi. amdenad, roulzma msjeloba adamianis bunebis
tradiciuli liberaluri gagebiT daiwyo, sadac adamiani
racionalur da egoistur arsebadaa gamoyvanili, magram simdidris
farTo egalitaruli ganawilebiT daasrula, rasac bevri
“keTilsindisierebas” uwodebs.
samarTlianoba uflebisda mixedviT
meoce saukunis bolodan, egalitarizmis, keTildReobis ideis
da saxelmwifo intervencionizmis tendenciebis sawinaaRdego
memarjvene mimarTulebis ideebma imarjva. axali memarjveneobis
Teoriebma, (iseTma, magaliTad, rogorc robert nozikis naSromia,
“anarqia, saxelmwifo da utopia”(1974), uaryves rogorc saWiroebaze
dafuZnebuli samarTlianobis principebi, ise Tanasworobis
mxardamWeri nebismieri idea. mis magivrad, maT win wamoswies
“uflebebze”, “Rirsebaze” da zogierT SemTxvevaSi, “damsaxurebis”
principebze dafuZnebuli samarTlianobis idea. saamisod, axalma
memarjveneebma sakuTari xedva ganawilebiT principze aages,
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romelic platonis da aristoteles Sexedulebebidan momdinareobs
da qadagebs, rom adamianis materialuri sargebeli misi pirovnuli
“Rirsebidan“ unda momdinareobdes. mocemuli idea, samarTlianobis
klasikuri liberaluri koncefciis qvakuTxedia, romelic jon
lokis da devid iumis naSromebSia gadmocemuli. maSin, rodesac
“saWiroebaze” damyarebuli samarTlianobis principebi socializmis
ideas exmaureba, “uflebebze” aRmocenebuli samarTlianobis
principebi, tradiciulad, samarTlianobis liberalur principebs
emsaxureba.
“uflebebi”, erTgvari moraluri Rirsebaa, romelic
konkretul qmedebaSi gamoixateba. Tumca, ganawilebiT TeoriaSi,
uflebebi mudam jildod miaCndaT, romelic mudam unda
“gamoimuSavo” muyaiTi Sromis da unar-Cvevebis/niWierebis
gavarjiSebis Sedegad. mocemuli idea kargad gamosWvivis klasikur
liberalur rwmenaSi sakuTrebis uflebis Sesaxeb, romelic
adamianis Sromis danaxarjis mixedviT warmosdgeba. momWirned
muSakni “Rirsni” arian im simdidrisa, rasac isini qmnian. am
TvalsazrisiT, uflebebze orientirebuli Teoriebi, yuradRebas
ara imdenad Sedegebze amaxvileben (Tu vis ra gaaCnia), aramed imaze,
Tu ra gziT iqmneba Sedegebi. amrigad, uflebebze dafuZnebuli
Teoriebi proceduruli samarTlianobs Teorias emyareba. amisgan
gansxvavebiT, saWiroebaze orientirebuli saarTlianobis Teoriebi
yuradRebas ufro arsiseul samarTlianobaze amaxvileben, imdenad,
ramdenadac maTTvis mniSvnelovani Sedegia da ara Sedegis miRwevis
gzebi. amdenad, uflebebis Teoriebi ufro ara-egalitaruli
xasiaTisani arian: isini arc Tanasworobas da arc UuTanasworobas
ar qadageben. mocemuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, materialuri
uTanasworoba mxolod maSin SegviZlia gavamarTlod, Tu ki
aRmovaCenT, rom Sromis niWiereba da nebeloba uTanasworodaa
sazogadoebaSi ganawilebuli. es Sexeduleba winaaRmdegobaSi modis
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roulzis samarTlianobis TeoriasTan, romelic proceduruli
samarTlianobisadmi erTgulebis mtkicebulebis miuxedavad, friad
egalitaruli saxisaa.
Tanamedrove uflebebze dafuZnebuli samarTlianobis Teoria,
yvelaze ukeT robert nozikis naSromebSia gamoxatuli, romelsac
xSirad jon roulzis gamopasuxebas uwodeben. noziki,
erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebda samarTlianobis istoriul da
saxelmwifos mier nakarnaxev principebs. istoriuli principebi
warsul viTarebas da istoriul qmedebas ukavSirdeba, romelmac
urTierTgansxvavebuli pirobebi warmoSva. nozikis SexedulebiT,
saxelmwifos mier nakarnaxevi (end-state) samarTlianobis iseT
principebs, rogorebic socialuri samarTlianoba da adamianis
saWiroebebia, ar Seesebameba dovlaTis ganawilebis principebs.
nozikis mizani iyo aRmoeCina istoriul principTa erToblioba,
romelTa saSualebiTac ZalgviZs ganvsazRvroT, Tu ramdenad
samarTliania simdidris konkretuli ganawilebis sistema. man
“smarTlianobis” SenarCunebis sami wesi SemogvTavaza. pirveli,
simdidre upirvelesad samarTlianad unda iyos SeZenili, anu ar
unda iyos moparuli da sxvisi uflebebi SebRaluli. meore,
simdidre erTi pasuxsimgeblobiT aRsavse piris mier unda
gadaecemodes meores. mesame, Tu ki simdidris SeZena, an sxvaze
gadacema arasamarTlianad moxdeba, maSin usamarTloba unda
aRmoifxvras.
mocemuli wesebi mkafiod unda gamoviyenoT simdidris da
dovlaTis ganawilebis dros warmoqmnili miRebuli uTanasworobis
gasamarTlebad. noziki mTlianad uaryofda simdidris
gadanawilebis ideis moralur safuZvlebs, romelic Tanasworobis,
an “socialuri samarTlianobis” saxeliT xorcieldeboda. mocemul
termins, sxva danarCenebi libertareli Teoretikosebis msgavsad,
isic didi eWviT ucqerda. nozikis mixedviT, Tu ki simdidre
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mdidridan Raribs gadaecemoda, rogorc sazogadoebas SigniT, ise
sazogadoebebs Soris, es mxolod pirovnuli gulmowyaleobiT unda
momxdariyo, romelic ufro pirovnul arCevans efuZneboda, vidre
raime moralur valdebulebas. meores mxriv, nozikis mesame
princips, “usamarTlobis aRmofxvris” sakiTxs, SesaZloa mZlavrad
egalitaruli elferic ki dakravdes, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu ki
pirovnebis gamdidreba gaiZverobiT, an korufciiTaa momxdari. es
principi, simdidris globaluri ganawilebis sakiTxis
samarTlianobasac eWvqveS ayenebs, imdenad, ramdenadac, didwilad,
industrializebuli dasavleTis gamdidreba, maT mier afrikis,
aziis da laTinuri amerikis damorCilebam da Zarcva-glejvam
uzrunvelyo.
amis miuxedavad, Msaxeze gvaqvs mTeli rigi winaaRmdegobebisa,
romelic samarTlianobis uflebebis Teorias exeba. proceduruli
samarTlianobis nebismieri eqskluziuri Teoria, iZulebulia
sruliad uaryos saxelmwifos mier nakarnaxevi pirobebi.
praktikaSi, amgvari midgoma SesaZloa niSnavdes imas, rom adamianis
realurad arsebuli Cagvris faqtebi “samarTlianad” gamovacxadod.
am TvalsazrisiT, SesaZloa samarTlianad gamovacxadod iseTi
sazogadoeba, sadac mravali adamiani umuSevaria, xolo misi
mciredi nawili ki gancxromiT cxovrobs, radganac miviCnioT, rom
mocemul viTarebaSi, simdidris SeZena da gadacema samarTlianad
moxda. ufro metic, samarTlianobis yvela istoriulma Teoriam
(iseTi, rogoric nozikisaa) unda agvixsnas, Tu ratom ikavebs
uflebebi pirvel adgils. nozikis TeoriaSi, gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs individebis mier bunebrivi resursebis gankargvis
uflebas, Tumca igi arafers gveubneba imaze, Tu rogor axerxeben
individebi amas. damatebiTi argumentebi imisa, rom gavakritikoT
uflebebze dafuZnebuli samarTlianobis Teoria, isaa, rom igi
eydnoba, rogorc makfersoni uwodebs, “mesakuTrul
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individualizms”. am tipis individualizmis mixedviT, individebi
sakuTari niWis da unar-Cvevebis erTaderT mesakuTred ganixilebian
da Sesabamisad, moraluradaa gamarTlebuli yvela im nawarmis
individualuri gamoyeneba, rac misi niWierebis Sedegad
warmoiqmneba. am cnebis sisuste imaSia, rom igi individs
sazogadoebis konteqstidan sruliad gancalkevebulad ganixilavs
da ugulvebelyofs sazogadoebis rols individis niWierebis da
unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebaSi. zogierTi mosazreba ufro Sors midis
da asabuTebs, rom individebisadmi amgvari mopyroba xels uwyobs
maT TavkerZobas da egoisturi qcevebis gaZlierebas.
samarTlianoba damsaxurebisda mixedviT
rogorc wesi, socialuri samarTlianobis or mTavar
tradicias gamoyofen mecnierebaSi, erTs, romelic moTxovnilebis
safuZvelze yalibdeba da Tanasworobiskenaa mimarTuli, xolo
meore, ufro damsaxurebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da
uTanasworobis arsebobas meti SemwynareblobiT ekideba. Tumca,
praqtikul cxovrebaSi, damsaxurebis mixedviT warmoqmnili yvela
Teoria erTmaneTis msgavsi araa. uflebebis mixedviT, sargeblis
ganawilebis idea Rirsebis ganawilebis sakiTxs ukavSirdeba,
romelic iseTi istoriuli moqmedebis Sedegadaa aRmocenebuli,
rogoric Sromaa da zogierT SemTxvevaSi kanoniTac kodificirdeba.
damsaxurebaze dafuZnebuli Teoriebi uTuod uflebebze
damyarebuli Teoriebis erTgvari nakrebia, mravali TvalsazrisiT.
es gansakuTrebi Tanasworobis yvela versiis uaryofis SemTxvevebSi
Cans kargad. Tumca, damsaxurebis idea, qonebis ufro
gansxvavebulad ganawilebis Sexedulebas gvTavazobs. Tu ki
“moTxovnilebis” cneba, rogorc wesi socialistur principebs
ukavSirdeba, xolo “uflebebisa” ki liberalur Teoriebs,
“damsaxurebis” ideas yovelTvis konservatorebi moazrovneebi
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iyeneben, romelTaTvisac “socialuri samarTlianoba” ubralod
abstraqtuli koncefcia ki ara, friad praqtikulia, romelsac
“bunebiT samarTlianobas” uwodeben. amis miuxedavad, damsaxurebis
Teoriebis ideologiuri midrekilebebis daviwroeba rTulia, TviT
koncefciis farTo da xSirad aramkafio bunebis gamo.
“damsaxureba” mxolod dajildoeba, an dasjaa, romelic
asaxavs, Tu ras “imsaxurebs” pirovneba. am farTo TvalsazrisiT,
samarTlianobis Teoria, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom damsaxurebas
emyareba. samarTlianoba, TavisTavad sxva araferia, Tu ara imis
gansazRvreba, Tu ra aris “jerovani” TiToeuli pirisTvis. amrigad,
SesZloa maTxovnaze da uflebaze damyarebuli Teoriebi farTo
damsaxurebis konteqstSi movaqcioT. magaliTad, SegviZlia
ganvacxadoT, rom mSieri sakvebs “imsaxurebs, xolo muSa ki
“jerovan” anazRaurebas. amis miuxedavad, mainc xelgvewifeba
damsaxurebis ufro viwro mniSvnelobis gansazRvra. mocemuli
sakiTxi Tandayolil, Tu moralur Rirebulebas ukavSirdeba, rom
adamianebs maTi “Sinagani” Tvisebis mixedviT unda movepyraT.
magaliTad, Teoria, rom dasja erTvari samagieros gadaxdaa
damsaxurebis ideas efuZneba, radganac avi saqmis mkeTebeli imitom
“imsaxurebs” dasjas, rom es misi moqmedebidan ki ara, aramed misi
bilwi Sinagani samyarodan momdinareobs. konservatorebs imitom
moswonT damsaxurebis cneba, rom samarTlianoba “saganTa bunebiTi
wesrigisgan” warmoiSoba ufro, vidre filosofosTa, Tu
socialuri mecnierebis warmomadgenelTa naocnebari principebidan.
Tu ki daveyrdnobiT ideas, rom samarTlianoba ramdenadme bunebaSia
fesvgadgmuli, an kidev RvTis nebiTaa ganpirobebuli, gamodis, rom
unda virwmunoT misi principebis ualternativoba da garduvaloba.
bunebiTi samarTlianobis koncefcia konservatorTa erT-erTi
mTavaria argumentia Tavisufali sabazro kapitalizmis arsebobis
gasamarTleblad. liberaluri tradiciis farglebSi moRvawe iseTi
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avtorebi, rogorebic loki da nozikia, rogorc wesi MmTel rig
principul argumentebs gvawvdian sakuTrebis uflebebze, aRniSnuli
tipis sameurneo wesSi, simdidris ganawilebis gasamarTleblad.
amis sapirispirobd, konservatori moazrovneebisTvis edmund berki
ufro avtoritetuli piria da maT maTTvis sabazro modeli
mcirediT ufro metia, vidre “bunebiTi”, Tu “RvTaebrivi
samarTali”. imis miuxedavad, rom berki iziarebda adam smiTis
klasikur ekonomikur moZRvrebas, romlis mixedviTac bazris
saqmianobaSi Careva, araefeqturobas warmoSobs, berks agreTve
swamda, rom samuSao pirobebis, an RaribTa daxarebis samTavrobo
regulaciebi, RvTaebriv bedisweraSi Carevas niSnavda. Tumca,
uTanasworobis miuxedavad, Tu ki simdidris ganawilebis
gavrcelebul sistemas “saganTa bunebiT mdgomareobad” miviCnevT,
berkis mixedviT, es “samarTlianicaa”. britanelma socialuri
filosofiis warmomadgenelma, herbert spenserma (1820-1904)
ganavitara ganawilebiTi samarTlianobis Teoria, romelic
“bunebiTi” faqtorebis arsebobas Zlier did mniSvnelobas aniWebs.
spenseris Teoria, Carlz darvinis (1809-82) bunebiTi gadarCevis
sabunebismeyvelo Teorias eyrdnoboda. spenseri SexedulebiT,
adamianebi, cxovelTa msgavsad, biologiurad arian
daprogramebulni garkveuli unar-CvevebiT, romelic gansazRvravs,
maT mier, raimes keTebis SesaZleblobas. naSromSi “eTikis
principebi” (1892-3), spenseri asabuTebda, rom “TiToelma individma
is sargebeli da boroteba unda daimsaxuros, rasac misi buneba da
mondomeba ganapirobebs”. esaa formula, romelmac safuZveli
Cauyara mis “SemguebelTa gadarCenis” (survival of fittest) rwmenas. sxva
sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, mcireodeni sabuTia imisa, rom
samarTlianoba “moTxovnilebebis” da “uflebebis” abstraqtuli
TeoriebiT ganvsajoT, radganac materialuri sargeblis miReba,
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ubralod TiToeuli individis “bunebiT” niWierebazea
damokidebuli.
maSin, rodesac qonebis ganawileba “bunebiT Sromas” asaxavs,
mcireodeni gamamarTlebeli sababiRa gvrCeba adamianis cxovrebaSi
Casarevad, maSinac ki, Tu es niSnavs SimSilis, xelmokleobis da
adamianis kidev sxva Semawuxebeli faqtorebisadmi Semwynareblur
ganwyobas. mocemul arguments, zogierTi moazrovne, SimSilis
epidemiis aRmofxvris mcdelobis kritikisTvis iyenebs. imis
miuxedavad, rom SesaZloa zogma iRblianma ifiqros, rom mas
ZaluZs sxvaTa Cagruli viTarebis gamosworeba, es yvela
SemTxvevaSi bunebis winaaRmdeg svla iqneboda, romelmac SeiZleba
sabolood xeiri ar moitanos da piriqiT, kontrproduqtiulic ki
iyos. mocemuli Sexedulebis adreuli warmomadgeneli, britaneli
ekonomisti Tomas malTusia (1766-1834), romelic asabuTebda, rom
siRaribis aRmofxvris nebismieri mcdeloba ugunurebaa. naSromSi
“narkvevebi xalxmosaxleobis principebis Sesaxeb “ (An essey on the
principles of population) (1798), malTus amtkicebda, rom sacxovrebeli
pirobebis gaumjobeseba mosaxleobis raodenobis gazrdas iwvevs,
rac Tavis mxriv myisierad misi saarsebo resursebis Semcirebas
moaswavebs. amitomac, omebi, SimSilis epidemiebi da daavadebebis
gavrceleba saWiroa mosaxleobis raodenobis gasakontroleblas;
mTavrobis nibismieri mcdeloba, Tundac yvelaze keTilSobiluri
survilebiT, siRaribis aRmosafxvrelad ubralod katastrofas
gamoiwvevs.
amis miuxedavad, idea, rom samarTlianoba bunebiTi
damsaxurebiT unda ganxorcieldes, metad mkacri kritikis
qarcecxlSi moeqca. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, mocemuli
samarTlianoba kritikosebma gaiges, rogorc samarTlianobis
ulmobeli da Seuwynarebeli principi, romelsac xandaxan
“uxeS/mqise samarTlianobasac” uwodeben. kritikosebis mixedviT,
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aRniSnul TeoriaSi, materialuri viTarebebi bunebis TamaSobebamde
daiyvanebian: is, rom zogierT qveyanas meoresTan SedarebiT ufro
meti bunebrivi resursi da Sesaferisi klimati aqvs, amaSi brali
aravis miuZRvis da Sesabamisad verc verafers movimoqmedebT.
martivi faqti isaa, rom zogierTi iRbliania da zogierTi ki
uiRblo. bevri ikamaTebs imaze, rom es moraluri Teoria araa da
ufro misgan gaqcevis mcdelobaa. bunebiT samarTlianobas
safuZveli ar aqvs da Sesabamisad bunebiTi Sromis moralur
principebad gamocxadeba ubralod absurdia. marTlac da,
“damsaxurebis” Teoriis gaziarebiT, ubralod “samarTlianobazec”
da “bunebazec” gavimrudebT sakuTar warmodgenebs. raime movlena,
rom “bunebiTad” warmovsaxoT niSnavs imas, rom igi adamianis
SesaZleblobebis da SesaZlo gagebis miRmaa Camoyalibebuli. sxva
sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, Tu gaviziarebT Sexedulebas, rom sargeblis
ganawileba “bunebiTia”, gamodis, rom igi gardauvali da uTuoa,
magram ara moralurad “gamarTlebuli”. ufro metic, rac warsulSi
ualternativod moCanda, axla ukve sxvagvaradaa. Tanamedrove
teqnologiurad ganviTarebul sazogadoebebs uTuod ufro didi
saSualeba aqvT iseTi problemebis gadalaxvas SeeWidon, rogorebic
siRaribe, umuSevroba da SimSilis epidemiaa, rasac berki da
malTusi “bunebiTs” uwodebdnen. materialuri resursebis
ganawilebis gabatonebuli sistemis “bunebiT damsaxurebad”
warmoCena, Sesabamisad, SesaZloa meti araferi iyos, Tu ara
adamianis mZime mdgomareobebis ugulvebelyofis gamarTleba.
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keTildReoba
adreuli me-20 saukunidan moyolebuli, Tanasworobis da
socialuri samarTlianobis sakiTxebze dakavSirebuli debatebi
keTildReobis problemebs daukavSirda. yvelaze martivi gagebiT,
“keTildReoba” bednierebas, gamdidrebas da kargad yofnas niSnavs;
igi ara mxolod fizikur gadarCenas, aramed janmrTelobis da
kmayofilebis garkveul xarisxsac niSnavs. “sayovelTao
keTildReoba” TiTqmis sayovelTaod miRebuli politikuri
idealia: mxolod zogierT partias Tu surs daukavSiros sakuTari
moRvaweoba siRaribes da deprivacias. imis miuxedavad, rom naTelia
vidaoT, Tu ra aris “keTildReoba”, “ayvaveba”, an “bedniereba”,
romlebic keTildReobis ideas Sinaarss aZleven, igi keTildReobis
miRwevis garkveul zogad saSualebebs ukavSirdeba: koleqtiurad
uzrunvelyofil keTildReobas iseTi mTavroba qmnis, romelsac
“keTildReobis saxelmwifos” uwodeben.” keTildReobis
saxelmwifos idea zogadad Tanasworobis ideas ukavSirdeba da
misi mizania uzrunvelyos sabaziso Tanaswori keTildReoba.
mravali TvalsazrisiT, igi socialuri samarTlianobis erT-erTi
sabaziso moTxovnaa, sul mcire saWiroebis Teoriis TvalTaxedviT
mainc. Tumca, arsebobs Sexeduleba, romelic keTildReobas
Tanasworobas da socialur samarTlianobas ufro viwro
koncefciad miiCnevs. maSin, rodesac socialuri samarTlianobis
Teoriebi mudam msjeloben imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gaanawilon
sazogadoebis mTliani namcxvris resursebi. keTildReoba, ufro
yvelas mimarT cxovrebis garkveuli minimaluri xarisxiT
uzrunvelyofazea orientirebuli da aRiarebs, rom simdidris da
Semosavlebis gadanawileba mainc ufro bazris saSualebiTaa
SesaZlebeli.
politikur debatebSi, keTildReoba upirobod koleqtivistur
principad esmiT, romelic emxroba rwmenas, romlis mixedviTac
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mTavrobas aqvs pasuxismgebloba moqalaqeTa keTildReobis
xelSewyobisa. keTildReobis am princips xandaxan “socialur
keTildReobasac” uwodoben. Tumca, keTildReobis kidev ori
principi gamoiyeneba, romlebic ukve konkretuli ideologiis
konteqstis mixedviT unda gavigoT. piriveli, esaa keTildReobis
individualisturi Teoria, romlis mixedviTac keTildReoba
individualuri gamrjeobiT da sabazro moRvaweobiT warmodgeba da
ara romelime sajaro organos uzrunvelyofis mier. “keTildReobis
individualizmis” cneba adam smiTis klasikur ekonomikaSia
ganviTarebuli, romelic axali memerjveneobis iseTma
warmomadgenlebma aaRorZines, rogoric fridmani da haiekia.
warmodgenili Teoriis ganviTarebis meore mcdeloba, “mesame gzis”
mixedviT keTildReobis miRwevis ideebia. mocemuli midgoma
cdilobs balansi SeinarCunos koleqtivizmsa da individualizms
Soris da aRiarebs, moqalaqeTa, rogorc keTildReobis uflebebs,
ise moralur pasuxismgeblobebs.
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glosariumi
1. adamianis buneba (Human Nature). esaa koncefcia, romelic adamianis
arsSi raime mudmivi niSan-Tvisebebis arsebobas aRiarebs, romelic
sxvadasxva mizezebiT SeiZleba Camoyalibdes (genetika, aRzrda,
sazogadiebrivi zegavlena da a.S.). Sesabamisad arsebobs mravali
Sexeduleba adamianis bunebis arsis da misi warmoSobis Sesaxeb.
yvela politikuri Teoriis/ideologiis/doqtrinis/Sexedulebis
gageba SesaZlebelia, upirvelesad imis mixedviT, Tu rogor esmis
mas adamiani
2. xelisufleba/avtoriteti (Authority). esaa batonobis, an
Zalauflebis gamoyenebis da praqtikis forma, romelic
oficialurad dadgenili wesebis/kanonebis mixedviT xorcieldeba.
xelisuflebis arseboba aucilebelia, yvela politikurad
gaerTianebuli sazogadoebisTvis, rac umTavres SemTxvevevbSi
saxelwifos arsebobas gulisxmobs. xelisufleba da saxelmwifo
ganuyreli cnebebi arian. xelisuflebis arseboba uzrunvelyofs
kaninier wesrigs da legitimurobas.
3. Zalaufleba (Power). Zalaufleba da xelisuflebac Zalzed
dakavSirebuli cnebebia erTmaneTTa. Tumca arsebobs maT Soris
garkveuli gansxvavebac. Zalaufleba upirvelesad gavlenis
moxdenis unars niSnavs. SesaZloa arsebobdes xelisufleba, magram
Zalaufleba ar gaaCndes mas. xelisufleba Zalauflebis gareSe
naklovani xelisuflebaa. Zalaufleba kidev xelisuflebis gareSe,
mudam legitimaciis problemis winaSe dgas.
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4. legitimuroba (Legitimacy). pirdapir TargmanSi niSnavs
kanonierebas. Tumca legitimuroba ara mxolod iuriudiulad
gaformebul kanonierebas gulisxmobs, aramed ndobasac, anu
morCilebis mzaobas (romelic tradiciiT da memkvidreobiTac
SeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli). Tu ki werilobiTi kanoniereba
sazogadoebis ndobis safuZvelzea warmoSobili, maSin
legitimurobas uaxlovdea mis ideals, magram romelimes
naklovanebis SemTxvevaSi legitimuroba mudam krizisis winaSea.
5. Tanasworoba (Equality). Tanasworoba esaa koncefcia, romelic
sazogadoebis wevrebis Tanasworuflebianobis miRwevas mieltvis.
Tanasworoba sxvadasxva saxiT SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc kanonis
winaSe Tanasworobad, SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobad da Sedegis
Tanasworobad. samive Tanasworoba xSirad gansxvavebulad
warmosaxavs am koncefcia, magram bolo oris arseboba kanonis
winaSe Tanasworobis arsebobis gareSe warmoudgenelia.
6. socialuri samarTlianoba (Social Justice). socialuri
samarTlianoba esaa koncefcia, romelis umTavresad sazogadoebaSi
materialuri resursebi samarTlianad gadanawilebas asabuTebs. igi
gansxvavdeba samarTlebrivi da politikuri samarTlianobisgan,
romlebic ufro moraluri da politikuri Rirebulebebis
ganawilebaze saubroben sazogadoebaSi. socialuri samarTlianobis
erGvarovani koncefcia ar arsebobs da sxvadasxva ideologiuri
mimdinareobebi sxvadasxvagvrad ganixilaven mas.
7. keTildReoba (Welfare). “keTildReoba” bednierebas, gamdidrebas da
kargad yofnas niSnavs. koleqtiurad uzrunvelyofil
keTildReobas iseTi mTavroba qmnis, romelsac “keTildReobis
saxelmwifos” uwodeben.” keTildReobis saxelmwifos idea zogadad
Tanasworobis ideas ukavSirdeba da misi mizania uzrunvelyos
moqalaqeebis sabaziso Tanaswori materialuri keTildReoba.
