II msoflio omis dasasruli da civi omis dasawyisi

didi adamianebi

aSS-is 33-e prezidenti

hari trumeni

22

vasil kaWarava

unda aRiniSnos, rom ase marto trumeni ar fiqrobda. ruzveltis meuRlisTvis samZim-

ris gamocxadebisas, roca trumenma mas hkiTxa, Tu riTi SeeZlo daxmareboda, elionor

ruzveltma upasuxa: ̀ sjobs is mkiTxo, Tu Cven riTi SegviZlia dagexmaroT. dRes Sen xar yve-

laze did SarSi gaxveuli~. da albaT, arc Tavad trumeni da arc yofili pirveli ledi ar

azviadebdnen.

1945 wlis 12 aprils prezident franklin ruzveltis gardacvalebis Semdeg qveynis

prezidenti gaxda amerikis vice-prezidenti hari trumeni. pirvel preskonferenciaze Sek-

rebil Jurnalistebs man ase mimarTa: `biWebo, Tu odesme gilociaT, axla CemTvis iloceT.

ar vici, Tivis zvini Tu dagcemiaT, magram rodesac miTxres guSin, rac moxda, iseTi grZnoba

dameufla, TiTqos mTvare, varskvlavebi da yvela planeta Tavze damemxo~.

hari trumeni

23

aRsaniSnavia, rom hari trumeni pirve-

li msoflio omis veterani iyo. man, ro-

gorc savele artileriis batareis kapi-

tanma, ramdenime brZolaSi miiRo monawi-

leoba da isic unda iTqvas, rom mis bata-

reas erTi kacic ki ar daukargavs. ociani

wlebis dasawyisSi momavalma prezidentma

biznesmenoba daiwyo, magram 1922 wlis

krizisuli movlenebis gamo maleve gakot-

rda. Semdeg trumeni iyo mosamarTle mi-

suris StatSi, jeqsonis olqSi, sadac ise-

sxvaTa Soris, hari trumeni ukanaskne-

li amerikeli prezidenti iyo, romelsac

koleji ar dausrulebia da, Sesabamisad,

arc bakalavris diplomi miuRia, Tumca

ori weli ki iswavla kanzas-sitis iuridi-

ul skolaSi. miuxedavad amisa, is erT-erT

yvelaze nakiTx prezidentad iTvleba.

trumenis dasaxasiaTeblad, albaT, kargi

iqneba jer kidev kanzas-sitiSi moRvaweo-

bisas naTqvami misi sityvebis gaxseneba,

rom `sami rame afuWebs da angrevs mama-

kacs. es aris Zalaufleba, fuli da qalebi.

me arasdros mindoda Zalaufleba, arasd-

ros mqonia fuli da erTaderTi qali Cems

cxovrebaSi axla swored Cems saxlSia~. am

sityvebis avtori roca prezidenti gaxda,

amerikelebs eWvi ar SehparviaT mis gulw-

rfelobaSi, vinaidan prezidentis postze

trumenis mier gamovlenil mtkice xasi-

aTs, ubraloebas, Tavmdablobasa da ener-

giulobas isini Cveulebriv, rigiTi ameri-

kelisTvis damaxasiaTebel, Tvisebebad

uTvlidnen da amerikis prezidentic xal-

xis wiaRidan gamosul adamianad miiCnies.

trumenis viceprezidentoba demokratiul partiaSi Zalze liberaluri da konservati-

uli kandidatebis dapirispirebis Sedegad miRweulma Sidapartiulma kompromisma gadawy-

vita. es umwvavesi dapirispireba iyo, radgan TiTqmis yvelam icoda, rom avadmyofobis gamo

Ti didi avtoriteti moipova, rom 1934 wels amerikis senatoric ki gaxda. senatorobisas

trumenma daamtkica Tavisi unari da principuloba e.w. trumenis komitetSi, romelic sam-

xedro sferoSi arsebul korufciasa da dausabuTebel xarjebs ebrZoda. amboben, rom am

komitetis muSaobis Sedegad 15 miliardamde dolari daizoga. sagareo politikaSi trume-

nis gamoucdelobaze, albaT, misi cnobili frazac metyvelebs, rodesac 1941 wlis 23 iv-

niss, germaniis sabWoTa kavSirze Tavdasxmis meore dRes, ganacxada: `Tu davinaxavT, rom

germania imarjvebs, rusebs unda davexmaroT. Tu davinaxavT, rom rusebi imarjveben, germa-

nias unda davexmaroT. ase rom, xocon erTmaneTi rac SeiZleba meti. Tumca me araviTar Sem-

TxvevaSi ar msurs hitleris gamarjveba~.

axalgazrda hari trumeni

ruzvelti ver daasrulebda sapreziden-

to vadas da vice-prezidenti male prezi-

dentis savarZels daikavebda. amas isic

erTvoda, rom vice-prezidenti, tradici-

ulad, ufro warmomadgenlobiTi figura

iyo da naklebad ereoda qveynis realur

marTvaSi. Tanac trumeni sulac ar mie-

kuTvneboda ruzveltTan daaxloebul

adamianTa ricxvs da viceprezidentobis

ramdenime Tvis manZilze igi mxolod ram-

denjerme Sexvda ruzvelts da atomuri

iaraRis Seqmnis Sesaxebac mxolod gapre-

zidentebis Semdeg gaigo.

axladgamomcxvar prezidents udavod

daawva umZimesi tvirTi. marTalia, omi ev-

ropaSi dasasruls uaxlovdeboda, Seta-

kebebi ukve berlinis quCebSi mimdinare-

obda, xolo amerikeli da sabWoTa jaris-

kacebi mdinare elbis napirebze erTma-

neTs exveodnen, iaponiasTan brZolis das-

rulebas jer kidev bevri aklda. garda am-

isa, trumenis winaSe ara marto omis das-

rulebis, aramed msoflios omis Semdgomi

mowyobis sakiTxic idga, Tavad amerikis

saSinao problemebze rom aRaraferi

vTqvaT.

24

trumenis sasaxelod unda aRiniSnos,

rom prezidentis rangSi pirveli da ur-

Tulesi gamocda man sakmaod warmatebiT

Caabara, rodesac 1945 wlis ivlisSi pots-

damis konferenciaze omis Semdgomi samya-

ros beds wyvetda iseT gamocdil da avto-

ritetul politikosebTan erTad, rogo-

rebic iyvnen ioseb stalini da uinston

CerCili.

hari trumeni meuRlesTan erTad

franklin ruzvelti da hari trumeni

didi adamianebi

amerikeli da sabWoTa jariskacebis Sexvedra mdinare elbaze

trumenis saxelTan aris dakavSirebu-

li atomuri iaraRis pirveli da, imedia,

ukanaskneli gamoyeneba kacobriobis is-

toriaSi. 1945 wlis 6 da 9 agvistos xirosi-

misa da nagasakis atomur dabombvas aseul

aTasobiT adamianis sicocxle Seewira. es

movlenebi samarTlianad miiCneva barba-

rosul da gaumarTlebel sisastiked.

Tumca amerikeli politikosebis da isto-

rikosebis mniSvnelovan nawils sxva azric

aqvs da fiqroben, rom swored am bobmis ga-

moyenebam aiZula iaponia saswrafo kapi-

1947 wlis 12 marts trumenma kongress

400 milioni dolari sTxova saberZneTisa

da TurqeTis dasaxmareblad, sadac arse-

bul mTavrobebs komunisturi Zalebi em-

uqrebodnen: saberZneTSi namdvili samo-

qalaqo omi mZvinvarebda mTavrobasa da Ce-

tulaciaze wasuliyo, daaCqara omis das-

ruleba da, Sesabamisad, milionobiT ame-

rikeli da iaponeli jariskaci gadaarCina

omSi daRupvas. arsebobs azric, rom iapo-

niaSi atomuri iaraRis gamoyeneba sabWoTa

kavSiris dasaSineblad moxda.

trumeni sabWoeTTan urTierTobaSi

mtkice politikis momxre iyo da araerT-

xel aRuniSnavs, rom erTaderTi ena, rome-

lic rusebs esmiT, aris Zalis ena. 1946

wels saxelmwifo mdivan jeims birnsisaT-

vis gagzavnil werilSi trumeni werda:

`rusebma mxolod erTi ena ician – ramdeni

divizia gyavT? me daviRale maTi ZiZobiT~.

da marTlac, es `ZiZoba~, Tuki odesme ar-

sebobda, 1947 wels sabolood dasrulda.

stalinma da trumenma ver gamonaxes saer-

To ena da urTierToba or zesaxelmwifos

Soris aSkara konfrontaciaSi gadaizar-

da, romelic `civi omis~ saxeliT aris

cnobili.

hari trumeni

25CerCili, trumeni da stalini potsdamis konferenciaze, 1945

xuri iaraRiT SeiaraRebul komunistur

razmebs Soris. Tanac inglisuri armia,

romelic samTavrobo jarebs exmareboda,

ukve veRar umklavdeboda amocanas da Seq-

mnili viTareba amerikis Carevis aucileb-

lobaze miuTiTebda. TurqeTis winaaRm-

deg ki sabWoTa kavSiri namdvil samxedro

aqcias amzadebda. sabWoTa kavSiri, erTi

mxriv, apirebda daesaja TurqeTi II msof-

lio omis droindeli poziciis gamo, meo-

re mxriv ki, saqarTvelosa da somxeTis is-

toriuli miwebis dabrunebis imedi hqon-

da, romlebic brest-litovskis zavis

„wyalobiT“ dakarga. amerikis finansuri

daxmareba imasac gulisxmobda, rom igi

arc uSualod samxedro moqmedebaze it-

yoda uars.

Tavis gamosvlaSi trumenma ganacxada:

`mwams, rom amerikis politika mimarTuli

unda iyos Tavisufali adamianebis dasax-

mareblad, romlebic Tavs icaven Seiara-

Rebuli umciresobisa da gareSe Zalebis

zewolisgan... msoflios Tavisufali xal-

xebi Cven imedis TvaliT Semogvyureben,

rom davexmarebiT Tavisuflebis SenarCu-

nebaSi. Tu am saqmeSi Cvens liderobas dav-

TmobT, safrTxeSi CavagdebT mSvidobas

msoflioSi da Cveni qveynis keTildReoba-

sac xifaTs SevuqmniT~. sabWoTa kavSiris

agresiuli moqmedebebis Sekavebis ameri-

kis ideologia da politika, dafuZnebuli

SeerTebuli Statebis kongresisadmi am

jeims birnsi da hari trumeni

jeims birnsi (1882-1972) – amerikeli mosamarT-le da politikuri moRvawe, aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivani 1945-1947 ww.-Si, samxreT karolinis 104-e gubernatori (1951-1955).

26

atomuri bombis afeTqeba xirosimaSi nagasaki atomuri afeTebis Semdeg

aSS komunistur safrTxes ekonomiku-

ri meTodebiTac aqtiurad ebrZoda. 1947

wlis 5 ivniss harvardis universitetis

kursdamTavrebulTa gamosaSveb ceremo-

niaze saxelmwifo mdivani jorj marSali

omisgan dazaralebuli qveynebisaTvis ek-

onomikuri daxmarebis gawevis iniciati-

istoriul mimarTvaze, SemdgomSi ̀ trume-

nis doqtrinis~ saxeliT gaxda cnobili.

didi adamianebi

jeims forestoli da hari trumeni

hari trumeni da jorj marSali

lis gegmis~ Tanaxmad, dasavleT evropis

qveynebma sami wlis manZilze 12 miliard

dolarze meti daxmareba miiRes, ramac

mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli am qveynebis

ekonomikur aRmavlobas. am TanxiT pirvel

periodSi evropaSi amerikaSi Sesyiduli

sakvebi produqtebi Seitanes, Semdeg ki

uSualod mrewvelobis aRorZinebas mixe-

des. es daxmareba aseve mimarTuli iyo ev-

ropaSi ukiduresi gaWirvebiT ganpirobe-

buli memarcxene radikalizmis zrdis Se-

saCereblad da mosaxleobis saSualo fe-

nis gasaZliereblad. unda iTqvas, rom geg-

ma marTlac Zalze Sedegismomcemi aRmoC-

nda da dasavleTi evropa ara marto siRa-

takisa da komunizmisagan daicva, aramed

udidesi biZgi misca 1950-ian wlebSi mis

ekonomikur ayvavebas.

1947 welsve trumenma erovnuli usaf-

rTxoebis kanonis miRebiT Seqmna Tavdac-

vis saministro, romelSic gaerTianda ar-

miis, flotis da aviaciis calkeuli de-

partamentebi. Tavdacvis pirveli minist-

ri gaxda jeims forestoli. Seiqmna erov-

nuli usafrTxoebis sabWoc, romelsac

daeqvemdebara aseve axladSeqmnili cent-

raluri sadazvervo saagento.

trumenis doqtrina rom drouli iyo,

e.w. berlinis blokadamac aCvena, romelic

TiTqmis erTi weli, 1948 wlis 24 ivnisidan

1949 wlis 12 maisamde, gagrZelda. sabWoe-

Ti aprotestebda dasavleTis mier kont-

viT gamovida – `Cveni politika mimarTu-

lia ara romelime qveynis an doqtrinis,

aramed SimSilis, siRatakisa da qaosis wi-

naaRmdeg. misi daniSnulebaa gamoacocx-

los ekonomika msoflioSi~. es winadadeba

gulisxmobda yvela evropuli qveynis dax-

marebas, sabWoTa kavSiris CaTvliT. sta-

linma am proeqtSi monawileobaze uari ga-

nacxada da es, miuxedavad maTi didi sur-

vilisa, Tavis satelitebsac aukrZala. sa-

bolood, rogorc cnobilia, e.w. `marSa-

jeims forestoli (1892-1949) iyo aSS-is sam-xedro-sazRvao Zalebis ukanaskneli ministri da aSS-is pirveli Tavdacvis ministri (1947-1949).

27

jorj marSali (1880-1959) – amerikeli samxed-ro da sazogado moRvawe, meore msoflio omis dros ekava amerikis gaerTianebuli Stabebis xelmZRvanelis Tanamdeboba. mogvianebiT, prezi-dent trumenis periodSi, igi iyo saxelmwifo mdivani, Semdeg Tavdacvis uwyebas xelmZRvane-lobda. saxelmwifo mdivnis rangSi jorj marSal-ma wamoiwyo omiT ganadgurebuli evropis ekono-mikuri da politikuri mxardaWeris programa – e.w. `marSalis gegma~, romelsac udidesi mniSvne-loba hqonda omis Semdgomi evropis aRorZinebis saqmeSi. 1953 wels jorj marSali gaxda nobelis premiis laureati mSvidobis dargSi.

hari trumeni

28

rolirebadi sami zonis gaerTianebis

mcdelobas da, Sesabamisad, dasavleT ber-

linSi axali germanuli fulis damkvidre-

bas. amitomac sabWoTa armiam gadaketa da-

savleT berlinisken mimavali yvela saxme-

leTo gza. amis pasuxad amerikelebma, bri-

tanelebma da frangebma sahaero xidi mo-

awyves da yoveldRe uamravi sakvebi da saw-

vavi CahqondaT dasavleT berlinSi. blo-

kadis dros dasavleT berlinSi 200 aTasi

frena Sesrulda da 2 milionma berlinel-

ma jamSi daaxloebiT 2,5 milioni tona

produqti miiRo. saqme iqamdec mivida,

rom TviTmfrinavebs ufro meti tvirTi

CahqondaT, vidre manamde matareblebs.

bolos dasavleTis aseT organizebul wi-

naaRmdegobasa da ulev resursebs dapi-

rispirebuli sabWoTa kavSiri iZulebuli

gaxda gaeuqmebina blokada. sabWoTa kav-

Sirma verc germaniis federaciuli res-

publikis Seqmna SeaCera 1949 wels, Tumca

maleve, sapasuxod, germaniis demokratiu-

li respublika Camoayaliba. aseve trume-

nis administraciis wyalobiT Seiqmna 1949

wels Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrule-

bis organizacia (nato) da civi omi, ro-

gorc samxedro-politikur, aseve ekono-

mikur sferoSi, sruli ZaliT warimarTa.

amasobaSi, evropaSi damuxruWebulma

komunizmma aziaSi imarjva. upirveles

yovlisa, es Seexo CineTs, sadac 1949 wels

mao Zedunis komunisturma wiTelma armiam

sabolood daamarcxa da kunZul taivanze

gandevna Can kaiSis gomindanis mTavroba,

miuxedavad imisa, rom am ukanasknels ame-

rikelebi exmarebodnen.

mao Zeduni (1893-1976)

didi adamianebi

`sahaero xidi~

aranaklebi problemebi eloda tru-

mens saSinao frontze. imisaTvis, rom aR-

ar ganmeorebuliyo I msoflio omis dasas-

ruls Seqmnili viTareba, rodesac omidan

dabrunebuli milionobiT veterani umu-

Sevari darCa, ruzveltis administraciam

jer kidev 1944 wels miiRo samxedro mo-

samsaxureTa mowyobis kanoni, anu e.w. `ji-

ai-ebis uflebaTa bili~ (G.I. Bill (of Rights)).

kanonis mixedviT, 15 milion omis veterans

federalurma mTavrobam umaRles saswav-

leblebSi swavlis safasuri gadauxada.

veteranTa administraciisaTvis, saxlebi-

sa da fermebis Sesasyidad da mcire bizne-

sis dasawyebad, gamoiyo 16 miliardi do-

lari. amave periodSi mTavrobam uaRresad

dabal fasad gayida omis saWiroebisTvis

Seqmnili mravali sawarmo, gauqmda fase-

bis kontrolis praqtikac.

rac Seexeba Tavad trumens, am kanonis

aqtiur ganxorcielebasTan erTad, misma

administraciam SeimuSava metad mraval-

mxrivi, `axali kursis~ suliskveTebiT

gaJRenTili programa, romelic istoria-

Si ̀ samarTliani kursis~ saxeliTaa cnobi-

li. 1946 wlis TebervalSi miiRes kanoni

dasaqmebis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac,

prezidentsa da mTavrobas daekisra pasu-

xismgebloba qveynis ekonomikaze (manamde

es xdeboda mxolod sagangebo viTarebis

dros). prezidenti valdebuli iyo mieRo

zomebi dasaqmebis stimulirebisTvis da

xeli Seewyo adamianuri da materialuri

resursebis maqsimaluri gamoyenebisTvis.

samwuxarod, mTlianobaSi, trumenis

politikam ver miiRo Sesabamisi mxardaWe-

ra. qveyanaSi mzardi konservatiuli su-

liskveTeba 1946 wlis kongresis arCevneb-

Sic gamoixata. respublikelebma umrav-

lesoba miiRes rogorc warmomadgenelTa

palataSi, ise senatSi.

amave tendenciis wyalobiT, 1947 wels,

trumenis vetos miuxedavad, konservati-

ulma kongresma miiRo taft-hartlis ka-

noni, romelic mewarmeebsa da daqirave-

29

hari trumeni

tad moqnili da aqtiuri saarCevno kampa-

nia daupirispira, romelSic ZiriTadi yu-

radReba respublikelTa mier kontroli-

rebad kongresze gaamaxvila da igi socia-

lur demagogiaSi amxila. trumenma moiw-

via kongresis specialuri sesia da kong-

resis respublikur umravlesobas maTive

partiis mier moTxovnili zogierTi kano-

nis miReba SesTavaza, magram kongresis mu-

Saoba uSedegod dasrulda, riTac res-

bulTa Soris urTierTobis daregulire-

bis sababiT sakmaod zRudavda profkavSi-

rebis uflebebs. gaficva, romelic iwvev-

da erovnuli masStabis sagangebo viTare-

bas, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT SeiZ-

leboda 80 dRiT gadadebuliyo. profkav-

Sirebs ekrZalebodaT Tanxis Setana im

pirTa fondebSi, romlebic federalur

Tanamdebobebze iyridnen kenWs. am kano-

niT Statebis kanonmdeblebs SeeZloT See-

CerebinaT profkavSirebis nebismieri ga-

rantiebi, maT Soris, federaluri kanoniT

daSvebulic ki. saxelmwifo moxeleebs ki

saerTod ar hqondaT gaficvis ufleba.

magram mTavari dapirispireba jer ki-

dev win iyo! kongresis arCevnebSi gamoxa-

tuli konservatiuli tendenciebi gansa-

kuTrebuli ZaliT 1948 wlis sapreziden-

to arCevnebSi gamovlinda. Sesabamisad,

respublikelebs gamarjveba ganaRdebu-

li egonaT da maTi kandidati, niu-iorkis

gubernatori Tomas diui Tavs ukve prezi-

dentis savarZelSi grZnobda. magram aq Ta-

vad trumenma ivaJkaca da unikaluri per-

sonaluri saprezidento kampania gaaCaRa.

respublikelTa Tavdajerebulobas me-

hari trumeni da Tomas diui

didi adamianebi

30

31

publikelebma marTlac amxiles sakuTari Tavi da trumens xelSi metad saSiSi iaraRi Caug-

des. trumensac swored es undoda. man piradad imogzaura TiTqmis yvela StatSi, gaiara

31 700 mili da 356-jer gamovida sityviT. misi gamosvlebi ZirTadad improvizebuli iyo da

rogorc imuqreboda, marTlac ̀ Savi dRe ayara~ respublikelebs. sxvaTa Soris, igi iyo pir-

veli amerikeli prezidenti, romelic niu-iorkis cnobil SavkanianTa raionSi, harlemSic,

gamovida sityviT da Tavis auditorias adamianis uflebebis dacva aRuTqva. SavkanianebTan

erTad man profkavSirebisa da fermerTa gulebic moigo – muSebs taft-hartlis kanonis

gauqmebas, xolo fermerebs maT produqciaze fasebis zrdas dahpirda.

unda iTqvas, rom respub-

likeli kandidatis Tomas di-

uis gamarjvebaSi eWvi arc op-

onentebs da arc trumenis mom-

xreTa nawils epareboda. saqme

iseT kuriozamdec ki mivida,

rom respublikelTa mTavari

rupori, gazeTi `Cikago tri-

biuni~, ar daeloda xmebis sa-

boloo daTvlas da gazeTis

pirvel furcelze Tomas diui sa-

prezidento maraTonSi gamarjve-

bulad gamoacxada. amerikis isto-

riis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili fo-

tosuraTi swored im epizods asaxavs, ro-

desac gabrwyinebul trumens xelT upyria es ga-

zeTi da gamarjvebas zeimobs. man sami milioni xmiT ajoba

diuis da Tan demokratebma umravlesobac daibrunes kongresis

orive palataSi.

hari trumeni kongresis specialur sesiaze

hari trumeni

amjerad ukve rogorc sakuTari damsa-

xurebiT arCeulma prezidentma, trumenma

kidev ufro aqtiuri socialuri progra-

mebi wamoiwyo. kongresma aqac bevri kanon-

proeqti CaSala da Seaferxa, magram tru-

menis iniciativebis nawili mainc ganxor-

cielda. kidev ufro gafarTovda deseg-

regacia armiaSi. kongresma miiRo binaTm-

Seneblobis kanoni, romlis mixedviTac,

dabali Semosavlebis mqone ojaxebisTvis

momavali 6 wlis manZilze 810 aTasi saxli

Tu bina unda aSenebuliyo. minimaluri

Sromis anazRaureba saaTSi 40-dan 75 cen-

tamde gaizarda. gaizarda socialuri

dazRvevis masStabebic, kidev 10 milion

adamianze gavrcelda federaluri socia-

luri programebi.

amerikis mTavari saerTaSoriso prob-

lema 1950 wels dawyebuli koreis omi iyo.

mas Semdeg, rac amerikulma jarma datova

samxreTi korea, 1950 wlis 25 ivniss sabWo-

duglas makarturi (1880-1964) – aSS armiis xuTvarskvlaviani genera-li da filipinebis armiis feldmar-Sali. aSS armiis Stabis ufrosi 1930-ian wlebSi. II msoflio omis dros didi roli iTamaSa wynari okeanis brZolebSi. filipinebis operaciaSi warmatebisTvis da-jildovda Rirsebis medliT. duglasi erT-erTia im xuTi ge-nerlidan, visac aSS armiis ge-nerlis wodeba mieniWa da erTa-derTia, vinc filipinebis armiis feldmarSali gaxda.

1950 wlis 15 seqtembers amerikis erT-

erTma saukeTeso sardalma, generalma

duglas makarturma grandiozuli da

brwyinvale sadesanto operaciis Sedegad,

inConis portTan uzarmazari armia gad-

mosxa koreaSi, mTeli naxevarkunZuli faq-

tobrivad Suaze gadaWra da CrdiloeT ko-

reis armias zurgidan Seutia. es imdenad

warmatebuli samxedro operacia iyo, rom

agresorma ara marto mTeli samxreTi ko-

rea, aramed sakuTari dedaqalaqi fxenia-

nic dakarga. male makarturis Zlevamosi-

li armiis zogierTi nawili mdinare ia-

luze CineTis sazRvarsac ki miadga. mao

Ta kavSiris mier kargad gawvrTnili da

mZime saomari teqnikiT aRWurvili Crdi-

loeT koreis armia moulodnelad SeiWra

iq da advilad daamarcxa amerikelTa gawv-

rTnili, magram sustad SeiaraRebuli sam-

xreT koreis armia. CrdiloeT koreis jar-

ma sul ramdenime dReSi TiTqmis mTeli ko-

reis naxevarkunZuli daikava. amerikam,

romelsac jer CineTisa da CrdiloeT ko-

reis gawiTleba ver moenelebina, didi gan-

gaSi atexa da gaeros uSiSroebis sabWoSi

CrdiloeT koreis agresiis ara marto ga-

kicxva, aramed koreaSi gaeros egidiT 15

sxvadasxva qveynis da, upirveles yovlisa,

amerikuli jarebis gagzavna moaxerxa.

32

didi adamianebi

Zedunis mTavrobam araerTxel gaafrTxila amerikelebi, rom maTi da samxreT koreelTa armia

38-e paralels ar gascdenoda. marTlac, CineTma sazRvars saukeTeso me-4 savele armia miaye-

na. male amerikelebma CinelTa grandiozuli kontrSeteva iwvnies da frontis yvela monak-

veTze ukan daixies. dekembrisTvis gaeros jarebma fxeniani datoves. Cinelma generlebma aSka-

rad ajobes amerikel `keisars~. makarturi ki ar cxreboda da prezidentisgan ukve atomuri

iaraRis gamoyenebas moiTxovda, raTa didi omi gaeCaRebina uSualod CineTis teritoriaze. es

ki vaSingtonisTvis sruliad miuRebeli iyo da miuxedavad generlis udidesi popularobisa,

dRis wesrigSi misi gadadgomis sakiTxi dadga. makarturis frTosani fraza, rom `araferia

gamarjvebis Semcvleli~ (There is no substitute for victory), seriozul problemad iqca. 1951 wlis

martSi generlis TviTnebobiT uaRresad gaRizianebulma trumenma igi Tanamdebobidan gada-

ayena. misi adgili metad Rirseulma da niWierma generalma meTiu rijueim daikava, romelmac,

ase Tu ise, gamoaswora mdgomareoba da 38-e paralelze mainc SeinarCuna poziciebi, anu mxare-

ebi sawyis wertils daubrundnen. Tumca omi jer kidev Sors iyo ara Tu gamarjvebiT, aramed

saerTod met-naklebad Rirseuli dasrulebisgan.

manjuria (CineTi)

Crd. korea

1950 w. 25 ivnisi

038

038

ssrk

manjuria (CineTi)

Crd. korea

1950 w. 14 seqtemberi

038

038

ssrk

manjuria (CineTi)

Crd.

kore

a

1950 w. 25 noemberi

038

038

ssrk

samx.korea

samx.korea

samx.korea

manjuria (CineTi)

1953 w. 27 ivnisi

038

038

ssrk

samx.korea

Crd. korea

Crd. koreis Setevebi makarturis Setevebi Cinelebis Setevebi sazavo sazRvari

33

hari trumeni

34

meTiu rijuei (1895-1993) – aSS-is armiis gene-rali, evropaSi natos gaerTianebuli SeiaraRe-buli Zalebis umaRlesi mTavarsardali (1952-1953), aSS-is armiis Stabis me-19 ufrosi (1953-1955). II msoflio omSi iyo 82-e sahaero-sadesanto diviziis generali.

civi omisa da koreis omis ̀ cxeli gamo-

xatulebis~ mniSvneloba imdenad didi

iyo, rom TiTqmis yvela saSinao sakiTxs

prezidenti erovnul usafrTxoebas ukav-

Sirebda, miT umetes, rom es yvelaferi

samxedro xarjebis gazrdas moiTxovda.

trumenma inflaciasTan brZolac Tavdac-

vas daukavSira da xazi gausva mTavrobis

aqtiurobas da simtkices inflaciis kon-

trolis saqmeSi. arsebul sagangebo viTa-

rebaSi, misi azriT, kvlav unda gagrZele-

buliyo fasebisa da anazRaurebis kont-

rolis politika (rac, bunebrivia, mSvi-

dobiani periodis amerikisaTvis sakmaod

uCveulo iyo da ramac garkveulwilad ga-

napiroba kidec demokratTa damarcxeba).

trumeni aseve asabuTebda maRali gadasa-

xadebis aucileblobas momavali ramdeni-

me wlis manZilze, magram yvela fenas hpir-

deboda gadasaxadebis samarTlianad ga-

danawilebas.

1952 wlis arCevnebisTvis viTareba

mniSvnelovnad Seicvala respublikelTa

sasargeblod, demokratebs ki mravali se-

riozuli problema daugrovdaT. upirve-

les yovlisa, es iyo omi koreaSi, romel-

sac bolo ar uCanda, profkavSirTa ukma-

yofileba taft-hartlis kanoniT, gada-

uwyveteli rasobrivi sakiTxi, korufciu-

li skandalebi trumenis administraciaSi.

saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis priori-

tetuloba kargad Canda prezidentis mier

warmodgenil biujetSic. 1953 wlis fiska-

lur biujetSi, romlis proeqtic man kon-

gress 1952 wlis 21 ianvars gaugzavna, tru-

meni siamayiT aRniSnavda, rom am wlis xar-

jebi iqneboda 85, 4 miliardi, anu 14, 5 mi-

liardiT meti, wina welTan SedarebiT.

rogorc prezidenti ambobda, saxelmwifo

xarjebis sami meoTxedi usafrTxoebisT-

vis iyo gawerili maSin, rodesac xarjebi

sxva saxelmwifo programebze, 1950 wel-

Tan SedarebiT, 9 procentiT Semcirda. am-

ave dReebSi biujetisaTvis miZRvnil

preskonferenciaze man ganacxda, rom es

`niSnavs mTeli msoflios dacvas komuniz-

misagan~.

hari trumeni preskonferenciaze

didi adamianebi

hari trumeni kongresis liderebTan Sexvedrisas

hari trumeni da nasas direqtori jeims vebinasas ofisSi

komunizmisgan dacvis mizans emsaxure-

boda trumenis iniciativiT miRebuli

1952 wlis urTierTdaxmarebisa da usafr-

Txoebis kanonic (Mutual Security Act), rome-

lic, wina wlis analogiuri kanonis msgav-

sad, gulisxmobda amerikis daxmarebas mo-

kavSire da komunizmis safrTxis winaSe

myofi qveynebisTvis. imave 1952 wlis 28

aprils prezidentma trumenma xeli moawe-

ra samSvidobo xelSekrulebas iaponias-

Tan, riTac sabolood dasrulda omis

mdgomareoba am qveyanasTan da iq yovel-

gvari saokupacio mmarTveloba Sewyvita,

rasac manamde sakmaod warmatebiT axor-

cielebda duglas makarturi. iaponiis

samxedro damnaSaveTa sasamarTlo proce-

hari trumeni meuRlesTan da SvilTan erTad aidahoSi

hari trumeni da franklin ruzvelti

35

hari trumeni

sis parlelurad, makarturis xelmZRvane-

lobiT iaponiis demokratizaciis proce-

si, 1946 wels miRebuli axali konstituci-

is wyalobiT, metad swrafad da warmate-

biT ganviTarda. aseve swrafad da Sedegia-

nad moxda iaponiis ekonomikuri aRorZi-

neba da misi ekonomikis Tanamedrove rel-

sebze gadasvla.

sakuTari partiisa da saqmianobis sa-

boloo Sefaseba trumenma ukve Tavis uka-

nasknel wliur mimarTvaSi warmoadgina

1953 wlis 7 ianvars. pirvel rigSi, man xazi

gausva faqts, rom I msoflio omis Semdgo-

mi periodisagan gansxvavebiT, II msoflio

omis Semdeg amerikas, krizisis nacvlad,

ekonomikuri aRmavloba hqonda. aRniSna,

rom II msoflio omis bolos arsebuli 279

miliardi dolaris saxelmwifo vali 1949

wlisaTvis 251 miliardamde Semcirda,

Tumca prezidentma isic aRiara, rom ar-

miis swrafma gadaiaraRebam vali kvlav ga-

zarda. ukve gadarCeulma prezidentma si-

amayiT aRniSna, rom socialur sferoSi

`axali kursis~ gza ganagrZo – gaormagda

xandazmulTa socialuri uzrunvelyofa

da 10 milioniT gaizarda am programebSi

monawileTa ricxvi, gaizarda minimaluri

xelfasi, aSenda 3 milioni saxli, saxelm-

wifo daxmarebis meSveobiT Seiqmna daba-

lqiriani 155 dasaxleba, hospitlebs 46

aTasi logini daemata, mTavroba 8 milion

omis veterans daexmara ganaTlebis miRe-

baSi, 196 aTass – axali biznesis dawyebaSi

da 65 aTass ki – fermis yidvaSi. trumenma

isic aRniSna, rom I msoflio omis dasasru-

lisgan gansxvavebiT, rodesac yvelafers

biznesi marTavda, saxelmwifom aqtiuri

konservaciis politika gaatara da marto

mdinareTa da maTi mimdebare miwebis mo-

wesrigebisTvis 5 miliardi daxarja. de-

didi adamianebi

36

mokratiuli partiis miRwevad miiCnevda

igi progress rasobriv sakiTxSic, gans-

xvavebiT I msoflio omis Semdgomi perio-

disagan, rodesac amerika masobrivma ra-

sobrivma darbevebma moicva. trumenisT-

vis didi warmateba iyo aRmasrulebeli xe-

lisuflebis reorganizaciac.

zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, trumeni

albaT XX saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze

Rirseuli prezidenti iyo. man Caibara qve-

yana, romelic didwilad muSebisa da fer-

merebisagan Sedgeboda da Zalian bevri

magram Tavisi administraciis mTavar

miRwevad hari trumeni usafrTxoebis ga-

rantiebis gaZlierebasa da msoflio omis

Tavidan acilebas miiCnevda. `maSin, rode-

sac sabWoTa kavSiri omis Semdeg dapyro-

biT politikas axorcielebs, Cven Tavis-

uflebas vicavT am tiraniisagan~.

ram gaakeTa, rom Camoyalibebuliyo axali,

ganaTlebuli da warmatebuli saSualo

klasi, romelmac amerika mTeli msofli-

osTvis misabaZ saxelmwifod aqcia . da mar-

Tlac, amerikas, uZlieres, umdidres, mo-

mavlis imediT damuxtul qveyanas, Tavisi

potencialis maqsimaluri gamovlenis

Sansi mieca.

trumenma sakuTari nebiT Tqva uari

1952 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi mona-

wileobaze da amis Semdeg patara, uaRre-

sad mokrZalebul orsarTulian saxlSi

cxovrobda kanzas-sitiSi, misuris Stat-

Si. me Tavad vnaxe es saxli 1988 wels da ga-

mikvirda kidec, rom amerikis, Tundac yo-

fili, prezidenti aseT patara saxlSi kad-

rulobda cxovrebas! hari trumeni 1972

wels gardaicvala. sikvdilamde man dawe-

ra da gamosca memuarebis ori tomi, ro-

melmac didi popularoba moipova.

37

hari trumeni