He Thong Cong Thuc
of 73
-
Upload
leducthang773 -
Category
Documents
-
view
244 -
download
0
Transcript of He Thong Cong Thuc
Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 1
CHNG I: DAO NG C BI 1: I CNG DAO NG IU HA I: PHNG PHP 1. KHI NIM Dao ng l chuyn ng c gii hn trong khng gian lp i lp li quanh v tr cn bng. Dao ng iu ha l dao ng trong li ca vt l mt hm cosin( hay sin) ca thi gian. 2. PHNG TRNH DAO NG IU HA.x= Acos(et+)Trong :x: Li , li l khong cch t vt n v tr cn bng A: Bin ( li cc i) : vn tc gc( rad/s)t + : Pha dao ng ( rad/s ) : Pha ban u ( rad). e, A l nhng hng s dng; ph thuc vo cch chn gc thi gian, gc ta . 3. PHNG TRNH GIA TC, VN TC. v =- Ae sin( et + ) = eAcos( et + +t2 )= x v max = e A. a = - e2 Acos( et + ) = - e2 x =e2 Acos( et + + t) a max = e2 A e = a maxv max; A = v2 maxa max. 4. CHU K, TN S. A. Chu k: T =2te= tN ( s) Trong : t: l thi gianN: l s dao ng thc hin c trong khong thi gian t Thi gian vt thc hin c mt dao ng hoc thi gian ngn nht trng thi dao ng lp li nh c. B. Tn s: f =e2t= Nt ( Hz) Trong : t: l thi gianN: l s dao ng thc hin c trong khong thi gian t Tn s l s dao ng vt thc hin c trong mt giy( s chu l vt thc hin trong mt giy). 5. CNG THC C LP THI GIAN: +x = Acos( et + ) cos( et+ ) = xA cos2 ( et + ) = ( xA )2 (1) + v = -A. e sin ( et + ) sin ( et + ) = - v A. e sin2 ( et + ) =(v A. e)2 =(vV max )2 (2) +a = - e2 .Acos( et + ) cos ( et + ) = - ae2 A cos2 ( et + ) = ( ae2 A)2 =(aa max )2 (3) T (1) v (2) cos2 ( et + ) + sin2 ( et + ) = ( xA )2 +(v A. e)2 = 1 A2 = x2 + (ve )2 ( Cng thc s 1) Ta c: a = - e2 .x x =- ae2 x2 = a2 e4 A2 = a2 e4 + (ve )2 ( Cng thc s 2) T (2) v (3) ta c: sin2 ( et + )+ cos2 ( et + )=(vV max )2 + (aa max )2 = 1. ( Cng thc s 3) 6. M HNH DAO NG 7.CNG THC LNG GIC QUAN TRNG V > 0 (+) A- A a < 0a > 0 V T CB Xt x Xt V Xt a x < 0 V maxa = 0 Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 2 1. - sin o = sin( o + t)- cos o = cos( o + t) 2. sino = cos(o - t2 )cos o = sin (o + t2) 3. cos (a+ b) = cosa.cosb - sina .sinbcos(a - b) = cosa.cosb + sina .sinb
4.cos a + cosb = 2 cos a+ b2 cos a - b2 5. sin ( o + k2t) = sin ocos( o + k2t) = cos o 6. Cos2 x = 1 + cos2x2 Sin2 x = 1 - cos2x2 7.tan(a + b) =tana + tanb1 - tana.tanb
8. MT S TH C BN. BI 2: BI TON VIT PHNG TRNH DAO NG IU HA I. PHNG PHP Bc 1: Phng trnh dao ng c dng x = Acos(et + ) Bc 2: Gii A, e, . -Tm A: A =x2 +v2 e2 = a2 e4 + v2 e2 = v maxe= a maxe2 = L2 = S4 = v2 maxa max
Trong :oL l chiu di qu o ca dao ng oS l qung ng vt i c trong mt chu k -Tm e:x t A -A th ca li theo thi gian th x - t th ca vn tc theo thi gian th v - t v t Ae-Ae th ca gia tc thi gian th a - t a x A -A A .e2
- A .e2
x v A. e- A. e A- A v a A. e2 - A. e2 - A. e - A. e th ca gia tc theo li th a -x th ca vn tc theo li th x -v th ca gia tc theo vn tc th v -a t e2A e2Aa Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 3 e =2tT=2tf=a maxA= v maxA= a maxv max = v2 A2 - x2
-Tm : Cn c vo t = 0 ta c h sau:
x = Acos = x o
v = - Aesin v > 0 nu chuyn ng theo chiu dng v < 0 nu chuyn ng theo chiu m.
cos = x oA
sin > 0 nu v 0 Bc 3: Thay s vo phng trnh BI 3: NG DNG VLG TRONG GII TON DAO NG IU HA 1.BI TON TM THI GIAN NGN NHT VT I T A B. Bc 1: Xc nh gcA. Bc 2: At = Ae=A2t .T = AO 360O .TTrong :-e: L tn s gc-T : Chu k - : l gc tnh theo rad; 0 l gc tnh theo A AB B A 2. BI TON XC NH THI IM VT QUA V TR M CHO TRC. V d: Mt vt dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh x = 4cos( 6tt +t3 ) cm. A. Xc nh thi im vt qua v tr x = 2 cm theo chiu dng ln th 2 k t thi im ban u. Hng dn: -Vt qua v tr x = 2cm ( +): 6tt +t3= -t3+ k.2t 6tt = -2t3+ k2t t = - 19+ k3 0 Vy k e( 1,2,3) V t 0 t = - 19+ k3 0 Vy k =( 1,2,3) - 4 42 (+) = - t/3 -Vt i qua ln th 2, ng vi k = 2. t = - 19+ 23= 59 s B. Thi im vt qua v tr x = 23 cm theo chiu m ln 3 k t t = 2s. Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 4 Hng dn: -Vt qua v tr x = 23theo chiu m: 6tt +t3=t6+ k2t 6tt = -t6+ k2t t = - 136+ k3
V t 2 t = - 136+ k3 2vy k = ( 7,8,9) - 4 4 23 = t/6 - Vt i qua ln th3, ng vi k = 9 t = - 136+ 93= 2,97s.
3. BI TON XC NH QUNG NG. Loi 1: Bi ton xc nh qung ng vt i c trong khong thi gian At. Bc 1: Tm At, At = t 2 - t 1. Bc 2: At = a.T + t 3
Bc 3: Tm qung ng. S = n.4.A + S 3. Bc 4: Tm S 3: tm c S 3 ta tnh nh sau:- Ti t = t 1:x 1= ?
v >0 v < 0 -Ti t = t 2; x 2 = ?
v >0 v < 0. Cn c vo v trv chiu chuyn ng ca vt ti t 1 v t 2 tm ra S 3 Bc 5: thay S 3 vo S tm ra c qung ng. AB n.T S 1= n.4.A t 3 S 3 Loi 2: Bi ton xc nh S max - S min vt i c trong khong thigian At ( At < T2 ) A- A S max A. Tm S max : S max= 2.A.sin2Vi [ ] = e.t A- A S min B. Tm Smin S min= 2( A - A.cos2 ) Vi [ ] = e.t
Loi 3: Tm S max- S min vt i c trong khong thi gian t( T > t > T2 ) Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 5 A- A S max A. TmS max S max= 2
((A + A.cos 2t - 2 Vi [ ] = e.t A- A S min B. Tm Smin S min= 4A - 2.A sin2t - 2Vi [ ] = e.t 4. BI TON TNH TC TRUNG BNH. A. Tng qut:v = StTrong - S: l qung ng i c trong khong thi gian t - t: l thi gian vt i c qung ng S
- Tc trung bnh trong mt chu kv = 4AT= 2v maxt
B. Bi ton tnh tc trung bnh cc i ca vttrong khong thi gian t: v max = S maxt
C. Bi ton tnh tc trung bnh nh nht vt trong khong thi gian t. v min = S mint
5. BI TON TNH VN TC TRUNG BNH. v tb=AxtTrong : Ax: l bin thin di ca vtt: thi gian vt thc hin c di Ax 6. BI TON XC NH S LN VT QUA V TR X CHO TRC TRONG KHONG THI GIAN t V d: Mt vt dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh x = 6cos( 4tt +t3 ) cm.A. Trong mt giy u tin vt qua v tr cn bng bao nhiu ln: Hng dn: Cch 1: Mi dao ng vt qua v tr cn bng 2 ln ( 1 ln theo chiu m - 1 ln theo chiu dng) 1 s u tin vt thc hin c s dao ng l: f =e2t= 2Hz S ln vt qua v tr cn bng trong s u tin l: n = 2.f = 4 ln. Cch 2:Vt qua v tr cn bng 4tt +t3=t2+ kt 4tt =t6+ kt t = 124+ k4
- A A t = 0 Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 6 Trong mt giy u tin ( 0 t 1) 0 124+ k4 1 - 0,167 k 3,83Vy k = (0;1;2;3) 7.BI TON XC NH PHA BAN U CA DAO NG - A A v < 0 v > 0 = 0 - A A VTB( +) = 0 rad
A/2( -) - A A = t/3 A/2 ( -) = t/3 rad - A AA/2 (+) = - t/3 A/2 ( +) = - t/3 rad - A A- A/2 (+) = - 2t/3 - A/2 (+) = - 2t/3 rad
- A AA3 /2 (+) = - t/6 A. 3 /2 ( +) = -t6 rad BI 4: CON LC L XO I. PHNG PHP 1. CU TO Gm mt l xo c cng K, khi lng l xo khng ng k. Vt nng khi lng m Gi 2. TH NGHIM -Th nghim c thc hin trong iu kin chun, khng ma st vi mi trng. -Ko vt ra khi v tr cn bng mt khong A v th khng vn tc u, ta c: Vt thc hin dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh: x = Acos( et + ) Trong :-x: l li (cm hoc m) -A: l bin ( cm hoc m). -et + : pha dao ng ( rad) - l pha ban u (rad). -e: Tn s gc ( rad/s)
3. CHU K - TN S A. Tn s gc - e( rad/s) e = km( rad/s). Trong : K: cng ca l xo( N/m) m: Khi lng ca vt ( kg) B. Chu k - T (s): Thi gian con lc thc hin mt dao ng T = 2te = 2tmk( s);C. Tn s - f( Hz): S dao ng con lc thc hin c trong 1s f =e2t = 12t
km ( Hz). K m Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 7 4. BI TON KGn m 1 T 1 Gn m 2T 2
Gn m =(m 1 + m 2) Gn m =(m 1 + m 2) f =f 1.f 2f 12 + f 22 Bi ton 1 T2 = T 12 + T 22 Bi ton 2 Vi con lc l xo treo thng ng ta c cng thc sau: ( P = F dh mg = kAl mk =Alg= e2 ) T = 2tAlgs; f = 12t
gAlHz BI 5: CT - GHP L XO I. PHNG PHP 1. CT GHP L XO Cho l xo k o c di l o, ct l xo lm n on, tm cng ca mi on. Ta c cng thc tng qut sau: K ol o = K 1l 1 = K 2l 2 = .= K nl n Trng hp ct lm hai on: K ol o = K 1l 1 = K 2l 2 K 1K 2=l 2l 1
Nhn xt: L xo c di tng bao nhiu ln th cng gim i by nhiu ln v ngc li. l o, K o l 1, K 1 L 2, K 2 L 3, K 3 2. GHP L XO a. Trng hp ghp ni tip: K 1
K 2
m K 1K 2 Bi ton lin quan thng gp Ta c: 1K= 1K 1+ 1K 2 K = K 1 . K 2K 1 + K 2
T = 2tm( K 1 + K 2)K 1.K 2 ( s) f = 12t
K 1.K 2 m(K 1 + K 2) ( Hz) m K 1T 1 K 2T 2
K 1 nt K 2 K 1 nt K 2 f =f 1.f 2f 12 + f 22 Bi ton 1 T2 = T 12 + T 22 Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 8 b. Trng hp ghp song song K 1
K 2 K 1K 2 K 1K 2 Bi ton lin quan thng gp Khi ghp song song ta c: K = K 1 + K 2 T = 2t mK 1 + K 2 ( s ) f = 12t
K 1 + K 2m (Hz) m K 1T 1 K 2T 2
K 1 // K 2 K 1 nt K 2 f2 = f 12 + f 22
Bi ton 2 T = T 1.T 2T 12 + T 22 BI 6: CHIU DI L XO - LC N HI - LC PHC HI I. PHNG PHP 1. CON LC L XO TREO THNG NG TH1: Al >A + F dh = 0 V tr l xo khng bin dng F ph = 0 V tr cn bng l o Al l -A A -A A TH2: Al A l o A. Chiu di l xo: - Gi l o l chiu di t nhin ca l xo - l l chiu di khi con lc v tr cn bng: l = l o +Al - A l bin ca con lc khi dao ng. Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 9 - Gc ta ti v tr cn bng, chiu dng hng xung di. L max=l o+Al+AL min=l 0+Al-A B. Lc n hi: F dh = - KAx( N) ( Nu xt v ln ca lc n hi). F dh= K.( Al + x)- F dhmax = K(Al + A) - F dhmin = K ( Al - A) Nu Al > A0 Nu Al A (F dhmin ti v tr l xo khng bin dng)
C. Lc phc hi ( lc ko v): F ph = ma = m (- e2 .x) = - K.x Nhn xt: Trng hp l xo treo thng ng lc n hi v lc phc hi khc nhau. Ch : Trong trng hp A > Al th l xo s b nn.- F nn= - K( |x| - Al) vi |x| Al. -F nenmax= K.( A - Al) Tm thi gian l xo b nn, gin trong mt chu k. - Gi nn l gc nn trong mt chu k. - nn = 2.oTrong :cos.o = AlA
- t nn= nne t gin = dne=2t - nne= T - t dn 2. XT CON LC L XO NM NGANG. i vi con lc l xo nm ngang ta gii bnh thng nh con lc l xo treo thng ng nhng: -Al = 0. l = l o l max = l + A l min = l - A
F dhmax = K.A F dhmin = 0 - ln lc phc hi bng vi ln lc n hi. F ph = F dh= K.x. BI 7: NNG LNG CON LC L XO I.PHNG PHP Nng lng con lc l xo: W = W d + W t
Trong : W: l c nng ca con lc l xo W d: ng nng ca con lc ( J ) W d= 12 m.v2 Wt: Th nng ca con lc ( J ) Wt = 12 K.x2 K m M hnh CLLX *** W d = 12 mv2 = 12 m(-eAsin(et+))2 = 12 me2 A2 sin2 (et + ). w dmax = 12 me2 A2 = 12m.v o2 *** W t = 12 Kx2 = 12 K( Acos (et + ) )2 = 12KA2 cos2 (et + ). Wt max = 12kA2 W = W d + W t = 12 me2 A2 sin2 (et + ) + 12KA2 cos2 (et + ) = 12 me2 A2 ( sin2 (et + ) + cos2 (et + ) ) = 12 me2 A2 = const. C nng lun bo ton.Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 10 *** Tng kt: W = W d + W t =12 m.v2 + 12 K.x2 = W dmax= 12 me2 A2 = 12m.v o2
=W tmax =12kA2 W W0 = 1/2 KA2 W0/2 t(s) 0 W Wt th nng lng ca CLLX Ta li c:W d = 12 me2 A2 sin2 (et + ) = 12 me2 A2 (1-cos(2et+2)2 ) = 14 me2 A2 + 14 me2 A2 cos(2et+2) t T dl chu k ca ng nng T =2te= 2t2e=T2. Chu k ng nng = chu k th nng = T2
t f d l tn s ca ng nng: f d = 1T d= 2T= 2f. Tn s ng nng =tn s ca th nng = 2f Thi gian lin tip ng nng v th nng bng nhau: t =T4. Mt s ch trong gii nhanh bi ton nng lng: Cng thc 1: V tr c W d = n.W t x = An + 1
Cng thc 2: T s gia tc cc i v gia tc ti v tr c W d = n.Wta maxa= n + 1 Cng thc 3: Vn tc ti v tr c W t = n.W d v = Von + 1
BI 8: CON LC N I. PHNG PHP 1. CU TO Gm si dy nh khng dn, u trn c treo c nh u di c gn vi vt nng c khi lng m 2. TH NGHIM Ko con lc lch khi v tr cn bng gc o o ri bung tay khng vn tc u trong mi trngkhng c ma st ( mi lc cn khng ng k) th con lc n dao ng iu ha vi bin gc o o ( o 0 10o ). 3. PHNG TRNH DAO NG: o o
S o
ll Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 11 Ta c phng trnh dao ng ca con lc n c dng:
s=Scos(et+)o=o ocos(et+) s = l. o Trong :- s: cung dao ng ( cm, m ..) - S: bin cung ( cm, m ..) - o: li gc ( rad) - o o: bin gc ( rad) - e = gl ( rad/s)vi g l gia tc trng trng(m/s2 )l l chiu di dy treo ( m) 4. PHNG TRNH VN TC - GIA TC. A. Phng trnh vn tc.v = s = - eSsin(et + )( m/s) v max= eS B. Phng trnh gia tc a = v = x = - e2 .Scos( et + )(cm/s) = - e2 .s ( m/s2 ) a max =e2 .S 5. CHU K - TN S. A. Chu k. T =2te= 2t lg (s). Bi ton: Con lc n c chiu di l 1 th dao ng vi chu k T 1
Con lc n c chiu di l 2 th dao ng vi chu k T 2. Hi con lc n c chiu di l = |l 1 l 2|th dao ng vi chu k T l bao nhiu? T = |T 12 T 22 | B. Tn s: f =e2t= gl(Hz). Bi ton: Con lc n c chiu di l 1 th dao ng vi tn s f 1. Con lc n c chiu di l 2 th dao ng vi tn s f 2. Hi con lc n c chiu di l = |l 1 l 2|th dao ng vi tn s l bao nhiu? f-2 = | | f 1-2 f 2-2Hocf = f 1.f 2 | | f 12 f 22 6. CNG THC C LP THI GIAN
S2 = s2 + v2 e2 = a2 e4 + v2 e2 o o2 = o2 + v2 e2 l2
7. MT S BI TON QUAN TRNG
Bi ton 1: Bi ton con lc n vng inh v mt pha: T = T 1 + T 2
2
l 1 l 2 T 2 /2 T 1 /2
Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 12 Bi ton 2: Con lc n trng phng
u = n.T 1 = (n + 1).T 2
u = T 1.T 2| | T 1 - T 2 Trong :-T 1 l chu k ca con lc ln hn -T 2 l chu k ca con lc nh hn -ul thi gian trng phng -n: l s chu k n lc trng phng m con lc ln thc hin -n + 1: l s chu k con lc nh thc hin trng phng l 1 l 2VT CBVT CB BI 9: NNG LNG CON LC N I. PHNG PHP 1. NNG LNG CON LC N W = W d + W t Trong : W: l c nng ca con lc n W d: ng nng ca con lc ( J ) Wt: Th nng ca con lc ( J ) - W d = 12 mv2
w dmax = 12 me2 S2 = 12 .m.V o2 - W t = mgh = mgl( 1 - cos o) Wt max = mgl( 1 - cos o o) M hnh CL Tng t con lc l xo, Nng lng con lc n lun bo ton. W = W d + W t =12 m.v2 +mgl( 1 - cos o) = W dmax= 12 me2 S2 = 12m.V o2
=W tmax =mgl( 1 - cos o o). W W0 = 1/2 KA2 W0/2 t(s) 0 W Wt th nng lng con lc n Ta li c: Chu k ng nng = chu k ca th nng = T2
Tn s ng nng = tn s ca th nng =2f. Khong thi gian ng nng bng th nng lin tip l t = T4. 2. VN TC - LC CNG DY A. Vn tc: V =2gl ( cos o - cos o o) v max =2gl( 1 - cos o o)Ti v tr cn bng v min = 0 Ti bin B. Lc cng dy: T T = mg ( 3cos o - 2cos o o)T max = mg ( 3 - 2cos o o) V tr cn bngT min = mg (cos o o) V tr bin Mt s ch trong gii nhanh bi ton nng lng: Nu con lc n dao ng iu ha o o 10o th ta c h thng cng thc lm trn sau:( o tnh theo rad). Vi o rt nh ta c: sin o = o cos o = 1 - 2sin2
o2=cos o = 1 -o2 2
Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 13 Thay vo cc biu thc c cha cos ta c: Wt = mgl.o2 2=mgs2 2l
W tmax = mglo o2 2= mgS2 2l
v =gl( o o2 - o2 ) V max = o ogl T = mg( 1 - 32 o2 + o o2 ) T max = mg( 1 + o o2 ) > PT min = mg( 1 -o o2 2) < P BI 10: S THAY I CHU K CON LC NV BI TON NHANH CHM CA NG H QU LC I. PHNG PHP Ta c: T =2te = 2tg ( s).T cng thc trn ta thy c c hai nguyn nhn dn n bin i chu k con lc n l: thay i g hoc.1. THAY I L: 1.1. Thay i ln: T = 2t Ag
1.2.Thay i nh: thay i do nhit : - Chu k ca con lc nhit t l : T = 2t (1 + ot)g
Trong :-: l chiu di ca con lc n 0o C-o : h s n di ca dy treo -t: l nhit ca mi trng Bi ton 1:Bi ton tm thi gian nhanh hay chm ca ng qu lc trong khong thi gian t. A = .o2 | t 2 - t 1 |Trong : - t 2 : nhit mi trng lc ng h chy sai - t 1 : nhit mi trng ng h chy ng - o: h s n di ca dy treo.- : l thi gian nghin cu( thng thng l 1 ngy: = 86400s) 2. THAY I DO G: 2.1.Thay i ln ( di tc dng ca lc khc trng lc) A. Con lc trong thang my: F qt v a P a v P F qt TM Ln nhanh dn TM Xung chm dn Khi thang my ln nhanh dn, xung chm dn: g hd = g + a T = 2t g hd= 2tg + a
TM Xung nhanh dn a v P F qtTM Ln chm dn P F qt v a Khi thang my xung nhanh dn, ln chm dn: g hd = g -a. T = 2t g hd= 2tg - a
Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 14
B. Con lc trn xe di chuyn nhanh dn u hoc chm dn u trn mt phng ngang
F P F qt
a v o Xe t chuyn ng chm dn vi gia tc a F P F qt
a v
Xe t chuyn ng nhanh dn vi gia tc a g hd =g2 +a2
T = 2t g hd = 2t g2 + a2
tan o= ag
C. Con lc t trong in trng u: (+) Vt mang in dng -in trng hng t trn xunghoc (vt mang in m- in trng t di hng ln): E P F d E P F d g hd= g + a = g + | | qEm T = 2tg + | | qEm
(+) Vt mang in dng - in trng hng t di lnhoc vt mang in m -in trng hng t trn xung E P F d E P F d Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 15 g hd= g - a = g - | | q . Em T = 2tg - | | q.Em
(+) in trng u theo phng nm ngang: F P F d E o F P F d E o g hd =g2 +a2 =g2 + ( q.Em)2
q l in tch ca vt( C )E l in trng ( V/m) m l khi lng ca vt ( kg) T = 2tg hd = 2t g2 + (q.Em)2
D. Con lc n chu tc dng ca lc y Aximet. Lc y Acximet:F A= .V.g g hd = g + a = g + F Am= g +.V.gm= g +.gD
2.2.Thay i nh:Do thay i chiu cao T = 2t g hTrong : g h = G. M(R+h)2 nu ti mt nc bin h = 0. 2.3. Bi ton tnh thi gian nhanh hay chm ca ng h con lc:Bi ton 2: R h ng h qu lc c a ln cao h Bi ton 3: ng h qu lc c a xung su h R h R - h Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 16 A. Khi a ng h ln cao h so vi mt t: ng h s chy chm hn so vi mt t:A = .hR
B. Khi a ng h xung su h:ng h s chy chm so vi mt t:A = .h2R
C. bi ton nhanh chm ca ng h khi c s thay i ca c cao v nhit : (+)Ln cao:A= .hR + . o2 ( t 2 - t 1)ng h vn chy ng khi At = 0 (+) Xung su: A= . h2R + . o2 ( t 2 - t 1) Hng dn v cc bi ton sai s ca ng h: Gi T 1 l chu k ca ng h khi ng h chy ng T 2 l chu k ca ng h khi ng h chy sai. Mi chu k ng h chy sai l: AT = T 2 - T 1
Gi N l s chu k m ng h sai ch trong mt ngy: N = T 2. Thi gian ch sai trong mt ngy l: A = N.( T 2 - T 1) =T 2 ( T 2 - T 1 ) = ( 1 - T 1T 2 ). Ch : -Nu A = 0: ng h chy ng -Nu A > 0: ng h chy chm -Nu A < 0: ng h chy nhanh. Bi ton 1: ( sai s do s thay i ca nhit ) Ta c: T 1 = 2t 1g= 2t ( 1 + ot 1 )g
T 2 = 2t 2g= 2t ( 1 + ot 2 )g
T 1T 2=1 + ot 11 + ot 2~1 + o2 ( t 1 - t 2 ).( v o Z L ( mchh c tnh dung khng) - Tan = 0 Mch ang c hin tng cng hng in 3. CNG SUT MCHRLC- P(W) P = UI.cos = I2 .R U l hiu in th hiu dng ca mch ( V)I l cng dng in hiu dng ( A) cos l h s cng sut 4. CNG HNG IN Hin tng cng hng sy ra khi e dngin= e ring= 1LC
e2 = 1LC eL = 1eC Z L = Z C H qu ca cng hng: Z min = R ;I max = UR; i = uZ;tan = 0; = 0; cos = 1; P max= U.I; 5. DNG TON VIT PHNG TRNH HIU IN TH - DNG IN ( u - i) Loi 1: Vit phng trnh u khi bit i. Cho mch RLC c phng trnh i c dng:i = I ocos( et). phng trnh on mch X bt k c dng: u X= Ucos(et + X )Trong : tan X= Z L X - Z CXR X
Trng s trng hp c bit: - Vit phng trnh u L. u L = U o L .cos( et +t2 ) (V) Trong : U o L= I o. Z L - Vit phng trnh u C :u C = U o C . cos( et +t2 ) (V) Trong : U o C= I o. Z C - Vit phng trnh u R:u R = U o R . cos( et ) ( V) Trong : U o R = I o.RLoi 2: Vit phng trnh i khi bit phng trnh u. Cho on mch RLC, bit phng trnh hiu in th on mch X c dng: u X= U O.cos(et)(V) Phng trnh i s c dng: i = I Ocos( et - X ). (A)Trong : tan X= Z L X - Z CXR X
Mt s trng hp c bit:- Bit phng trnh u R = U OR cos( et + ) i = I Ocos(et + ) - Bit phng trnh u L = U OL cos( et + ) i = I Ocos(et + -t2 ) - Bit phng trnh u C = U OC cos( et + ) i = I Ocos( et + +t2) Loi 3: Vit phng trnh u Ykhi bit phng trnh u X. Mch in RLC c phng trnh u Ydng: u Y= U o Y .cos( et + ) (V). Hy vit phng trnh hiu in th hai u on mch X: Bc 1: Xy dng phng trnh i i = I o.cos( et + - Y) (A)Trong : tan Y= Z L Y - Z C YR Y ;I 0= U OYZ Y
Bc 2: Xy dng phng trnh hiu in th bi yu cu: u X= U o X.cos( et + - Y+ X )Trong :tan X= Z L X - Z CXR X; U OX= I 0. Z X Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 37 BI 3:CNG SUT V CC TR CNG SUT 1.Cng sut: P = UIcos =I2 .R. trong : - P l cng sut ( W ) - U l hiu in th hiu dng ca mch ( V ) - I l cng dng in hiu dng ( A ) - cos = RZgi l h s cng sut. 2. Cc tr cng sut P = I2 .R = U2 . RR2 + ( Z L - Z C)2
a. Nguyn nhn do cng hng( sy ra vi mch RLC) - Khi thay i (L, C, e, f) lm cho cng sut tng n cc i kt lun y l hin tng cng hng. Z L= Z C eL = 1eC hoc 2tfL = 12tfC
H qu ( Khi mch c hin tng cng hng) = 0; tan = 0; cos = 1; R = Z; P max= U2 R= U.I; I max= UR;Mt s ch : Nu khi thay i e = e 1 v khi e = e 2 th cng sut trong mch ( cng dng in trong mch) nh nhau. Hi thay i e bng bao nhiu cng sut trong mch l cc i. e =e 1e 2
Nu khi thay i f = f 1 v khi f = f 2 th cng sut trong mch ( cng dng in trong mch) nh nhau. Hi thay i f bng bao nhiu cng sut trong mch l cc i. f=f 1f 2
b. Nguyn nhn do in tr thay i. TH1: Mch RLC mc ni tip, cun dy thun cm. P = I2 .R = U2 . RR2 + ( Z L - Z C)2 = UR + (Z L - Z C)2 R = UY
P maxkhi Y min Xt hm Y = R +(Z L - Z C)2 R 2 (Z L - Z C)2 ( p dng bt ng thc Cosi) V Z L - Z C l hng s, nn du bng sy ra khi: R = (Z L - Z C)2 R R2 = (Z L - Z C)2
R = |Z L - Z C|H qu: Tan = Z L - Z C R= 1; =t4; cos = 22; Z = R2; P = U2 2R
TH2: Mch RLC mc ni tip, cun dy c in tr trong (r). Khi R thay i P max . R = | Z L - Z C | + r P max = U2 2(R+r) Khi R thay i cng sut ta nhit trn in tr l cc i P Rmaxkhi R =r2 +(Z L-Z C)2
Bi ton ch : Mch RLC. Nu khi thay i R = R 1 v khi R = R 2 th cng sut trong mch nh nhau. Hi thay i R bng bao nhiu cng sut trong mch l cc i, gi tr cc i l bao nhiu? R =R 1R 2= | Z L - Z C| ; P max= U2 2 R 1R 2 Mch RLC. Nu khi thay i R = R 1 v khi R = R 2 th cng sut trong mch nh nhau. Hi cng sut l bao nhiu: P = U2 R 1 + R 2 Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 38 BI 4: HIU IN TH V CC TR HIU IN TH I. PHNG PHP 1. T CM THAY I. Cho mch RLC c L thay iA. L thay i U R max
U R = I.R = U.RR2 + ( Z L - Z C)2
L thay i khng nh hng n t; U R maxkhi mu t gi tr nh nht. Z L = Z C( Hin tng cng hng) B. L thay i U C max
U C = I. Z C = U. Z CR2 + (Z L - Z C)2 Tng t nh trn: U C maxkhi mch c hin tng cng hng.C. Nu L thay i U L max U L = I. Z L = U. Z L Z= U. Z LR2 + ( Z L - Z C)2 ( Chia c t v mu cho Z L) = UR2 Z L2 + (Z L - Z C )2 Z L2 = UY U L max khi Y min
Y = R2 Z L2 + 1 - 2 Z CZ L+ Z C2 Z L2 =R2 + Z C2 Z L2 - 2 Z CZ L+ 1. (t x = 1Z L ) Y = ( R2 + Z C2 ) .x2 - 2. Z C.x + 1 Cch 1: Phng php o hmY = 2( R2 + Z C2 ).x - 2. Z C= 0 x = Z CR2 + Z C2
Y = 2.(R2 + Z C2 ) >0 Khix = Z CR2 + Z C2 th Y min
x = Z CR2 + Z C2 = 1Z L Z L= R2 + Z C2 Z C
Cch 2: Phng php th Y = ( R2 + Z C2 ) .x2 - 2. Z C.x + 1 V ( R2 + Z L2 ) > 0 th c dng nh hnh v Y minkhix = - b2a= Z CR2 + Z C2 = 1Z L Z L = R2 + Z C2 Z C
Y min= -A4a= R2 R2 + Z C2 U L max = UY
U LMAX = UZ C2 +R2 RU L max = U U C2 + U R2 U R
Cch 3: Dng gin : p dng nh l sin ta c: U Lsin |= Usino U L = Usino. sin | (1) Ta li c: sin o = U RU RC= U RU R2 + U C2 (2) Thay (2) vo (1): U L = U U R2 + U C2 U R.sin | U L t gi tr ln nht khi sin | = 1.( tc | =t2 ) U U L U C U R U RC | o -A4a y - b2a Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 39 U L max = U U R2 + U C2 U RHoc U L max= U R2 + Z C2 R
Mt s h qu: U L2 =U2 + U R2 + U C2 U L. U R = U RC.U = U .U R2 + U C2 U L.( U L - U C) = U2
U L.U C = U2 RC= U R2 + U C2 U C.( U L - U C) = U R2 D. BI TON PH: bi: Mch RLC c L thay i, khi L = L 1v L = L 2 th thy U Lu nh nhau. Xcnh L hiu in thhai u mch t cc i.Hng dn:U Lmaxkhi 12
((1Z L 1 + 1Z L 2= 1Z L L = 2L 1.L 2L 1 + L 2 2: IN DUNG THAY I.A. C thay i U R max; U L max( Phn tch tng t nh trn) Z L = Z C eL = 1eC C = 1e2 L
B. C thay i U Cmax Z C =R2 +Z L2 Z L U CMAX = UZ L2 +R2 R
C. BI TON PH: bi: Mch RLC c C thay i. Khi C = C 1v C = C 2 th thy U Cu nh nhau. U C trong mch t cc i th in dung ca t phi l bao nhiu? Hng dn: U C maxkhi: 12
((1Z C 1 + 1Z C 2 = 1Z C C = C 1 + C 2 2
3: IN TR THAY I. A.R thay i U Rmax:U R = I .R = U.RR2 + (Z L - Z C)2 = U1 + (Z L - Z C)2 R2 t Y = 1 + (Z L - Z C)2 R2
U R = UY U R max khi Y min
Y minkhi (Z L - Z C)2 R2 = 0 R B. R thay i U Lmax:U L= I. Z L= U. Z LR2 + ( Z L - Z C)2 U L maxkhi R = 0. B.R thay i U C max:U C = I.Z C= U. Z CR2 + (Z L - Z C)2 U C max khi R = 0 4: THAY I TN S GC: A. e thay i U Rmax: U R = I.R = U.RR2 + ( Z L - Z C)2 U R maxkhi Z L = Z C ( cng hng)e = 1LCf = 12tLC
B. e thay i U Cmax : U C= I. Z C = U eCR2 + ( eL + 1eC )2 = UCe2 R + e4 .L2 - 2.e2 LC + 1C2
= UC.Y
ViY = e4 .L2 + e2 ( R2 - 2LC )+ 1C2 Vy U C t gi tr cc i khi Y min : t x = e2 . Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 40 Y c dng:Y = L2 . x2 + ( R2 - 2LC ). x+ 1C2 ( L2 > 0) Y t gi tr nh nht kh:x = - b2a= 2LC - R2 2L2 = 1LC- R2 2L2 = e2 . Y min ( TcU C max) khi: e =1LC - R2 2L2 Hoc f = 12t 1LC - R2 2L2
***Bi ton ph: Mch RLC c tn s gc thay i c, Khi e = e 1 v khi e = e 2 th U C trong mch l nh nhau. Xc nh gi tr ca e U C trong mch t gi tr ln nht: e2 = 12[ ]e 12 + e 22
C. ethay i U L max: ( Phn tch tng t) e = 1LC - C2 R2 2 f =12t 1LC - C2 R2 2 ***Bi ton ph: Mch RLC c tn s gc thay i c, Khi e = e 1 v khi e = e 2 th U Ltrong mch l nh nhau. Xc nh gi tr ca e U Ltrong mch t gi tr ln nht:1e2 = 12
((1e 12 + 1e 22 6. MCH RLC C C THAY I U R C MAX
U RC = I. Z RC= U. Z RCZ= UR2 + Z C2 R2 + (Z L - Z C)2 = U.Y U R C t gi tr cc i khi Y t gi tr cc i( Y max ) t U = R2 + Z C2 V = R2 + ( Z L - Z C)2 U Z C = 2. Z C V Z C = - 2( Z L - Z C) Y = U.V - V.UV2 = 2.Z C [ ] R2 + ( Z L - Z C)2 + 2( Z L - Z C) ( R2 + Z C2 )[ ] R2 + ( Z L - Z C)2 2 = 0 2. Z C.R2 + 2Z C. Z L2 - 4Z L. Z C2 + 2. Z C3 + 2Z L.R2 + 2Z L. Z C2 - 2Z C.R2 - 2. Z C3 = 0 - 2. Z L. Z C2 + 2. Z C. Z L2 + 2. Z L.R2 = 02Z L ( Z C2 - Z L. Z C- R2 ) = 0 Z C2 - Z L. Z C- R2 = 0. Gii phng trnh bc 2 theo Z C ta c: Z C = Z L +Z L2 + 4R2 2
7. MCH RLC C L THAY I U RL MAX: Tng t nh phn trn ( C thay i U Cmax ). Z L2 - Z C. Z L - R2 = 0 Z L = Z C +Z C2 + 4R2 2 BI 5: PHNG PHP GIN VEC T 1.C S L THUYT HNH HC a. Cc cng thc lung gic c bn trong tam gic vung Sin = iHuyn= ca Cos = KHuyn= ba Tan = iK= cb Cotan = Ki= bc A B C b a c Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 41 b. Cc h thc trong tam gic vung nh l 1 :(Pitago) BC2 = AB2 + AC2 nh l 2 : AB2 = BC.BH AC2 = BC. CH
nh l 3 :AH2 = BH.CH nh l 4 : AB.AC = BC.AH nh l 5 : 1/AH2 = 1/AB2 + 1/AC2 A B C b a c H c. nh l cos - sin nh l cos: a2 = b2 + c2 - 2b.c.cos nh l sin:asin A= bsin B=csin C
A BC a bc d. Cc kin thc khc: -Tng ba gc trong tam gic l 180o
- Hai gc b nhau tng bng 180o
- Hai gc ph nhau tng bng 90o
-Nm kin thc v tam gic ng dng, gc i nh, sole, ng v 2.C S KIN THC VT L: -Z =R2 + ( Z L - Z C)2 ; U =U2 R + (U L - U C)2
-Cos = RZ= U RU ; tan = Z L - Z C R
- nh lut :I = U RR= U LZ L = U CZ C = UZ
- Cng thc tnh cng sut: P = U.I. cos = I2 .R - Cc kin thc v cc linh kin R,L,C. Mch ch c L:+ u nhanh pha hn i gc 2
+ Gin vc t iu L
Mch ch c C: Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 42 + u chm pha hn i gc 2
+ Gin vc t iu L
Mch ch c R: + u v i cng pha+ Gin vc t u i Ch : Hai ng thng vunggc: K 1. K 2 = -1. tan 1 .tan 2= -1. Nu hai gc ( 1 > 0; 2 >0) 1 + 2 = 90o tan 1. tan 2= 1 Hoc: 1 < 0; 2 < 0 1 + 2 = - 90o tan 1. tan 2= 1 tan ( 1+ tan 2) = tan 1 + tan 21 - tan 1. tan 2
3.CC PHNG PHP V GIN 3.1V ni tip: V d 1 : Mch RLC mc ni tip, trong : 2R = 2Z L = Z C; xc nh h s gc ca mch trn? Gii: Ta c: Z L = R Z C = 2R
ZZ LZ C R Z C- Z L V d 2: Mch RL ni tip c mc vo mng in xoay chiu c phng trnh hiu in th u = 2002cos( 100tt +t3 ) V, th thy trong mch c dng in i = 22 cos( 100tt) A. Hy xc nh gi tr ca R v L? Gii: Z = UI= 2002= 100 =t3rad R = Z.cos = 100 cost3= 100 12= 50 Z L = Z. sin = R.tan = 50. tant3= 503 L = Z Le=503100t=0,53tH R Z L
Z
V d 3: Mch RLC ni tip ( trong cun dy thun cm Z L = 503 ). c mc vo mng in xoaychiu c phng trnh hiu in th u= 1002cos( 100tt -t6 ) V, th thy dng in trong mch cm t bng phng trnh i = 2 cos( 100 tt +t6 ) A. Hy xc nh gi tr ca R v C. Gii: Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 43 Ta c: Z = UI= 1001= 100 = -t3 ( Z C > Z L ) Ta c gin sau: R = Z.cos = 100. cost3= 50 (Z C - Z L) = R.tant3= 503 Z C = Z L + 503= 503 + 503= 1003 V d 4: Mch RlC mc ni tip, C c th iu chnh c, c mc vo mng in xoay chiu c hiuin th U, Diu chnh t C u U C maxXc nh gi tr U C max.Gii: Theo nh l sin ta c: U Csin|= Usino U C = Usino . sin | Trong : sin o = U RU R L= U RU R2 + U L2 U C = U.U R2 + U L2
U R .sin | U C maxkhi sin | = 1 U C max=U.U R2 + U L2
U R U U C
U L o| U R U R L V d 5: Mch RlC mc ni tip, C c th iu chnh c, c mc vo mng in xoay chiu c hiuin th U, Khi iu chnh C U C max th thy U C max= 2U. Hy tnh gi tr ca Z L theo R. Gii:
Ta c: U C = 2U sin o = UU C = U2U= 12 o =t6
tan o = U RU L= RZ L = 13 Z L =3 R U U = 2UU L o| U R U R L V d 5: Mch gm cun dy c in tr thun ng k mc ni tip vi t C, C c th iu chnh c, hai u mch c mc vo mng in xoay chiu c hiuin th U = 80 V, iu chnh C U C max th thy U C max= 100 V. Xc nh hiu in th hai u cun dy? Gii:
Theo nh l Pitago ta c: Ucd =U C max2 - U2 =1002 - 802 = 60 V U = 80V U = 100VU L o| U R U cd Cu 6 : Hai cundy (R1, L1) v (R2, L2) mcni tip rimcvongun xoay chiu ht U. Gi U1 v U2 l ht 2 u mi cun. iu kin U = U1 + U2 l:A.L1/R1 = L2/R2 B.L1/R2 = L2/R1 C.L1.L2 = R1R2 D.L1 + L2 = R1 + R2
L 1 ; R 1 L 2 ; R 2
UU 1U 2 R Z C - Z L Z
t3
Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 44
U = U 1 + U 2 khi hiu in th hai u cun dy cng pha tan 1 = tan 2
Z L 1R 1= Z L 2R 2eL 1R 1=eL 2R L 1R 1 = L 2R 2
Chn p n A U 1 U 2 R 1 R 2 Z L 2 Z L 1 1 2U Cu 1:Mch in AB gm cun dy c in tr trong r v t cm L, mc ni tip vi t in C. Gi U AM l hiu in th hai u cun dy v c gi tr U AM = 40 V, U MB = 60V hiu in th u AM v dng in i lch pha gc 30o . Hiu in th hiu dng U AB l: A. 122,3VB. 87,6V C. 52,9VD. 43,8V Gii: Theo nh l cos ta c: U AB2 = U AM2 +U MB2 - 2.U AM.U MB cos AMB = 402 + 602 - 2.40.60. cos 60o = 2800 U AB= 52,9V Chn p n C L ; RUABMA M B 30o
60o
40V 60V Cu 2:Mt on mch in xoay chiu c dng nh hnh v.Bit hiu in th uAE v uEB lch pha nhau 900.Tm mi lin h gia R,r,L,.C A BC r R,L E A. R = C.r.L B.r =C. R..L C. L = C.R.rD.C = L.R.r Gii: Gi 1 l gc lch gia hiu in th on AE v cng dng in trong mch 2 l gc lch gia hiu in th on EBv cng dng in trong mch V u AE vung pha u EB
tan 1. tan 2 = - 1. - Z Cr . Z LR= -1 1.eLeC.r.R= 1 L = C.r.R Chn p n C Cu 3:Cho mt mch in gm mt t in c in dung C mc ni tip vi bin tr R. Mc vo hai u mch in mt hiu in th xoay chiu c tn s f. Khi R=R1 th cng dng in lch pha so vi hiu in th gia hai u on mch mt gc 1. Khi R=R2 th cng dng in lch pha so vi hiu in th gia hai u on mch mt gc 2. Bit tng ca 1 v 2 l 90o. Biu thc no sau y l ng?A. 2 12 R RCf=. B. CR Rf 22 1=. C. 2 12R R Cf=. D. 2 121R R Cf=.Gii: V 1+ 2= 90o
tan 1.tan 2= 1 ( - Z CR 1 ). ( - Z CR 2 ) = 11eC.R 1. 1eCR 2= 1 e2 = 1 C2 .R 1.R 2
f = 12tCR 1. R 2
Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 45 3.2Phng php v chung gc V d 1 : Mch RLC mc ni tip, trong : 2R = 2Z L = Z C; xc nh h s gc ca mch trn? Gii: Ta c: Z L = R Z C = 2R
tan = Z L - Z C R= R - 2R R= - 1 = -t4
cos = cos( - t4) = 22
ZZ LZ C R Z C- Z L 3.3Phng php v hn hp ( kt hp chung gc v ni tip) Cu 4:Chomchinnhhnhv 050 3 R = O, 50L CZ Z = = OAMUv MBU lch pha 750. in tr R c gi tr l B L, R0 RC M A A.25 3OB. 50OC. 25OD. 50 3O Gii:Ta c: u AM lch phalch pha u MBgct2
u MB lch pha so vi i gct6
u AM lch pha vi i gct4
tan AM= Z CR= 1 R = Z C = 50 O p nB Z L = 50Zc = 50Ro = 503 MB AM 30o
45o
BI 6: BI TON HP EN Cha kha 1: lch pha u v i. 1. Hp en c 1 phn t: -Nu =t2 rad l L -Nu = 0 rad l R -Nu = -t2 l C X 2. Hp en cha hai phn t: -Nut2> > 0 l RL - Nu-t2< < 0 l RC Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 46 - Nu = t2 l LC Cha kha 2: Cn c vo hiu in th: ( Cho s nh hnh v, gi s trong X v Y ch cha mt phn t) - NuU = |U X- U Y | l L v C - Nu U =U X2 + U Y2 l
R v C R v L - Nu U = U X + U Y X v Y cha cng mt loi phn t( cng R, cng L hoc cng C)
XY U xU y U BI 6: MY BIN P V TRUYN TI IN I XA. I. PHNG PHP 1. MY BIN P A. nh ngha: L thit b dng bin i in p ca dng in xoay chiu.-My bin p khng lm thay i gi tr tn s ca dng in xoay chiu. -My bin p khng bin i in p ca dng in mt chiu. B. Cu to Gm hai phn: Phn 1: Li thp. -c ghp t cc tm st non - silic mng song song v cch in vi nhau.( chng li dng Phuco) Phn 2: Cun dy: -Gm hai cun l cun s cp v th cp: - Cun s cp( N 1): o Gm N 1cun dy qun quanh li thp o Cun s cp c ni vi ngun in- Cun th cp( N 2 ): o Gm N 2 cun dy qun quanh li thp o Cho in ra cc ti tiu th o Nu N 2N 1> 1 y l my tng p. o Nu N 2N 1< 1 y l my h p. N 2 N 1 C. Nguyn tc hot ng: - Da trn hin tng cm ng in t. - Dng in bin thin trong cun s cp T thng bin thin trong li thp Dng in bin thin cun th cp D. Cng thc my bin p. - My bin p hiu sut H = 100 %( cos 1= cos 2)U 1U 2= N 1N 2= I 2I 1 -My bin p H 100% o H = P 2P 1 x 100% =U 2. I 2.cos 2 U 1.I 1.cos 1x100%. *** Nu coi cun s cp c in tr trong - cun th cp c in tr trong khng ng k Ta c:U L1U 2 = N 1N 2 Trong : U L12 + U R12 = U 12
*** Nu coi cun th cp c in tr trong ( mch ngoi mc vi in tr R) - cun s cp c in tr trong khng ng k: Ta c:N 1N 2= U 1U 2 + I 2.r 2
Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 47 2. TRUYN IN I XA: TI SAO PHI TRUYN TI IN: - Ngun in c sn xut ra tp trung ti cc nh my in nh: nhit in, thy in, in ht nhn nhng vic tiu th in li rng khp quc gia, tp trung hn ti cc khu dn c, nh my, t thnh th n nng thn cng u cn in. - Cn ng truyn ti in chia s gia cc vng, phn phi li in nng, xut nhp khu in nng.... V th truyn ti in l nhu cu thc t v cng quan trng: BI TON TRUYN IN: Trong qu trnh truyn ti in bi ton c quan tm nht l lm sao gim hao ph in nng xung thp nht. - Cng thc xc nh hao ph truyn ti: AP = I2 . R = P2 U2 cos RTrong : P l cng sut truyn ti (W)R = .lS l in tr ng dy truyn U l hiu in th truyn ti cos l h s cng sut ng truyn - Gii php lm gim hao ph kh thi nht l tng hiu in th in trc khi truyn tiU tng a ln hao ph gim a2 ln Cng thc xc nh gim th trn ng truyn ti in:AU = I.R Cng thc xc nh hiu sut truyn ti in: H =P - APP .100% = 100% - % AP CHNG IV: DNG IN XOAY CHIU BI 7: MY PHT IN - NG C IN I. PHNG PHP. 1. NGUYN TC TO RA DNG IN -My pht in xoay chiu hot ng da trn hin tng cm ng in t. - Cho khung dy c in tch S quay quanh trc t vung gc vi t trng u B, lm xut hin t thng bin thin theo thigianquacundy lmcho trongcun dyxuthin dng in. Ta c: Phng trnh t thng:|= BScos( et + )Wb | =u o cos( et + )Wb{ u o = BS }Trong :o| : l t thngtc thi qua cun dy ( Wb - V be) ou o: t thng cc i qua cun dy( Wb - V be) oB: cm ng t ( T - Tesla) oS: din tch khung dy ( m2 ) o: l gc lch giavc t ca cm ng t Bv vc tphp tuyn n ca khung dy. Phng trnh sut in ng:Xt cho 1 vng dy: e = - u e = e.u o sin ( et + ) Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 48 e = eu ocos( et + -t2 ) V e= E o cos( et + -t2 ) V o E o: sut in ng cc i trong 1 vng dy ( V)E o = e. u O=eBS Nu cun dy c N vng dy: e = E o. cos( et + - t2 ) VE o = NeBS.
2. MY PHT IN XOAY CHIU MT PHA A.Cu to: M hnh 1 M hnh 2 Gm hai phn chnh: Phn 1: Phn ng ( to ra dng in) -Vi m hnh 1 phn cm l phn ng yn ( stato) -M hnh 2, phn cm quay( ro to) v vy a c in ra ngoi cn thm mt b gp oB gp gm 2 vnh khuyn v hai chi quyet t ln 2 vnh khuyn a in ra ngoi oNhc im ca b gp l nu dng in c cng sut ln truyn qua s to ra cc tia la in phng ra thnh ca my gy nguy him cho ngi s dng. ( v th ch thit k cho cc my c cng sut nh). Phn 2: l phn cm( to ra t trng - nam chm). -Vi m hnh 1, phn cm l phn quay ( ro to) -Vi m hnh 2, phn cm l phn ng yn ( stato) B.Nguyn tc hot ng. -Ti thi im ban u cc bc ca nam chm hng thng cun dy, t thng qua khung dy l cc i -Khi ro to quay to ra t thng bin thin trong khung dy to ra sut in ng cm ng trong cun dy Nguyn tc hot ng da trn hin tng cm ng in t. Cng thc xc nh tn s ca my pht in xoay chiu 1 pha: f = n.p60 Trong : n: l s vng quay ca r t trong 1pht p: l s cp cc ca nam chm f = n.p Trong : n: s vng quay ca ro to trong 1s p: s cp cc ca nam chm 3.MY PHT IN XOAY CHIU 3 PHA A. Cu to +) R t ( phn cm): l mt nam chm in c nui bi dng in mt chiu, c th quay quanh trc to ra t trng bin thin. +) Stato ( phn ng): l 3 cun dy ging ht nhau c t lch nhau 120 o trn vng trn. B. Nguyn tc hot ng: Nguyn tc hot ng: -Ti t =0 cc bc ca nam chm hng thng cung dy s 1, t thng qua cun dy s 1 l cc i: | 1= u o.cos( et) - Sau T3 cc bc ca nam chm hng thng cun dy s 2, t thng qua cun 2 t cc i: | 2 = u o.cos( et +2t3 ) Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 49 - Tip sau T3 cc bc ca nam chm hng thng cun dy s 3, t thng qua cun 3 t cc i: | 3 = u o.cos( et + 4t3 ) - Sau T3na cc bc ca nam chm quay tr li cun s 1, cnh vy r t quay to ra t thng bin thin trong 3 cun dy caphn ng lch pha nhau2t3v cng tn s: T thng bin thin trong 3 cun dy to ra sut in ng cm ng ba cun dy c phng trnh ln lt nh sau: -c 1= E o sin( et) V - c 2= E o sin( et +2t3 ) V- c 3= E o sin( et +4t3 ) VC. Cch mc dng in ba pha: Mc hnh sao dy pha dy trung ha dy pha dy pha U P
U P
U P
U d
U d
U d I P I d U d =3U p ; I d = I p Mc tam gic dy pha dy pha dy pha U d
I P I d U d = U p; I d=3 I p 4. NG C KHNG NG B 3 PHA
A. Cu to ng c khng ng b 3 pha: Gm hai phn: - Stato c cun dy ging ht nhau qun trn ba li st b tr lch nhau 1/3 vng trn. - R t l mt hnh tr to bi nhiu l thp mng ghp cch in vi nhau. Trongcc rnhxmtngoi r tc t cc thanhkimloi.Haiumithanhcgnviccvnhto thnh mt chic lng, lng ny cch in vi li thp c tc dng nh nhiu khung dy ng trc t lch nhau. R t ni trn c gi l r t lng sc. B. Hot ng: - Nguyn tc hot ng da trn hin tng cm ng in tv tc dng ca t trng quay. -Khimccccundystatovinguninbapha,t trng quay to thnh c tc gc bng tn s ca dng in. T trng quay tc dng ln dng in cm ng trong cc khung dy r t cc m men lc lm r t quay vi tc nh hn tc ca t trng quay. Chuyn ng quay ca r ts dng lm quay cc my khc. - Cng sut ca ng c khng ng b 3 pha:P = 3.UIcos = P c + P nhit Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 50 - Hiu sut ca ng c: H =P cP .100% Vi ng c khng ng b 1 pha:P = U.I.cos P = P c+ P nhit P c = P - P nhit= U.I.cos - I2 .R Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 51 CHNG V: SNG NH SNG BI 1: HIN TNG TN SC NH SNG - CC LOI QUANG PH I. L THUYT 1. HIN TNG TN SC NH SNG Th nghim:Chiu tia sng trng qua lng knh, pha sau lng knh ta t mn hng M. Trn M ta quan st c di mu bin thin lin tc t n tm.Kt lun: Hin tng tn sc nh sng l hin tng m khi mt chm sng khi i qua lng knh th n b phn tch thnh nhiu nh sng n sc khc nhau. *nh sng n sc l nh sng khi i qua lng knh ch b lch m khng b tn sC: *nh sng a sc l nh sng gm hai nh sng n sc tr ln. Th nghim v hin tng tn sc nh sng. -nh sng n sc l nh sng c mt tn snht nh v khng b tn sc khi truyn qua lng knh. -nh sng trng l hn hp ca nhiu nh sng n sc c mu bin thin lin tc t n tm. ( 0,76m > > 0,38 m ) -Chit sut ca cc cht trong sut bin thin theo tn s ca nh sngn sc v tng dn t ntm.- Cng thc xc nh bc sng nh sng: = cf. Trong : l bc sng nh sng ( m)c l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng ( m/s)f l tn s ca nh sng. (Hz) 2.GII THCH V HIN TNG TN SC NH SNG. Hin tng tn sc nh sng c gii thch nh sau: -nh sng trng l hn hp ca nhiu nh sng n sc khc nhau, c mu lin tc t n tm. -Chit sut ca thy tinh ( v ca mi mi trng trong sut khc) c gi tr khc nhau i vi nh sng n sc c mu khc nhau, gi tr nh nht i vi nh sng v ln nht i vi nh sng tm. Mc khc, ta bit gc lch ca mt tia sng n sc khc x qua lng knh ph thuc vo chit sut ca lng knh: chit sut lng knh cng ln th gc lch cng ln. V vy sau khi khc x qua lng knh, b lch cc gc khc nhau , tr thnh tch ri nhau. Kt qu l, chm sng trng l ra khi lng knh b tri rng ra thnh nhiu chm n sc , to thnh quang ph ca nh sng trng m ta quan st c trn mn. 3. NG DNG CA TN SC NH SNG -ng dng trong my quang ph phn tch chm sng a sc, do vt pht ra thnh cc thnh phn n sc -Gii thch v nhiu hin tng quang hc trong kh quyn, nh cu vng 4.MY QUANG PH: My quang ph cu to gm ba b phn oB phn th nht l ng trun trc, ng chun trc l mt ci ng mt u l mt thy knh hi t L 1, y kia l khe hp c l nh sng i qua nm ti tiu im vt ca thu knh hi t. c tc dng to ra cc chm sng song song n lng knh.oLng knh P: l b phn chnh ca my quang ph nhm tn sc nh sng trng thnh cc di mu bin thin lin tc t n tm. oMn M hay gi l bung nh dng hng nh trn mn -Nguyn tc hot ng da trn hin tng tn sc nh sng. ng chun trcLng knh M S 5. CC LOI QUANG PH. Cc loiquang ph nh nghaNgun phtc imng dng Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 52 Quangph lin tc L mt di mu c mu t ntmnilinnhaumt cch lin tc Do cc cht rn, lng, khcpsutln phtrakhibnng nngQuangphlintc caccchtkhc nhaucngmt nhit th hon ton gingnhauvch phthucvonhit ca chng Dng o nhit cc vt c nhit cao, xa, nh cc ngi sao. Quangphvchpht x L mt h thng nhng vch sng ring l, ngn cch nhau bi nhng khong ti Quangphvchdo chtkhpsut thpphtrakhib kchthchbngnhit hay in.Quangphvchca ccnguyntkhc nhau th rt khc nhau vslngvch,v v tr v sng t i caccvch.Mi nguyn t ha hc c mtquangphvach c trng. Dng nhn bit, phn tchnhlngvnh tnhthnh phn hahc ca cc cht Quangph vchhp th Lnhngvachtinmtrn nm sng ca quang ph lin tc Quangphvchdo chtkhpsut thpphtrakhib kchthchbngnhit hay in. v c t chntrnquangph lin tc - thu c quang phhpththiu kinnhitca ngunphithphn nhitcaquang ph lin tc -Trongcngmt iukinv nhit vpsut,Nguyn tcthphtra quangphphtx mugthhpth mu . Dng nhn bit, phn tchnhlngvnh tnhthnh phn hahc ca cc cht ***Hin tng o vch quang ph: Hin tng m vch sng ca quang ph lin tc, tr thnh vch ti ca quang ph hp th hoc ngc li gi l hin tng o vch quang ph. BI 2: CC LAI BC X KHNG NHN THY. 1. HNG NGOI nh nghaL bc x sng in t c bc sng ln hn bc sng ca nh sng ( hn > ) Ngun phtV l thuyt cc ngun c nhit ln hn 0o K s pht ra tia hng ngoi Tnh cht-Tc dng c bn nht ca tia hng ngoi l tc dng nhit -C kh nng gy ra mt s phn ng ha hc, tc dng ln mt s loi phim nh -Tia hng ngoi cng c th bin iu c nh sng in t cao tn. -Tia hng ngoi cn c th gy ra hin tng quang in trong mt s cht bn dn. ng dng-Dng phi kh, sy, si m -iu ch mt s loi knh nh hng ngoi chp nh ban m -Ch to iu khin t xa -ng dng trong qun s 2. T NGOI nh NghaL cc bc x in t c bc sng nh hn bc sng nh sng tm Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 53 Ngun Pht-Nhng vt c nhit trn 2000 C u pht ra tia t ngoi -Nhit cng cao th ph t ngoi cng ko di v pha bc sng ngn Tnh cht-Tc dng ln phim nh -Kch thch s pht quang ca nhiu cht, gy ra mt s phn ng ha hc, quang ha -Kch thch nhiu phn ng ha hc -I n ha khng kh v nhiu cht kh khc -Tc dng sinh hc hy dit t bo -B nc v thy tinh hp th mnh nhng trong sut vi thch anh -Gy ra hin tng quang in ngoi nhiu kim loi ng dng-Trong y hc, tia t ngoi c s dng tit trng cc dng c phu thut, cha bnh ci xng -Trong cng nghip dng tit trng thc phm trc khi ng hp -Trong c kh dng pht hin li sn phm trn b mt kim loi 3. TIA RN - GHEN ( TIA X) nh nghaTia X l cc bc x in t c bc sng t 10-11 n 10-8 m. -T 10-11 m n 10-10 m gi l Xcng -T 10-10 n 10-8 m gi l X mm Ngun phtDo cc ng Cu - lit - gi pht ra (Bng cch cho tia catot p vo cc ming kim loi c nguyn t lng ln) Tnh cht-Kh nng nng m xuyn cao -Lm en knh nh -Lm pht quang mt s cht -Gy ra hin tng quang in ngoi hu ht tt c cc kim loi -Lm i n ha khng kh -Tc dng sinh l, hy dit t bo ng dng-Chun on hnh nh trong y hc -Pht hin khuyt tt trong cc sn phm c -Kim tra hnh l trong lnh vc hng khng -Nghin cu thnh phn cu trc vt rn BI 3: CNG THC BI TP V HIN TNG TN SC NH SNG. I. PHNG PHP 1.LNG KNH Cc cng thc quan trng: ct 1: A = r 1 + r 2
ct2: D = i 1 + i 2 - A ct3: sin i = n.sinr Khi D min ta c: r 1 = r 2; i 1 = i 2
D min = 2i - A i = A + D min2
Vi gc chit quang nh:i = n.r D = ( n - 1) A
A r 1
r 2
i 2 i 1
D Bi ton cn ch :Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 54 Bi ton xc nh gc lch ca tia so vi tia tm khi l ra khi lng knh( vi A nh) A D = ( nt - n ).A Bi ton xc nh b rng quang ph khi t mn hng cch mt phng phn gic ca lng knh mt on h Ar = h.( n t - n ).A ( A phi i v rad) 2. THU KNH 1f= (n - 1)( 1R 1 + 1R 2 ) Trong : f :l tiu c ca thu knh n: l chit sut ca cht lm thu knh vi tia sng R 1: l bn knh ca mt cong th nhtR 2: l bn knh ca mt cong th hai ( R < 0 ) mt lm( R > 0 mt li) f
f t 3.HIN TNG KHC X NH SNG r i n r r i n r d h hnh.b
Hnh v a: Din t cho chng ta thy v hin tng khc x nh sng sini = n.sinr Hnh v b:Cho chng ta thy hin tng tn sc nh sng trong mi trng chit sut n, d = h( tan r d - tan rt) 4. HIN TNG PHN X TON PHN Hin tng phn x ton phn xy ra khi nh sng i t mi trng c chit quang ln v mi trng c chit quang nh hn.Hin tng phn x ton phn bt u xy ra nh quan st trn hnh v: Ta c: n.sin i = sin r ( v r song song vi mt nc cho nn r = 90o ) n.sin i = 1 sin i gh 1n ( hin tng ton phn bt u xy ra) i r n Hin tng phn x ton phn i r n Hin tng phn x ton phn hnh .a Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 55 BI 4: GIAO THOA SNG NH SNG I. PHNG PHP 1.HIN TNG NHIU X NH SNG Nhiu x nh sng l hin tng nh sng khng tun theo nh lut truyn thng, quan st c khi nh sng truyn qua l nh hoc gn mp nhng vt trong sut hoc khng trong sut . Nh hin tng nhiu x nh sng m cc tia sng i qua cc khe hp s tr thnh ngun sng mi - Chng ta ch c th gii thch c hin tng nhiu x nh sng nu tha nhn nh sng c tnh cht sng. S Hin tng nhiu x nh sng khi qua khe hp S 2.HIN TNG GIAO THOA SNG NH SNG Gi Ad l khong hiu quang l t hai ngun S 1 v S 2 ti mn: Ad = d 2 - d 1 = a.xD
Nu ti M l vn sng d 2 - d 1 = k. vi k l vn sng bc kk e( 0; 1; 2; ) Nu ti M l vn ti. d 2 - d 1 = ( k + 12 ) vi k l vn ti th (k + 1) k e ( 0; 1; 2) a S 1
S 2D M d 1
d 2
a. V tr vn sng: d 2 - d 1 = a.xD= k. x S = kDatrong : kl vn sng bc k ( k = 0, 1, 2, 3.)Trong :- l bc sng nh sng ( m) -D l khong cch t mt phng S 1 S 2 n mn M - a l khong cch gia hai khe S 1S 2
-k l bc ca vn sng ( k = 0, 1, 2, 3 .) b. V tr vn ti d 2 - d 1 = ( k+ 12 ). = a. xD
x t = ( k + 12 )Datrong ( k = 0, 1, 2, 3 ) Nu k > 0: th k l vn ti th (k + 1) Vd: k = 5 vn ti th (5 + 1) = 6Nu k < 0 th k l vn ti th ( - k) Vd: k = -5 l vn ti th 5 - i vi vn ti khng c khi nim bc ca vn ti. V s:76543 2 1(VSTT)1 234 5 6 7 k= :-7 -6 -5 -4-3 -2 -1 0 123 4 56 7 k=: -7-6-5 -4 -3-2-1 0 12 34 56 V t:7 6 5 43 21 1 23 45 67 c. Khong vn -Khong vn i l khong cch gia hai vn sng hoc hai vn ti lin tip - i =Da = iaD
Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 56 - x s = ki - x t = ( k + 12 ) i. d. Bc sng nh sng v mu sc nh sng. -Mi nh sng n sc c mt bc sng trong chn khng xc nh -Cc nh sng n sc c bc sng trong khong t 0,38 0,76 m -nh sng mt tri l hn hp ca v s nh sng c bc sng bin thin lin tc t 0 . -Bng mu sc - bc sng ( Trong chn khng) - Mu ( nm) 640 : 760 Da cam590 : 650 Vng570 : 600 Lc500 : 575 Lam450 : 510 Chm430 : 460 Tm380 : 440 -iu kin hin tng giao thoa nh sng sy ra -Hai ngun phi pht ra hai sng c cng bc sng -Hiu s pha ca hai ngun phi khng i theo thi gian. 3.CC BI TON C BN Dng 1: Bi ton xc nh b rng quang ph bc k. Gi x dl v tr vn sng th k ca nh sng x d = k d.Da
Gi xtl v tr vn sng th k ca nh sng tm. x t= k t.Da
Ax = x d - x t=k d.Da - k t.Da
Ax = k Da ( d- t ) Dng 2: . Bi ton xc nh v tr trng nhau Thc hin giao thoa nh sng vi hai bc sng 1 v 2 Loi 1: Trng nhau ca hai vn sng Gi x l v tr vn sng trng nhau ca hai nh sng giao thoa trn Ta c: x =k 1
1Da= k 2
2Da k 1 1 = k 2 2 k 1k 2= 2 1
Loi 2: V tr trng nhau ca hai vn ti x = (K 1+ 12 ). 1Da = (K 2 + 12 ). 2Da K 1 + 12K 2 + 12= 2 1 Loi 3: V tr trng nhau ca 1 vn sng - 1 vn ti x = (K 1+ 12 ). 1Da = k 2
2Da Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 57 (K 1 + 12 )k 2= 2 1
Loi 4: V tr trng nhau ca 3 vn sng Thc hin giao thoa nh sng vi ba nh sng n sc 1; 2; 3. x = =k 1
1Da= k 2
2Da = k 3. 3.Da
K 1K 2 = 2 1 K 1k 3 = 3 1 cc gi tr ca K 1; K 2; K 3
Dng 3: . Biton xc nh s bc sng cho vn sng ti v tr x o hoc cho vn ti ti v tr x o
Loi 1: S bc x cho vn sng ti x o
bi: Thc hin giao thoa vi nh sng trng c ( t t ). Trong D l khong cch t mt phng S 1 S 2 ti mn., a l khong cch gia hai khe S 1S 2. Hy xc nh s nh sng cho vn sng ti v tr x o.
Bi gii: Ta c: x o = kDa( 1) = x oakD( 2) V t t t = x oakD t
x o.a d.D k x o.a t.D ( 3) ( k = 0, 1, 2, 3.) T ( 3) thay vo ( 2) ta c c c th tngbc sng cho vn sng ti v tr x o
Loi 2: S bc x cho vn sng ti v tr x o. bi: Thc hin giao thoa vi nh sng trng c ( t t ). Trong D l khong cch t mt phng S 1 S 2 ti mn., a l khong cch gia hai khe S 1S 2. Hy xc nh s nh sng cho vn ti ti v tr x o.Bi gii: Ta c:xt= x o = ( k + 12 ) Da( 1) =x oa(k+12)D ( 2) V tt t =x oa(k+12)D t
x oa d.D (k + 12) x o.at.D( k = 0, 1, 2, 3.)x oa d.D - 12(k + 12) x o.a t.D-12( 3) T ( 3) thay vo ( 2) ta c c c th tngbc sng cho vn ti ti v tr x o
Dng 4: Dng ton xc nh s vn sng - vn ti trn on MN Loi 1: S vn sng - vn ti trn giao thoa trng( Cng thc di y cn c th p dng cho bi ton xc nh s vn sng vn ti gia hai im MN v c mt vn sng chnh gia.) S vn sng: V S = 2 |L2i | + 1. S vn ti: V T = 2 | L2i + 12 |
Tng s vn sng vn ti thu c n = V S + V T
Trong : |L2i | ;| L2i + 12 |l cc phn nguyn.V d: 5,8 ly 5. Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 58 Loi 2: S vn sng - vn ti gia hai im MN bt k.( Gii s x M< x N )
- S vn sng. Ta c: x = k. i x Mk.i x N
x Mik x Ni
- S vn ti trntrn MN Ta c: x = (k + 12 ).i x M(k + 12 ).ix N
x Mi - 12k x Ni - 12
Loi 3: Xc nh s vn sng - vn ti nu bit hai u l hai vn sng:
V s = Li + 1 V t = Li i = Lv s - 1= Lv t
Loi 4: Xc nh s vn sng - vn ti nu bit hai u l hai vn ti
V s = Li
V t = Li + 1 i = Lv s= Lv t - 1 Loi 5: Xc nh s vn sng - vn ti nu bit mt u sng - mt u ti. V s = Vt= Li+12 i = LV s - 12 Dng 5: Bi ton dch chuyn h vn ( dch chuyn vn sng trung tm) Bi 1: Thc hin th nghim Yang v giao thoa nh sng. Khong cch gia hai khe hp S 1 S 2 l a, khong cch t mt phng S 1 S 2 ti mn l D, khong cch t ngun sng S ti hai khe S 1 S 2 l d, Nu dch chuyn ngun sng S ln trn mt on Ayln trn th vn sng trung tm trn mn s dch chuyn nh th no? Bi gii: Gi Ax l dch chuyn ca h vn trn mn M, M lun dch chuyn v pha ngun chm pha hn ( tc l dch chuyn ngc chiu vi S. V cng thc xc nh dch chuyn nh sau: Ax = Ay.Dd
a S 1
S 2 dD MAx M 1
Ay S Bi 2: Thc hin th nghim Yang v giao thoa nh sng. Khong cch gia hai khe hp S 1 S 2 l a, khong cch t mt phng S 1 S 2 ti mn l D, Trc ngun sng S 1 t tm thy tinh mng c b dy e chit sut n. Hy xc nh di ca vn sng trung tm. Bi gii: V tr vn sng trung tm s dch chuyn v pha ngun chm pha hn, tc l dch chuyn v pha S 1. Cng thc xc nh dch chuyn nh sau:Ax =( n - 1)e.Da a S 1
S 2 D Vstt Ax deM S Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 59 CHNG VI: LNG T NH SNG BI 1: HIN TNG QUANG IN NGOI I. PHNG PHP 1.NH NGHA HIN TNG QUANG IN NGOI 1.1. Th nghin hin tng quang in ngoi n h quangn h quang e n h quang e H1. C tm thy tinh H2. Khng c tm thy tinh ab 1..2. Nhn xt: hnh 1: Ta t tm thy tinh trc n h quang, thy khng c hin tng g sy ra vi hai tm km tch in m hnh 2: Khi b tm thy tinh trong sut ra mt lc sau thy hai l km tch in m b cp xung. Chng t in tch m ca l km b gii phng ra ngoi.Th nghim s 2 gi l th nghim v hin tng quang in 1.3.nh ngha v hin tng quang in ngoi Hin tng khi chiu nh sng vo tm kim loi lm cc electron bt ra ngoi gi l hin tng quang in ngoi. ( Hin tng quang in)2.CC NH LUT QUANG IN 2.1.nh lut 1: ( nh lut v gii hn quang in) Hin tng quang in ch xy ra khi nh sng kch thch chiu vo tm kim loi c bc sng nh hn hoc bng bc sng 0. 0 c gi l gii hn quang in ca kim loi . ( 0 ) 2.2.nh lut 2: (nh lut v cng dng quang in bo ha) i vi mi nh sng kch thch c ( 0 ), cng dng quang in bo ha t l vi cng ca chm sng kch thch. 2.3.nh lut 3: ( nh lut v ng nng cc i ca quang electron) ng nng ban u cc i ca quang electron khng ph thuc cng ca chm kich thch, m ch ph thuc bc sng nh sng kch thch v bn cht kim loi. c tuyn trn th hin mi quan h gia hiu in th U AK v cng dng quan in bo ha. -Khi U AK < - U h th dng quanin bo ha b trit tiu hon ton ( I = 0). S d nh vy v v: electron b bt rat catot, vi tc ban u v omaxv ng nng ban u W dmax , chu tc dng ca lc in trng hng v catot ( do U h gy ra) lc ny ngn khng cho eletron ti anot gy ra dng quang in. - Khi U AK = 0 vn c dng quang in v, electron c vn tc ban ban u to ra s dch chuyn c hng ca cc ht mang in c dng in. - Hiu in th U AK tng dn, lmcho dng quang in tng dn, nhng khi tng n gi tr U 1th khi tngtip U AK cng khng lm chodng quang in tngthm( I = I bh ). Gi tr I bh gi l dng quang in bo ha.- ng s (1) v (2) th hin dng quang in ca hai nh sng khc nhau, c cng bc sng, nhng cng ca chm sngtoradngquangin(2)lnhndngcngca chm sng to ra dng quang in (1). I U I bh1 I bh2 U 10- U h1 2 c tuyn vn - ampe k ca t bo quang in 3.LNG TNH SNG HT CA SNG IN T Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 60 Sng in t va mang tnh cht sng va mang tnh cht ht. -Vi sng c bc sng cng ln th tnh cht sng th hin cng r ( cc hin tng nh giao thoa, khc x, tn sc) -Vi cc sng c bc sng cng nh th tnh cht ht th hin cng r ( cc hin tng nh quang in, kh nng m xuyn) 4.THUYT LNG T NH SNG nh sng c to bi cc ht gi l phton( cc lng t nh sng) . Mi ph tn c nng lng xc nh c = h.f. ( f l tn s ca sng nh sngn sc tng ng). Cng ca chm sng t l vi s ph tn pht ra trong 1 giy. Phn t, nguyn t, eletron pht ra hay hp th nh sng, cng c ngha l chng pht x hay hp th ph tn. Cc ph tn bay dc theo tia sng vi tc c = 3.108 m/s trong chn khng. 5.CC CNG THC QUANG IN C BN Ct1: Cng thc xc nh nng lng ph tn:c = h f = hc Ct2: Cng thc anh tanh v hin tng quang in ngoi hc= A 0 + 12 mv2 o hoc hc= hc 0+12 mv2 o ( W dmax=12 mv2 o= e. |U h| ) Ct3:Cng sut ca ngun sng- hoc cng sut chiu sng: P =n .c = n .hf =n hc. n =Phc
Ct4: Cng dng quang in bo ha: I bh = n e.e = Nt e n e= I bhe
Ct5: Hiu sut pht quang: H = n en . 100% = I.hce.P. .100% Gii thch v k hiu: -: Nng lng photon ( J) - h: Hng s plank h= 6,625.10-34 j.s. - c: Vn tc nh sng trong chn khng. c = 3.108 m/s. -f : Tn s ca nh sng kch thch ( Hz) - : Bc sng kch thch ( m) - 0 : Gii hn quang in ( m) - m : Khi lng e. m e = 9,1. 10-31 kg -v : Vn tc e quang in ( m/s) - W dmax : ng nng cc i ca e quang in ( J) - U h : Hiu in th hm, gi tr hiu in th m cc e quang in khng th bt ra ngoi -P: Cng sut ca ngun kch thch ( J) - n : s ph tn p ti ca tt trong 1s - n e : S e bt ra khi catot trong 1 s - e :in tch nguyn t |e| = 1,6. 10-19 C -H : Hiu sut lng t. ( %). - 1 MeV = 1,6. 10-13 J; 1 eV = 1,6. 10-19 J. nh l ng nng: W d = W do + Uq ( nu U Ak >0)W d = W do - |U|q ( nu U Ak < 0)
trit tiu dng quang in th khng cn e quang in tr v Anot. Cng c ngha l W d = 0 hoc e b ht ngc trli catot.|U|.q W do = 12 m.v o2 + + + + + - - - - - W doW d U e K 6. MT S BI TON CN CH Bi ton 1: Bi ton xc nh bn knh qu o ca electron trong t trng F lorenxo = qvB = m. v2 R= F hng tm R = m.vqB
Bi ton 2: Bi ton xc nh in tch ca qu cu kim loi t trong khng kh khi b chiu sng hin tng quang in ngoi sy ra: Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 61 Cng thc Gauxo ta c: E.S = qc.c o
Trong : E in trng trng to ra ca qu cu S l din tch mt cu q l in tch ca qu cu c = 14tk
c o hng s in mi Trong khng kh: c o = 1.U hR .4t.R2 = q.4t.k q = U h.Rk
R Bi ton 3: Bi ton xc nh bn knh cc i ca e quang in khi n anot: R = V o.t d = at2 2 Vi a = q.Em= q.Um.d d = q.U.t2 2m.d t = 2md2 q.U
m V o2 2= q.|U h | V o =2.q.|U h |m
R = 2m.d2 .2.q.|U h | q.U.m = 2d U hU
+++++++ - - - - - - - d R
BI 2: TIA X I.PHNG PHP nh ngha Tia X l sng in t c bc sng t10-8 n 10-11 m Ngun phtDomy X quangpht ra. Tc dng-Kh nng nng m xuyn cao -Lm en knh nh -Lm pht quang mt s cht -Gy ra hin tng quang in ngoi hu ht cc kim loi -Lm in ha khng kh -Tc dng sinh l, hy dit t bo ng dng-Chun on hnh nh trong y hc -Pht hin khuyt tt trong cc sn phm c -Kim tra hnh l trong lnh vc hng khng -Nghin cu thnh phn cu trc vt rn Cc cng thc bi tp *q.U AK = 12 mV2 max = hf max = hc minTrong : * Cng dng in trong ng Rnghen: I = n e.e * Tng ng nng ca e khi va chm i ca tt trong 1s: E W d = n e.W d = Ie .U AK.q Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 62 * Cng thc xc nh hiu sut ng Cu - lit - gi: H =EcEW d .Vi Ee l tng nng lng tia X Ee = EW d.H EQ =EW d( 1 - H) -q l ln in tch ca electron = 1,6. 10-19 C - U AK l hiu in th gia anot v catot ca my( V ) - m l khi lng cc electron; m = 9,1.10-31 kg - V max l vn tc cc i ca cc khi p vo i catot ( m/s) -h l hng s plank - f max l tn s ln nht ca bc x pht ra (Hz) - min l bc sng ca bc x ( m) BI 3: MU NGUYN T BOR - QUANG PH HIDRO I. PHNG PHP 1. TIN V TRNG THI DNG -Nguyn t ch tn ti trong mt s trng thi c nng lng xc nh gi l cc trng thi dng. Khi trong cc trng thi dng th nguyn t khng bc x -Trong cc trng thi dng ca nguyn t, electron ch chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn trn nhng qu o c bn knh hon ton xc nh gi l cc qu o dng. i vi nguyn t Hidro bn knh qu o dng tng t l vi bnh phng ca cc s nguyn lin tip:R n = n2 r ovi r o = 5,3.10-11 m. Trong :R n l bn knh qu o th n n l qu o th n r o l bn knh c bn r o 4r o 9r o 16r o 25r o 36r o KLMNOP
2. TIN V HP TH V BC X NNG LNG. -Khi nguyn t chyn t trng thi dng c nng lng ( E n ) sang trng thi dng c nng lng thp hn ( E m ) th n pht ra mt pho ton c nng lng ng bng hiu: E n - E m - c = hf nm= E n - E m n m c = E n - E m
-Ngc li, nu nguyn t ang trong trng thi dng c nng lng E m m hp th mt photon c nng lng ng bng hiu E n- E mth n chuyn ln trng thi dng c nnglng E n. c = hf nm= E n - E m = hc n m c = E n - E m
- T tin trn: Nu mt cht hp th c nh sng c bc sng no th n cng c th pht ra nh sng y. 3. QUANG PH VCH HIDRO. -Mc nng lng trng thi n :E n =- 13,6 eVn2 vi ( n = 1,2,3)- e lectron b ion ha khi: E = 0.Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 63 - E = E 12 + E 23 hf 13 = hf 12 + hf 23 f 13 = f 12 + f 23
hc = hc 1 + hc 2 1 = 1 1 + 1 2 = 1 2 1 + 2 -Cng thc xc nh tng s bc x c th pht ra khi e trng thi nng lngth n:
S bx = ( n - 1) + ( n- 2) + + 2 + 1Cn2 | o o12 3 4 56 n 6 KL MN OP DyPachen:honton trong vng hng ngoi DyLai-man:honton trong vng t ngoi Dy Ban- me: nm trong vng kh kin v t ngoi BI 4: HIN TNG QUANG - PHT QUANG; TIA LAZE 1. HIN TNG QUANG - PHT QUANG A. nh ngha - Mt s cht c kh nng hp th nh sng c bc sng ny pht ra nh sng c bc sng khc. Hin tng trn gi l hin tng quang - pht quang.-V d: Chiu tia t ngoi vo dung dch fluorexein th dung dch ny s pht ra nh sng mu lc. Trong tia t ngoi lnh sng kch thch cn nh sng mu lc l nh sng pht quang.- Ngoi hin tng quang - pht quang ta cn cp n mt s hin tng quang khc nh: ha - pht quang ( om m); pht quang ca tt ( n hnh ti vi); in - Pht quang ( n LED) B. Phn loi quang pht quang Hunh quangLn quang S pht quang ca cc cht lng v kh c c im lnh sng phtquang b tt nhanh saukhi tt nh sng kch thch. Gi l hin tng hunh quang S pht quang ca nhiu cht rn li c c im lnhsngphtquangcthkodimt khong thi gian no sau khi tt nh sng kch thch. S phtquangtrngi l hin tng ln quang. - nh sng hunh quang c bc sng di hn bc sng ca nh sng kch thch - Mt s loi sn xanh, , vng lc quyets trn cc bin bo giao thng hoc u cc cc ch gii ng l cc cht ln quang c thi gian ko di khong vi phn mi giy. nh lut Stock v hin tng pht quang: k < p - Nng lng mt mt trong qu trnh hp th ph tn : Ac = hf kt - hf hq = hc k- hc p= hc.
((1 k - 1 p
- Cng thc hiu sut pht quang: H =P pP k .100% =n p. kn k. p.100% 2.LASER ( LAZE) Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 64 A. nh ngha laser -Laze l mt ngun sng pht ra mt chm sng cng ln da trn hin tng pht x cm ng. -S pht x cm ng: Nu mt nguyn t ang trong trng thi kch thch sn sng pht ra mt photon c nng lng c = hf, bt gp mt photon c nng lng c ng bng hf, bay lt qua n, th lp tc nguyn t ny cng pht ra photon c. Photon c c cng nng lng v bay cng phng vi photon c. Ngoi ra, sng in t ng v photon c hon ton cng pha v dao ng trong mt phng song song vi mt phng dao ng ca sng in t ng vi photon c. -c im ca tia laze. Tnh n sc cao v ( c cng nng lng ng vi sng in t c cng bc sng)Tnh nh hng rt cao ( baytheo cng mt phng) Tnh kt hp cao ( cung pha ) Cng ca chumg sng rt ln( s ph tn bay theo cng mt hng rt ln) -ng dng ca tia laze:Trong y hc dng lm dao m trong cc phu thut tinh vi Thng tin lin lc ( v tuyn nh v, lin lc v tinh) Trong cng nghip dng khoan ct, ti chnh xc Trong trc a dng o khong cch, tam gic c. Laze cn dng trong cc u c a . 3.HIN TNG QUANG IN TRONG A.Quang in trong: Hin tng nh sng gii phng cc e lin kt cho chng tr thnh cc electron dn ng thi to ra cc l trng cng tham gia vo qu trnh dn in gi l hin tng quang in trong B.Cht quang dn: hin tng gim in tr sut, tc l tng dn in ca bn dn, khi c nh sng thch hp chiu vo gi l hin tng quang dn. Cht o ( m) Ge1.88 Si1,11 PbS4,14 CdS0,9 PbSe5,65 C.Pinquangin:lpinchy bngnnglngnhsngn binitrctipquangnng thnh in nng. Pin hot ng da vo hin tng quang in trongca mt s cht bn dn nh ng oxit, Selen, Silic. + _ in cc trong sut Bn dn loi p Bn dn loi n in cc Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 65 D.Quang in tr: L mt tm bndncgitrintr thay i khi cng chm sng chiu vo n thay i 2 1 33 4 6 5 4 RG Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 66 CHNG VII: VT L HT NHN BI 1: I CNG VT L HT NHN 1. CU TO HT NHN AZ X- X l tn nguyn t- Z s hiu( s proton hoc s th t trong bng h thng tun hon) - A l s khi( s nuclon) A = Z + N - N l s notronN = A - Z. - Cng thc xc nh bn knh ht nhn: R = 1,2.A13 .10-15 2. NG V L cc nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc nhau v s notron dn n s khi A khc nhau. V d: (126 C;136 C;146 C); (23592 U;23892 C) 3. H THC ANH TANH V KHI LNG V NNG LNG. a.Eo = m o.c2 Trong : -E o l nng lng ngh - m o l khi lng ngh - c l vn tc nh sng trong chn khngc = 3.108 m/s. b. E = m.c2 Trong : -E l nng lng ton phn -m l khi lng tng i tnh m = m o1 - v2 c2
-c l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng. -v l vn tc chuyn ng ca vt -m o l khi lng ngh ca vt -m l khi lng tng i ca vt c. E = E o + W dtrong W d l ng nng ca vt W d = E - E o = m.c2 - m o.c2 = m o.c2 .( 11 - v2 c2 - 1) o Nu v < < c W d = 12 m.v2 . 4. HT KHI - NNG LNG LIN KT - NNG LNG LIN KT RING. a. ht khi (Am). - Am = Z.m p + ( A - Z). m n- m X. Trong : - m p: l khi lng ca mt proton m p = 1,0073u. - m n : l khi lng ca mt notron m n = 1.0087u - m X: l khi lng ht nhn X. b. Nng lng lin kt (AE) - AE = Am.c2 ( MeV) hoc (J) -Nng lng lin kt l nng lng lin kt tt c cc nulon tron ht nhnc. Nng lng lin kt ring- W lkr=AEA ( MeV/nuclon) -Nng lng lin kt ring l nng lng lin kt mt nuclon trong ht nhn -Nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th ht nhn cng bn. Ch : -Cc n v khi lng: kg; u; MeV/c2 . - 1u = 1,66055.10-27 kg = 931,5MeV/c2 -Khi tnh nng lng lin kt nu n v ca ht khi l kg th ta s nhn vi(3.108 )2 v n v tnh ton l (kg) -Khi tnh nng lng lin kt nu n v ca ht khi l u th ta nhn vi 931,3 v n v s l MeV. Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 67 BI 2: PHNG X I. PHNG PHP 1. NH NGHA PHNG X L qu trnh phn hy t pht ca mt ht nhn khng bn vng t nhin hay nhn to. Qu trnh phn hy ny km theo s to ra cc ht v c th km theo s phng ra bc x n t. Ht nhn t phn hy l ht nhn m, ht nhn to thnh gi l ht nhn con. 2. CC DNG PHNG X a.Phng x o:AZX A-4Z-2Y +42He - Bn cht l dng ht nhn42He mang in tch dng, v th b lch v bn t m- I n ha cht kh mnh, vn tc khong 20000km/s. v bay ngoi khng khong vi cm. - Phng x o lm ht nhn con li 2 trong bng h thng tun hon B: Phng x |- :AZX 0-1e + AZ+1 Y + 00v - Bn cht l dng electron, v th mang in tch m v b lch v pha t in dng. - Vn tc gn bng vn tc nh sng, bay c vi mttrong khng kh - Phng x |- lm ht nhn con tin 1 trong bng h thng tun hon so vi ht nhn m.C: Phng x|+ :AZX 0+1e +AZ-1Y +00v - Bn cht l dng ht pozitron, mang in tch dng, v th lch v bn t m. - Cc tnh cht khc tng t |- . -Phng x |+ lm ht nhn con li 1 trong bng h thng tun hon3.NH LUT PHNG X A: c tnh ca qu trnh phng x: - C bn cht l mt qu trnh bin i ht nhn - C tnh t pht v khng iu khin c, khng chu tc ng ca cc yu t bn ngoi - L mt qu trnh ngu nhin B: nh lut phng x Theo s ht nhn: - Cng thc xc nh s ht nhn cn li : N = N 0e-t = N o2k Vi:( k = tT ) Trong : = ln2T( Hng s phng x)t: l thi gian nghin cu T: Chu k bn r
Cng thc xc nh s ht nhn b phn r : AN = N o - N = N o( 1 - 12k ) Bng tnh nhanh phng x( S ht ban u l N o) S ht cn liS ht b phn rk = t/T N%AN% 1N o2 50%N o2 50% 2N o4 25%3N o4 75% 3N o8 12,5%7N o8 87,5% - Cng thc tnh s ht nhn khi bit khi lng : N = mM .N A Trong : m l khi lng (g)M l khi lng mol N A l s Avogadro Theo khi lng - Xc nh khi lng cn li: m = m 0.e-t = m o2k
- Cng thc xc nh khi lng b phn r: Am = m o - m = m o( 1 - 12k ) Theo s molEx: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 68 - Xc nh s mol b phn r: An = n o - n = n o( 1- 12k ) Theo phng x: - Xc nh phng x cn liH = H 0e-t = H o2k Bq ( 1Ci = 3,7. 1010 Bq) Trong H l phng x cn liH o l phng x ban u
- phng x l s phn r trong mt giy v c tnh nh sau:H = N = ln2T .N = ln2T mM .N A (Bq ) Ch : Khi tnh phng x phi i T v giy Ch :Bi ton tnh tui: t = T.log 2N oN ; T.log 2m om ; T.log 2H oH BI 3: PHN NG HT NHN 1. NH NGHA: Cc ht nhn c th tng tc cho nhau v bin thnh nhng ht nhn khc. Nhng qu trnh gi l phn ng ht nhn. C hai loi phn ng ht nhn: -Phn ng ht nhn t pht( phng x) -Phn ng ht nhn kch thch( Nhit hch, phn hch..) 2. CC NH LUT BO TON TRONG PHN NG HT NHN: Cho phn ng ht nhn sau: A1Z1A +A2Z2B =A3Z3C +A4Z4D 2.1 nh lut bo ton in tch: Z 1 + Z 2 = Z 3+ Z 4
2.2nh lut bo ton s khi: A 1 + A 2 = A 3 + A 4
Ch : nh lut bo ton in tch v s khi gip ta vit cc phng trnh phn ng ht nhn. 2.3 Bo ton nng lng ( Nng lng ton phn trc phn ng = Nng lng ton phn sau phn ng) ( m 1 + m 2 )c2 + W d1 + W d2 = ( m 3 + m 4) c2 + W d3 + W d4
( m 1 + m 2 - m 3- m 4).c2 = W d3 + W d4 - W d1 - W d 2 = Q ta/thu
= ( A m 3 +Am 4 -Am 1 -Am 2 ).c2 . = E lk3 + E lk4 - E lk1- E lk2
= W lkr3 .A 3 + W lkr4 .A 4- W lkr1 .A 1 - W lkr2 .A 2
Nu Q > 0 phn ng ta nng lngQ < 0 phn ng thu nng lng 2.4Bo ton ng lng ( Tng ng lng trc phn ng = Tng ng lng sau phn ng)
P A+ P B= P C+ P D
m A. v A+ m B.v B = m C. V C+ m D. v D Xt v ln: P = m.v P2 = m2 .v2 = 2. m. (12 m.v2 ) = 2m.W d
P =2m.W d
Cc trng hp c bit khi s dng bo ton ng lng: A.Trng hp phng x.
P C+ P D = 0, Chiu ln OX ta c: P C = P D P C2 = P D2
m C. W C = m D. W D P C
A P D
OX B.C mt ht bay vung gc vi ht khC: Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 69 Ta c: P D2 = P2 A +P2 C m D. W D = m A.W A + m C.W C P A P C P D C.Sn phm bay ra c gc lch o so vi n. Ta c: P D2 = P2 A + P2 C - 2.P A.P Ccos o m D.W D = m A. W A+ m C.W C - 2 m A.W A.m C.W C .cos o P A P C P D o P D 4. Phn ng phn hch, nhit hch A:Phn ng phn hch:n + X Y + Z + kn + Q Phnhchlphnngtrongmthtnhnnngsaukhihpthmt notron s v ra thnh hai mnh nh hn. ng thi gii phng k ntron v ta nhiu nhit. - c im chung ca cc phn ng ht nhn l: oC hn 2 notron c sinh ra oTa ra nng lng ln. Nu: - k < 1: Phn ng tt dn - k > 1: Phn ng vt hn -k = 1: phn ng duy tr n nh B: Phn ng nhit hch: - y l phn ng trong 2 hay nhiu ht nhn loi nh tng hp li thnh ht nhn nng hn.V d: 11H +31H 42He;21H + 21H 42He.-Phn ng ny xy ra nhit rt cao nn gi l phn ng nhit hch. -phn ng nhit hch l ngun gc duy tr nng lng cho mt tri.
Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 70 CHNG VIII: T VI M N V M BI 1: CC HT VI M 1.CC HT S CP. Ht s cp ( hay ht c bn) l nhng ht c kch thc v khi lng nh hn ht nhn nguyn t. 2.CC C TRNG CA HT S CP -Khi lng ngh m o (m n = 1,00866u; m p = 1,0073u) -in tch ( in tch ca e l -1; ca proton l +1) -Spin -Thi gian sng trung bnh oC 5 ht sng vnh cu nh: electron, pozitron, proton, photon, ntrino oNotron sng 932s oCc ht cn li thi gian sng v cng ngn. 3.PHN HT -L cc ht c cng khi lng, spin, cng ln in tch nhng tri du ( nu cc ht khng c in tch th spin ca chng ngc nhau). -Phn ln cc ht s cp u to thnh cp trong c mt ht v mt phn ht ca ht -C hin tng hy cp ht - phn ht thnh photon hay sinh ra cp ht - phn ht t photon. 4.PHN LOI HT S CP. -Photon: l cc ht c khi lng ngh xp x bng khng) -Lepton: l cc ht c khi lng nh hn 200 m e nh electron, pozitron, tau, muyon - Mezon : l cc ht c khi lng ngh t 200 n 900 m e nh cc ht Mezon t, Mezon K-Barion: l cc ht c khi lng xp x v ln hn khi lng nuclon v bao gm 2 loi: oNuclon: l cc ht proton v notron ohiperon: l cc ht ln hn ht nuclon -Cc ht Mexzon v barion c tn chung l hardon 5.TNG TC CA CC HT S CP - Tng tc hp dn: F hd = G m 1 m 2R2
oC cng nh nht oBn knh tc dng v cng -Tng tc yu: l lc tng tc gia cc ht trong phn r beta o C cng ln gp 1025 tng tc hp dn o Bn knh tc dng 10-18 m.- Tng tc in t: l lc tng tc gia cc ht mang in F = K. q 1q 2R2
o C cng ln gp 1037 tng tc hp dnoBn knh tc dng v cng -Tng tc mnh: l lc lin kt tng t lc ht nhn o Cng ln gp 1039 ln tng tc hp dn o Bn knh tc dng 10-15 m.6.HT QUC -Tt c cc hadron u cu to t cc ht nh hn gi l quac - C 6 ht quac v 6 phn quc tng ng: u (ln)d ( xung) s (l)c ( duyn)
b ( y)t ( nh) -in tch cc ht quac v phn quc l: e3 ; 2e3
-Hin ti con ngi cha th quan st thy cc quac tn ti c lp.-Cc barion l t hp ca 3 quac. BI 2: TH GII V M I.H MT TRI Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 71 1.1 Mt tri -Mt tri l thin th trung tm ca h mt tri, c bn knh ln hn tri t l 109 ln, khi lng bng 333000 ln khi lng tri t v nm vo khong 2.1030 kg.-Lc hp dn ca Mt tri ng vai tr quyt nh n s hnh thnh, pht trin v chuyn ng ca h -Mt tri l mt qu cu kh nng sng vi khong 75% l hidro v 23% l heli. Nhit mt ngoi ca mt tri l 6000K v nhit trong lng khong trc triu . Cng sut bc x ca mt tri l lnn3,9.1026 W.Ngunnnglngcamttrilphnng nhit hch. 1.2 Tmhnh tinh ln. -C 8 hnh tinh, theo th t t trong ra ngoi: Thy tinh, Kim tinh, Tri t, Ha tinh, Mc tinh, Th tinh, Thin vng tinh, Hi vng tinh -Cc hnh tnh chuyn ng trn qu o hnh trn, theo chiu quay ca mt tri trng vi chiu quay ca kim ng h ( tr sao Kim) - Tri t l hnh tinh trong h mt tri,C khi lng vo khong 6.1024 kg Bn knh tri t khong 6400kg Khi lng ring vo khong 5,5 tn/m3
C mt v tinh nhn to l Mt Trng Ta c bng s liu tham kho sau: Hnh tinhmRn Thy tinh0,0550,390 Kim tinh0,810,720 Tri t111 Ha tinh0,111,522 Mc tinh3185,263 Th tinh959,5434 Thin vng tinh1519,227 Hi vng tinh173013 -m: Khi lng so vi tri t -R: Bn knh qu o theo dvtd -n: S v tinh bit ( s liu nm 2007) 1. 3 Cc tiu hnh tinh - sao chi - thin thch Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 72 A.Cc tiu hnh tinh l nhng hnh tinh c ng knh t vi chc n vitrmkmchuynngquanh mt tri trn qu o 2,2 n 3,6 dvtv. B.Saochilnhngkhikhng bng ln vi , c ng knh vi km,chuynngxungquanhmt tritheonhngquohnhelip rtrt.Lcxamttrithng bng,lcgnmttrithbt nng sng, nhng bi kh b p sut mt tri thi bay dt v mt pha to thnh ci ui. C. Thinthchlnhngtng chuyn ng quanh mt tri, s lng thin thch rt ln, chuyn ng theo quokhcnhauvccnhng dngthinthch,khichuynng gn cc hnh tinh b cc hnh tinh ht vogyvachm,trnghpmt thin thch bay vo bu kh quyn ca tritthnbmastmnh,nng sng bc chy li vt sng di m ta gi l sao bng. II. CC SAO V THIN H 2.1Thin h - Thin h l mt h thng sao gm nhiu loi sao v tinh vn. Tng s sao trong thin h ln n vi trm t.- a s cc thin h c dng xon c, mt s c dng elipxoit, mt s c hnh dng khng xc nh, ng knh ca thin h vo khong 100. 000 nm nh sng. - Ngn h ca chng ta cng l mt thin h, c dng hnh a dt, phnh to gia, ng knh vo khong 100.000 nm nh sng, ch phng to nht vo khong 15 000 nm nh sng. Ngn h ca chng ta c dng xon c. - Cc thin h c xu hng tp hp li vi nhau thnh cc m thin h, Ngn H l thnh vin ca m thin H khong 20 thnh vin. Ex: Nguyn Hng Khnh _ HKP H THNG CNG THC - L THUYT GII NHANH VT L 12Mobile: 09166.01248 TI LIU CHUN LUYN THI I HC 2012Email: [email protected] Gio Dc Hng Phc - Ni Khi u c M! HP 73 2.2Cc sao Sao l nhng khi kh nng sng trn bu tri cch rt xa chng ta. A. Nhit trong lng cc sao c th ln n trc triu . Trong sy ra cc phn ng nhit hch. S mnh lit ca cc phn ng khc nhau lm nhit b mt ca cc sao khc nhau oSao c nhit b mt ln n 50.000k c mu xanh lam oSao ngui nht cng khong 3000k nhn t tri t c mu . oMt tri c nhit 6000K c mu vng B. Khi lng cc sao thay i ln ( nm trong khong 0,1 n hng chc ln khi lng mt tri). oCc sao c khi lng so nh th nhit b mt ln oCc sao c khi lng cng ln th nhit b mt cng nh. C. Bn knh sao nm trong khong 11000 n hng nghn ln bn knh mt tri D. Ngi ta c th chia sao thnh cc loi sau: oSao n nh oSao bin quang oSao mi oSao n trn 2.3Pun xa:l li sao notron pht x mnh cc sng v tuyn, c bn knh hng chc km v c tc t quay rt ln. 2.4L en: cu to hon ton bng notron, c khi lng ring v cng ln, ln n mc c th ht tt c cc hnh tinhquanh n k c photon. 2.5 Tinh vn l cc m my c chiu sng bi cc sao gn n. CHC CC BN HC SINH HC SINH C NHNG BI HC B CH! CHC QU THY C C TI LIU THAM KHO PH HP! Knh cho cc bn hc sinh v cc thy c thn mn!Trn y l nhng tm huyt ca c nhn ti vi mc ch cc bn hc sinh c ti liu gn gn nht, hiu qu nht n tp cho cc k thi, c bit l k thi i hc - cao ng hng nm. Tuy dn rt nhiu tm huyt vo vic bin son ti liunhng chc chn s khng th trnh khi sai st, mong cc thy c v cc bn ng gp kin cho ti hon thin ti liu hn na. Ti xin trn thnh cm n, v mt ln na chc qu thy c cng tc tt, chc cc bn hc sinh n luyn tt sn sng cho k thi i hc ti thnh cng rc r nht.
