Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 1 The Human Body:...

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Seventh EditionElaine N. Marieb

Chapter 1The Human Body:

An Orientation

Objectives: An overview of anatomy and physiology

• Define anatomy and physiology• Explain how anatomy and physiology

are related.

The Human Body – An Orientation

Slide 1.1Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

• Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

Anatomy – Levels of Study

Slide 1.2aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Gross Anatomy• Large structures• Easily observable

Figure 1.1

Anatomy – Levels of Study

Slide 1.2bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Microscopic Anatomy

• Very small structures

• Can only be viewed with a microscope

Figure 14.4

Objectives: Levels of structural organization

• Name the levels of structural organization that make up the human body and explain how they are related.

• Name the organ systems of the body and briefly state the major functions of each system.

• Classify by organ system all organs discussed.• Identify the organs shown on a diagram or a

dissectible torso.

Levels of Structural Organization

Slide 1.3Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 1.1

Organ System Overview


• Integumentary

• Forms the external body covering

• Protects deeper tissue from injury

• Synthesizes vitamin D

• Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

Figure 1.2a



• Skeletal

• Protects and supports body organs

• Provides muscle attachment for movement

• Site of blood cell formation

• Stores mineralsFigure 1.2b



• Muscular

• Allows locomotion

• Maintains posture

• Produces heat

Figure 1.2c



• Nervous

• Fast-acting control system

• Responds to internal and external change

• Activates muscles and glands

Figure 1.2d



• Endocrine

• Secretes regulatory hormones

• Growth

• Reproduction

• Metabolism

Figure 1.2e



• Cardiovascular

• Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart

• Oxygen

• Carbon dioxide

• Nutrients

• WastesFigure 1.2f



• Lymphatic

• Returns fluids to blood vessels

• Disposes of debris

• Involved in immunity

Figure 1.2g



• Respiratory

• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

• Removes carbon dioxide

Figure 1.2h



• Digestive

• Breaks down food

• Allows for nutrient absorption into blood

• Eliminates indigestible material

Figure 1.2i



• Urinary

• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

• Maintains acid – base balance

• Regulation of materials

•Water

• ElectrolytesFigure 1.2j



• Reproductive

• Production of offspring

Figure 1.2k

Objectives: Maintaining Life

• List functions that humans must perform to maintain life.

• List the survival needs of the human body.

Necessary Life Functions


• Maintain Boundaries• Movement• Locomotion• Movement of substances

• Responsiveness• Ability to sense changes and react

• Digestion• Break-down and delivery of nutrients



• Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body

• Production of energy

• Making body structures

• Excretion

• Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions



• Reproduction

• Production of future generation

• Growth

• Increasing of cell size and number

Survival Needs


• Nutrients

• Chemicals for energy and cell building

• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

• Oxygen

• Required for chemical reactions

Survival Needs


• Water

• 60–80% of body weight

• Provides for metabolic reaction

• Stable body temperature

• Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

Objectives: Homeostasis

• Define homeostasis and explain its importance.

• Define negative feedback and describe its role in maintaining homeostasis and normal body function.

Homeostasis


• Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium

• Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life

• Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

Maintaining Homeostasis


• The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems

• Receptor

• Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)

• Sends information to control center

Maintaining Homeostasis


• Control center

• Determines set point

• Analyzes information

• Determines appropriate response

• Effector

• Provides a means for response to the stimulus

Feedback Mechanisms


• Negative feedback

• Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms

• Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity

•Works like a household thermostat

Feedback Mechanisms


• Positive feedback

• Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther

• In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby

Objectives: The language of anatomy

• Describe the anatomical position verbally or demonstrate it.

• Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions, surfaces, and body planes.

• Locate the major cavities and list the chief organs in each cavity.

The Language of Anatomy


• Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding

• Exact terms are used for:

• Position

• Direction

• Regions

• Structures

Orientation and Directional Terms


Table 1.1

Orientation and Directional Terms


Table 1.1 (cont)

Body Landmarks


• Anterior

Figure 1.5a

Body Landmarks


• Posterior

Figure 1.5b

Body Planes


Figure 1.6

Body Cavities


Figure 1.7

Abdominopelvic Quadrants


Figure 1.8a

Abdominopelvic Regions


Figure 1.8b

Abdominopelvic Major Organs


Figure 1.8c

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 1 The Human Body:...

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