ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 5 Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART A The Skeletal System Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings I. Bones Know pages fig Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1) The skeleton is divided into the a) Axial: form axis of body b) Appendicular: bones of the limbs and girdles 2) The skeletal system includes joint, cartilage and ligaments 3) Functions of the bone: a) Support b) Protection Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings c) Movement: c) Storage: d) Hematopoiesis: blood cell formation 4) Classification of bone: a) Adult skeletons are composed of 206 bones b) Basic types of bone tissue include compact & spongy Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings c) Based on shape bones are classified as: long, short, flat, sesamoid and irregular Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5) Structure of the long bone: (fig 5.2) 6) Epiphyseal line: remnant of the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 7) Medullary cavity: 1. Red marrow: produces blood cells (mostly infants) 2. Yellow marrow: stores fat cells 8) Bone markings Table 5.1 page 134 9) Calcium salts in the matrix make the bones hard 10) Microscopic anatomy: Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Figure 5.3 Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 11) Formation and growth a) Embryo skeletons consist of cartilage and membranes b) Ossification: The process removing cartilage and replacing it with bone c) Osteoblast, octeoclast & osteocytes d) Appositional growth: process removing inner bone, while building outer layers of bone Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4a Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4b Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Common Types of Fractures Table 5.2 Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 12) Bone fractures are repaired in 4 steps a) Hematoma forms b) Fibrocartilage callus forms c) Bony callus is formed d) Bone is remodeled Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings II. Axial Skeleton 1) Skull (page ): a) Cranium: enclosed the brain b) Facial bones: forms face *c) Mandible: only movable bone of the skull 2) Hyoid: *a) Only bone not connected to another bone b) Located about 2 cm above the larynx Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings *c) Functions as an attachment for the tongue and muscle moving the larynx Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings *3) Fetal skull a) Face is small compared to the cranium b) Large compared to the body c) Fontanel: consists of membrane and scalp allowing for birth and brain growth Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4) Vertebral column: a) Consist of 26 irregular bones, that surrounds the spinal cord b) Intervertebral disc: padding between vertebrae c) Parts Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5) Thorax: a) Sternum: 1. Consists of the manubrium, body and xiphoid process 2. Good place for hematopoietic tissue samples b) Ribs: *1. 12 pairs 2. Types of ribs Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings III. Appendicular Skeleton 1) Shoulder *a) Clavicle: collarbone *b) Scapulae: shoulder blade 2) Upper limb: a) Arm: humerus b) Forearm: ulna and radius c) Wrist: carpals d) Hand: Metacarpals e) Fingers: Phalanges Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 3) Pelvic girdle: *a) Ossa coxae(hip bones): Ilium, ischium and pubis b) Sacrum and coccyx form the rest of the girdle *c) Males have a heavier, deeper pelvic girdle with a V shaped pubic arch *d) Females: have a lighter, shallower pelvic girdle with a U shaped pubic arch Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pelvis Figure 5.23a Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gender Differences of the Pelvis Figure 5.23c Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4) Lower limb a) Thigh: femur b) Leg: tibia and fibula c) Ankle: Tarsals d) Foot: Metatarsals e) Toes: phalanges *f) Weight is carried by two tarsal bones: calcaneus and talus Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings IV. Joints 1) Function to hold bones together and give the skeleton mobility *2) Functions classification (amount of movement) a) Synarthroses: Immovable b) Amphiarthroses: slightly moveable c) Diarthroses: free moving Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings *3) Structural classification a) Fibrous: held together by fibrous tissue b) Cartilaginous: Connected by cartilage and slightly moveable c) Synovial: 4 characteristics 1. Articular cartilage 2. Fibrous articular capsule 3. Joint cavity 4. Reinforcing ligament Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrous Cartilage Synovial Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4) Bursae & Tendon sheath: 6) Types of synovial joints (page 166: Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape Figure 5.29ac