ELAINE N. MARIEB

EIGHTH EDITION

2

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University

ESSENTIALSOF HUMANANATOMY

& PHYSIOLOGY

PART ABasic Chemistry

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Composition of Matter Matter: anything that occupies space and has mass

(weight) Ex: you, a table, air, plants, cup of water Elements: Fundamental units of matter

96% of the body is made from four elements Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N)

Atoms: Building blocks of elements Elemental Oxygen has the same atoms

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Atomic Structure Nucleus

Protons (p+)

Neutrons (n0)

Outside of nucleus

Electrons (e-)

Figure 2.1

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Molecules and Compounds Molecule – two or more atoms combined

chemically. 02, CO2, H2O

Compound – two or more different atoms combined chemically

Ex: CO2, H2O, CO

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Chemical Bonds Ionic Bonds: Form when electrons are TRANSFERRED from one atom to another

Ex: Na gives one of its electrons to Cl creating an ionic bond

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Chemical Bonds

Covalent Bonds: atoms SHARE electrons

Figure 2.6c

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Patterns of Chemical Reactions Synthesis reaction (A+BAB)

Atoms or molecules combine

Energy is absorbed for bond formation

Decomposition reaction (ABA+B)

Molecule is broken down

Chemical energy is released

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Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

Figure 2.9a–b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 2.9c

Patterns of Chemical Reactions Exchange reaction (ABAC+B)

Involves both synthesis and decomposition reactions

Switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made

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Biochemistry: Essentials for Life Organic compounds

Contain CARBON Includes Carbohydrates, Lipids,

Proteins, Nucleic Acids, and ATP Inorganic compounds

Lack carbon

Example: H2O (water)

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Important Inorganic Compounds

INORGANIC

Water: Most abundant inorganic compounds

Acts as a solvent, supports chemical reactions, cushions

Salts: easily dissociate into ions in water

Vital to many body functions

Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents

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Important Inorganic Compounds

INORGANIC

Acids: release H+ (hydrogen ions) in water

Ex: Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in stomach

Bases: release OH- (hydroxide ions) in water

Ex: Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) in cleaners

Neutralization reaction

Acids and bases react to form water and a salt

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pH Measures relative

concentration of hydrogen ions pH 7 = neutral:

Water pH below 7 = acidic pH above 7 = basic Buffers: chemicals

that can regulate pH change

Figure 2.11

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Important Organic Compounds Carbohydrates: ORGANIC

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Include sugars and starches

Monosaccharides – simple sugars Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by

dehydration synthesis Polysaccharides – long branching chains of

linked simple sugars

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Carbohydrates

Figure 2.12a–b

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Important Organic Compounds Lipids: ORGANIC

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Insoluble in water Neutral fats (triglycerides)

Composed of fatty acids and glycerol Source of stored energy

Phospholipids Form cell membranes

Steroids cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, hormones

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Lipids

Figure 2.14a–b

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Important Organic Compounds Proteins: ORGANIC

Made of amino acids

Makeup half the body’s organic matter

Provides materials for body tissues

Plays a vital role in cell function

Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies

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Enzymes Enzymes: proteins that act as biological

catalysts - increase the rate of chemical reactions

Figure 2.17

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Important Organic Compounds Nucleic Acids: ORGANIC

Provide blueprint of life

Make DNA and RNA

Nucleotide bases A = Adenine

G = Guanine

C = Cytosine

T = Thymine

U = Uracil

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Nucleic Acids Deoxyribonucleic acid

(DNA)

Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix

Replicates before cell division

Provides instruction for every protein in the body

Figure 2.18c

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Important Organic Compounds Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Chemical energy used by all cells Energy is released by breaking high

energy phosphate bond ATP is replenished by oxidation of food

fuels