1

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slides 1.1 – 1.8

Seventh Edition

Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 1

The Human Body:

An Orientation

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

The Human Body The Human Body –– An OrientationAn Orientation

Slide 1.1Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

• Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

Anatomy Anatomy –– Levels of StudyLevels of Study

Slide 1.2aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Gross Anatomy

• Large structures

• Easily observable

Figure 1.1

2

Anatomy Anatomy –– Levels of StudyLevels of Study

Slide 1.2bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Microscopic Anatomy

• Very small structures

• Can only be viewed with a microscope

Figure 14.4

Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization

Slide 1.3Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 1.1

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

Slide 1.4Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Integumentary

• Forms the external body covering

• Protects deeper tissue from injury

• Synthesizes vitamin D

• Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

Figure 1.2a

3

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

Slide 1.5Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Skeletal

• Protects and supports body organs

• Provides muscle attachment for movement

• Site of blood cell formation

• Stores mineralsFigure 1.2b

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

Slide 1.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Muscular

• Allows locomotion

• Maintains posture

• Produces heat

Figure 1.2c

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

Slide 1.7Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Nervous

• Fast-acting control system

• Responds to internal and external change

• Activates muscles and glands

Figure 1.2d

4

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

Slide 1.8Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Endocrine

• Secretes regulatory hormones

• Growth

• Reproduction

• Metabolism

Figure 1.2e

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

Slide 1.9Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Cardiovascular

• Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart

• Oxygen

• Carbon dioxide

• Nutrients

• WastesFigure 1.2f

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

Slide 1.10Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Lymphatic

• Returns fluids to blood vessels

• Disposes of debris

• Involved in immunity

Figure 1.2g

5

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

Slide 1.11Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Respiratory

• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

• Removes carbon dioxide

Figure 1.2h

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

Slide 1.12Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Digestive

• Breaks down food

• Allows for nutrient absorption into blood

• Eliminates indigestible material

Figure 1.2i

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

Slide 1.13Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Urinary

• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

• Maintains acid – base balance

• Regulation of materials

• Water

• ElectrolytesFigure 1.2j

6

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

Slide 1.14Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Reproductive

• Production of offspring

Figure 1.2k

Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions

Slide 1.15Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Maintain Boundaries

• Movement

• Locomotion

• Movement of substances

• Responsiveness

• Ability to sense changes and react

• Digestion

• Break-down and delivery of nutrients

Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions

Slide 1.16aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body

• Production of energy

• Making body structures

• Excretion

• Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

7

Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions

Slide 1.16bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Reproduction

• Production of future generation

• Growth

• Increasing of cell size and number

Survival NeedsSurvival Needs

Slide 1.17aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Nutrients

• Chemicals for energy and cell building

• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

• Oxygen

• Required for chemical reactions

Survival NeedsSurvival Needs

Slide 1.17bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Water

• 60–80% of body weight

• Provides for metabolic reaction

• Stable body temperature

• Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

8

HomeostasisHomeostasis

Slide 1.18Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium

• Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life

• Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis

Slide 1.19aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems

• Receptor

• Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)

• Sends information to control center

Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis

Slide 1.19bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Control center

• Determines set point

• Analyzes information

• Determines appropriate response

• Effector

• Provides a means for response to the stimulus

9

Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms

Slide 1.20aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Negative feedback

• Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms

• Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity

• Works like a household thermostat

Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms

Slide 1.20bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Positive feedback

• Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther

• In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby

The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy

Slide 1.21Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding

• Exact terms are used for:

• Position

• Direction

• Regions

• Structures

10

Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms

Slide 1.22Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Table 1.1

Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms

Slide 1.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Table 1.1 (cont)

Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms

• Contralateral

- pertaining or relating to the opposite side

• Ipsilateral

- on the same side

• Bilateral

- relating to the right and left sides of the body or of a

body structure such as the right & left extremities

11

Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms

• Supine

lying on the back; face upward position of the body

• Prone

the body lying face downward; stomach lying

• Volar

relating to palm of the hand or sole of the foot

• Plantar

relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot

Anterolateral Superomedial

Anteromedial Superolateral

Anteroposterior Inferomedial

Posteromedial Inferolateral

Posterosuperior Anterosuperior

Anteroinferior Posterolateral

Posteroinferior

Body LandmarksBody Landmarks

Slide 1.24Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Anterior

Figure 1.5a

12

Body LandmarksBody Landmarks

Slide 1.25Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Posterior

Figure 1.5b

Body PlanesBody Planes

Slide 1.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 1.6

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Slide 1.27Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 1.7

13

Abdominopelvic QuadrantsAbdominopelvic Quadrants

Slide 1.28Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 1.8a

Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Regions

Slide 1.29Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 1.8b

Abdominopelvic Major OrgansAbdominopelvic Major Organs

Slide 1.30Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 1.8c