Cells and Tissues Elaine N. Marieb - Yolamscoxholyname.yolasite.com/resources/BIOII.Ch3.pdf ·...
Transcript of Cells and Tissues Elaine N. Marieb - Yolamscoxholyname.yolasite.com/resources/BIOII.Ch3.pdf ·...
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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Seventh EditionElaine N. Marieb
Chapter 3Cells and Tissues
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Journey into the cell….an introduction …..Journey inside the cell (3.5): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fiJupfbSpg
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Cells and Tissues
Slide 3.1Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Both carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life. ∙Cells are the building blocks of all living things∙Tissues = groups of cells that are similar in structure and functionForm reflects function!
Main Ideas to recall…..
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Anatomy of the Cell (in general…)
Slide 3.2Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
∙ All cells share general structures∙ Cells are organized into three main regions
∙Nucleus∙Cytoplasm∙Plasma membrane
Figure 3.1a
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The Nucleus
Slide 3.3Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Control center of the cell
∙ Contains genetic material (DNA)
∙ Largest structure in the cell
Figure 3.1b
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I am full of holes!
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Plasma Membrane
Slide 3.7bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.2
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Plasma Membrane
Lipids: hydrophilic/hydrophobic bilayer that creates the barrier of the cell and environment; used for transport
Proteins: used for transport, cell signaling or communication, anchorage, cellular junctions.
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Plasma Membrane
Membrane Proteins: used for transport, cell signaling or communication, anchorage, cellular junctions.
-integral proteins vs peripheral proteins
-ion channels + carriers
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Plasma Membrane Specializations
Slide 3.8aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
MicrovilliFinger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption
Form is significant for functions of the small intestine and nephrons of kidney.
Figure 3.3
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Cytoplasm
Slide 3.9Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
cytoplasm: fluid like substance outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane Has 2 parts:
∙Cytosol: fluid that suspends other elements
∙Organelles: “metabolic machinery” of the cell = each with unique form&function
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Slide 3.10Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.4
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Slide 3.11Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
∙ Ribosomes∙Made of protein and RNA
∙Sites of protein synthesis
∙Can be free in cytoplasm or attached to rER.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Slide 3.12Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
∙ Fluid-filled tubules ∙ Two types of
1. Rough ER∙ Studded with ribosomes∙ Site where building materials of cellular membrane are formed
2. Smooth ER∙ Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs
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Rough ER: close to nucleus and has a lot of ribosomes.
Smooth ER: continuous with rER, but no ribosomes!
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Golgi Apparatus
Slide 3.13aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
∙ Golgi apparatus∙Modifies and packages proteins∙Ships out proteins to where they need to go.
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Slide 3.13bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.5
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Hydrolytic Organelles
Slide 3.14Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1. LysosomesHas enzymes that digest nonusable materials2. PeroxisomesContains enzymesDetoxify harmful substances (often producing hydrogen peroxide in the process.)
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Slide 3.15Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
∙ Mitochondria∙ “Powerhouses” of the cell
∙ break down food (using oxygen) to produce ATP!
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Cytoskeleton Network
Slide 3.16aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
∙protein structures that allow for support and movement within the cell.
∙Three different types1. Microfilaments2. Intermediate
filaments3. Microtubules
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Cell Diversity
Slide 3.19aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.7; 1, 2
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Cell Diversity
Slide 3.19bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.7; 3
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Cell Diversity
Slide 3.19cCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.7; 4, 5
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Cell Diversity
Slide 3.19dCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.7; 6, 7
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Cell Membrane:made out of phospholipids arranged in a bilayer.
It is full of many other molecules as well….
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Plasma Membrane
Slide 3.7bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.2
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Membrane Videos: Passive process (simple/facilitated diffusion) (5m): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JShwXBWGMyY
Active transport: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owEgqrq51zY
Insulin in the human body (1.5): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYH1deu7-4E
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Membrane and Transport
Slide 3.20Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
movement of substance into and out of the cellselectively permeable : “controls” what gets in and out.
Two types of:∙Passive transport: no energy is required∙Active transport: requires energy
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Passive Transport Processes
Slide 3.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Diffusion-Simple-Facilitated
Osmosis
Figure 3.8
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Active Transport Processes
Slide 3.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Active Transport
Transport in Vesicles-Endocytosis-Exocytosis
p57
Figure 3.8
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Passive Transport Processes
Slide 3.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
DiffusionParticles distribute in a solution
∙Movement is from high to low concentration
-(down a concentration gradient)
Figure 3.8
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Passive Transport Processes
Slide 3.24bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Osmosis: simple diffusion of water through a membrane
Water moves toward high concentrations of solutes.
∙Your bodily fluids work to make sure the intracellular and interstitial fluids are equal to prevent a net movement of water into or out of the cell = BAD!
The net movement of H2O into and out of the cell should be equal.
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Facilitated Diffusion: molecules are very large, must be “helped” through the membrane.∙Membrane proteins allow for the passage of these molecules (like glucose).
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Diffusion through the Plasma Membrane
Slide 3.25Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.9
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Active Transport Processes
Slide 3.27Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Transport molecules using energy! Why?∙ They are too big∙ Polarity differences (membrane = polar and nonpolar sections you must get through).
∙ They are going against the concentration gradient
Two common forms:1. Protein channels (solute pumping)2. Endo- and Exocytosis (bulk transport)
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Solute Pumping
Slide 3.28aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Proteins “pump” substances into the cell such as:
- Amino acids- Sugars - Ions
ATP (energy) required because it goes against the gradient.
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Active Transport Processes
Slide 3.28bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.10
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Active Transport Movie: https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=owEgqrq51zY
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Slide 3.29aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
moves “a lot” of stuff!Types of bulk transport:
1. Exocytosis = (Exit)∙ Moves materials out of the cell in a membranous vesicle
∙ Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane∙ Vesicle combines with plasma membrane∙ Material is emptied to the outside
Bulk transport
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Active Transport Processes - Vesicles
Slide 3.29bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.11
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Slide 3.30aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2. Endocytosis = (endo = in)Extracellular substances are enclosed in a membranous vesicle and “swallowed”.
-Types of endocytosis∙Phagocytosis – cell eating∙Pinocytosis – cell drinking
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Active Transport Processes
Slide 3.30bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.12
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Phagocytosis vs. Pinocytosis
Slide 3.30bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.12
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Phagocytosis vs. Pinocytosis
Slide 3.30bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.12
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Endo and Exocytosis movie: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owEgqrq51zY
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Cell Life Cycle
Slide 3.31Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1. Interphase∙ Cell grows and does its job
∙ Some cells stay in interphase forever, others go on to divide.
∙ If the cell will divide, the DNA will “copy” itself = DNA replication
2. Mitosis (Cell division)∙ Cell replicates itself∙ Function is to produce more cells for growth and repair processes
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Cellular Divisions: Mitosis
Slide 3.33Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Two Subdivisions:2. Mitosis
∙ Nucleus divides into two.3. Cytokinesis
∙ Division of the cytoplasm∙ Begins when mitosis is near completion∙ Results in the formation of two daughter cells- each an EXACT copy of the previous cell, except half the size!
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Mitosis Video- Image of PMAT structure: bit.ly/1owVTee
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METAPHASE
INTERPHASE
TELOPHASE
ANAPHASE
PROPHASE
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Mitosis: The Anatomy version
Slide 3.37Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Regulation:Regulating the cell cycle is very important to the human body!
∙ Not all cells divide! Ex. = Neurons
Pace is important, too...cells dividing to quickly?
CANCER = second leading cause of death in US!
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Protein Synthesis:
Slide 3.37Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Gene = DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building specific proteinsProteins have many functions
∙Ex. Building materials for cells∙Ex. Act as enzymes (biological catalysts)
RNA is essential for protein synthesis∙ DNA to RNA to Proteins!
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Mutations….• Mutations = accidental changes in the
genetic code.• Types:
1. Chromosomal Mutations•Effect entire chromosomes
2. Point Mutations•Effect genes
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How do such small mutations affect cells?
Because if you change the DNA…..
You change the mRNA…..
You change the tRNA…..
If that = a different amino acid = a PROBLEM!
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Things to remember about Mutation:Not all mutations causes problems!
• Mutations in not in genes DNA- who cares?•Mutations that code for the same, or chemically similar amino acid- who cares?•Sometimes these are called silent mutations.
Some mutations are good!• Without mutations our DNA couldn’t change = no more evolution.• Some mutations may make a protein more efficient at its job, or have “hidden” positive effects.
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What can cause mutations?• Genetics: you inherit them as errors in meiosis (egg and sperm)• DNA replication = doesn’t copy correctly
• Environment: UV radiation, radiation, aging process (free radicals in body)•Drugs and Chemicals
•Mutagens: known to cause mutations•Carcinogens: known to cause cancerous mutations•Teratogens: cause mutations in developing baby.
•Random errors…woops