Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 14 - Yolamscoxholyname.yolasite.com/resources/Digestive...
Transcript of Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 14 - Yolamscoxholyname.yolasite.com/resources/Digestive...
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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Seventh EditionElaine N. Marieb
Chapter 14The Digestive System and
Body Metabolism
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Main Functions:1. Digestion: Breakdown of
ingested food
2. Absorption: Passage of nutrients into the blood
3. Metabolism: Production of cellular energy (ATP)
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Organs of the Digestive System
Slide 14.2b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 14.1
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Organs of the Alimentary Canal
Slide 14.3
Oral Cavity
∙ Pharynx
∙ Esophagus
∙ Stomach
∙ Small intestine
∙ Large intestine
∙ Anus
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Contains:
tongue and teeth- used in mechanical digestionsalivary glands- secretes saliva, used in chemical digestion
Oral Cavity (Mouth)
Slide 14.5Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 14.2a
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Slide 14.43
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Mechanical digestion: breaking down food into smaller pieces, so they can more easily be chemically digested; ∙Mixing of food in the mouth by teeth and
tongue∙Churning of food in the stomach∙Segmentation in the small intestine
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Mechanical Digestion in Mouth
Slide 14.5Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Teeth mash and pull apart food material; the tongue pushes material around;
food that leaves the mouth is known as “bolus”
Figure 14.2a
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Chemical Digestion: breaking down macromolecules into smaller pieces via enzymes.
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Slide 14.33
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
salivary glands: saliva-producing glands
saliva: a watery substancethat containsenzymes,mucus, andantibiotic molecules
3facts vid: http://quietyoutube.com/watch?v=bYudf5iSJ_M&app=desktop
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Chemical Digestion
Slide 14.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
amylase: enzyme in saliva that breaks chemical bonds in carbohydrate macromolecules (starches in food)
Figure 14.2a
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Chemical Digestion
Slide 14.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
enzyme: protein molecules that speed up/slow down chemical reactions1.2 vid: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1ryDVgx0zw
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Chemical Digestion
Slide 14.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
amylase: enzyme in saliva that breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars (glucose, maltose, etc.)
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Slide 14.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
carbohydrates: macromolecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (in a 1:2:1 ratio);
a polysaccharide (polymer) made up of monosaccharides (monomers): Ex. glucose & fructose
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Slide 14.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
carbohydrates: chemically digested starting in the mouth, this polymer category includes starches and fiber
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Slide 14.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Slide 14.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
salivary amylase
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Detecting Carbohydrates
Slide 14.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
reagent: a substance that is used to test for the presence of another substance by causing a chemical reaction with it
Benedict’s Solution serves as an indicator of monosaccharides in a substance.
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Detecting Carbohydrates
Slide 14.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
If there are sugar molecules in
a substance,
then the blue indicator will turn
orange-red.
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Oral cavity ->Pharynx->Esophagus
Slide 14.8Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Serves as a passageway for air and food
Figure 14.2a
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Slide 14.45
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The epiglottis is a small flap that opens and closes to prevent food from entering the trachea.
∙ Swallowing food triggers it to close covering the opening to the trachea.
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EsophagusRuns from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm
Moves food toward stomach peristalsis (slow rhythmic squeezing)
Passageway for food only (respiratory system branches off after the pharynx)
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-Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs
Slide 14.13
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 14.3
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peristalsis: rhythmic muscular contractions that squeeze food through the esophagus to the stomach
Slide 14.23a
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chyme: mixture of stomach fluids andfood produced in the stomach bycontracting stomach muscles
Slide 14.23a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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stomach: large muscular sac that conducts mechanical and chemical disgestion;
End product of stomach digestion = chyme, sent to the small intestine
Slide 14.23a
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Stomach Anatomy
Slide 14.15b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Acid reflux!
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∙ Ulcers are caused when the stomach acids and enzymes begin digest the stomach itself.
∙ H.Pylori is a bacteria known to cause ulcers.
∙ Blood tests can reveal the presence of H. Pylori
∙ Endoscopy is used to look for ulcers.
Stomach Anatomy
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Slide 14.21
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
small intestine: the body’s major digestive organ;
Interior wall is lined with villi;
Site of nutrient absorption into the blood
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Chemical Digestion: breaking down macromolecules into smaller pieces via enzymes.
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Chemical Digestion: breaking down macromolecules into smaller pieces via enzymes.
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Chemical Digestion: breaking down macromolecules into smaller pieces via enzymes.
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enzymes: proteins that speed up decomposition chemical reactions;breaks down food into smaller pieces, to aid in absorption of nutrients
-amylase in the mouth-pepsin in the stomach
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Absorption in the Small Intestinevilli: finger-like structures that increase surface area
-Contains a network of blood vessels and lymphatic vessel
-Enzymes break down food molecules. When small enough, molecules diffuse through cell membrane and nutrients are transported through the blood.1video: http://quietyoutube.com/watch?v=AJ1wKsmBPvA
6.2http://quietyoutube.com/watch?v=32gNePkj1_4
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Large Intestine
Slide 14.28
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
organ that removes water from the undigested materials that pass through it
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Large Intestine
Slide 14.28
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 14.8
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colon: Ascending, transverse, descending, S-shaped tube (synonym for large intestine)
rectum: last 6-8 inches of the large intestine
anus: external body opening, containing
two sphincters
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Accessory Digestive Organs
Slide 14.32
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
∙ Salivary glands∙ Teeth∙ Pancreas∙ Liver∙ Gallbladder
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PancreasProduces enzymes that break down all categories of food.
∙ Enzymes are secreted into the duodenum of the small intestine
∙ Alkaline fluid introduced with enzymes neutralizes acidic chyme
∙ Endocrine (hormone) products of pancreas
∙Insulin
∙Glucagons
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Liver
Slide 14.39
∙ Largest gland in the body
∙ Digestive role:produces bile.
∙ Has four lobes
organs360: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zs5_oQxCsaM
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Bile
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
∙ Produced by cells in the liver∙ Components that “digest” non
enzymatically
(typically fats)
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Role of the Liver in Metabolism
Slide 14.77
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
∙ Several roles in digestion∙ Detoxifies drugs and alcohol∙ Degrades hormones∙ Produce cholesterol, blood proteins
(albumin and clotting proteins)∙ Plays a central role in metabolism
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Gall Bladder
Slide 14.41
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
-Sac under liver
-From the liver, bile stored enters the small intestine at the duodenum
-Bile is introduced in the presence of fatty food
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