Colchological Articles II - Library · aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi), xolo Zveli da axali...

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arqeologiuri kvlevis centri (sma-s)

Centre for Archaeological Studies of the GAS

kolxologiuri narkvevebi

Colchological Articles

II

gela gamyreliZe

GELA GAMKRELIDZE

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Sinaarsi: Contents:

*kolxeTis istoriuli ganviTarebis procesze biogeogaremos

gavlenis Sesaxeb --------------------------------------------------------- 3

*qalaq fasisis (foTis) topoarqeologiisaTvis --------------- 56

*navTobis transportirebis Sesaxeb fasis-foTSi -------------- 81

*kolxur-mosuinikuri koSkis rekonstruirebis cda ---------- 89

*kolxi medeas ikonografiisaTvis ---------------------------------- 99

*dionises tipis RvTaebis qandakeba vanis naqalaqaridan ----- 110

*erTi keramikuli nivTis interpretaciisaTvis adeiSvilebis

goris nagebobidan --------------------------------------------------------- 113

*prokopi kesarielis da agaTias TxzulebebSi moxseniebuli

“muxirisis” Sesaxeb ------------------------------------------------------ 121

*sazRvao naosnoba da vaWroba kolxeTSi -------------------------- 131

*vercxlis ritoni sof. gomidan ------------------------------------- 138

*jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforebi --------------------------------- 155

*berZnul grafitoiani sinopuri da kolxuri amforebi qalaq

foTi-fasisidan ------------------------------------------------------------ 174

*kolxur-mosuinikuri saomari istoriis zogirTi sakiTxi -- 188

*kolxeTSi romanizaciis globalisturi procesis mimdina-

reobis Sesaxeb. (Summary in English) --------------------------------- 200

Papers in English

*THE LAND OF COLCHIS AND THE CITY OF PHASIS ------- 215

*ON THE EVOLUTION THE COLCHIAN AMPHORAE

(the 4th

cent. BC to the 3rd

cent. AD) ------------------------------------- 249

*About the author ------------------------------------------------------------ 262

© Gela Gamkrelidze. 2001 (II gamocema, 2010).

ISBN 99928.0.137.9.(II).

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kolxeTis istoriuli ganviTarebis procesze biogeogaremos gavlenis

Sesaxeb

Zveli saqarTvelos istoriuli ganviTarebis jaWvSi erT-erTi metad

sayuradRebo rgolia dasavleT saqarTvelo (geografiuli cneba

“kolxeTi”). saqarTvelos am nawilma friad rTuli istoriuli gza

ganvlo. misi ekonomika da politikuri mdgomareoba sxvadasxva periodSi

sxvadasxvanairi iyo. qarTveluri modgma dasabamidan saxlobs dRevandeli

saqarTvelos miwawyalze. am miwaze saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi

mimdinareobda maTi istoriul-kulturuli ganviTarebis xangrZlivi da

Taviseburi procesi. geopolitikurad aziisa da evropis sazRvarze

mdebare kolxeTi ori didi politikur-ekonomikuri Zalis (erTi mxriv

iranuli da, meore mxriv, antikuri orientaciis qveynebis) zegavlenas

ganicdida. sayuradReboa kolxeTis urTierTobebis Seswavla

saberZneTTan, pontosTan da romTan. am qveynebma ZiriTadi roli iTamaSes

kolxeTis ganviTarebis kulturul-istoriul procesSi. sayuradReboa

agreTve qarTlisa(iberiis) da kolxeTis urTierTobebis Seswavla,

radgan maT adgilsa da safuZvelze Semdgom ganviTarda erTiani

saxelmwifo _ saqarTvelo.

istoriuli kvlevisas biogeogaremos (resp. geografiuli garemos)

Seswavlis gareSe SeuZlebelia romelime qveynis istoriuli

ganviTarebis procesis Seswavla. biogeogaremos ganmsazRvrel rolze

sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi Tavdapirvelad yuradReba antikuri epoqis

mecnierma da moazrovnem hipokratem gaamaxvila. misi TvalTaxedviT,

biogeogaremos komponentebidan mTavari aqcenti klimatze iyo

gadatanili. SemdgomSi geografiuli determinizmis ideas bevri momxre

gamouCnda, romlebmac is ganaviTares da ufro daxvewes.

geografiuli determinizmis momxreTa azriT, geografiuli garemo

gadamwyvet gavlenas axdens sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze. isini ZiriTadad

gamoyofen _ klimats, landSafts, madneuls, faunas, floras, mdinares,

zRvas, qveynis mdebareoba-ganlagebas. es faqtorebi moqmedeben adamianis,

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sazogadoebis zne-xasiaTze, Sesaxedaobaze, materialur dagrovebaze,

sulier wyobaze, qveynis mmarTvelobis formaze da sxva. istoriuli

ganviTarebis procesis axsnisasQWeSmariteba ori ZiriTadi faqtoris,

kerZod, biogeogaremos da sociogaremos urTierTzemoqmedebis axsnaSi

unda veZeboT, romlebzedac, Tavis mxriv, moqmedeben biogeoqimiuri,

genetikuri, qronologiuri da sakranoosis procesebi (ix. gamyreliZe

1993, gv.22). biogeogaremos da sazogadoebis istoriuli ganviTarebis

urTierTzemoqmedebis problema msoflio civilizaciebis warmoqmna-

ganviTarebis saerTo ZiriTadi problemaa, magram realurad arsebobs

konkretuli biogeogaremo, konkretuli regioni, konkretuli

sazogadoeba. Cven vecadeT es urTierTobebi gangvexila Zveli kolxeTis

magaliTze.

kolxeTi, rogorc istoriul-geografiuli mxare, mTel dasavleT

saqarTvelos moicavs. misi fizikur-geografiuli sazRvrebia:

CrdiloeTiT kavkasionis maRali mTebi; samxreTiT “mcire kavkasioni”,

aWara-lazeTis mTianeTi; aRmosavleTiT suramis anu lixis qedi, xolo

dasavleTiT Savi zRva. dasavleT saqarTvelos, kolxeTis mTianeTis

borcvgorakebi, xeobebi, serebi, tafobebi da dablobi TavianTi bunebrivi

garemoTi mosaxerxebel dasasaxlebel adgilebs qmnian. aq didi

raodenobiT moipoveba saSeni masala _ xe, sxvadasxva jiSis qva, Tixa da

a.S. aris marmarilo, kirqva, TabaSiri, keramikuli Tixa, sxvadasxva

fiqlebi. kolxeTSi Tixis WurWlis moWiqvisaTvis da minis WurWlis

sawarmoeblad gamoiyeneboda kvarcis qviSa, romelic mravlad moipoveba.

dasavleT saqarTveloSi aRmoCenilia iseTi mineralebic, romlebic

ZvelTaganve gamoiyeneba samkaulebis dasamzadeblad, mag., giSeri, mTis

broli, aqati, qalcedoni, sardioni, obsidiani, surinji da a.S.

kolxeTSi metalurgiuli (spilenZi, rkina, tyvia, TuTia, kala, vercxli)

nedleulis mopovebis ZiriTadi adgilebia _ raWa-leCxumi, svaneTi,

afxazeTi, aWara. mdinareebis enguris, cxeniswylis, texuris da rionis

qviSa garkveuli raodenobiT oqros Seicavs. amas adasturebs jer kidev

Is. avtori straboni, romlis nawerebic sakmao safuZvlianobiT

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gamoirCeva: “wylis nakadebs oqro Camoaqvs, xolo adgilobrivi

mcxovreblebi mas agroveben daCvretili varclebiT da bewviani tyavebiT”

(straboni, XI, II, 19). II saukunis avtori apianec aRniSnavs:

“kavkasionidan Camomdinare nakadulebs oqros qviSa Camoaqvs. adgilobrivi

mcxovreblebi mdinareebSi xSirbewvian cxvris tyavebs ageben da agroveben

qviSas, romelic maTze ileqeba” (apiane, miTridates omebi, 103) oqros

mopovebis Sesaxeb gadmogvcems I saukunis avtori gaius plinius

sekundusic (ufrosi): “kolxeTSi mefobda aietis memkvidre savlaki,

romelic Tavis sameufeoSi didZal oqros da vercxls ipovebda svaneTis

miwasa da saerTod saxelmwifoSi...”(NH, XXXIII).

sayovelTaod cnobilia kolxeTis mosaxleobis roli

metalurgiuli warmoebis saqmeSi (mag: xalibebi, mosuinikebi, mosxebi).

kolxeTis regioni liTonebis warmoeba-damuSavebis erT-erT msoflio

centrs warmoadgenda. aq mosaxleobis mier madneulis nayofierma

damuSaveba-gamoyenebam kolxuri sazogadoeba ukve Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi

axali ganviTarebis safexurze aiyvana. antikur xanaSi kolxuri metalis

eqsporti mezobel qveynebSic xdeboda. amdenad, kolxeTSi sasargeblo

madneulis arseboba iwvevda pozitiur Zvrebs warmoebis ganviTarebaSi,

rac Tavis mxriv, aqauri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis process aCqarebda.

amgvarad, Zveli kolxeTi madneuliT mdidari qveyana Cans, rac SemdgomSi

safuZvlad daedo mompovebeli da gadamamuSavebeli xelosnoba-warmoebis

mTeli rigi dargebis ganviTarebas. am dargebis produqcia ki xSirad

sxvadasxva qveynebSi gahqondaT. iqidan ki SemohqondaT iseTi nawarmi,

romelic adgilobrivad ar moipoveboda.

kolxeTis reliefi, teqtonikuri ganviTarebis Taviseburebis gamo,

or ZiriTad gansxvavebul nawilad iyofa: mTa-mTiswineTad da bar-

dablobad. lixis, didi da mcire kavkasionis mTianeTSi gadioda bilik-

gzebi, romliTac kolxeTis mosaxleoba ukavSirdeboda danarCen

kulturul samyaros. adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi am gadasasvlelebs

exlac iyeneben. esenia: rikoTis, zekaris, mefiswyaros, goderZis,

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mamisonis, nakris, qluxoris da sxva. es gadasasvlelebi xels uwyobdnen

ekonomikuri kontaqtebis gaRrmavebas.

mTebiT SemosazRvruli kolxeTi Tavisi reliefiT (qedebi, xeobebi,

serebi, tafobebi, borcv-gorakebi) mosaxerxebel TavdacviT da samxedro-

strategiul garemos qmnida. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa Zv.w. Is-is

romaeli mxedarTmTavris lukulusis miTridate evpatorTan omis dros

kavkasionis mTianeTis da misi mimdebare teritoriis samxedro moqmedebis

adgilis Sefaseba: “me aq im mizniT vayovneb, rom Cemma mowinaaRmdegem

(miTridate evpatori – g.g.) kvlav moikribos Zala da did mxedrobas

mouyaros Tavi, raTa adgilzeve darCes da Cveni miaxloebisTanave ar

gaiqces. gana Tqven ver xedavT, rom mis zurgSi gadaSlilia uzarmazari

da usazRvro udabno? (igulisxmeba bosfor-yubanis stepebi – g.g.). iqve

axlos aris kavkasioni mravali maRali mTiT, romelTac sul advilad

SeuZliaT Seifaron da daicvan brZolis amridebeli aTobiT mefe”

(plutarqe, lukulusi, 14). aRsaniSnavia, rom samxedro moqmedebis dros

didi mniSvneloba aqvs adgilobrivi relief-landSaftis gaTvaliswinebas.

Casaketad advili viwro xeobebis, Znelad gadasalaxi maRali mTebis,

gasamagreblad mosaxerxebeli gorebis, xSiri gauvali tyeebis, Znelad

dasaZlevi mdinareebis moxerxebuli samxedro-strategiuli gamoyeneba

saomari moqmedebis warmatebuli dagvirgvinebis garantia iyo. aranaklebi

mniSvneloba samxedro moqmedebisas eniWeba klimats da weliwadis

droebis cvlas. magaliTad, miTridate evpatori pompeusTan omis dros

“mTebis gadaRma kolxeTSi gaiqca” (straboni, XII, III, 28). mas Zalebis

mokreba da aRWurvilobis Sevseba esaWiroeboda da zamTari dioskuriaSi

gaatara. am SemTxvevaSi miTridatem zamTari da mTebi (reliefi da hava)

Tavisi samxedro-strategiuli gegmis gansaxorcieleblad gamoiyena.

zemoxsenebuli mTaTa myinvarebidan gamoedineba didi Tu patara

mdinareebi, romlebic Savi zRvis auzs miekuTvnebian. isini raodenobrivad

16000-ze metia. maT Soris wyaluxvobiT uwinaresi adgili uWiravs _

rions, yvirilas, cxeniswyals, texurs, xobs, engurs, kodors, bzifs,

RaliZgas, xaniswyals, fiCors, sufsas, natanebs, Woroxs. aqedan xobs,

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texurs, fiCors, sufsas, da gansakuTrebiT rion-yvirilas satransporto

gadasaadgilebel gzebad iyenebdnen. maTze savaWro-satransporto navebiT

dacuravdnen. swored es savaWro-samdinaro gzebi (vidre saxmeleTo)

gacilebiT rentabelurs xdida vaWrobas, romelic adgilobrivi

mosaxleobis ganviTarebisTvis erT-erT mniSvnelovan faqtors

warmoadgenda.

rioni(fasisi) kolxeTis mTavari mdinarea. mdinare rioni

kavkasionis samxreT kalTebidan, fasis mTis myinvaridan gamoedineba.

qalaq quTaisamde is mTis mCqefare mdinarea, Cqari dineba gaaCnia da

umeteswilad viwro xeobaSi moedineba; quTaisis qvemoT kolxeTis

dablobze Camodis da baris mdinaris mdore dineba uCndeba. is itoteba

da mTebidan Camotanili Slamis daleqviT warmoqmnis kunZulebs. rioni,

rogorc Cans, xSirad icvlida kalapots, amitom kolxeTis dablobze

kargad SeimCneva narionalebi, Zveli kalapotebi. sayuradReboa, rionis

IIs-Si mnaxvelis flavius arianes TxzulebaSi _ “mogzauroba Savi zRvis

garSemo” _ daculi cnoba: “fasisis wyals tyviis Tu kalis feri

dakravs, magram rom gaaCereb, Zalian wminda xdeba” (flavius ariane,

1951, gv.37). werilobiT wyaroebSi fasisi pirvelad ixsenieba hesiodes

“TeogoniaSi” (Zv.w.VIIs.).

rion-yvirila(fasisi) Tavisi fizikur-geografiuli mdebareobiT

moxerxebuli savaWro-satranzito gza iyo. cnobebi misi satranzito

gzad gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad Semonaxulia strabonis da pliniusis

nawerebSi. straboni aRwers md. rion-yvirilas magistrals: “fasisze

aRma curva SeiZleba Sorapnamde. am simagres SeuZlia daitios mTeli

qalaqis mosaxleoba; Sorapnidan fexiT, saurme gziT oTx dReSi

miisvleba md. mtkvramde” (XI,II,17). am gzis gagrZelebas straboni ase

agviwers: “…induri saqoneli SemoaqvT hirkanis zRvaSi, xolo aqedan

albaneTSi gadaaqvT da Semdeg mtkvarze da mis momdevno adgilebiT

evqsinis zRvaSi CaaqvT” (straboni, XI, VII,3). amrigad, naTelia, rom Is.-

is avtori straboni aRwers savaWro gzas, romelic moemarTeboda

aRmosavleTidan md. mtkvarze da md. fasisze (rion-yvirila) gavliT Savi

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zRvisken. amave gzas aRwers Is-is avtori pliniusi:“pompeusis laSqrobis

dros, misi brZanebiT Seswavlil iqna, rom indoeTidan SeiZleba Svid

dReSi Casvla baqtriaSi, md. baqtrTan, romelic erTvis oqss. aqedan

induri savaWro saqoneli gadaaqvT kaspiis zRvis iqiT md. mtkvarze da

xmeleTiT ara umetes xuTi dRisa maT SeuZliaT miaRwion fasiss,

romelic Sav zRvas uerTdeba” (plinius sekundusi, NH,VI,52).

sayuradReboa, rom swored am gzis gayolebaze mdebareobs antikuri

xanis da adreuli Sua saukuneebis namosaxlarebi, romelTa

arqeologiuri kvlevis drosac aRmoCnda Semotanili ucxouri nawarmi

(keramika, samkaulebi, monetebi, liTonis da minis WurWeli). aseTi

namosaxlarebi md. rion-yvirilas gayolebaze aRmoCenilia SorapanSi,

patrikeTSi, vanSi, sayanCiaSi, cixesulorSi, SuamTaSi, farcxanayanevSi,

sof. mTisZirSi, dablagomSi, dafnarSi, sajavaxoSi, patara foTSi,

WaladidSi, foTSi (paliastomis tbaze) da sxva.

rion-yvirilas (fasisis) savaWro-samdinaro gzis bolo punqti iyo

tba paliastomze mdebare qalaqi, romlis Semdegac savaWro karWapebi Sav

zRvaSi gadiodnen kabotaJuri curvisaTvis. geomorfologebis azriT,

paliastomis tba-laguna zRviuri reliqtia. Zvelad aq mdinare rionis

limani iyo. sruliad bunebrivia, rom winaT swored am moxerxebul

limanSi, romlis napirzedac qalaq-navsayudeli mdebareobda, xomaldebi

Semosuliyvnen. xomaldebidan Semdeg tvirTi brtyelZira samdinaro

karWapebSi gadaitvirTeboda da paliastomis gavliT mdinare rionze anda

fiCorze aRma agrZelebda svlas. agaTia paliastomis Sesaxeb gadmogvcems:

“iq xom erTi tba aris, romelsac patara zRvas eZaxian da romelic

evqsinis pontos uerTdeba”. Semdeg “didi satvirTo xomaldebi zRvis

napiras da fasisis SesarTavTan miacures qalaqis maxloblad” (agaTia,

“georgika”, 1936, gv.102). mdinare rionze Camocurebuli satransporto

navebidan tvirTi paliastomis tbaze mdebare navsayudelSi ukve sazRvao

karWap-xomaldebSi gadahqondaT da Savi zRvis gavliT mihqondaT Soreul

qveynebSi.

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zRvam didi roli iTamaSa kolxeTis socialur-ekonomikur

ganviTarebaSi. werilobiTi da arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT zRvis

sanapiroze mTeli rigi naqalaqarebi da sxva dasaxlebuli punqtebia

mikvleuli: afsarosi (goniosTan), baTumis cixe, cixisZiri, qobuleT-

fiWvnari, ureki, fasisi (foTTan), anaklia, fiCori, gienosi

(oCamCiresTan), dioskuria- sebastopoli (soxumTan), eSera,

pitiunti(biWvinTasTan) da a.S. CamoTvlili dasaxlebebi, bunebrivia,

cxovrebis wesiT zRvasTan mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli. isini garkveul

rols asrulebdnen ucxoeTTan savaWro-ekonomikur da kulturul-

politikur urTierTobaSi. pirvel rigSi, swored zRvispira qalaqebis

meSveobiT xorcieldeboda kontaqtebi Savi zRvis da xmelTaSua zRvis

qveynebTan da qalaqebTan: mileTTan, qiosTan, rodosTan, aTenTan,

mendesTan, sinopesTan, romTan (ostia). SemdgomSi bizantiasTan

(konstantinepolTan), genuasTan, veneciasTan da sxva. zRvispira

qalaqebSi, vaWrobis garda, xelosnobis sxvadasxva dargebi (meTuneoba,

mWedloba, xurooba, feiqroba, da a.S.) iyo ganviTarebuli. magram aq

gansakuTrebuli adgili mainc zRvasTan dakavSirebul saqmianobas,

zRvaosnobas, meTevzeobas, zRvis marilis mopovebas da, rac mTavaria,

vaWrobas eWira. cnobilia, rom zRvam msoflio arenaze civilizebuli

qveynebi gamoiyvana. antikur epoqaSi kolxebmac gamoiyenes sazRvao

komunikaciebi vaWrobisaTvis. antikur xanaSi kolxeTis sanapiroze

garkveuli sakontaqto regioni Seiqmna antikur samyarosa da kolxeTs

Soris. bizantieli istorikosi agaTia kolxeTis Sesaxeb gadmogvcems:

“Zlierni da mamacni arian lazebi”. isini “…amayoben kolxTa Zveli

saxeliT…”; gamoirCevian “…Tavisi simdidris siuxviT, aseve qveSevrdomTa

simravliT, miwawylis siWarbiT da mosavlianobiT…” “…exlandeli

mcxovreblebi dacuraven kidec, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, da vaWrobaSic

naxuloben did sargebels” (agaTia, III,5; yauxCiSvili, 1936, gv.50).

Savi zRva xmeleTSida zRvaa. is bosfor-dardanelis sruteebiT

gadis xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi. bosforis srutis uviwroesi adgili

siganeSi mxolod 700 metria, amitom misi gadaketva-kontroli advilia.

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srute geopolitikur- strategiulad friad mosaxerxebelia.

istoriulad vis xelSiac bosforis srute iyo, is akontrolebda

xmelTaSua da Sav zRvebs Soris mimosvlas. aman uaryofiTi roli

iTamaSa kolxeTis istoriul-ekonomikur ganviTarebaze. antikuri xanis

kolxeTis geografiulma adgilmdebareobam ganapiroba sazRvao (sanapiro

qalaqebi _ fasisi, gienosi, dioskuria da sxva.) da samdinaro (rion-

yvirilas satranzito gza) komunikaciebis ganviTareba, rac didad

moqmedebda maSindeli qveynis Siga da gare warmatebuli vaWrobis

warmoebaze. kolxeTis sanapiroze zRvis wyali ar iyineba. kolxeTis

farglebSi sanapiroze Zlieri grigaluri, damangreveli qari ar icis.

zRva udides rols TamaSobs kolxeTis klimatis formirebaSi, rac,

Tavis mxriv, did gavlenas axdens aqaur agroklimatur situaciaze da

adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis sameurneo yofaze. zRva kolxeTSi Tbili da

notio klimatis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. kolxeTis istoriaSi erT-

erTi mniSvnelovani uaryofiTi roli zRvis napiris biogeogaremos

Secvlam iTamaSa. geomorfologebis varaudiT, axalSavzRviurma

transgresiam Secvala fanagoriuli regresia (daaxloebiT Zv.w. I

aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi), xolo Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis

mijnaze isev iwyeba transgresia, zRvis donis aweva. amis gamo sanapiroze

ganlagebuli qalaq-dasaxlebebi wylis qveS moxvda da Sewyvita arseboba.

saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi, werilobiTi wyaroebis (skilaqs kariandeli,

flavius ariane, pomponius mela, straboni, klavdios ptolemaiosi,

prokopi kesarieli, agaTia, vaxuSti bagrationi da sxv.) mixedviT, mTeli

rigi naqalaqarebi aris moxseniebuli: foTTan – fasisi, oCamCiresTan –

gienosi(?), soxumTan – dioskuria-sebastopolisi, biWvinTasTan –

pitiunti da a.S. xsenebuli naqalaqarebis an maTi mimdebare teritoriis

wyalSi daZirvam da cxovrebis Sewyvetam zRvispireTSi ekonomikuri

donis daqveiTeba gamoiwvia. Sesabamisad, gvianantikuri xanis da

adreuli Suasaukuneebis kolxeTis istoriul ganviTarebaze es

geomorfologiuri procesi uaryofiTad imoqmedebda. sayuradReboa

strabonis “geografiaSi” cnoba, sadac, Savi zRvis is monakveTi,

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romelic mdebareobda kolxeTis sanapirosTan, iwodeboda “kolxeTis

zRvad”(XI, I,6).

kavkasioni, antikavkasioni, lixis qedi da Savi zRva qmnian bunebrivad

SemozRudul teritorias, romlis SuaSic kolxeTis bardablobi da

mTiswineTi eqceva. es teritoria kolxeTis mTavari agrarul-sameurneo

regioni iyo. kolxeTis bar-dablobi xasiTdeba Waobiani da eweri, xolo

mTiswineTi wiTeli da yviTelmiwa niadagebiT. kolxeTis dablobi

sxvadasxva sibrtyeebzea ganlagebuli. amitom dasavleT, zRvispira

monakveTSi aRiniSneba gansakuTrebuli Waobianoba, xolo aRmosavleTiT

ufro eweri niadagebia. WaobebSi ZiriTadad torfiani niadagebi Warbobs.

aris agreTve Waobis qviSalamiani da Tixnariani monakveTebic. agrarul-

sameurneo saqmianobaSi yvelaze metad gamoyenebulia kolxeTis dablobis

SemaRlebuli monakveTi. sameurneo saqmianobaSi iyo Cabmuli agreTve

kolxeTis mTiswineTis borcv-gorakiani nawilic. strabonis

“geografiaSi” daculi cnobis mixedviT, kolxeTi bunebrivi resursebiT

sakmaod mdidar qveynad warmogvidgeba: “…qveyanaSi kargi nayofi icis;

…moipoveba gemTsaSeni yovelive masala, radgan izrdeba aq mravali tye

da mdinareebiT CamoaqvT; amuSaveben bevr sels, kanafs, cvilsa da fiss.

xolo selis warmoeba ganTqmulia da gareTac ki gaaqvT” (straboni, XI,

II,17). eqsportzea saubari markus maniliusis (Is.) cnobaSic, sadac is

gadmogvcems, rom romaelebs kvebavs numidielTa sanapiro da fasisis

Walebio.

sayuradReboa kolxeTis Sesaxeb VIs-is bizantieli mwerlis prokopi

kesarielis werilobiTi cnoba: “moxirisi erTi dRis savalzea

arqeopolisidan da Seicavs mraval mWidrod dasaxlebul sofels.

kolxeTis miwa-wyalze is saukeTeso mxares warmoadgens; Rvinoc kargi

modis da nayofic iq kargad xarobs” (prokopi kesarieli BG, VIII,14).

kolxeTSi mdebare moxirisis mxare, rogorc Cans, ekonomikurad Zlieri

regionia. md. rionis Suaweli emTxveva kolxeTis am regionis SedarebiT

gviandel saxelwodebas _ “samoqalaqo”, romelic agreTve mZlavr

ekonomikur mxared aris cnobili. kolxeTis dablobi rom

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dawinaurebuli sameurneo-ekonomikuri mxare iyo, kargad Cans am regionSi

aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masalidanac.

kolxeTis klimatis formirebaSi did rols asrulebs mzis radiacia,

haeris cirkulacia, zRvasTan siaxlove. aq baris da mTis havaSi didi

sxvaobaa. kolxeTis qaris mimarTuleba-siCqareze ZiriTadad xeobebis,

qedebis da zegnebis ganlageba moqmedebs. xalxur dakvirvebaSi

SemorCenilia ori qaris saxeli _ “zena qari” da “qvena qari”

(dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis qari), romelTa mixedviTac meurne

cdilobda amindis prognozirebas da Tavis sameurneo saqmianobis

Sesabamisad dagegmvas.

kolxeTi mravalferovania Tavisi mcenareuli safariT. aq dResac

SexvdebiT reliqtur saxeobebs; aris endemuri jiSebi. alpuri

sartyelis qvemoT mTa-mTiswineTi da nawilobriv baric, ZiriTadad

tyiTaa Semosili. bar-dablobSi tyeebi ZiriTadad mdinareebis WalebSia.

kolxeTis bar-mTiswineTSi gabatonebulia foTlovani xeebi _ muxa,

rcxila, wabli, wifeli, cacxvi, nekerCxali. SemorCenilia agreTve

mesameuli periodis xeebi _ lafani, Zelqva. aris maradmwvane buCqnarebi

_ bza, wyavi, Sqeri. dablobebSi tye CaxlarTulia xviarebiT (suro,

Rvedkeci). winaT kolxeTis dablobze SemaRlebul adgilebSi izrdeboda

muxa, rcxila, wifeli, rac exla aq TiTqmis iSviTobas warmoadgens. am

xeebis samSeneblo masalad gamoyeneba arqeologiuri monacemebiT xSirad

dasturdeba.

kolxeTis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze Zv.w. IIIsaukunemde, xe

SeiZleba ZiriTad samSeneblo masalad CaiTvalos. gaTlili xisagan da

morisagan igeboda sacxovrebeli saxlebi, Sendeboda TavdacviTi

nagebobebi da zogjer Waobian adgilebSi gza-trotuarebis

gasamarTavadac gamoiyeneboda. strabonis cnobiT, "qveyanaSi (kolxeTSi _

g.g.) ...moipoveba gemTsaSeni ...masala, radgan aq izrdeba mravali tye...;"

(ix. straboni, XI, II,17). tyeebis siuxvesve adasturebs Zv.w. Is. romaeli

arqiteqtori vitruviusic: "kolxebi pontos mxareSi tyis siuxvis gamo

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awyoben miwaze marjvniv da marcxniv mTlian xeebs... da ageben..."

(vitruviusi, aTi wigni arqiteqturis Sesaxeb, II w. I,4). kolxeTis qvemo nawili torfian Waobebs uWiravs. Waobis da misi

mimdebare adgilebisaTvis ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia lelianebi,

islianebi, Calianebi, gvimrianebi; seli, kanafi da sxv. Zveli kolxeTis

sameurneo yofisaTvis didi mniSvneloba eqneboda iseTi mcenareebis

gavrcelebas, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, xorblis da qeris marcvali,

vazi, fetvi, Wvavi, wabli, Romi, kakali, Txili, leRvi, zRmartli, xaxvi

da sxv. kolxeTis bar-dablobSi ukeTesi mdgomareoba iyo dasasaxleblad da

sameurneo saqmianobisaTvis. bunebrivia, aq xdeboda kulturul-sameurneo

mcenareebis axali jiSebis Semotana-gavrceleba. zog SemTxvevaSi axali

produqtiuli jiSebis SemotaniT Zveli tradiciuli jiSebi TiTqmis

qreboda. magaliTad, XVIIs-Si simindis Semotanam kolxeTSi TandaTan

TiTqmis mospo iseTi Zveli kulturuli mcenare, rogoric Romia. cxovelTa samyarodan kolxeTSi, endemuris garda, mravladaa

gavrcelebuli evropuli da mcireaziuri saxeobebi. marto kolxeTis

dablobze mecnier-mkvlevarebis mier aRnusxulia 380-mde xerxemliani

cxoveli. cxovelTa samyaros simravleze da mis mravalferovnebaze iyo

garkveulwilad damyarebuli mocemul teritoriaze mosaxleobis

gamokveba. amitom aq Sinauri cxovelebis moSeneba erT-erTi sameurneo

saqmianoba unda yofiliyo. kolxeTSi nadirobdnen iseT gareul cxovelebze, rogoricaa _ arCvi,

jixvi, Rori, kurdReli, iremi, Sveli, mura daTvi da sxv.; mglis,

daTvis, turis, melas, focxveris tyavs samosisTvis iyenebdnen.

kolxeTis mdinareebSi bevria kalmaxi, loqo, oraguli, wvera. sakvebad

gamosayenebel frinvelTagan gavrcelebulia xoxobi, gareuli ixvi, bati,

gnoli, mwyeri. amaTgan ara marto Sida, aramed sagareo bazarze TiTqmis

mTel maSindel civilizebul samyaroSi saxeli moixveWa kolxur-

fasisurma xoxobma _ Phasianus Colchicus, romelic or kilogramamde

iwonis. fasisur xoxobs sakvebad gansakuTrebiT SeZlebuli gurmanebi

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etanebodnen da amitom es delikatesi Zvirad fasobda, Tumca ar aris

gamoricxuli, rom xoxbebs dekoratiuli (farSevangisnairi)

daniSnulebac hqondaT. xoxobi mkveTradaa nairferad Seferili, xolo

bumbulze vercxlisferi bzinvareba dahkravs. XIIs-is avtori evstaTi

Tesalonikeli Zvel gadmocemebze dayrdnobiT naSromSi "homerosis

iliadas ganmartebebi" aRniSnavs: "...amboben mefe ptolemeosi gamotyda,

rom mas ar egemna fasisuri xoxobi, radgan winaprebi mas (xoxobs _ g.g.)

aSenebdnen silamazisaTvis..."(XXII,69). antikuri werilobiTi wyaroebidan

naTelia, rom xoxobis saxeli maSindel civilizebul samyaroSi

fasisidan aris gavrcelebuli. Sesabamisad, xoxobis saxeli berZnul-la-Tinuridan Sevida sxva evropul enebSi. Zvel saqarTveloSi xoxobi,

albaT, imdenad mniSvnelovani sakvebi frinveli iyo, rom qarTul

gastronomiul folklorSi dResac ixmareba misgan damzadebuli kerZi _

Caxoxbili, romelsac exla qaTmisagan amzadeben. dasavleT saqarTveloSi arqeologiurad mopovebul masalaSi xSiria

osteologiuri naSTebi, rac garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis Zveli

kolxeTis mosaxleobis mecxoveleoba-monadireobis Sesaxeb. antikur

xanasa da Sua saukuneebSi aq monadireobas ukve aRar eqneboda iseTi

sasicocxlo mniSvneloba, rogorc wina epoqebSi hqonda. rac Seexeba

mecxoveleobas, arqeologiur masalaSi msxvili da wvrili rqosani

saqonlis (xar-Zroxa, Txa, cxvari) Zvlebi mravlad aris dadasturebuli.

gvxvdeba agreTve Roris, ZaRlis, cxenis Zvlebic. es osteologiuri

monacemebi dRevandeli dasavleT saqarTvelosTvis damaxasiaTebel Sinaur

cxovelTa saxeobebs Camogavs. sagulisxmoa, rom aristotele (Zv.w. IVs.)

naSromSi "cxovelTa istoria" kolxeTis tanmorCil Zroxebs aRwers:

"mewveli cxoveli met Tu nakleb rZes moiwvelis, damokidebulia tanis

sididezedac da sazrdos nairferovnebazec. magaliTad, fasisTan arian

momcro Zroxebi, romelTagan TiToeuli bevr rZes iwvelis..."(III,21).

gamwev satransporto pirutyvidan ZiriTadad arqeologiur masalaSi

dadasturebulia xarisa da cxenis Zvlebi.

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kolxeTSi xaris sameurneo saqmianobaSi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs

apolonios rodoseli (Zv.w. IIIs.) "argonavtikaSi": "velze sabalaxod

gaSvebuli myavs ori spilenZisCliqebiani xari, romlebic cecxls

afrqveven. me maT uRelSi vabam da xodabunisaken miverekebi. am adgils

swrafad vxnav guTniT..." "...xarebs uRelSi diliT adre vabam, xolo

saRamo xans mkas vaTaveb" (argonavtika, III,405-415). saerTod, kolxeTSi da gansakuTrebiT mis dablob nawilSi wvimebis

siuxve, Tbili zamTari da xangrZlivi zafxuli xelsayrel pirobebs

qmnis sameurneo-agraruli saqmianobisaTvis, kerZod, memarcvleobis,

mebostneobis da mevenaxeoba-mexileobis ganviTarebisaTvis, rac kolxeTs,

adridanve, Zveli samiwaTmoqmedo qveynebis rigSi ayenebda. xsenebuli samiwaTmoqmedo-sameurneo dargebis ganviTareba mocemuli

regionisaTvis damaxasiaTebel kvebis racions ayalibebda. aseTi racionis

gastrokaloriuli produqtebi ki, Tavis mxriv, iwvevdnen garkveuli

fizionomur-fsiqikuri, kolxeTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli adamianis tipis

ganviTareba-Camoyalibebas. erTi mxriv, zemoT xsenebul garemoebas, da

meore mxriv, sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebas da Warbi produqciis

warmoebas kolxeTSi demografiuli zrda unda gamoewvia. kolxeTis dablobi garSemortymulia mTebis naoWa sistemiT. mis

dabal nawilSi gavrcelebulia torfian-Waobiani niadagebi. mdinareTa

auzebSi gvxvdeba aluviuri miwebi. kolxeTis aRmosavleT nawilSi

ZiriTadad aluviurTan erTad neSompala-karbonatuli niadagebia. hava aq

gardamavalia notiodan mSralisaken da zafxuli Tbili icis. kolxeTis

dablobTan SedarebiT wvimebi aq naklebia. dasavleT kolxeTis klimatur-geografiuli garemos Sesaxeb Zv.w.

IVs-is ganTqmuli berZeni mecnieri hipokrate gadmogvcems: "es qveyana

Waobiania, Tbili, wyliani da tyiani. wlis yovel dros aq xSiri wvimebi

icis. adamianebs sacxovrebeli WaobebSi aqvT, maT xisa da lerwmis

saxlebi wyalze aqvT." "fasisi mdinareTa Soris yvelaze dinjia da

mdored moedineba"; "aq bevri samxreTis qari qris, garda erTi

adgilobrivi qarisa; xolo es xandaxan Zlierad uberavs da cxelia. am

16

qars ewodeba qenxronis. CrdiloeTis qari aqamde TiTqmis ver aRwevs,

xolo roca uberavs, is sustia da wynari." "...fasiselebs sxva

adamianebTan SedarebiT Zalian gansxvavebuli garegnoba aqvT" (hipokrate,

haerTa, wyalTa da adgilTa Sesaxeb, §15). kolxeTis dablobis klimatur pirobebs aseve axasiaTebs XVIIs.

italieli mogzaur-misioneri arqanjelo lamberti: "kolxeTs

adgilmdebareobis gamo iseTi notio hava aqvs, romlis nairi arsad ar

moipoveba. mizezi amisa is aris, rom dasavleTiT, Savi zRvidan hqris

namiani haeri da aRmosavleTiT ki akravs kavkasioni, saidanac mravali

mdinare Camoedineba. amas emateba xSiri tyeebi, romlis gamoc haeri

cudad moZraobs. zRvis qari Zalian xSiria da mas xSiradve mosdevs

wvima" (arqanjelo lamberti, 1938, gv.19-20). havisa da tyiani safaris Sesaxeb, kolxeTSi, sayuradRebo cnobebs

gvawvdis XVIIIs. qarTveli mecnieri vaxuSti bagrationi naSromSi

"aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa": "da ars qveyana ese friad tyiani,

rameTu iSviaT ars velni, Tu ar adgil-adgils mcireni, Tvinier

saxvnelTagan. aramed tyeni adgil-adgil xilian-venaxiani. haviTa keTil-

mSueni. garna tyis gamo zafxuls imyofis sicxe, vinaiTgan Zniad iZvris

qarni, da ara gauZlisi sicxe, Tvinier adgilTa romelTam. zamTari

Tbili, rameTu ver odes ganhyinavs mdinareTa, verca gubesa, romelsa

zeda Sedges utyvi anu metyueli. aramed Tovli didi, romlisa simaRle

odesme mxari da umetesica. TualTa queSe Sueniereba egoden ara

mzenarobs tyis gamo, Tvinier adgil-adgilTa, rameTu, ukeTu daxedo

maRlis mTidam, ixilav sruliads..." (vaxuSti, 1973, gv.743). zemoT moyvanili monacemebidan Cans, rom kolxeTis fizikur-

geografiuli da agroklimaturi, aqedan gamomdinare sawarmoo-sameurneo

pirobebi ukanaskneli ocdasami saukunis ganmavlobaSi didad ar

Secvlila. saerTod, holocenSi kolxeTis biogeogaremo, da upirvelesad

klimati, dRemde arsebiTad ar Secvlila (ix. janeliZe, 1991,gv.68-69).

amasTanave gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom XIXsaukunidan moyolebuli,

teqnikis ganviTarebam, adamianis gacxovelebulma sameurneo saqmianobam,

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tyeebis didi raodenobiT gaCexvam, Waobebis amoSrobam da a.S., bunebrivia,

kolxeTis geoklimatur pirobebze uaryofiTad imoqmeda. kolxeTis istoriul ganviTarebaSi angariSgasawevia biogeogaremos

zogierTi faqtor-komponentis uaryofiTi mxare. kerZod, kolxeTSi

agroklimaturi pirobebi kargia, magram dasamuSavebeli farTobebi cotaa,

rac miwaTmoqmedebis intensiuri ganviTarebisaTvis araxelsayreli

iqneboda da, Sesabamisad, demografiul situaciazec imoqmedebda.

dasavleT kolxeTis Waobianoba iwvevda sxvada-sxva daavadebas, rac

agreTve uaryofiTad imoqmedebda mosaxleobis gamravlebaze. kolxeTis

mTagoriani da Waobiani landSafti saxmeleTo komunikaciebis

gasamarTavad mouxerxebeli iyo, rac gamoiwvevda vaWrobis Seferxebas.

kolxeTis sasargeblo madneuli safuZvlad daedo gadamamuSavebel

sameurneo-sawarmoo saqmianobas, magram es ukanasknelic, garkveuli

teqnologiuri mizezebis gamo, etyoba srulad ar iyo gamoyenebuli.

uaryofiTi roli iTamaSa agreTve zRvis transgresiam, ramac sanapiroze

mdebare savaWro-sameurneo saqmianobis stagnacia gamoiwvia. kolxeTis

zRvis sanapiroze bunebrivi yureebi cotaa, rac navTsayudlebis mowyobis

simcires iwvevda da agreTve uaryofiTad zemoqmedebda zRvaosnobis

intensiur ganviTarebaze.

dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze, md. rionis, md. Woroxis da md.

enguris auzebSi daaxloebiT Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi da

Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi erTgvarovani kulturuli areali

yalibdeba, romelic kolxuri brinjaos kulturadaa saxeldebuli. am

kulturis maxasiaTebelia xis Zeluri arqiteqtura, brinjaos da

keramikis Taviseburi formiTa da gaformebiT gamorCeuli nawarmi.

kolxuri brinjaos nimuSebis metalografiulma Seswavlam cxadyo _

dariSxanisa da kalis minarevebiani brinjaos nivTebis gavrceleba.

agreTve maTi specialur qvis an Tixis yalibSi Camosxma, kverva-Wedva,

SeduReba da tvifrva. amgvari rTuli teqnologiuri codnis gamoyenebam

uzrunvelyo sxvadasxvagvari da mravalricxovani nivTebis Seqmna. esenia:

brinjaos sameurneo iaraRi _ Toxi, culi, waldi, saxnisis daboloeba

18

da sxv. saomari iaraRi _ Subi, culi, isrispiri, satevari da sxv.

tanisamosis mosarTavebi, samkaulebi da sxv. es nivTebi mravladaa

warmodgenili am epoqis namosaxlarebze, liTonis da keramikis warmoebis

adgilebze, samarovnebze da sxv. brinjaos warmoebis srulyofam

dadebiTi roli Seasruli kolxeTis ekonomikur aRmavlobaSi.

miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebaze migvaniSnebs arqeologiuri gaTxrebis

Sedegad aRmoCenili marcvleulis adgilobrivi jiSebi _ xorblis,

fetvis, qeris naSTebi. agreTve napovnia yurZnis wipwebi. es yvelaferi

inaxeboda namosaxlarebze aRmoCenil dergebSi, qoTnebSi, jamebSi. aqve

dadasturebulia qvis xelsafqvavebi, namglispirebi, puris gamosacxobi

kecebi da brtyeli qvebi. miwaTmoqmedebasTan erTad mesaqonleobis

ganviTarebaze miuTiTebs namosaxlarebze aRmoCenili msxvilfexa rqosani

saqonlis, cxvris, Txis da Roris mravalricxovani Zvlebi.

arqeologiuri monacemebi mowmobs, rom Zv.w. I aTaswleulis

dasawyisisaTvis dasavleT saqarTvelo sakmaod kargad iyo gansaxlebuli.

sacxovreblad da sameurneo saqmianobisaTvis aTvisebuli iyo kolxeTis

dablobi da mTiswina borcv-gorakebi. aq sadReisoT, jerjerobiT, 200-

mde namosaxlaria cnobili. samosaxlo borcvebis gansakuTrebuli

simravle rion-enguris ormdinareTSi SeiniSneba. aq samosaxloebi

ZiriTadad xelovnurad mozvinul borcvebzeaa ganlagebuli. samosaxlos

amgvari saxis gavrceleba kolxeTis dablobis Waobianma da Warbtenianma

garemom ganapiroba. borcvebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad

dasturdeba xelovnurad mozvinur gorakze agebuli xis Zelebiani e.w.

jargvaluri tipis nagebobebi, romlebic SemozRuduli iyo ZelebiTve

naSeni damcavi kedlebiT. namosaxlarebis garSemo gaTxrili iyo

sadrenaJe da TavdacviTi arxebi. samosaxlo borcvebi umetesad

jgufurad aris ganlagebuli. am jgufebSi gamoirCeva ufro didi zomis

samosaxlo borcvebi, romlebic ufro farTe ormagi TxrilebiTaa

gamagrebuli. aSkaraa, rom es samosaxlo gamagrebuli borcvi sxvebzea

gabatonebuli da maT iqvemdebarebs. mTavari borcvebis diametri 80m-dan

_ 200m-mde meryeobs; xolo daqvemdebarebuli mcire borcvebis

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diametri daaxloebiT 30m-dan _ 80m-mdea; simaRle _ 3m-dan _ 7m-mdea. es

samosaxloebi SesaZloa naTesaur kavSirze damyarebuli sasoflo Temebis

sacxovrisebi iyo.

bunebrivia, rom aseTi sididis xelovnuri miwazvinulebis Seqmna,

aseTi sadrenaJe, TavdacviTi da sakomunikacio arxebis gaWra Sesabamisi

Sromis iaraRebisa da mravalricxovan adamianTa kargad organizebuli

Sromis gareSe warmoudgeneli iqneboda. agreTve bunebrivia, rom am

samuSaoebs xelmZRvanelobdnen codna-gamocdilebis mqone gamorCeuli

pirovnebebi. swored es liderebi anxorcielebdnen am borcvze

ganlagebuli gamagrebuli sasoflo dasaxlebebis dacvas.

amrigad, TavdacviTi da sacxovrebeli problemebis erToblivi

ZalisxmeviT gadawyvetis pirobebSi xdeboda garkveuli politikuri

konsolidacia, rac Semdeg erTgvarovani kulturis gavrcelebaSi

aisaxeboda. samuSaoebis masStabebis da TavdacviTi mzadyofnis zrdasTan

erTad izrdeba liderebis roli sazogadoebaSi. amavdroulad Cndeba

erTiani winamZRoli, romelsac danarCeni liderebi emorCilebian. amgvar

sazogadoebriv- politikur struqturas, romelic wina-

saxelmwifoebrividan saxelmwifoze gardamaval etaps warmoadgens,

protosaxelmwifoebriv sazogadoebriv wyobas eZaxian.

zemoT naxsenebma garemoebebma da Zv.w. VIIIsaukunidan brinjaos ufro

mtkice liToniT, rkiniT, Canacvlebis dawyebam Zv.w. VI_IVss-Si xeli

Seuwyo Zlieri politikuri erTeulis kolxeTis samefos warmoqmnas,

romelic berZnul werilobiT wyaroebSi “oqromravali kolxeTis”

saxeliTaa cnobili.

dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze Zv.w. VI–IVss.-Si kolxeTis

Zlieri samefo ganviTarda. kolxeTi imdenad dawinaurebuli qveyana iyo,

rom berZnul samyaroSi masze “oqros sawmisis” miTi Seiqmna. didi

berZeni istorikosi herodote Zv.w. VIs-is kavkasia-axlo aRmosavleTis

istoriis werisas kolxeTs, iranis da midiis Zlieri da didi

saxelmwifoebis Tanabrad moixseniebs. kolxeTis samefos keTildReobis

epoqa TvalnaTlivaa asaxuli rogorc werilobiT wyaroebSi, agreTve

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mravalricxovan da mravalferovan arqeologiur monacemebSi. mocemuli

epoqis kolxeTis samefos guli mdinare fasisis anu rionis Sua welze

iyo ganlagebuli. Zveli berZeni avtorebi mis mTavar qalaqs quTaias

uwodebdnen, romelic dRevandeli quTaisis sanaxebSi igulisxmeba.

kolxeTSi mravaldargovani xelosnuri warmoeba iyo ganviTarebuli.

aq liTonis dasamuSavebeli, keramikis gasakeTebeli, xis da tyavis

dasamuSavebeli, sxvadasxvagvari samkaulebis dasamzadebeli da sxv.

saxelosnoebi arsebobda. kolxeTis samefos ekonomikuri winsvlis

sayrdens rkinis kargad ganviTarebuli warmoeba warmoadgenda, romelic

miwaTmoqmedeba-sameurneo saqmianobas mravalricxovani sawarmoo iaraRiT

amaragebda. amis udavo mowmobaa dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad dadasturebuli rkinis saxnisebi,

Toxebi, culebi da sxv. miwaTmoqmedebis maRali donis maCvenebelia

sxvadasxva jiSis marcvleulis aRmoCenac. mbrunav sameTuneo Carxzea

damzadebuli mravalferovani kolxuri WurWeli, romelic samefos mTel

teritoriaze formebis da gaformebis mixedviT garkveulad

standartul-erTsaxovania. kolxeTis samefoSi ZiriTad saamSeneblo

masalad xe da Tixa gamoiyeneboda, rac geneturad ukavSirdeba

winamorbedi epoqis samosaxloebs. Zv.w. VI–IVss.-Si kolxeTis samefos

teritoriaze iWreboda Taviseburi monetebi, romelTac mecnierebi

kolxuri TeTris saxeliT moixsenieben.

arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT kolxeTis samefos uaRresad TavisTavadi

mxatvruli kultura warmoCinda. mis erT-erT brwyinvale dargs

oqromWedloba warmoadgens. mag.: vanSi da sairxeSi mikvleulia kolxuri

oqromWedlobis brwyinvale nimuSebi diademebi, sayureebi, yelsabamebi,

samajurebi, romlebic Semkulia cxovelTa moxdenili gamosaxulebebiT.

es nivTebi friad originaluria da mxolod kolxeTisTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli. oqromWedloba kolxeTis swored is saxea, romliTac

saxelganTqmuli iyo mTel imdroindel civilizebul samyaroSi. kolxi

xelosnebi rTuli teqnikuri xerxebiT _ WedviT, tvifrviT, rCilviT,

filigraniT, cvaraTi _ maRalmxatvrul oqromWedlur nimuSebs qmnidnen.

21

Zveli berZeni avtorebi werdnen kolxeTis mdinareebis qviSidan cxvris

tyaviT oqros mopovebis Sesaxeb. sayuradReboa, rom svaneTSi da raWaSi

oqros mopovebis es tradicia dResac arsebobs. etyoba amitomacaa, rom

berZnebi kolxeTs “oqromravals” uwodebdnen da Txzavdnen legendebs

“oqros sawmisis” Sesaxeb.

Zveli kolxeTis biogeogaremos, werilobiTi da arqeologiuri

mimoxilvidan naTlad Cans, rom biogeogaremom wamyvani roli iTamaSa

kolxeTis istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi. kolxeTi mTebiTa da zRviT

kargad SemosazRvruli istoriul-geografiuli regioni iyo, rac

geopolitikurad garkveul bunebriv damcav ares qmnida. noyieri niadagi,

mravalferovani reliefi, zomieri klimati, hidroresursebis simravle,

madneuli, florisa da faunis mravalsaxeoba sazogadoebis

progresisaTvis karg safuZvels iZleoda. upiratesad ki amaze aris

damokidebuli sazogadoebis sameurneo-ekonomikuri, demografiuli,

fiziologiur-fsiqikuri, inteleqtualur- teqnikuri, savaWro-

komunikaciuri, geopolitikur- strategiuli, sulier-kulturuli

ganviTarebis maRali done. aqedan gamomdinare, kolxeTSi, centriT

mdinare rionze, Camoyalibda friad Taviseburi istoriuli, lokaluri

are da Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi aq ganviTarda saxelmwifoebrioba. am

arealSi droTa ganmavlobaSi adamianis da biogeogaremos

urTierTzemoqmedebis Sedegad mimdinareobda evoluciuri procesi. aq

istoriuli ganviTarebis done, ekonomika da politikuri mdgomareoba

sxvadasxva periodSi sxvadasxvanairi iyo. antikuri xanis kolxeTs

geopolitikurad sakvanZo teritoria ekava. aq xdeboda aRmosavluri da

dasavluri civilizaciebis garkveuli Tanxvedra. aseTi iyo Zveli

kolxeTis istoriuli evoluciis procesSi biogeogaremos roli.

istoriuli ganviTarebis ganxilvisas Cven ierarqiulad pirvel adgilze

biogeogaremos vayenebT. mxolod am garemosTan urTierTzemoqmedebaSi

adamiani qmnis sociogaremos, razedac damokidebulia ama Tu im qveynis

istoriuli winsvlis Semdgomi bedi. Zveli kolxeTis saerTo

mimoxilvidan gamoCnda, rom biogeogaremom ZiriTadi roli Seasrula

22

misi istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi da antikur xanaSi

maRalganviTarebuli sazogadoebis CamoyalibebaSi. iseT geopolitikur garemoSi myofi qveynisaTvis, rogoric kolxeTi

iyo, sagareo faqtors biogeogaremosTan erTad didi mniSvneloba unda

hqonoda. amis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia kolxeTis istoriis rigi

sakiTxebis asaxsnelad. sagareo faqtori ama Tu im qveynis geopolitikuri sinamdvilis

nawilia. mezobeli qveynebi erTmaneTze zogjer sasikeTo, xolo zogjer

ukeTur gavlenas axdenen. sagareo faqtori qveynis istoriaSi xan

konstruqciul, xan ki destruqciul rols TamaSobs. konstruqciulia,

mag., sagareo-savaWro, sameurneo, kulturuli inovaciebi;

destruqciulia _ saomari Tavdasxmis Sedegad qveynis dapyroba,

sazogadoebrivi wyobis tradiciuli struqturebis Secvla, sabrZolo

moqmedebebis Sedegad soflebis da qalaqebis dangreva, materialur

faseulobaTa Zarcva-ganadgureba, qveynis ekonomikuri safuZvlis moSla

da a.S. aziisa da evropis sazRvarze mdebare kolxeTi ori didi

politikur-ekonomikuri Zalis, erTi mxriv, iranuli da, meore mxriv,

antikuri orientaciis qveynebis saomari moqmedebebis asparezi iyo. aseT

garemocvaSi myofi kolxeTi Zlieri mezobeli qveynebisagan xSir agresias

ganicdida. samecniero literaturaSi protosaxelmwifos Casaxvis erT-erT

ZiriTad faqtorad omisaTvis mzadebas (Tavdacvas an Tavdasxmas)

miiCneven. omisaTvis mzadeba, saomar mdgomareobaSi yofna, gamorCeul

winamZRol-pirovnebaTa aRzevebas, sazogadoebis Sekvra-mobilizebas da

met organizebulobas iwvevda, rac, Tavis mxriv, sazogadoebis

ganviTarebis ufro maRal safexurze ayvanaSi da saxelmwifoebriobis

warmoqmnaSi gamoixateboda (ix. Claessen, Skalnik, 1978, gv.619-636).

Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifos ganviTarebaSic "saomar faqtors," sagareo

da geopolitikuri faqtoris Semadgenel nawils, agreTve didi

mniSvneloba unda hqonoda. Camoyalibebul, ganviTarebul saxelmwifoSi

es faqtori dadebiT (qveynis konsolidacia-darazmuloba, sazogadoebrivi

23

wesrigis amaRleba, safortifikacio-komunikaciuri mSenebloba da sxv.)

an uaryofiT (saxelmwifoebriobis dakargva, tradiciuli cxovrebis

wesis moSla, ekonomikuri zarali da sxv.) Sedegs iwvevda. Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi urartuelebis da e.w.

skviTebis (nomaduri) agresiulma mezoblobam kolxeTis geografiulad

kargad SemosazRvrul regionSi momxdurTan dasapirispireblad

sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebis TavdacviTi organizeba da Sekvra-

konsolidacia gamoiwvia. mocemul sagareo faqtors SemdgomSi, Zv.w. V

saukunisaTvis, kolxeTis samefos ganviTarebis procesSi sagrZnobi roli

unda Seesrulebina. kolxeTis samefos ganmtkicebaSi gamorCeuli,

konstruqciuli adgili eWira kulturul inovaciebs. sagareo faqtorad unda CaiTvalos e.w. "berZnuli kolonizaciis"

mimdinareoba kolxeTis zRvispireTSi, kerZod, sainteresoa is, Tu ra

gavlena moaxdina man kolxuri sazogadoebis politikur-ekonomikur da

kulturul cxovrebaze. uaxlesi samecniero literaturis mixedviT,

saberZneTidan gasuli mosaxleobis axalSenebs Soris gaimijna savaWro

da agraruli kolonia-apoikiebi. am or formas aqvs Tavisi moqmedeba-

gavrcelebis meqanizmi: pirvels _ komerciuli, meores _ teritoriuli

(Vallet, 1973, gv.53-72). pirveli, konstruqciuli sagareo faqtori unda

yofiliyo. aseTi koloniebi daarsebulia, rogorc emporionebi. meore _

destruqciuli sagareo faqtoria adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis, radgan

mas Tan axlavs iseTi movlenebi, rogoricaa teritoriis dakargva da

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gandevna. aseTi koloniebi Tavidanve

daarsebulia, rogorc polisebi sasoflo-sameurneo SemogareniT

(xoriT). xmelTaSua da Savi zRvis sanapiroebis berZnuli koloniebis

mecnierulma Seswavlam cxadi gaxada, rom axalSenebi arsdeboda,

viTardeboda da sxvadasxva qronologiur etapze transformacias

ganicdida. metropoliidan Sors daarsebuli axalSenebi droTa

ganmavlobaSi adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan kontaqtebis Sedegad simbiozs

da cvalebadobas ganicdidnen. es cvlilebebi didad iyo damokidebuli

24

adgilobriv biogeogaremoze da sociogaremoze. pirvel rigSi swored

maTzea damokidebuli droTa ganmavlobaSi koloniebSi metropoliisagan

gansxvavebuli sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri wyobis ganviTareba. amitom

principuli mniSvneloba hqonda imas, Tu romel geografiul regionSi

arsdeboda esa Tu is axalSeni. werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebuli kolxeTis sanapiroze mdebare

qalaqebi fasisi, gienosi, dioskuria berZnebis mier daarsdnen, rogorc

emporionebi. maTi daarsebis ZiriTadi mizani iyo, pirvel rigSi,

adgilobrivi nedleulis gatana da sanacvlod kolxeTSi sxvadasxva

fufunebis sagnebis (keramikis, samkaulebis, liTonis WurWlis,

nelsacxeblebis da a.S.) Semotana, rac werilobiTi da arqeologiuri

wyaroebiT dasturdeba. adgilobriv samosaxloebTan daarsebuli am

emporionebis saSualebiT xorcieldeboda ZiriTadad kolxeTis Cabma

ucxoeTis mowinave qveynebis urTierTobebis orbitaSi. amdenad, zRvis

sanapiroze emporionebis warmoqmna TviT kolxebis interesebSi Sedioda.

aseTi mdgomareoba, Cveni azriT, gagrZelda Zv.w. IVs-is bolomde.

kolxeTis samefos daSlis mere ki sanapiroze mdebare emporionebi

TandaTan antikur qveynebsa da Sida kolxeTs Soris buferuli, Sereuli,

polisuri tipis qalaqebad transformirda. amrigad, berZnul "kolonizacias," rogorc sagareo faqtors,

kolxeTisaTvis unda mohyoloda ZiriTadad konstruqciuli, dadebiTi

Zvrebi, kerZod, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi Cabma; adgilobrivi

mosaxleoba gaecno im xanad mowinave berZnul sameurneo, sazogadoebriv

da kulturul miRwevebs, ramac mniSvnelovani stimuli misca kolxur

sazogadoebaSi saqalaqo cxovrebis dawinaurebas. kolxeTma, qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT egrisma, rTuli

istoriuli gza ganvlo. misi ekonomika da politikuri mdgomareoba

sxvadasxva periodSi sxvadasxvanairi iyo. kolxeTis istoriuli

ganviTarebis procesSi wamyvani roli Seasrula biogeogaremom. umetesad

amaze iyo damokidebuli mosaxleobis sameurneo-ekonomikuri,

demografiuli da sulier-kulturuli mdgomareoba. egrisis saxeliT

25

qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi zogjer mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo

aRiniSneba - "xolo egross misca queyana zRvis yurisa, da uCina

sazRvari: aRmosavliT mTa mcire, romelsa aw hqvian lixi; dasavliT

zRua; CrdiloT mdinare mcirisa xazareTisa, sada warswuTebis wueri

kavkasisa"(qarTlis cxovreba, 1955,gv.5). maSasadame, "qarTlis cxovrebis"

mixedviT, egriss garkveul periodSi aRmosavleTiT sazRvravs suramis

anu lixis qedi; dasvleTiT _ zRva, CrdiloeTiT _ kavkasionis mTebi;

xolo samxreTiT aWara-lazeTis mTianeTi.

egrisi qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi ixsenieba, rogorc saerisTavo

"da merve, quji, iyo erisTavi egrisisa" (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.24).

garkveuli droidan toponimi egrisi dasavleT saqarTvelos krebiTi

saxelia (iseTive, rogorc berZnul-laTinuri wyaroebis "kolxida"). is

xan didi teritoriis momcvelia (mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo), xan ki

mcire regionul saxelad gvevlineba; mag., f. buzandis (1953, gv.15) eger-

svanebi, an "qarTlis cxovrebis" "Sida egrisi" (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955,

gv.185), anda kidev, klavdios ptolemaiosis _ ekretika (lomouri, 1955,

gv.45), romelsac eger-egrisis damaxinjebul formad miiCneven

(javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.404; janaSia, 1959, gv.6). "somxur geografiaSi,"

romelic adrindeli berZnuli geografiebis gavleniTaa dawerili,

egrisis teritoriaze aRiniSneba oTxi mxare _ "kolxida, romelic aris

egeri, mdebareobs pontos zRvis aRmosavleTiT, sarmatiis axlos da

sazRvravs iberias da did armenias. egeri iyofa oTx mxared: manrili,

egrisi-egrevika, lazeTi, Wanivi romelic aris qaldea. aq aris bevri mTa,

mdinare, qalaqi, cixe, soflebi da savaWro adgilebi" (somxur

geografiaSi, 1877, gv.38-39).

qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi daculi cnobebi, romlis mixedviTac

azos da SemdgomSi farnavazis dros (Zv.w. IVs. bolo _ IIIs. dasawyisi)

kolxeTis nawili iberiis samefos farglebSia moqceuli, sandod

gamoiyureba. am droisaTvis kolxeTis samefo dasustebulia da veRar

uZlebs nomaduri tomebis Semosevebs. is TandaTan sustdeba da kargavs

teritoriebs. jer aRmosavleT, xolo Semdeg Sida kolxeTzec

26

vrceldeba iberiis gavlena. safiqrebelia, rom swored es teritoria

iwodeboda maSin Zveli qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis egrisad. droTa

ganmavlobaSi saxeli egrisi dasavleT saqarTvelos dasavleT nawilzec

gavrcelda (meliqiSvili, 1965, gv.90). zemoxsenebuls mxars ubams

dasavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiuri monacemebi. Zv.w. IVs-is bolos

kolxeTis materialur kulturaSi, romelic adre erTgvarovani iyo,

SeiniSneba cvlilebebi. Zv.w. IIIs-Si es cvlilebebi kidev ufro gaRrmavda. Semdgom, mkveTri gansxvaveba SeimCneva Sida da zRvispira kolxeTis

materialur kulturaSi (ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1972, gv.40). pirvelad es

aisaxa dakrZalvis axali wesis gaCenaSi (qvevrsamarxebi). amgvari

samarxebi ZiriTadad Sida kolxeTSia aRmoCenili, xolo zRvispireTSi

isini ar gvxvdeba _ nigorzRva, dafnari, dablagomi, mTisZiri,

farcxanayanevi, quTaisi, wyaltubo, maRlaki, banoja, qvitiri, godogani,

odilauri, ajameTi, Cxari, banZa, Zevri, cixesulori, didvani, bzvani,

muxiani, Wognari, mesxeTi, ukaneTi, bukiscixe, zenobani, gogoreTi,

zemofarcxma, TeklaTi, isula, zanaTi, noqalaqevi, batnaoxuro,

lanCxuTi, Zirula, sajavaxo, bori da sxv. (ix. Tolordava,1980,tab.1). Sida kolxeTis qvevrsamarxebSi dakrZalvis ramdenime variantia

dadasturebuli: pirveli _ qvevri vertikaluradaa, miwaSi Tavdayira

Cadgmuli. meore _ qvevri agreTve vertikaluradaa, mxolod ZiriT

qveviT. mesame _ qvevri horizontaluradaa Cadgmuli. samarxebad

gamoyenebulia Cveulebrivi sameurneo daniSnulebis qvevrebi (ruxad

gamomwvari, moSavo zedapiriani; qvevris piri sakmaod farTo da

profilirebulia; muceli TiTqmis sferulia; qvevrebi xSirad

ornamentirebulia reliefuri sartylebiT da vertikaluri qedebiT).

qvevris piris gvirgvini SedarebiT sadaa. masze ar SeimCneva wina epoqis

kolxuri qvevris pirebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ornamenti. qvevrsamarxebi aRmoCenilia kavkasiis mTel rig regionebSi.

arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT qvevrsamarxebis gavrcelebas

saqarTvelos teritoriaze Zv.w. IaTaswleulis meore naxevarSi

varaudoben. kolxeTSi qvevrSi dakrZalvis wesis gaCena, uaxlesi

27

arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, daaxloebiT Zv.w.IVs. miwurulidan

aris savaraudo. qvevrsamarxebis raodenobis mixedviT md. rionis

Suaweli ZiriTadi regionia kolxeTSi. amgvari samarxebidan momdinare

arqeologiuri masala ramdenadme gansxvavdeba mis wina periodSi

arsebulisagan da migviTiTebs cvlilebebze Sida kolxeTis teritoriaze

(ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1972, gv.40). samarxebidan momdinare masala ZiriTadad keramikas da samkaulebs

(mZivebi, liTonis samajurebi, sakisre da sayure rgolebi) Seicavs.

qvevrsamarxebSi aRmoCenili WurWeli sxvadasxvanairia. maTSi SeimCneva

adgilobrivi da Semotanili forma-gaformebis Serwyma. aq aris

adgilobrivTan dakavSirebuli WurWeli da e.w. msxliseburi

moyvanilobis wiTlad moxatuli doqebi, romlebic kolxeTis zRvispira

zolSi araa mikvleuli. qvevrsamarxebSi napovni nivTebi umetes

SemTxvevaSi cotaa da Raribuli. sabrZolo iaraRi maTSi ar gvxvdeba.

uiaraRo qvevrsamarxebTan dakavSirebiT sayuradReboa "qarTlis

cxovrebis" erTi cnoba, romlis mixedviTac azos brZanebiT unda

dasjiloyo yvela, visac iaraRi hqonda: "azo iyo kaci Zneli da

mesisxle, da ese daawesa da amcno spaTa misTa, viTarmed: yovelman

qarTvelTaganman romelman povos saWurveli, mokalT igi. da hyofdes

hromni igi esreT qarTvelTa zeda, da vincavin gamoCndis qarTvelTagani

qmnul-keTili da asakovani, moklian igi"(qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.20).

Sida kolxeTis materialur kulturaSi cvlileba pirvelad sairxis

lominaurSi (ix. nadiraZe, 1975, gv.99), iTxvisSi da vanSi (ix.

lorTqifaniZe, 1977, gv.20) wiTlad moxatuli iberiuli keramikis

gaCeniT aRiniSna. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa brtyelZira, pirgadaSlili

da wiTeli saRebaviT gaformebuli doqebis aRmoCena. wiTlad moxatuli

amgvari WurWeli ucxoa Zv.w. III s-mde kolxeTisaTvis, xolo aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi isini bevria dadasturebuli _ cixiagoras "daWrilebis"

samarovani (nakaiZe, 1980, gv.28-41), TeTriwyaro (boxoCaZe, 1963, gv.27),

Tbilisi (qoriZe, 1958, gv.47). mag.: moyviTalod angobirebuli da

28

wiTlad moxatuli WurWeli inaxeba q. xaSuris mxareTmcodneobis

muzeumSi, sadac sof. tkocidan aris motanili, inv. #036, da a.S.

cvlileba SeimCneva kolxuri xelosnobis iseT mkveTrad gamoxatul

dargSi, rogoric oqros da vercxlis mxatvruli damuSavebaa. Zv.w. VI-

IVss. oqros da vercxlis nivTebis damzadebaSi SeimCneva geometriuli

formebis (samkuTxedi, rombi, wre) da gaformebis teqnikis (cvara,

dakeWvna, grexva) mdgradoba. gavrcelebulia rombiani diademebi, e.w.

sxivana sayureebi, WvirulburTulebiani sayureebi, yelsabamebi,

sasafeTqleebi _ vani, iTxvisi, mTisZiri, qobuleT-fiWvnari, brili,

sairxe, soxumi da a.S. (ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1971, gv.51-63; Wyonia, 1981,

gv.6-53). kolxuri oqromWedloba Zv.w. IVs. meore naxevridan garkveul

stagnacias ganicdis. es SesaZloa gamowveuli iyos samxedro moqmedebebis

Sedegad qveynis ekonomikis dacemiT. Zv.w. IIIsaukunidan icvleba formebi

da gaformebis xerxebi, Semodis poliqromiuloba, sWarbobs ucxouri

saiuveliro nawarmi. dasavleT saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, kerZod, Sida kolxeTis

arqitequturul masalaze, iberiis gavlena aisaxa, magaliTad _ sairxeSi

(nadiraZe, 1975), sazanoSi (jafariZe, 1984, gv.8), mTisZirSi (gamyreliZe,

1982). msgavseba SeimCneva iberiis _ armazcixe, wiwamuri, RarTis kari,

cixiagora, samadlo (gagoSiZe, 1979, gv.62), ufliscixe (xaxutaiSvili,

1970, gv.22) da kolxeTis: vani, sairxe, samSeneblo wesebSi (alizis

aguris da qvaTlilebis gamoyeneba; qvaTlilebis mSrali wyoba da

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis wesi). formis mxriv garkveuli siaxlove

aRiniSneba samadlos da vanis kramits Soris; vanis, mTisZiris,

cixiagoras, samadlos da mcxeTis kramitebis niSnebSic msgavseba

aRiniSneba. saintereso faqtia, msgavseba samadlos, sarkines da vanis

naqalaqarebis terasuli principiT dagegmarebaSi. samadlos zogierTi

samSeneblo qvis petrografiuli Seswavlis Sedegad gairkva, rom aseTi

jiSis qva (eklaris kirqva) moipoveba mxolod dasavleT saqarTveloSi q.

quTaisis maxloblad. aq exlac amuSaveben eklaris qvis sabadoebs. am

karierze ufro axlo samadlosTan amgvari jiSis qva ar moipoveba.

29

kolxeTis materialur kulturaSi gardatexis mimaniSnebelia isic,

rom Zv.w. IVsaukunis bolodan aRar iWreba kolxuri TeTri, romelic

aqamde, TiTqmis sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi, mTavar monetad Cans

kolxeTis samoneto mimoqcevaSi. iberiasa da Sida kolxeTSi Zv.w. III

saukunidan ZiriTadad Semodis aleqsandre makedonelis da lisimaqes

saxelze moWrili monetebi. saqarTvelos teritoriaze napovni 381

monetidan mxolod samiodea mikvleuli zRvis sanapiroze (fiWvnari da

gulrifSis r-ni) (dundua, 1982, gv.15). SemdgomSi aleqsandres da

lisimaqes staterebis minabaZebi sakmao raodenobiT gvxvdeba dasavleT da

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiur masalaSi. Sida kolxeTSi arameulis erT-erTi saxeobis, mcxeTis teritoriaze

dadasturebuli "armazuli" (wereTeli, 1943, gv.2-87) damwerlobis

msgavsi nimuSebi aRmoCenelia sof. borSi (xaragaulis r-ni) napovn

vercxlis TefSze da vanis naqalaqarze gaTxril Zv.w. II-Iss-is nagebobis

nangrevebSi, sadac warwera amokawrulia oqros firfitaze, qalis

reliefuri gamosaxulebis garSemo (Wyonia, 1981, gv.84,125). arameuli

enis specialisti, akad. k. wereTeli Tavis naSromSi "arameuli ena

saqarTveloSi" aRniSnavs: "arameuli damwerlobis xmarebas CvenSi karga

xnis tradicia unda hqonoda. vfiqrobT, marTali unda iyos germaneli

mecnieri elsneri, romelic armazuli damwerlobis Camoyalibebas Zv.w.

II-Iss-Si varaudobs. amasTanave, misi TqmiT, armazuli damwerloba

arameulis Crdilo-mesopotamiuri tipis Semdgom ganviTarebas

warmoadgens. Tu es asea, maSin arameuli enis xmarebas aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi xangrZlivi istoria aqvs da savsebiT bunebrivi Cans, rom

am istoriis dasawyisi aqemenianTa xanaSi unda veZeboT. swored maSin

unda dawyebuliyo saqarTveloSi (aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, g.g.)

arameuli enis xmareba rogorc administraciis enisa" (wereTeli, 1976,

gv.151; wereTeli, 1982, gv.19). SesaZlebelia, rom arameuli damwerloba

kolxeTSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan gavrcelebuliyo. Zv.w. IVsaukunis miwurulis saomari moqmedebebis Sedegadaa etyoba

dangreuli, magaliTad, varcixis "giorgobianebis goris," vanisa da

30

mTisZiris "adeiSvilebis goris" nagebobebi. samwuxarod, Sida kolxeTSi

am periodis sxva nagebobebi jerjerobiT cotaa mikvleuli da gaTxrili.

vfiqrobT, rom Seuswavlel namosaxlarebzec igive situacia aRiniSneba.

sof. varcixis "giorgobianebis goraze" aRmoCenili nageboba dangreul-

gadamwvaria Zv.w. IVs-is miwuruls (jafariZe, 1977, gv.43-50). amave

periodSia gadamwvari vanis naqalaqaris centraluri terasis TeTri qviT

nagebi Senoba da zeda terasaze (nakveTi 211 da 193) gaTxrili

ZelurbaTqaSiani nageboba. Zv.w. IVsaukunis miwurulisaTvisaa dangreuli

sof. mTisZiris "adeiSvilebis goris" Zelur-baTqaSiani TavdacviTi

nageboba (Senobis dangrevis dro radioaqtiuri naxSirbadis daSlis

meTodiTaa gansazRvruli)(ix. gamyreliZe, 1982, gv.56-63, 93). kolxeTis Zv.w. IVs-is miwurulis da Zv.w. IIIs-is pirveli naxevris

materialur kulturaSi zemoT aRniSnuli cvlilebebi SeiZleba, erTi

mxriv, azos (azon) da, meore mxriv, farnavaz-qujis mier

ZalauflebisaTvis brZoliT gamowveuli saomari moqmedebebis SedegebiT

aixsnas. rogorc cnobilia, qarTlis (iberiis) samefos Camoyalibebis

rTuli procesi swored Zv.w. IV-IIIsaukuneebis mijnaze mimdinareobs

(mamulia, 1979, gv.93-113). am droisaTvis Sida kolxeTic politikurad

qarTlis samefos farglebSi erTiandeba. axali samecniero literaturis

mixedviT, qarTuli saistorio gadmocema ("moqcevai qarTlisai" da

"cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa da pirvelTaganTa mamaTa da naTesavTa")

qarTlis samefos warmoSobis da azo-farnavazis urTierTobis Sesaxeb

ZiriTadad sandoa. arian-qarTlidan (mdinare mtkvris, Woroxis saTaveebis

da vanis tbis axlomaxlo teritoria. herodote, III, 94) mosulma

aleqsandre makedonelis mier aRzevebulma azom jer qarTlis

geografiul-strategiuli (md. mtkvrisa da md. aragvis Sesayari) centri

"mcxeTa" daimorCila, xolo SemdgomSi qarTveluri modgmis xalxiT

dasaxlebuli sxva mxareebic daiqvemdebara (maT Soris egrisic). "da mas

miuboZa mcxeTa sajdomad da sazRvari daudva mas hereTi da egris wyali

da somxiTi da mTai crolisai" (Zv. qarTuli agiograf..., 1963, gv.81).

31

zRvispireTSi (md. rionsa da egriswyals Sua mdebare monakveTis

garda), azo-farnavazis epoqaSi, kolxeTis samefos daSlis Semdeg,

safiqrebelia, antikur qveynebsa da iberias Soris buferuli polisuri

tipis qalaqebi warmoiSva. maT gaCenaSi garkveuli roli iTamaSa kolxur

dasaxlebebTan "berZnuli kolonizaciis" Sedegad warmoqmnilma

emporionebma, romlebic kolxeTis samefos daSlis Semdeg

transformirdnen polisuri tipis dasaxlebebad. amis Taobaze

sainteresoa qalaq fasisis Sesaxeb heraklides cnoba fasisis polisuri

wyobilebis (politiis) Sesaxeb. heraklideze mecnierebaSi gansxvavebuli

mosazrebebia gamoTqmuli. zogi mas Zv.w. IVs., xolo zogi Zv.w. IIs.

avtorad miiCnevs. specialist wyaroTmcodneebs miaCniaT, rom

"politiebis" damuSavebis TariRi Zv.w. IVsaukunis Semdgom periods unda

asaxavdes (dawvr. ix. yauxCiSvili,1969, gv.189-190): Sesabamisad im dros,

roca kolxeTis samefos daSlis mere zRvis sanapiroze emporionebi

gardaiqmnen polisurisnair qalaqebad. SesaZloa, rom swored amgvari

"qalaqis" "basilevsi" iyo aki. akis saxeliani moneta sul oria

jerjerobiT napovni; aqedan erTi q. trapizonTan zRvis sanapiroze

(dRevandel TurqeTSi), xolo meore sof. kinCxaSi (martvilis r-ni).

maTi TariRia Zv.w. IIs.

zRvidan mTamde da rionidan egriswylamde teritoria egrisis

saerisTavos ekuTvnoda. farnavaz mefis siZem, egris-svaneTis erisTavma aq

strategiulad moxerxebuli md. texuris Sua welze aago cixe-goji

(qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.24). werilobiTi da uaxlesi arqeologiuri

monacemebis mixedviT cixe-goji damajerebladaa gaigivebuli md. texuris

marcxena napirze mdebare noqalaqevTan. sof. noqalaqevis naqalaqarTan

mikvleulia farnavazis droindeli kramitebi, piramidiseburi sawafebi,

adgilobrivi amforebi da sxv. (ix. grigolia, fxakaZe, 1973, gv.17-38).

galavnis gadaRma gaTxrilia amave periodis qvevrsamarxebi da

ormosamarxebi. cixe-goji, erTi mxriv, samdinaro gziT ukavSirdeboda md.

rions (ZiriTad satransporto magistrals), xolo meore mxriv, qedis

iqiT svaneTsac ukavSirdeboda (md. cxeniswylis ayolebiT).

32

cixe-gojis garda, dasavleT saqarTveloSi leonti mrovels naxsenebi

aqvs Sorapnis da dimnis cixeebi: "erTi gagzavna margvis erisTavad, da

misca mciriT mTiTgan, romel ars lixi, vidre zRu/r/admde egrisisa,

rions zemoT. da amanve farnavaz aRaSenna orni cixeni, Sorapani da

dimna" (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.24). Sorapani Tanamedrove dabaa

Sorapnis cixesTan, xolo dimni sof. zeda dimis nacixarTan aris

gaigivebuli (cqitiSvili,1964,gv.71-106; jafariZe, 1990; bragvaZe, 1990,

gv.137-150). amrigad, azo-farnavazis periodis kolxeTi, zogierTi zRvispira

monakveTis garda, qarTlis samefoSi egris-svaneTis saerisTavos saxiT

iyo gaerTianebuli (ix. gamyreliZe, 1985, gv.86-97). rogorc Cans,

kolxeTSi imxanad imZlavra calkeuli mxare-erTeulebis gaTiSuloba-

dapirispirebam, xolo qarTlSi, piriqiT, meti sazogadoebriv-

politikuri konsolidacia moxda da Zlieri, centralizebul

xelisuflebiani samefo ganviTarda. qarTlis samefom Camoyalibeba-

gaZlierebis procesSi kolxeTis nawilis inkorporacia ganaxorciela

(ix. gamyreliZe, 1985,gv.87-89). aseTi mdgomareoba gagrZelda daaxloebiT

Zv.w. II-Iss-is mijnamde, vidre kolxeTis garkveuli nawili miTridate VI

evpatoris samefos gavlenis qveS ar moeqca. antikur qveynebsa da iberiis samefos Soris kolxeTis zRvispireTSi

Zv.w. IVsaukunis miwurulidan ganviTarda buferuli, polisuri tipis

qalaqebi _ dioskuria, gienosi, fasisi, qobuleT-fiWvnari, xolo Sida

kolxeTi iberiis samefos politikur gavlenas daeqvemdebara

(dawvrilebiT ix. gamyreliZe, 1985, gv.86-97). iberiis politikuri

gavlenis qveS myofi Sida kolxeTis straboniseuli skeptuxiebi

(straboni, XI, II, 18) _ "sairxe" (ix. nadiraZe, 1990), "quTaisi" (ix.

lanCava, 1975; jiqia, 1977, gv. 26-30), "noqalaqevi" (ix. zaqaraia, 1981;

lomouri, 1981, gv.18-46), "vani" (arqeologiuri masala ix. kreb. "vani,"

1972, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983) da sxvebi garkveuli

damoukideblobiT sargeblobdnen. amgvari teritoriuli danawileba

ganviTarda, pirvel rigSi, fizikur-geografiuli da ekonomikur-

33

komunikaciuri mdgomareobis safuZvelze. rogorc Cans, zogierTi Temi

ufro dawinaurda da Camoyalibda garkveul saqalaqo centrad.

kolxeTis sazogadoebriv-politikuri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb friad

cota saistorio werilobiTi da arqeologiuri monacemi mogvepoveba. am

kuTxiT sayuradReboa kolxeTis Sesaxeb strabonis "geografiaSi"

Semonaxuli cnoba: "Tu rogor iyo saxelganTqmuli Zvelad es qveyana,

cxadyofen amas miTebi, romlebic mogviTxroben iasonis laSqrobaze,

romelic movida midiamde da amaze adre ki friqses laSqrobaze. amis

Semdeg memkvidre mefeebma skeptuxiebad dahyves qveyana da hqondaT

zomieri Zalaufleba" (straboni, XI, II,18). rogorc strabonis

"geografiis" am nawyvetidan Cans da arqeologiuri monacemebic amas

mowmoben, daaxloebiT Zv.w. VsaukunisaTvis kolxeTSi ukve gaformebulia

fizikur-geografiul da ekonomikur-komunikaciur safuZvelze

warmoqmnili teritoriuli erTeulebi, romelTa saTaveSi adgilobrivi

dawinaurebuli gvaris warmomadgenlebi idgnen. am teritoriebidan

zogierTi ufro dawinaurda da Camoyalibda garkveul saqalaqo centrad

Tavisi mimdebare teritoriiT. aseTebia, magaliTad, vani, quTaisi, sairxe

da sxv. Semdgom swored es teritoriebi daedo safuZvlad

saerisTaoebad dayofas. strabonis "geografiis" nawyvetidan naTlad

Cans, rom kolxeTi skeptuxiebad daanawiles, raSic unda igulisxmebodes

qveynis dayofa garkveul teritoriul-sammarTvelo erTeulebad. es

danawileba, albaT, xelisuflebam Caatara, raTa, erTi mxriv,

gaadvildeboda administraciulad qveynis marTva, xolo meore mxriv,

kidev meti politikuri centralizaciisaTvis mieRwia (ix. inaZe, 1961,

gv.783-790; lorTqifaniZe, 1977, gv.15). safiqrebelia, rom maTi warmoqmnis pirvel etapze isini ufro

tomobriv-teritoriuli erTeulebia, xolo TandaTan erT-erTi am

erTeulis aristokratiuli gvari winaurdeba da axerxebs danarCenebis

daqvemdebarebas. swored es aristokratiuli gvari Semdeg samefos ukeT

samarTavad da xelisuflebis gansamtkiceblad administraciul

reformebs atarebs. aq, albaT, iseTive reformebi tardeba, rogoric

34

qarTlSi gaatara mefe farnavazma (ix. qarT. cxovreba, 1955, gv.24). droTa ganmavlobaSi kolxeTSi sagamgeblo erTeulebs Soris moxda

garkveuli diferenciacia, radgan aqauri regionuli fizikur-

geografiuli da agroklimaturi pirobebi araTanabaria (mag., rionis

dablobis skeptuxiebi ufro mdidari da SeZlebuli unda yofiliyo,

vidre mTiani guriis). aman SemdgomSi, daaxloebiT Zv.w. IVsaukunis meore

naxevarSi, sagamgebloebs Soris urTierTdapirispireba gamoiwvia, rac

saboloo jamSi kolxeTis samefos dasustebiT da iberiasTan misi

inkorporaciiT dasrulda. qarTuli saistorio tradiciis mixedviT, iberiis mefe farnavazma

egrisis saerisTavo daumtkica qujis, romelic, rogorc Cans, adrec

flobda kolxeTis nawils. axla farnavazma mas teritoriebi

gaufarTova, samefo xelisuflebis administraciuli uflebebic uboZa

(da gaayola colad) da amiT samefo didmoxeled aqcia. sayuradReboa,

rom rva erisTavidan saistorio wyaroSi mxolod qujia moxsenebuli

(qarT.cxovreba, 1955,gv.24). quji warmomavlobiT Zveli aristokratiuli

gvaridan iyo da qarTlis mefis kolxeTSi xelisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi

wvlili miuZRoda. safiqrebelia, rom analogiuri situacia Seiqmna Zv.w. Vs. kolxeTSi,

sadac regionebis saTaveSi mefis xelisuflebisadmi loialurad

ganwyobili adgilobrivi warCinebuli gvaris warmomadgenlebi iyvnen,

romelTac mefem saxelmwifo moxelis funqciac mianiWa. amdagvari unda

yofiliyo kolxeTSi is ierarqiuli kibe, romlis TavSic Zlieri

gamaerTianebeli xelisufali _ mefe idga, xolo mas dawinaurebuli

aristokratebi mosdevdnen. es, etyoba, maSin xdeba, rodesac

aristokratia arcTu ise Zlieria da maTi socialuri statusic

jerjerobiT mkveTrad ar aris gamoxatuli. strabonis TqmiT qveyanaSi

maT "hqondaT zomieri Zalaufleba" (straboni, XI, II,18). SemdgomSi,

roca isini momZlavrdnen, calkeuli skeptuxiebis damoukideblobisaken

swrafva daiwyo, rac Zv.w. IVsaukunis bolos kolxeTis samefos

dasusteba-daSliT damTavrda da isini centralur xelisuflebaze

35

formalurad damokidebul erTeulebad gardaiqmnen. etyoba, swored amis

mere kolxeTSi jer azom, xolo Semdeg qujis (adgilobrivi erT-erTi

skeptuxiis aristokratiuli gvaris warmomadgenlis) saSualebiT

qarTlis mefe farnavazma imZlavra. Zv.w. II-Iss. mijnidan kolxeTis politikur horizontze pontos mefe

miTridate VI evpatori gamoCnda. miTridates drois ponto-kolxeTis

urTierTobis sakiTxebs mravali mkvlevari Seexo, magram specialur

samecniero literaturaSi maT Sesaxeb dRemde azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa

(istoriografia ix. Reinach, 1890; sanikiZe, 1956; gozaliSvili, 1965;

dundua,1974, gv.146-159 da maTSi miTiTebuli literatura). kolxeTSi, pirvel rigSi zRvispira kolxeTSi, pontos samefos Tavisi

politikuri da strategiuli interesebi hqonda. swored aq iyo

ganlagebuli dioskuriis, gienosis, fasisis, qobuleT-fiWvnaris qalaqebi.

am qalaqebis SemoerTebaSi aisaxa miTridate evpatoris ZiriTadi miznis

_ mTeli SavizRvispireTis gaerTianebis grandiozuli ideis

Tanamimdevruli ganxorcieleba. zRvispira kolxeTis qalaqebi miTridatem

pontos samefos Zv.w. II-Iss. mijnaze SeuerTa. xsenebuli qalaqebi, erTi

mxriv, sazRvao vaWrobis _ maTi ekonomikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi sayrdenis

arastabilurobiT, xolo meore mxriv _ kavkasionis mTianeTSi mcxovrebi

meomari tomebis TavdasxmebiT iyvnen Sewuxebuli (straboni,XVII,III,24;

pliniusi,VI,15). iseTi Zlieri xelisufalis mmarTvelobaSi Sesvla,

rogoric miTridate iyo, vaWroba-ekonomikasa da TavdacvaSi

stabilurobis ganmtkicebas moaswavebda. aq, SesaZloa, warmoiSva

daaxloebiT iseTive mdgomareoba, rogoric iyo diofantes laSqrobis

Sedegad pontos samefosTan bosforis samefosa da xersonesis

SemoerTebis dros. sayuradReboa cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom miTridates

kolxeTi memkvidreobiT ergoo (iunianus iustinusi, XXXVIII,7,10).

gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom im sanapiro naqalaqarebze,

romlebic dResdReobiT metnaklebadaa arqeologiurad Seswavlili _

eSera, soxumi-dioskuria, oCamCire-gienosi _ ar aris dadasturebuli

Zv.w. II-Iss-is mijnis gadamwvari fenebi an raime sabrZolo moqmedebis

36

kvali. magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom am qalaqebSi, iseve rogorc

bosforsa da xersonesSi, miTridate garkveul winaaRmdegobas ar

waawyda. magaliTad, memnoni (30) aRniSnavs, rom miTridatem omiT

daimorCila fasisis midamoebi (md. fasisis qvemo weli _ g.g.). am

midamoebis mimdebare teritoriaze, qobuleT-fiWvnarSi naqalaqari

darbeulia Zv.w. IIs. bolosaTvis. Sida kolxeTi miTridates ar SeuerTebia pontos samefosaTvis.

amasTanave ar aris gamoricxuli, rom igi iq SeiWra maSin, roca pompeuss

gamoeqca da zamTari dioskuriaSi gaatara. niSandoblivia isic, rom

arcerT werilobiT wyaroSi ar aisaxa miTridates mier Sida kolxeTis

dapyroba-SemoerTeba. miTridatul istoriografiaSi (ix. sanikiZe, 1956,

gv.26; gozaliSvili, 1965, gv.299) arsebobs mosazreba, rom iberia mudam

pontos mokavSire iyo. magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom politika

cvalebadi ram aris (mag. miTridate da tigrani jer mokavSireebi iyvnen,

xolo Semdeg mosisxle mtrebi; anda, miTridates mama jer romis

"mokavSire da megobari" iyo, xolo Semdeg mteri, an kidev _ maxarem

uRalata mamas da romaelebis mxareze gadavida da sxv.), iberiis samefos

politikac pontos mimarT cvalebadi unda yofiliyo. Tu gadavxedavT

qarTul werilobiT wyaroebs da axal arqeologiur monacemebs, iberiis

samefos usaTuod unda hqonoda garkveuli politikuri interesi

kolxeTSi (ix. gamyreliZe, 1985, gv.97). memnoni(30), apiane(15), iustinusi (XXXVIII, 7,10), straboni (XI,II,18;

XII,III,28) gvamcnoben, rom miTridatem SeierTa kolxeTi, magram

saxeldobr kolxeTis ra nawili, ar aris aRniSnuli. Tu strabonisave

cnobas davujerebT, kolxeTi metwilad zRvasTan mdebareobs (ix.

XI,II,17); Semdeg igi gadmogvcems: "mTeli es sanapiro epyra evpators,

kolxeTidan herakleamde,..." (XII, III,2). Sesabamisad, strabonis mixedviT

miTridates ZiriTadad sanapiro zoli unda daekavebina. strabonis cnobebidanve Cans, rom miTridate ZiriTadad

dainteresebuli iyo kolxeTis sanapiroTi, saidanac mas misdioda meti

wili sanaosno saSualebebis gasamarTavad, xe-tye, seli, kanafi, cvili,

37

fisi _ gemebis asagebad (XI,II,17,18). kolxeTis sanapiro is strategiul-

komunikaciuri mxare iyo, romelic aucileblad sWirdeboda pontos

samefos Tavisi CrdiloSavizRvispira teritoriebis

zedamxedvelobisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, sruliad bunebrivia, rom

miTridatem, daikava ra kolxeTi (dasavleTi kolxeTi), mis

administraciul centrad aqcia qalaqi dioskuria, romelsac misca

monetis moWris ufleba. swored aq dasva miTridatem mis mier

gamogzavnili mmarTveli (ix. straboni, XI,II,18). aq, Tavis kolxur

rezidenciaSi gamoizamTra pompeusisgan devnilma miTridatem (apiane, 101). dasavleT kolxeTis dakavebis dros pontos samefo samxedro-

ekonomikurad Zlieri iyo. swored es iyo, albaT, ZiriTadi mizezi imisa,

rom iberiis samefo molaparakebis Semdeg (ix. memnoni,30) gaCumda da

miTridatem kolxeTis sanapiroze mdebare qalaqebi SeierTa. iberiis

samefos gavlenis qveS ki Sida kolxeTi darCa (ix. gamyreliZe,

1985,gv.86-97). angariSgasawevia agreTve plutarqes cnoba: "iberTa tomi

pontomde aRwevso" da iberebi albanebTan erTad "yvelaze ufro

udidesni" ariano (pompeusi,34). memnoni(30) aRniSnavs, rom miTridatem

mokavSireebad Seiamxanaga parTebi, midielebi, tigrane armenieli,

frigieli mefeebi da iberi mefe, saidanac Cans, rom miTridates da

iberTa mefes Soris adgili hqonda raRac molaparakeba-SeTanxmebas.

miTridates jarSi myofi iberi meomrebi, etyoba, daqiravebuli iyvnen da

iberiis mefis samxedro Zalas ar warmoadgendnen. isini omobdnen

"saCuqarTa miRebis surviliT" (plutarqe, "lukulusi," 26,31). mkveTrad Seicvala situacia kolxeTSi ponto-romis pirveli omis

dasasrulisaTvis, roca miTridatem marcxi ganicada saberZneTSi.

kolxeTSi ifeTqa ajanyebam. ajanyebulebma moiTxoves, rom miTridates aq

mefed Svili daeniSna. miTridate iZulebuli gaxda Seesrulebina

ajanyebulebis moTxovna da kolxeTis mefed gaamwesa Svili _ miTridate

filopatori filadelfi. dasavleT kolxeTis am ajanyeba-areulobaSi,

savaraudoa, rom iberiis xelisufalTa xelic eria; isargebles ra

miTridates warumateblobiT, isini Seecadnen dasavleT kolxeTSi misi

38

gavlena daesustebinaT da amiT TavisTvis momgebiani mdgomareoba

SeeqmnaT. dardanosis zavis (Zv.w. 85w.) Semdeg miTridatem moicala

kolxeTisaTvis: urCi Svili, romelic mamis sawinaaRmdego intrigebSi

Caeba, sikvdiliT dasaja da dasavleT kolxeTSi uwindeli mdgomareoba

aRadgina (apiane, "miTridat..."64). bunebrivia, romTan omebis dros miTridate ecdeboda saimedo zurgi

hqonda (memnoni,30). amitom is moerideboda iberiis samefosTan

urTierTobis gamwvavebas. iberTa xelisufalic, albaT, kargad iyenebda

miTridates amgvar ganwyobas. xan samokavSireo xelSekrulebas udebda

(memnoni,30), xan dasavleT kolxeTSi xalxs ujanyebda (apiane,64), xanac

pompeusisagan devnil miTridates ebrZoda (apiane,101). gaumarTleblad

gveCveneba azri, rom iberebs eSinodaT _ miTridates damarcxebis Semdeg

romi Cven mogvdgebao, da mxolod amitom miemxrnen miTridates. ponto-

romis pirveli omis dros iberia romis politikuri interesebis

arealSi ar imyofeboda. iberiis da miTridates urTierToba plutarqes

("pompeusi,"34) friad miamiturad aqvs gadmocemuli _ iberebs "Zalian

undodaT miTridatesTvis eamebinaT da pompeusi ukueqciaT." miT umetes,

rom plutarqe iqve dasZens: "iberni arc midielebis morCilebaSi

yofilan, arc sparselebs eqvemdebarebodnen da, Tavis droze,

makedonelTa mbrZaneblobac aicdines Tavidan..." (plutarqe, 1957, gv.117).

maS, rad undodaT aseT daumorCileblebs damarcxebuli miTridatesTvis

eamebinaT? "pompeusis" cxovrebis es adgili aradamajereblad

gamoiyureba, miT umetes, rom sxva werilobiTi wyaroebi amave ambis

Txrobisas iberebis mier miTridates maameblobis cdas ar aRniSnaven (ix.

apiane,103; dion kasiusi,"romis istoria," XXXVII,1,2; straboni, XI,I,6). iberebis damarcxebis Semdeg pompeusi Seuferxeblad gadavida

kolxeTSi (plutarqe, "pompeusi,"34). rogorc Cans, iberiisagan

gansxvavebiT, kolxeTSi organizebuli winaaRmdegoba ar gauweviaT.

SesaZloa imitomac, rom skeptuxiebad danawilebuli Sida kolxeTi

politikurad iberiis gavlenis qveS iyo da maT mefe artagis msgavsi

(qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.30) jari ar hyavdaT (artokes jaris

39

Sesaxeb ix. apiane,103; dion kasiusi, "romis istoria," XXXVII,1,2;

plutarqe, "pompeusi,"34). "amis Semdeg, rodesac pompeusma gaigo, rom

fasisi ar aris Sors, gadawyvita mis gayolebiT kolxeTSi Casuliyo"

(dion kasiusi, "romis istoria," XXXVII,3). am nawyvetidan ise Cans, rom

kolxeTi md. fasisis qvemo welze, zRvasTan igulisxmeboda. pompeusi

"daiZra ganzraxuli mimarTulebiT da gaiara kolxebisa da maTi

mezoblebis miwaze, Tan moqmedebda xan darwmunebiT, xan daSinebiT" (dion

kasiusi, "romis istoria," XXXVII,3). ponto-romis mesame omis dasasruls pompeusisagan devnili miTridate

sami aTasi meomriT midis qalaq sinoriaSi (sinorega), raTa suli

moiTqvas da mxedrobas aRWurviloba Seuvsos (apiane,101). aqedan

miTridate jariTurT Tavisi siZis tigranisken gaemarTa, "magram

tigranma igi ar miiRo da Tanac asi talanti jildod Sehpirda mas,

vinc mis Tavs miutanda. amitom miTridatem evfratis saTaves gza auqcia

da kolxeTSi gadavida" (plutarqe, "pompeusi,"32). amasve adasturebs

dion kasius kokeianosi _ "Tavis imedebSi motyuebuli miTridate

gaemarTa kolxeTisaken..." (romis istoria,XXXVI,50). miTridate gadavida

mdinare afsarosze (Worox-olTu) da iqidan md. mtkvris xeobaSi. igi

zRvis sanapiro gziT ar wasula, radgan icoda, rom aq pompeusis

brZanebiT Casafrebuli iyo serviliusi samxedro-sazRvao flotiT

(plutarqe, "pompeusi,"34). serviliuss, etyoba, mTasa da zRvas Soris

viwro sanapiro (afsarosis viwro gasasvlelis Sesaxeb ix.

latiSevi,1904, gv.447) hqonda blokirebuli da miTridates razmebs

elodeboda. miTridate SeiWra xoteneSi, brZoliT gaikafa gza (apiane,101) da

Semdeg dauyva md. mtkvris xeobas, aqedan focxovi-qvabliani-Wubraulis

xeobebSi gadainacvla, radgan mtkvarTan iberebTan Setakeba mouxda

(apiane,101). etyoba, maTTanac, rogorc tigranTan, saqme garTulebuli

hqonda, da gaemarTa "mefiswyaros" gadasasvlelisaken (SesaZloa, rom

miTridate gadavida zekaris gadasasvlelze da Semdeg xaniswyal-rionis

gziT miadga "vans"). es gza Semdeg md. suloris wyalgamyof qedamde

40

aRwevs da xeobaSi eSveba. is arcTu Znelad savalia da sirTuliT

daaxloebiT lixis qedis gadasasvlelebis msgavsia. adgilobrivi

mcxovreblebi mas axlac iyeneben (am gzaze sof. suloris zemoT

"sakakile" Zv.w. III-I ss., md. yumuris xeobaSi sof. gailourTan "msxalTa"

Zv.w. III-Iss-is arqeologiuri masalebia dadasturebuli; ix. gamyreliZe,

1982, gv.32). am adgilebze miuTiTebs albaT straboni, roca gadmogvcems,

rom miTridate "mTebis gadaRma kolxeTSi gaiqcao" (straboni,XII,III,28). Zalebis mokreba da aRWurvilobis Sevseba esaWiroeboda devnil

miTridates. mas xom isev romTan brZolis didi gegmebi utrialebda

TavSi (apiane, 102), rac uzarmazar Tanxebs moiTxovda. miTridates gzaze

ki md. suloris xeobaSi mdidari qalaqi "vani" mdebareobda (vani-suris

Sesaxeb ix. xoStaria, 1960, gv.47; yauxCiSvili, 1987, gv.131). vanis naqalaqarze aRmoCenilia sazogadoebrivi, sataZro-sakulto da

safortifikacio nagebobebis naSTebi. qalaqs hqonda mZlavri samSeneblo

potenciali: kramitis, alizis aguris damamzadebeli da rustirebuli

qvis saTlelebi; samSeneblo-sainJinro codna; mSeneblobis adgilas

masalis mimtani saSualebebi da a.S. rac mTavaria, yvelaferi amis

amoqmedeba moiTxovda garkveul organizaciul gamocdilebas. vanis

naqalaqaris kulturul fenebSi didZali adgilobrivi warmoebis

(qvevrebi, amforebi, qoTnebi, doqebi, jamebi da sxv.) da Semotanili

ucxouri (sinopes, rodosis, qiosis, knidis, kosis keramikuli tara;

mcireaziuri, Savi da wiTellakiani keramika da sxv.) keramikaa nanaxi,

rac savaWro saqmianobaze miuTiTebs. napovnia agreTve terakotebis

gasakeTebeli yalibebi. gvxvdeba didi raodenobis vertikaluri saqsovi

dazgebis sawafebi; adgilobrivad damzadebuli da ucxoeTidan

Semotanili oqromWedlobis nimuSebi.

vanis naqalaqi, Tanamedrove qalaq vanis dasavleTiT, md. rionis

marcxena Senakadis, md. suloris marcxena mxares mdebareobs. is

CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken daferdebul samkuTxa borcvze, qveda,

centralur da zeda terasebzea ganlagebuli, romelic 7 ha-s moicavs.

qalaqis sasimagro kedlebSi koSkebia gamarTuli. CrdiloeTiT mdebare

41

mTavari karibWe Sedgeba urTierTgamijnuli ori karisagan,

naxevarwriuli koSkisagan da saguSago nagebobebisagan. aqvea

sakurTxeveli da qalaqis mfarveli RvTaebis qandakebis kvarcxlbeki,

romelic midgmulia kldeze. qalaqis aRmosavleT mxares meore

Sesasvleli iyo. iqve, didi zomis wylis rezervuaria kldeSi

amokveTili, romelic wylis maragis Sesavsebad iyo gankuTvnili. qalaq

vanis sasimagro kedlebis wyobaSi qvis Tlili kvadrebi erTmaneTTan

mWidrod aris morgebuli. vanis naqalaqarze arqeologiurad

aRmoCenilia elinisturi epoqis kramitiT gadaxuruli sazogadoebrivi,

sataZro-sakulto da safortifikacio nagebobebis naSTebi. vanis

naqalaqaris Sesaxeb Seqmnilia mravali samecniero naSromi. swored am

naSromebze dayrdnobiT gTavazobT vanis naqalaqaris iersaxis savaraudo

restavracia-aRdgenis cdas (arqeologiuri masala ix. kreb. "vani," 1972,

1976, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983 a.S.).

qalaqi "vani" ekonomikurad Zlieri iyo; xelosnoba da vaWroba kargad

iyo ganviTarebuli. mas hqonda sasoflo-sameurneo miwebi _ dablagomi,

mTisZiri, SuamTa, gailouri, keWinara, gora, bagineTi, inaSauri, suloris

"sakakile," Zuluxi, buRnari, bzvani da maT urbanistul centrs

warmoadgenda (ix. gamyreliZe, 1982, gv.36,55). qalaqs mZlavri TavdacviTi

sistema hqonda da, bunebrivia, damcveli razmebic eyoleboda. es

razmebive axorcielebdnen albaT sameurneo miwebis zedamxedvelobas.

“vani”, safiqrebelia, rom geografiul safuZvelze ganviTarebuli

Teokratiuli urbanistuli (ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1972, gv.9-42) erTeuli

iyo, romelic garkveuli TviTmmarTvelobiT sargeblobda. daaxloebiT

Zv.w. IIIs-is dasawyisidan is iberiis samefos gavlenis qveS moeqca.

amdagvari msxvili sakulto kerebi iyo mcire aziaSi _ pontos komana,

anisa, tiana, zela. samwuxarod, es qalaqebi arqeologiurad TiTqmis ar

aris Seswavlili.

gadalaxa ra mTebi (mefiswyaros an zekaris gadasasvleli) sami aTas

erTgul meomarTan erTad, miTridatem (apiane,101; straboni, XII, III,28)

daarbia da gaZarcva "vanis" mdidari qalaqi.

43

arqeologiuri monacemebi adastureben, rom qalaqi Zv.w. Is-is Sua xanebSi

(60-iani wlebi) xanmokle drois ganmavlobaSi dangreulia orjer.

safiqrebelia, rom pirvelad is daangria da gaZarcva miTridatem, xolo

meored pompeusma, romelmac daamarcxa iberiis mefe artoke da SeiWra

kolxeTSi. pompeusma "vanis" mimarT "imoqmeda daSinebiT" (dion kasiusi,

"romis istoria," XXXVII,3) da brZoliT. is "kolxeTSi SeiWra" (ix.

plutarqe, "pompeusi,"34). pompeusma "kolxebTan, albanelebTan,

iberebTan... da sxva aRmosavlel xalxebTan warmatebuli brZolebiT

ganavrco romaelTa Zalaufleba..." (apiane, "miTridates omebi,"114). meore ngrevis kvali yvelaze kargad Cans vanis naqalaqaris Sua

terasis aRmosavleT ferdobze, sadac TavdacviTi kedlebi saswrafod,

saxeldaxelod, saZirkvlis yovelgvari momzadebis gareSea agebuli

Tixnar fenaze. es fena ki pirveli ngrevisagan aris warmoSobili (ix.

lorTqifaniZe, 1968, gv.141). pirveli ngrevis fenaSi ZiriTadad gvxvdeba

arqiteqturuli detalebis natexebi, keramikuli masala, monetebi.

pontos monetebi, etyoba, miTridates meomrebisaa, anda aq SavizRvispira

urbanistuli centrebidanaa moxvedrili. sayuradReboa, rom aseTi

monetebia aRmoCenili eSeris naqalaqarze. naqalaqarze sxva monetebTan

erTad aRmoCnda parTuli fulic, romelic aq iberiis gziT Semodioda

(ix. dundua, lorTqifaniZe g., 1977, gv.119; dundua, 1974, gv.146-159). qalaqis gaZarcvis Semdeg miTridate Tavisi meomrebiT gadavida md.

fasisze(rioni) da gaemarTa qalaq dioskuriisaken. man aq romis

winaaRmdeg axali gegmebis SemuSavebaSi gaatara zamTari (apiane,101),

xolo Semdeg "xmeleTis gziT" wavida bosforSi (dion kasiusi, "romis

istoria," XXXVI,50), radgan sazRvao gza romaelebs hqondaT

blokirebuli. "daamarcxa Tu ara iberebi, pompeusi kolxeTSi SeiWra.

mdinare fasisis sanapiroze mas Seegeba serviliusi Tavisi flotiT,

romliTac igi pontos icavda" (plutarqe, 1957, gv.117). pompeusma

kolxeTSi daamarcxa da tyved igdo skeptuxi olTake_>Olj„khc (apiane,

117). sainteresoa, rom amdagvarive saxelis (Otaces) iberTa razmis

44

winamZRols ixseniebs valerius flakusic (ix. latiSevi, 1904, gv.210).

SesaZloa aq erTidaigive pirovnebaze iyos saubari. miTridates mier qalaqis gaZarcvis da dioskuriisaken wasvlis

Semdeg, qalaqis mesveurebma albaT daiwyes misi TavdacviTi sistemis

saxeldaxelo aRdgena-gamagreba. isini Cqarobdnen, radgan icodnen, rom

roca pompeusi iberebs da albanelebs daamarcxebda, kolxeTSi

gadmovidoda saomrad. pompeuss, etyoba, ar gasWirvebia miTridates mier

gaZarculi qalaqis xelmeored aReba. meore ngrevis fena mxolod

zogierT ubanze dasturdeba (ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1968,gv.141).

naqalaqarze napovnia romauli monetebi (ix. dundua, lorTqifaniZe g.,

1977, gv.124) da romauli sabrZolo Subi _ pilumi. Zv.w. 65wels transkavkasiaSi pirvelad gamoCndnen romis respublikis

legionerebi gneus pompeus magnusis xelmZRvanelobiT. moagvara Tu ara

iberiis sakiTxi, pompeusi gadavida lixis qedze da "kolxeTSi SeiWra"

(plutarqe, pompeusi,34). rogorc Cans, cixesimagre Sorapans (arq. masala

ix. jafariZe,1990, gv.6-8) araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar gauwevia

pompeusisTvis, rac imaze migvaniSnebs, rom am droisaTvis Sorapani,

etyoba, artokes eqvemdebareboda, mas ki romTan samokavSireo

xelSekruleba hqonda dadebuli. straboni sarapanisis (Sorapnis) Sesaxeb

gadmogvcems: "simagres SeuZlia daitios mTeli qalaqis mosaxleoba" (XI,

II,17); "kolxeTidan iberiaSi Sesavali daxSulia kldeebiT, simagreebiTa

da mdinareebis xeobebiT"-o (XI,III,4). romaelebis gamoCenis dros Sida kolxeTi danawilebuli iyo

skeptuxiebad. safiqrebelia, rom maTi nawili iberiis politikur

gavlenas emorCileboda (mag., Sorapani, romelic ubrZolvelad gaiara

pompeusma), xolo nawili ki, etyoba, separatistul, SedarebiT

damoukidebel politikas atarebda (mag., "vanis" skeptuxia). strabonis

dedis biZas, miTridate evpatoris moxeles moafernes ki dasavleTi

kolxeTi (resp. pontos kolxeTi) eqvemdebareboda (straboni, XI,II,18).

pompeusi rom marto mSvidobiani gziT ar moqmedebda kolxeTSi, amaze

miuTiTebs apianes cnoba, rom pompeusma "kolxebTan, albanelebTan,

45

iberebTan, armenielebTan ... da sxva aRmosavlel xalxebTan warmatebuli

brZolebiT ganavrco romaelTa Zalaufleba..."-o (apiane, "miTridates

omebi,"114). amasve aRniSnavs florusi (miTridates omebi,X,40) pompeusma

"daamarcxa kolxebi"-o (ix. latiSevi, 1904, gv.258). romaelTa

agresiulobis dasturia isic, rom romSi pompeusis triumfis dros

tyveTa Soris warmodgenilia "kolxebis skeptuxi olTake" (apiane,117).

SesaZlebelia, rom olTake "vanis" skeptuxTa gvaridan iyo, romelmac

winaaRmdegoba gauwia pompeuss (ix. inaZe,1987, gv.59). apiane (miTridates

omebi,117) triumfis monawileebs ierarqiuli TanamimdevrobiT CamoTvdis;

aq Cans, rom olTake Cveulebrivi sardali ki ar aris, aramed kolxeTis

xe-lisufalTa gvarisaa. igi siaSi mefeebsa da maT SvilTa Soris aris

dasaxelebuli (yauxCiSvili, 1959, gv.36). aseTi warmomavloba,

safiqrebelia, mas aZlevda uflebas, rom calke, artokes pompeusTan

dazavebis Semdeg, kidev gaegrZelebina sakuTari samflobeloebis dacva. romaelebs ar daemorCila da kavkasionis mTebs Seafara Tavi kolxTa

mmarTvelma orozma, rogorc amas gadmogvcems romaeli avtori florusi

("miTridates omebi", X,28) (ix. latiSevi, 1904, gv. 258; The loeb classical

library, 1957, gv.186-188). orozi, Cans, kolxeTis romeliRac mxaris

winamZRol-mmarTveli iyo (daaxloebiT olTakes nairi), romelic ar

daemorCila romaelebs. zogi mkvlevari mas mTeli kolxeTis mefed

(Regem Colchorum – Florus, XL, 28) miiCnevs (ix. berZniSvili, 1969,gv.131),

magram cnobilia agreTve, rom am droisaTvis kolxeTi ar iyo erTiani

samefo. gavixsenoT strabonis cnobebi (XI,II,18) qveynis dayofisa da

dasustebis Sesaxeb (XI,II,17). moafernes, romelic miTridate evpators dasavleT kolxeTSi hyavda

mmarTvelad dayenebuli, winaaRmdegoba ar gauwevia pompeusisTvis. yovel

SemTxvevaSi, moafernes sabrZolo moqmedeba werilobiTi wyaroebidan ar

Cans. sayuradReboa, rom igi ar aris pompeusis triumfis siaSi.

SesaZlebelia, moafernem jer miTridatesTan erTad gamoizamTra

dioskuriaSi, xolo Semdeg masTan erTad bosforisaken wavida.

46

pompeusi md. fasisis gayolebiT Cadis zRvamde (etyoba q. fasisSi),

sadac mas serviliusi flotiT Seegeba (ix. plutarqe, pompeusi,34).

romaelebi dioskuriis, miTridate evpatoris kolxuri rezidenciis

mimarTulebiT aRar wavidnen, radgan SesaZlebelia, rom miTridates

gaqcevis Semdeg qalaqi Tavisi nebiT gadavida pompeusis mxareze da

warmomadgenlebi aaxla. soxumis (dioskuriis) arqeologiur Zeglze Zv.w.

I saukunis kulturuli fenebi sustad aris warmodgenili. aq raime

ngrevis kvali jerjerobiT ara Cans. zRvamde misulma pompeusma miTridates devna mizanSewonilad aRar

CaTvala. plutarqes TqmiT, "bosforisa da meotidis maxloblad

mcxovreb tomebSi TavSefarebuli miTridates devna friad did

siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. amave dros pompeuss auwyes: albanelebi

xelaxla ajanydneno. risxviTa da SurisZiebis surviliT anTebuli

pompeusi albanTa winaaRmdeg daiZra" (plutarqe, pompeusi, 34). pompeuss

"srulebiTac ar undoda mtris devna amaod. igi sxva saqmeebs akeTebda,

romlebic, ase Tu ise, miTridatesTan omTan iyo dakavSirebuli da dros

aWianurebda" (plutarqe, pompeusi,41). klde-RreebSi miTridates devnas

pompeusma moqnili politika amjobina. rogorc Cans, man miTridates

SvilTan farnakesTan kavSiri gaaba da misi xeliT mouswrafa sicocxle

miTridates. plutarqe aRniSnavs, rom miTridates sikvdilis Semdeg

yvelaferi farnakem miisakuTra da pompeuss Seatyobina - "yvelaferi es

CemTvisa da romaelebisaTvis miviReo" (plutarqe, pompeusi,41). mamis

mkvleli farnake pompeusma "romaelTa megobrad da mokavSired gaxada da

uboZa bosforis mefoba..." (apiane, miTridates omebi,113). wavida ra pompeusi afsarosis gasasvlelis da somxeTis gavliT

gaurCebuli albanelebis dasaSoSmineblad (dion kasiusi, XXXVII,3;

plutarqe, pompeusi,35), kolxeTis gamgeblad aristarqe datova (apiane,

114). ori romauli saistorio wyaro aristarqes mefed moixseniebs

(evtropiusi, VI,14; festusi, XVI). magram aristarqes saxeliT Zv.w. 52

wels moWril monetebze is Tavis Tavs mefes ar uwodebs. aristarqe rom

mefe ar aris, es iqidanac Cans, rom amave drois bosforis mefis

47

farnakes monetas aweria "didi mefis farnakesia." SemTxveviTi ar unda

iyos is faqti, rom romTan dakavSirebuli ori pirovnebidan erTi _

farnake mefed, xolo meore aristarqe _ mxolod mmarTvelad ixsenieba

(apiane, 114) (yauxCiSvili, 1959,gv.27-31). friad sayuradReboa mosazreba,

romlis mixedviTac aristarqes monetaze profilSi gamoxatuli, Tavze

gvirgviniani mamakaci Camohgavs pompeusis sxva portretebs (Jenkins, 1959,

gv.32). ase rom, amaSic kargad aisaxa aristarqes daqvemdebarebuli

mdgomareoba romisadmi. erTi mxriv, aristarqes ufleba rom hqonoda Tavis moWril

monetaze mefed moexseniebina Tavi, amas usaTuod gaakeTebda. meore mxriv,

pompeusis mier aRzevebuli aristarqe SesaZloa ar iyo iseTi maRali

(mefuri gvaris) warmomavlobis, rom kolx skeptuxebs eRiarebinaT misi

suzerenoba da amitom amjobina ar gaeRizianebina isini. aristarqe Sida

kolxeTSi ki ar jdeba, aramed dioskurias irCevs mTavar rezidenciad,

romelic adre miTridates kolxuri rezidencia iyo. amas mxars uWers

isic, rom soxumTan (dioskuriasTan) aris aRmoCenili aristarqeseuli

moneta. qalaqi sanapiroze komunikaciuri TvalsazrisiT aristarqesTvis

rezidenciad ufro mosaxerxebeli unda yofiliyo. aqedan ufro kargad

SeiZleboda, erTi mxriv, kolxeTis garkveuli kontrolis qveS yola,

xolo meore mxriv, romaelebTan kavSiri. is, Tu rogori iyo aristarqes realuri Zalaufleba, an konkretulad kolxeTis ra nawili

eqvemdebareboda mas, samwuxarod, saistorio werilobiTi wyaroebidan ar

Cans. CvenTvis agreTve ucnobia, ramdeni xani grZeldeboda zustad

aristarqes mmarTveloba. sagulvebelia, rom igi mmarTvelobs Zv.w. 48 w-

mde, bosforis mefis farnakes kolxeTSi SemoWramde. farnakes da Semdeg miTridate pergamonelis SemoWriT qveyana kidev

ufro dasustda da daqucmacda. straboni evripides sityvebiT

gadmogvcems _ "rodesac qveyana dauZlurdeba, RmerTTa kuTvnilic

sustdeba da aRar undaT misi pativiscema _ ambobs evripide" (XI,II,17).

cnobilia, rom romaelebi eqspansiis dasawyisSi maTdami daqvemdebarebul

qveynebSi ki ar cvlidnen arsebul sammarTvelo aparatis struqturas,

48

aramed mas TavianT samsaxurSi ayenebdnen. isini, aseve moiqcnen kolxeTSi.

maT mmarTvelad daniSnes aristarqe da mas sagamgeblo aparatis

struqtura Zveli dautoves, miTridatesnairi. kolxeTis mmarTvelis

rezidenciad igive darCa (miTridateseuli) _ dioskuria. Sida

kolxeTis "skeptuxiebze" (mag., olTakes skeptuxiaze) safiqrebelia, rom

aristarqes Zalaufleba efemeruli iyo. jer kidev lukulusi

miTridatesTan omis dros aRniSnavda am mxaris srulad damorCilebis

siZneleebs (ix. plutarqe, lukulusi,14). romis respublikaSi Zv.w. I saukunis bolosaTvis Sidapo-litikurma

brZolam gansakuTrebul simwvaves miaRwia. Seqmnili mdgomareobis

gamoyeneba scada miTridate evpatoris Svilma, bosforis mefem

farnakemac. man gadawyvita pontos samefos mamiseul farglebSi aRdgena.

dion kasiosi gadmogvcems: "rogorc naTqvami iyo, man (farnakem) moindoma

mTeli mamiseuli samefos dabruneba da ajanyda keisrisa da pompeusis

urTierTSoris brZolis dros, radgan romaelebi maSin sakuTari

saqmeebiT iyvnen garTuli" (XLII, 45). wavida ra mamis yofili aziuri

samflobeloebisaken, farnakes, bunebrivia, (Tu zRviT ar wavidoda)

umoklesi gziT, kolxeTze unda gaevlo. am dapyrobebs roca aRwers

dion kasiosi, asaxelebs kolxeTs da armenias. Semdeg dapyrobili

armeniis SemTxvevaSi asaxelebs romaelebis momxre mmarTvels deiotares,

xolo kolxeTSi aristarqes damarcxebis Sesaxeb arafers wers. ucnobia

farnakem aristarqe daamarcxa Tu SeikavSira. rogorc plutarqe

aRniSnavs, farnakem "yvela iqauri mefe da tetrarqosi saamboxod

waaqezao" (keisari,50). aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi farnakes moqmedebis

Sesaxeb mxolod erTaderTi cnobaa Semonaxuli, sadac aRniSnulia, rom

man gaZarcva levkoTeas samlocvelo. vidre farnake mcire aziaSi

brZolebs awarmoebda, bosforSi mis mierve daniSnuli mmarTveli asandri

ajanyda. mas undoda farnakes winaaRmdeg gamosvliT romaelebis guli

moego da maTi xelSewyoba-TanxmobiT bosforSi xelisufleba egdo xelT

(dion kasiusi, XLII, 46).

49

Zv.w. 47wels qalaq zelasTan iulius keisarma daamarcxa farnake

(plutarqe, keisari, 50; dion kasiusi, XLII, 47; apiane,120). damarcxebuli

farnake zRvisken gaiqca, bosforSi gadasasvlelad. bosforSi mas

ajanyebuli asandri SeebrZola, daamarcxa da mokla (apiane,120; dion

kasiusi, XLII,47). amis miuxedavad, asandri romaelebma bosforis

mmarTvelad mainc ar daniSnes. bosforis samefo iulius keisarma, sxva

teritoriebTan erTad, Tavis mokavSire miTridate pergamonels uboZa.

magram bosfori miTridate pergamonels asandrisagan xmliT unda

moepovebina (dion kasiosi, XLII, 48). amitom daiZra miTridate

pergamoneli sabrZolvelad bosforisaken. asandrma miTridate

pergamoneli daamarcxa bosforSi laSqrobisas (straboni, XIII,IV,3). ra

xdeboda kolxeTSi zemoxsenebuli omebis dros, werilobiTi wyaroebidan

ucnobia. cnobebis uqonloba am brZolebis Sesaxeb imiTac SeiZleba

aixsnas, rom kolxeTi, dasavleT kolxeTi, am omebSi mxolod

strategiuli mxarea, sadac umoklesi gza gadioda bosforidan mcire

aziisaken. sayuradReboa, rom bosforisa da mcire aziis brZolebis

aRweras saistorio wyaroebSi ufro meti adgili eTmoba. safiqrebelia, rom Sida kolxeTSi SeWra da adgilobrivi skeptuxebis

amxedreba am SemTxvevaSi ar Sedioda meomari mxareebis interesebSi.

bunebrivia, arcerT meomar mxares ar endomeboda zurgSi ajanyebulebi

yoloda, miT umetes, rom cnobilia, marto erTma _ asandris ajanyebam

bosforSi, rogori tragikuli Sedegebi gamoiwvia farnakesaTvis. amitom

SesaZlebelia, rom Sida kolxeTis "samTavroeb-skeptuxiebi" mTeli am

omebis dros garkveul damoukideblobas inarCunebdnen. romis aRmosavluri politika, oqtaviane avgustusis dros ufro

aqtiuri gaxda. romaelebis momxre mefe polemons mieca gankarguleba,

rom bosforSi asandris gardacvalebis Semdeg romis faqtiuri

Zalaufleba aRedgina (dion kasiusi, IV,24/4). dasavleT kolxeTi

amjerad ukve polemonis sabrZolo operaciebis arealSi unda

moxvedriliyo, radgan bosforisaken mimaval gzaze mdebareobda.

polemonma dasavleT kolxeTi oqtaviane avgustusis dasturiT SeuerTa

50

pontos. straboni gadmogvcems: "polemons hqonda kolxeTi, xolo

rodesac is mokvda (Zv.w. 8w.) misi meuRle piTodorisi flobda, mefobda

kolxebze, trapezuntze, farnakeaze da zemoT mcxovreblebze" (XI,II,18).

polemonis moqmedebis Sesaxeb kolxeTSi araviTari werilobiTi cnoba ar

arsebobs. raxan Zv.w. 14 wels polemonma SeierTa bosfori, aqedan

gamomdinare savaraudoa, rom ramdenime wliT adre unda SeeerTebina

dasavleT kolxeTi. romis aRmosavlur politikaSi SavizRvispireTs erT-erTi ZiriTadi

adgili ekava. SavizRvispireTis komunikaciebi aucilebeli iyo parTiis

Zlier saxelmwifosTan qiSpobisas. roms aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTidan

gahqonda liToni, xe-tye, marcvleuli, tyaveuli, seli, Rvino da sxv.

(straboni, XI,II,17). Isaukunis romaeli avtori markus maniliusi

aRniSnavs, rom romaelebs kvebavs numidielTa sanapiro da fasisis

Walebi. Tan am ukanasknelze dasZens, rom es is adgilia, saidanac oqros

sawmisi moitaceso (V,376-377). zRvispira, dasavleT kolxeTi polemonis pontos SemadgenlobaSi

imperator avgustusis dros Sedis. am droisaTvis dasavleT kolxeTi,

marTalia, uSualod ar eqvemdebareboda roms, magram pontos samefos

saSualebiT romis politikur gavlenaSi eqceva. am xanebSi romis

legionerebi kolxeTis miwaze ar idgnen. imperator avgustusis

aRmosavluri politikis ZiriTadi mizani iyo romis aRmosavleTis

sazRvrebTan Seeqmna faqtiurad romze damokidebuli, xolo formalurad

damoukidebeli qveynebi, romelTa xeliTac romi sasazRvro regionebSi

TavisTvis sasurvel politikas gaatarebda. erT-erTi aseTi samefo

polemonis ponto iyo, romelSic dasavleT kolxeTi Sedioda. polemonis

pontos mniSvnelovani centri qalaqi trapezunti teritoriulad axlo

mdebareobda kolxeTTan. romma, miuxedavad Zlevamosilebisa, mainc ver moaxerxa Sida kolxeTis

sruli damorCileba. es ver moxerxda verc aristraqes, verc miTridate

pergamonelis da verc polemonis xeliT. ramdenadme gamarTlda

lukulusis winaswarmetyveleba, romelic aRniSnavda _ am mxaris

51

damorCileba Zalian Zneliao (ix. plutarqe, luk.,14). marTlac, Sida

kolxeTi Tavisi biogeogaremoTi _ xeobebiT, mTebiT, swrafi, Znelad

gadasalaxi mdinareebiT, uRrani tyeebiT _ advilad dasamorCilebeli ar

unda yofiliyo. amas emateboda agreTve agresiulad ganwyobili, Zlieri

samTavroeb-skeptuxiebi. dasavleT, zRvispira kolxeTisaTvis ki

romaelebi garkveuli kontrolis gawevas axerxebdnen. amaSi maTi

ZiriTadi sayrdeni unda yofiliyo sanapiro qalaqebi, romlebSic, Sida

kolxeTisagan gansxvavebiT, SedarebiT Zlieri iyo antikuri sameurneo-

kulturuli gavlena. dasavleT kolxeTi is strategiul-komunikaciuri

mxare iyo, romelic aucileblad sWirdeboda roms Tavisi gavlenis

dasamyareblad mcire aziasa da bosforSi. iberiis samefosTan kolxeTis nawilis inkorporaciam kolxeTis

samefos politikuri statusis Secvla gamoiwvia. kolxeTisaTvis

uaryofiTi sagareo faqtori gamodga pontos samefos eqspansia,

romelsac zRvispireTis aneqsia mohyva. Sida kolxeTSi daingra da

gaiZarcva "vanis" mdidari qalaqi. kolxeTi gadaiqca pontos samefosa da

roms Soris saomari moqmedebebis asparezad, riTac adgilobrivi

mosaxleoba unda dazaralebuliyo. romma garkveuli zemoqmedeba moaxdina

kolxeTis ganviTarebis procesze. erTi mxriv, es zemoqmedeba uaryofiTi

gamodga _ qveynis dasavleTi mxare romis politikur gavlenaSi moeqca,

xolo zogierT regionSi ki romaelTa cbieri politikis Sedegad

arastabiluri mdgomareoba Seiqmna, rac SemdgomSi romisadmi naxevrad

daqvemdebarebuli "samTavroebis" ganviTarebiT dasrulda (mag. ix. _

flavius ariane, "mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo,"11). meore mxriv, romma

_ im droisaTvis mowinave saxelmwifom, dadebiTi rolic iTamaSa

kolxeTis ganviTarebaSi; kerZod, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba ufro axlo

gaecno im droisaTvis mowinave romaul kulturas; sanapiro qalaqebSi

romauli nawarmi gamoCnda; gaecnen axal saomar taqtikas da teqnikas. kolxeTSi xSiri sabrZolo moqmedebebis dros saWiro iyo

organizaciuli sakiTxebis swrafi gadawyveta. es, garkveulwilad, xels

uwyobda adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi sazogadoebriv konsolidacias, rac

52

SemdgomSi kolxeTis memkvidre, lazikis samefos warmoqmnaSi gamoixata.

kolxeT-lazikis da iberia-qarTlis adgilsa da safuZvelze Semdgom

ganviTarda erTiani saxelmwifo _ saqarTvelo. literatura:

aleqsiZe z., cxovreba farnavazisi, Jurn. "mnaTobi", 1984,#12, gv.152-157. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, I t., Tb., 1964. berZniSvili m., qalaq fazisis istoriisaTvis, Tb., 1969. bragvaZe z., kolxeTis aRmosavleTi regionebis (yvirilis xeobis) qarTizaciis

sakiTxisaTvis, saq. mecn. akad. "macne" 1990, #4, gv.137-150. beraZe T., zRvaosnoba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1981. gagua g., kolxeTis agroklimaturi resursebis gamoyeneba, Tb., 1988. gamyreliZe g., centraluri kolxeTis Zveli namosaxlarebi, Tb., 1982. gamyreliZe g., azo-farnavazis droindeli kolxeTis istoriisaTvis, saq. mecn.

akad. "macne" (ist... seria), Tb., 1985, #3, gv.86-97. gamyreliZe g., miTridate evpatori da kolxeT-iberiis istoriis zogierTi

sakiTxi, saq. mecn. akad. "macne" 1989, #2, gv. 59-69. gamyreliZe g. istoriul-topoarqeologiuri Ziebani, Tb., 1993. gozaliSvili g., miTridate pontoeli, Tb., 1965. grigolia g., fxakaZe g., baramiZe m., dasavleT saqarTvelos saZiebo-arqeologiuri

eqspediciis 1966 w. muSaobis Sedegebi, masalebi saqarTvelos da kavkasiis

arqeologiisaTvis, V t., Tb., 1973, gv. 17-38. georgika, III(berZnul-qarTuli teqsti gamosca s.yauxCiSvilma),Tb., 1936. georgika, II (berZnul-qarTuli teqsti gamosca s.yauxCiSvilma),Tb., 1965. gordeziani r., rCeuli naSromebi, "logosi," Tb., 2000. guguSvili p., marcvleuli meurneoba saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1954. dion kasiosi, cnobebi saq. Sesaxeb (gamosca n.lomourma), Tb., 1966. dundua g., iWreboda Tu ara moneta vanSi?, saq. mecn. akad. "macne" (ist.... seria),

Tb., 1974, #2, gv. 146-159. dundua g., lorTqifaniZe g., monetebi vanidan, vani, IIIt.,1977, gv.119-152. dundua T., kolxeTi, Iberia..., numizmatikis mixedviT, Tb.,1993. vaSakiZe v. elinisturi xanis qarTlis socialuri istoriidan, Tb., 1991. vaxuSti batoniSvili, qarTlis cxovreba, t.IV, Tb., 1973.

53

zaqaraia p., noqalaqevSi 1973-77 wlebSi Catarebuli samuSaoebis saerTo

angariSi, kreb. noqalaqevi-arqeopolisi, Tb., 1981, gv. 77-119. Tolordava v., dakrZalva elinisturi xanis saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1980. inaZe m., Zveli kolxeTis sazogadoeba, Tb., 1994. inaZe m., mcire aziis sataZro qalaqebis sakiTxisaTvis, kreb. iv. javaxiSvilisadmi

miZRvnili, Tb., 1976, gv.136-144. inaZe m., aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis berZnuli kolonizacia, Tb., 1982. inaZe m., sataZro centrebi Zvel kolxeTSi, saq. mecn. akad. "macne" (ist.... seria),

Tb., 1986. #4, gv. 32-53. inaZe m., Zveli kolxeTis sazogadoebis socialur-politikuri istoriis

zogierTi sakiTxi, saq. mecn.akad."macne" (ist...), Tb., 1987,#4, gv.46-67. inaZe m., kolxeTis samefos skeptuxiaTa sakiTxisaTvis, saq. mecn. akad. "moambe",

XXVI t., Tb., 1961, #6. gv. 783-790. kaxiZe am., saqarTvelos zRvispireTis antikuri qalaqebi, Tb., 1971. kaxiZe am., aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis antikuri Zeglebi (fiWvnaris berZnuli

samarovani), baTumi, 1975. kecxoveli n., saqarTvelos mcenareuli safari, Tb., 1959. kvirkvelia n., ucxoeli mecnierebi uZvelesi qarTveli tomebis meliToneobis

Sesaxeb, Tb., 1976. korZaxia m., saqarTvelos hava, Tb., 1961. lamberti arqanjelo, samegrelos aRwera, Tb., 1938. lanCava om., quTaisis Zveli istoriisaTvis, Tb., 1975. liCeli v., Zveli vani, sameurneo ubani, Tb., 1991. lomouri n., klavdios ptolemaiosis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, masalebi

saqarTvelos da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nakv. 32, Tb., 1955. lomouri n., noqalaqevi, kreb. noqalaqevi-arqeopolisi,I, Tb.,1981, gv.18. lomouri n., kolxeTis sanapiros berZnuli kolonizacia, Tb., 1962. lorTqifaniZe oT., arqeologia da saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis zogierTi

sakiTxi, saq. mecn. akad. "macne", 1976, #2, gv. 110-128. lorTqifaniZe oT., antikuri samyaro da Zveli kolxeTi, Tb., 1966. lorTqifaniZe oT., vanis naqalaqari, kreb. vani, I t., Tb.,1972, gv.7-42. lorTqifaniZe oT., vanis naqalaqari (gaTxrebi. istoria. problemebi), kreb. vani,

III t., Tb., 1977. gv. 13-27.

54

lorTqifaniZe oT., masalebi Zv.w.Vs. kolxeTis mxatvruli kulturis ist.-Tvis,

Tbilisis universitetis Sromebi,1971, #1 (138), gv.51-63. lorTqifaniZe oT., Zveli kolxeTis kultura, Tb., 1972. lorTqifaniZe oT., antikur xanaSi indoeTidan Savi zRvisken momavali gzis

Sesaxeb, saq. mecn. akad. "moambe", XIX, Tb., 1957, #3. gv.377-384. maruaSvili l., saqarTvelos fizikuri geografia, II, Tb., 1970. maxaraZe g., sairxis naqalaqaris istoriis mniSvnelovani etapi, arqeologiuri

Jurnali,I, Tb., 2000, gv.43-66. meliqiSvili g., saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis uZvelesi

mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis, Tb., 1965. musxeliSvili d., saq. ist. geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, Tb., 1977. nadiraZe j., yvirilis xeobis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, Tb., 1975. nadiraZe j., sairxe, saqarTvelos uZvelesi qalaqi, Tb., 1990. nakaiZe n., Zv. w. IV-III ss. qvevrsamarxebi daWrilebis samarovnidan, kreb.

kavTisxevis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, Tb., 1980, gv. 28-41. plutarqe (Targmna ak. uruSaZem), Tb., 1957. ruxaZe j., Romis kultura dasavleT saqarTveloSi, masalebi saqarTvelos

eTnografiisaTvis, XI, Tb., 1960, gv. 75-91. sanikiZe l., pontos samefo, Tb., 1956. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I t., Tb., 1970. uruSaZe ak., Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi, Tb., 1964. flavius ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo (berZnuli teqsti qarTuli

TargmaniTurT gamosca n. keWaRmaZem), Tb., 1961. qarTlis cxovreba (gamosca s. yauxCiSvilma), It., Tb., 1955. qoriZe d., Tbilisis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, II, Tb., 1958. yauxCiSvili T., saqarTvelos berZnuli warwerebis korpusi, I, II, III, Tb., 2000. yauxCiSvili T., berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi..., Tb., 1967. yauxCiSvili T., hipokrates cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb., 1965. yauxCiSvili T., apiane, Tb., 1959. yauxCiSvili T., heraklide da misi cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, kreb.

aRmosavluri filologia, I, Tb., 1969, gv. 186-190. yauxCiSvili T., vanis axladaRmoCenili berZnuli warwera, kreb. qarTuli

wyaroTmcodneoba, VII, Tb., 1987, gv. 131-143. yauxCiSvili T., strabonis geografia, Tb., 1957.

55

yoranaSvili g., geografiuli garemos roli saz. ganviTarebaSi,Tb., 1975. Sardeni Jan, mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi (Targmna m.

mgalobliSvilma), Tb., 1975. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I wigni, Tb.,1963. Zvelaia m., kolxeTis dablobi, Tb., 1973. ZiZiguri l., Zveli kolxeTis sameurneo kultura, Tb., 1994. wereTeli g., armazis bilingva, "enimkis" moambe, Tb., 1943, #13, gv. 1-83. wereTeli k. arameuli saqarTveloSi, Jur. "mnaTobi",1976, #6, gv.150-157. wereTeli k., arameuli ena, Tb., 1982. Wyonia a., vanis naqalaqaris oqros samkaulebi, kreb. vani VI, Tb., 1981. xazaraZe n., saqarTvelos Zv. ist. eTnopolitikuri problemebi, Tb., 1984. javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, I, t., 1960. javaxiSvili iv.,qarTveli eris istoria, II t., Tb., 1948. janaSia s., Sromebi, II t., Tb., 1952. janaSia s., Sromebi, III t., Tb., 1959. jafariZe a., saqarTvelos cxovelTa samyaro, III t., Tb., 1963. janeliZe W., saqarTvelos bunebrivi garemo qvis xanaSi, saqarTvelos

arqeologia, I t., Tb., 1991, gv.50-69.

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общества, т. II, вып. I, Санкт Петербург, 1904.

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Gofman), Part I, S.-Peterburg 1911.

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chronicle, London, 1959, pp. 32-37.

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istoricheskix nauk", I vol, III part, M., 1973. p.p. 53-72.

56

qalaq fasisis (foTis) topoarqeologiisaTvis

qalaqi foTi, dRes, saqarTvelos umniSvnelovanesi navsadguri da

azia-evropis satranzito gzis erT-erTi ZiriTadi punqtia. qalaqi

foTi saqarTvelos mzardi socialur-ekonimikuri centria.

qalaq fasisis Seswavlis istoria saukune-naxevars iTvlis;

magram jerjerobiT, werilobiTi da arqeologiuri monacemebis

simciris gamo, misi istoriis rigi sakiTxebis sruli gaSuqeba SeuZ-

lebelia [ix. 2, gv.3-21; 3; 19, gv.17-36; 42, gv.271-281; 71; 70; 68,

gv.223; 9; 10, gv.70-110; 14, gv.505; 12, gv.36-55].

zogadad dRevandel q. foTTan da mis SemogarenSi lokalizdeba

antikur werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebuli Zveli qalaqi

fasisi//fazisi. berZnuli werilobiTi wyaroebis toponim fasiss

qarTveluri enebis safuZvelze miRebul foTis saxelwodebad

miiCneven _ foT//faT//fas [11,gv.181-185; 24,gv.96].

q. fasisi ixsenieba Semdeg werilobiT wyaroebSi: fsevdo-skilaqsi,

azia, 81 [34,gv.48]; aristotele, fragmentebi 46 [35,gv.73]; platoni,

"fedoni" 109(b) [63,gv.83]; heraklide lembosi, "fasiselTa politia,"

XVIII [36, gv.195]; hipokrate, "haerTa, wyalTa da adamianTa Sesaxeb,"

15 [33,gv.45]; Teokrite, "idilia," sqolioebi, XIII, 24[23,gv.316];

straboni, "geografia", XI,2,16,17;3,4[32, gv.122,123,128]; fsevdo-

plutarqe, "mdinareebis da mTebis saxelebis Sesaxeb...", fasisi, V,1

[57,gv.223]; pliniusi gaius sekundusi(ufrosi), "naturaluri

istoria", VI,1,13,52, [56, gv.178,179,185]; pomponius mela, "qveynierebis

aRweriloba," I,108[5, gv.29]; flavius ariane, "mogzauroba Savi zRvis

garSemo", 9,10 [1,gv.40]; klavdios ptolemaiosi, "geografiuli

saxelmZRvanelo," V,9T.,2[17,gv.45]; fsevdo-orfevsi, "argonavtika,"

gv.3 [20,gv.89]; Temistiosi, "sityvebi,"XXVII [23,gv.470]; kastoriusi,

e.w. tabula pevtingerisa,X-XI [18, gv.109, tab.2]; amiane marcelinusi,

"istoria" XXII, 8T.,24 [4, gv.112]; anonimi avtori, "evqsinis pontos

periplusi...," 44(3),[57, gv.229]; zosime, "axali istoria," I,32 [29,

57

gv.268]; stefane bizantieli, "eTnika", fasisi [25, gv.286]; agaTia,

"iustinianes mefobis Sesaxeb", III,19,20,21; IV,23[25, gv.97,98,102,

179]; menandre,"istoria," fragmenti 3 [25, gv.209]; epifane

konstantinopoleli, "andrias cxovreba," Tavi - "svaneTi, fusta,

abazgia, jiqeTi" [26,gv.58]; Teofane qronografi, "qronografia...",

fasisis episkopos kvirosis Sesaxeb [26,gv.101]; giorgi kedrene,

"istoriuli mimoxilva...", fasisis episkopos kvirosis Sesaxeb

[27,gv.28]; basili sofeneli, "uwmindesi patriarqebis nusxa," 27 [28,

gv.128,130,139]; nikita xoniate, "qronika...", fasisi sanavsadguro

qalaqi [30,gv.132]; ambrozio kontarini, "mogzauroba kavkasiaSi...", gv.

2-3 (moambe,1894, gv.49,50); arqanjelo lambertis, samegrelos aRwera

[16, gv.172]; Jan Sardeni, "mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis

sxva qveynebSi [38,gv.108]. qalaq fasisis Sesaxeb uZvelesi sayuradRebo werilobiTi cnoba

Semonaxulia Zv.w. IVs-is avtoris fsevdo-skilaqs kariandelis

periplusSi _ "azia",81. umniSvnelovanesi cnoba q. fasisis

adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb daculia Zv.w.I da ax.w. Iss. mijnis

geografosis strabonis "geografiaSi": "fasisze mdebareobs misi

mosaxele qalaqi, kolxTa savaWro adgili, garSemortymuli mdinariT

(rioni -g.g.), tbiT (paliastomi - g.g.) da zRviT" (straboni, XI,2,17).

rogorc vxedavT es aRweriloba zedmiwevniT esadageba dRevandeli q.

foTis mdebareobas. sayuradReboa agreTve q. fasisis TviTmxilvelis,

romis imperiis maRali rangis moxelis, IIs. avtoris flavius arianes

sainspeqcio aRweraSi - "periplusi Savi zRvis garSemo" Semonaxuli

cnoba: "fasisSi rom Sedixar, marcxniv aRmarTulia qalRmerT

fasianes qandakeba"... "TviT cixe-simagre, romelSic Tavsdeba oTxasi

rCeuli meomari, me meCvena metad miudgomlad adgilis bunebis mi-

xedviT, uSiSroebis TvalsazrisiT metad moxerxebul adgilze

moTavsebulad aq momsvlelTaTvis. ormagi Txrili ertymis kedels,

orive farToa, winaT kedeli Tixisa iyo da xis koSkebi idga masze,

magram axla kedeli da koSkebi gamomwvari agurisaganaa gakeTebuli.

58

saZirkveli misi myaria, zed samxedro manqanebia dadgmuli. erTi

sityviT, yovelmxriv imdagvaradaa mowyobili, rom veravin

miuaxlovdes da rom alyis safrTxe ar moelodes cixis damcvelT.

xolo, radgan navsadguri uSiSari TavSesafari unda yofiliyo

xomaldTaTvis, agreTve cixis garSemo mdebare sxva adgilebic,

romlebic dasaxlebulia samsaxuridan gadamdgari samxedro pirebiT

da vaWrebiT" (ariane, "periplusi...",9).

q. fasisidanaa Zv.w. IVs. berZnul warweriani vercxlis fiala

(warweris Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT). berZnul-romauli da bizantiuri

werilobiTi wyaroebi qalaq fasiss xSirad axseneben, magram maTSi

gadmocemuli monacemebi winaaRmdegobrivia; xSirad, cnobebi erTi da

imave wyarodan momdinareobs. werilobiTi wyaroebis tradiciis

gamartivebuli sqemis mixedviT fasisi ZvelTaganve qarTveluri

mosaxleobiT dasaxlebul miwa-wyalzea ioniidan gamosuli mileTe-lebis mier adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan sakontaqtod, savaWro

centrad - emporionad dafuZnebuli [Seadare, 59, gv.187-256; 60,

gv.322-326; 13, gv.119-124; 46, gv.256-274]. arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT foTi-paliastomis mimdebare

teritoriis gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis nasaxlarebidan - namarnu,

Ziguri, siriaCqonis oxoje, nandevu, sagviCio (zurgani, konSa),

naRmipiji, Waladidi (zurga, sabaJo, Cxari), gurifuli, naoxvamu

(sof. reka), ergeta da sxv. [ix. 44, gv.34-38 da ruka] albaT fasisi

ufro dawinaurda. mas komunikaciebis mixedviT moxerxebuli adgili

eWira (kerZod, md. rion-fasisis delta) da urbanistul centrad

ganviTarda. hipokrate (Zv.w. 460-336ww.), zogi mkvlevaris mixedviT, namyofia

da TviTmxilvelia md. fasisis midamoebis [33, gv.8]. is TxzulebaSi

"haerTa, wyalTa da adgilTa Sesaxeb" mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdis

foTi-paliastomis mimdebare teritoriis Sesaxeb. kerZod - "... vinc

fasisSi cxovrobs, maT Sesaxeb mogiTxrobT: es mxare Waobiania,

Tbili, wyliani da teniani." "... adamianebs sacxovrebeli WaobebSi

59

aqvT; xisa da lerwmis saxlebi aqvea agebuli. isini cotas dadian

fexiT qalaqsa (albaT q. fasisSi - g.g.) [71, gv.37-42] da savaWro

(emporionSi) punqtebSi, aramed dacuraven aRma-daRma... navebiT, radgan

arxebi bevria"(hipokrate, "haerTa..."15) [33, gv.45]. am nawyvetidan Cans,

rom md. rion-fasisis qvemo welis mosaxleoba specialur savaWro

punqtSi, fasisis emporionSi dadioda. hipokrates am naweridan

agreTve, TiTqos, isic Cans, rom fasisis deltaSi mdebare adgili

(Tuki is q. fasisia) adgilobrivi mosaxleobis savaWro punqtia

(wyaroSi - ÎmpØrion) da ara berZnuli tipis qalaqi, polisi.saerTod

ki vaWrobis koncentrireba specialur adgilebSi protourbanistul

centrze migvaniSnebs. SesaZloa, rom berZnebis mosvlis Semdeg, aqedan

savaWro saqonlis distribuciac xdeboda (mag. simagris da saerTod

md. rionis gayolebiT namosaxlarebze dadasturebuli antikuri,

importuli nawarmi), rac met-naklebad mudmivmoqmedi bazris gaCenas

gulisxmobs. es ki qalaquri dasaxlebis erT-erTi niSania. md.fasisis SesarTavTan roca berZnebi gamoCndnen, aq protourbanistuli centri

fasisi ukve iyo (gavixsenoT, aq gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis

namosaxlarebi). berZnebma es punqti aRiqves rogorc qalaqi da

savaWro centri (emporioni). berZnebma am savaWro dasaxlebasTan

daamyares kontaqti da droTa ganmavlobaSi aqve gaCnda berZnuli

dasaxlebac. adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan am kontaqtebis ZiriTadi

mizani adgilobrivi nedleulis gatana iyo; sanacvlod kolxeTSi

sxvadasxva fufunebis sagnebi (natifi keramika, samkaulebi, liTonis

WurWeli, nelsacxeblebi da a.S.) SemohqondaT. es ki Zv.w. Vs-is

Semdgomi werilobiTi da arqeologiuri wyaroebiT dasturdeba.

amdenad, zRvis sanapiroze emporionebis warmoqmna ucxoelebis da

adgilobrivebis saerTo interesebSi Sedioda. fasisSi gaxsnili da

daarsebuli berZnebis axalSeni droTa ganmavlobaSi adgilobriv

mosaxleobasTan kontaqtebis Sedegad simbiozs da cvlilebebs

ganicdida. es cvlilebebi didad iyo damokidebuli adgilobriv

biogeogaremoze da sociogaremoze [7, gv.3-45].

60

Zv.w. IIIs-dan, kolxeTis samefos daSlis mere q. fasisi TandaTan

antikur qveynebsa da Sida kolxeTs Soris buferul, eTnikurad

Sereul, polisuri tipis qalaqad transformirda, romelsac albaT

Tavisi sasoflo teritoriac hqonda. amasTan dakavSirebiT

sayuradReboa q. fasisis Sesaxeb Zv.w. IIs-is avtoris heraklides

cnoba fasisis politiaze, romelic aq garkveuli weswyobilebis

arsebobas gulisxmobs [7,gv.46-87]. mniSvnelovania agreTve SedarebiT

gviandeli anonimi avtoris "periplusSi" daculi cnobebi, sadac

fasisTan erTad, konteqstSi, naxsenebia kavkasiis iberebi. Semdgom

aRniSnulia: "mdinaris SesasvlelTan, fasisis marcxena napirze,

moTavsebulia miletelTa mier dafuZnebuli elinuri qalaqi egreT

wodebuli fasisi, romelSiac, rogorc amboben, Tavs iyris samoc

sxvadasxva enaze molaparake xalxi. maT ricxvSi, gadmocemiT,

imyofebian indoeTidan da baqtriidan mosulebic" (Vs. anonimi,3). magram, q. fasisis Sesaxeb es ramdenadme Semajamebeli werilobiTi

wyaro, etyoba Zv.w. IIIs-is Semdgom periods exeba. e.w. didi berZnuli

kolonizacia Zv.w. VIII-VII ss-Si q. fasiss ar Sexebia [Seadare, 3,

gv.7-21; 13; 59, gv.187-256; 60, gv.25-33; 74]. md. rion-fasisis qvemo

welze arqeologiurad aRmoCenili namosaxlarebi (CamonaTvali ix.

zemoT) amas mowmobs. aq ucxouri nawarmi e.w. kolonizaciis epoqaSi

ar Cans, xolo Zv.w. VI-Vss. importuli nawarmi mcirea da sul,

daaxloebiT asi erTeuliT (keramikis natexebi) ganisazRvreba. amitom

aq raRac intensiur berZnul "sakolonizacio" moqmedebebze saubari

jerjerobiT sruliad usafuZvloa. rac Seexeba werilobiT wyaroebs,

albaT SesaZlebelia, rom Zv.w. Vs-Si adgilobriv q. fasisTan an

fasisSi, md. rionis deltaSi, berZnebis mcire savaWro dasaxleba

(emporionis msgavsi) vigulisxmoT. daaxloebiT iseTi rogoric,

Semdgom XIV-XVss-Si foT-fasisSi genuis savaWro faqtoria iyo.

mniSvnelovania is faqtic, rom Zv.w.VIII-VI da gnebavT IVs-mde fasis-

foTis midamoebSi da mTel kolxeTSi raime didi cvlileba

arqeologiur kulturaSi (keramikul da metalurgiul warmoebaSi,

61

arqiteqturaSi, ideologiaSi, dakrZalvis wesSi da sxv.) ar SeimCneva.

xsenebul teritoriaze adgilobrivi sociumi rogorc cxovrobda

isev ise cxovrobs; ar Cans berZnuli kulturis raime zegavlena

mosaxleobis yofaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Zveli fasisis adgilmdebareoba antikuri

werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT zogadad gansazRvrulia (ix.

straboni, ariane), dReisaTvis mecnierebis winaSe isev dgas misi

zusti lokalizebis problema, radgan klasikuri da elinisturi

xanis qalaqi arqeologiurad ar aris dadasturebuli. samagierod

aRmoCenilia adrebizantiuri xanis fasisis naSTebi (ix. qvemoT) [6,

gv.97-117; 10, gv.101]. fasisis lokalizeba-topografiis Sesaxeb gamoTqmulia Semdegi

mosazrebebi: pirveli_ frederik diubua de monpere Tvlis, rom

romauli xanis fasisi mdebareobda sof. Waladidsa da foTs Soris.

kerZod, xsenebul monakveTze, foTis aRmosavleTiT (dRevandeli

aerodromis teritoriaze) man aRmoaCina nacixaris naSTebi, romelic

arianeseul fasisad miiCnia [72, gv.63-80]. meore_ T. brunis azriT

fasisi paliastomis tbis samxreT-aRmosavleT monakveTSi mdebareobda

[47, gv.250]. mesame_ n. Safranovis mosazrebiT fasisi paliastomis

tbis samxreT napirze, md. sufsis SesarTavTan iyo ganlagebuli [65,

gv.3]. meoTxe_ l. elinickis azriT fasisi unda mdebareobdes md.

rionis SesarTavis marcxena napirze daaxloebiT iq, sadac dRes

sazRvao porti mdebareobs [53, gv.319]. mexuTe_ m. berZniSvilis

mosazrebiT fasisi mdebareobda md. rionis marcxena napirze patara

foTTan, xolo arianes droindeli ki iq, sadac diubua de monpere

miuTiTebs[2,gv.19-20]. meeqvse_ b. kuftinis azriT arianes droindeli

fasisi mdebareobda paliastomis tbis Senakadis md. fiCoris

napirebze [55, gv.116]. meSvide_ n. xoStaria Tvlida, rom Zveli da

romaul-bizantiuri xanis fasisi dRevandeli q. foTis adgilze

mdebareobda [41, gv. 33]. merve_ n. lomouri iziarebs diubua de

monperes mosazrebas oRond Tvlis, rom is agaTias (ax.w. VIs.)

62

droindeli naqalaqaria [58,gv.96-99]. mecxre_ g. grigolia fiqrobs,

rom fasisi saZebnelia paliastomis aRmosavleT mxares, sadac md.

fiCori erTvis tbas [12, gv.54]. meaTe_ paleogeograf j. janeliZis

azriT q. fasisi md. rionis xeobis gaswvriv, zRvidan 6 km-ze, patara

foTis da sof. Waladidis irgvliv teritoriaze unda veZeboT [43,

gv.5-16]. meTerTmete_ oT. lorTqifaniZe da T. miqelaZe werilobiTi

da arqeologiuri monacemebis Sejerebis Sedegad mividnen im daskvnam-de, rom "fasisis saxeliT cnobili sxvadasxva epoqis qalaqebi unda

vikvlioT im arqeologiuri Zeglebis Seswavlis gziT, romlebic

ganlagebulia md. rionis SesarTavis auzSi qvemo-Waladids da zRvis

sanapiroze grigoleT-yulevs Soris moqceul teritoriaze" [19,

gv.33]. meTormete_ g. gamyreliZis mosazrebiT III-VIIss. fasisia e.w.

"natexebis" namosaxlari, romelic aRmoCnda foTis samxreT nawilSi,

paliastomis tbis dasavleT monakveTSi. vTvliT, rom lokaluri

geomorfologiuri cvlilebebis gamo, yulevis md. rionis, fiCoris

da sufsas Soris mdebare monakveTSi fasisis nawili xSirad xvdeboda

wyalSi (an torfian WaobSi); amitom qalaqi, mocemuli monakveTis

farglebSi, sxvadasxva epoqaSi sxvadasxva adgilze inacvlebda

[6,gv.97-117; 9,gv.22; 10,gv.101]. q. fasisi evropa-aziis sazRvao-samdinaro-saxmeleTo satranzito

magistralis erT-erTi ZiriTadi punqti iyo [3,gv. 99-119; 48,gv.7-8].

q. fasisis saSualebiT ucxoeTSi gadioda oqro, rkina, saamSeneblo

xe, seli, selis zeTi, Tafli, Rvino, mogvianebiT navTic da sxv. [3,

gv.53-59; 8,gv.26-32]. fasisis saxeliT aris evropul enebSi cnobili

"fasisuri xoxobi" (fazani), romelic agreTve didi raodenobiT

gahyavdaT qalaqis sanaxebidan. elinistur da romaul xanaSi gaizarda

fasisis, rogorc satranzito-savaWro qalaqis mniSvneloba. Zv.w. 66w. fasisTan Sexvdnen erTmaneTs iberiidan gadmosuli

pompeusi da romaelebis samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis xelmZRvaneli

serviliusi, romlis flotic zRvidan ketavda da akontrolebda

qalaqs. aRmosavleT Savi zRvispireTSi romaelebis gavlenis

63

gaZlierebis Semdeg fasisSi Cadga romauli samxedro garnizoni.

swored am garnizonis samxedro-safortifikacio mzadyofnas fasisSi

aRwers 134w. imperator adrianes inspeqtori flavius ariane. am

mxriv sayuradReboa laTinuri damRa, romelic fasisSi ganlagebuli

samxedro nawilisa unda iyos [39, gv.134-140]. cixe-simagre fasisi,

imperator konstantine I-is administraciuli moRvaweobisas

ixsenieba. IVs-is fasisSi umaRlesi ritorikuli skola iyo

ganlagebuli. IVsaukunisaTvis fasisi lazikis (axali kolxuri

samefos) SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. 542-562ww. bizantia iranis omis

dros erT-erTi gadamwyveti brZola swored fasisTan moxda,

romelSiac bizantia-lazikis gaerTianebulma jarma daamarcxa

iranelebi. VI– VIII ss-Si fasisSi iyo konstantinopols

daqvemdebarebuli saepiskoposo. fasisel episkopos Teodores

xelmowera SemorCenilia 553w. msoflio saeklesio krebis gadawyve-tilebaze. erT-erTi fasiseli episkoposi kvirosi dawinaurebul iqna

aleqsandriis patriarqad. SemdgomSi fasisSi rezidencia hqonda

lazikis mitropolits. XIVs-Si fasisSi mdebareobda genuis savaWro

faqtoria (ix.zemoT CamoTvlili werilobiTi wyaroebi). foTi-fasisis da misi midamoebis arqeologiur kvlevas karga xnis

istoria gaaCnia. jer kidev 1834w. frederik diubua de monperem

foTis aRmosavleTiT (dRevandeli aerodromis teritoriaze), adgil

"najixurTan" cixe-simagris naSTebi aRmoaCina, romelic arianes

droindel fasisad miiCnia. man am cixis naxazic Seadgina [61, gv.63-

80]. 1953w. n. xoStariam mcire arqeologiuri dazvervebi Caatara q.

foTis midamoebSi [41, gv.30-33]. 1961-65ww-Si iv. javaxiSvilis sax.

istoriis... institutis foTis arqeologiuri eqspedicia ikvlevda

foTis Semogarens; arqeologiurTan erTad Catarda geologiuri

burRvebic. 1969w. amave institutis dasavleT saq. saZiebo-

arqeologiurma eqspediciam dazvervebi awarmova adgil najixuris

axlos. 1971-80ww. fasisis arqeologiis sakiTxebs ikvlevda iv. java-

xiSvilis sax. istoriis... institutis arqeologiuri eqspedicia

64

(xelmZRvaneli T. miqelaZe). 1985w-dan foTSi kvleva-Ziebas awarmoebs

saqarTvelos mecn. akademiis arqeologiuri kvlevis centris

SavizRvispireTis hidroarqeologiuri eqspedicia (xelmZRvaneli g.

gamyreliZe), romelmac paliastomSi III-VIIss-is namosaxlaris naSTebs

miakvlia.

dRevandeli foTis teritoriaze yvelaze Zveli arqeologiuri

monacemi adgil natexebTan paliastomis tbis dasavleT nawilSi

Tixa-torfian fenebSi dadasturda. aq aRmoCnda Zv.w. IVs-is atikuri

Savlakiani WurWlis profilirebuli qusli da rodosuli amforis

Zv.w. IIIs-is Ziri [48, gv.35,sur.5,6]. q. foTis midamoebSi (zusti

topografia ucnobia) aRmoCnda Zv.w. Vs. kolxuri TeTris 2 cali

didraqma (IItipis) da ramdenime sxva ufro mcire nominali (inaxeba

saq. muzeumSi). foTSi, pirveli maisis da kavkasiis quCebis

gadakveTaze geologiuri burRvis Sedegad 6 m-mde siRrmeze aRmoCnda

sinopuris msgavsi Zv.w. II-Iss-is keramikis naSTebi [21, gv.18-19].

malTayvasTan da sufsasTan, zRvaSi Zv.w. IVs-is pontos herakleis da

sinopis amforebi aRmoCnda.

foTis SemogarenSi samosaxlos kvali aRmoCnda sof. qvemo

WaladidSi, md. rionis marjvena mxares (1,5km-ze CrdiloeTiT),

foTisaken mimavali gzis marcxena mxares, n. yifianis nakveTSi.

borcvis farTobi 1800kv.m; aq gaiTxara Semdegi fenebi: moyviTalo

qviSanarevi Tixnari; moyviTalo Tixnari; damwvari baTqaSiani da

Zelebiani nagebobebis naSTebi. namosaxlaris Sua da qveda fena

ganisazRvra gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xaniT. namosaxlarze ZiriTadad

aRmoCnda keramika: qoTnebi, jamebi, Tasebi. isini umetesad Semkulia

Sverilebiani damaxasiaTebeli yurebiT. keramika ZiriTadad moSavoa.

isini Semkulia irib Wdeebiani, talRovani rombiseburi ornamentiT.

aqve aRmoCnda yalibi, qvis xelsafqvavi, kvirisTavebi, namglis

CasarTavebi. qvemo Waladidis "sabaJos" monakveTze arqeologiuri

gaTxrebi Catarda a. beriZis karmidamoSic. namosaxlarebze, ganaTxarSi

aRmoCnda nagebobebis damwvari Zelebis da baTqaSebis natexebi.

65

keramikis garda aRmoCnda metalurgiuli quris saberveli mili da

yalibi [21, gv.33-40]. meore samosaxlo, romelic SeiZleba miviCnioT

q. fasisis sasoflo gareSemortymad, aRmoCnda sof. saqorqios

aRmosavleT nawilSi, "simagres" saxelwodebiT cnobil monakveTSi, f.

facias sakarmidamosTan, md. rionis marcxena napirze. "simagres"

borcvi 3300kv.m-s moicavs. aqedan jerjerobiT arqeologiurad

Seswavlilia 200kv.m. borcvis qvemo moSao fenaSi (60sm.) aRmoCnda

xis nageboba. aq ramdenime samSeneblo donea. "simagris" namosaxlaris

arqeologiuri masala Zv.w. VI-Vss TariRdeba. "simagris" nagebobebi

oTxkuTxaa da Zelebis wyobiTaa jargvalurad nagebi.

dadasturebulia wnuli Robeebis naSTebi. aRmoCnda nagebobebis

iatakebi. erT-erTi nagebobis naSTebi 112kv.m. masSi aris tixrebi.

nagebobis kedlebis Zelebi ZiriTadad erTmaneTSi CaWdomis wesiT

aris nagebi. aRmoCnda aseTi kedlis Zelebis eqvsi rigi.

simagris namosaxlarze aRmoCnda Zv.w. VI-Vss keramika.

aRsaniSnavia, rom adgilobrivi didad sWarbobs ucxour arqeologiur

masalas. aRmoCenili adgilobrivi keramika yvela arqeologiur fenaSi

tipologiurad erTnairia. keramika damaxasiaTebelia Zv.w. VI-Vss

kolxeTisaTvis. aRmoCnda _ sameurneo: qvevrebi, dergebi; samzareulo:

qoTnebi, qoTnis sarqvelebi, sasmisebi, yurmiliani xeladebi, koWbebi,

langrebi, jamebi. dadasturda - konusuri formis kvirisTavebi;

brinjaos danebi; rkinis Subispirebi; rkinis Toxebi; rkinis danebi;

ankesebi; rkinis lagmebi; wagrZelebuli formis qvis xelsafqvavebi;

xis cicxvebi; sardionis da giSris mZivebi; oqros samkuTxa sakidi,

romelzedac cvaraTi Sesrulebulia meandris ornamenti. ucxouri

keramikidan: amforebi - qiosuri, lesbosuri, samosuri; sufris

WurWeli warmodgenilia ionuri keramikiT - jamebi, Wraqebi da

kilikebi; Savlakiani da Savfiguruli atikuri WurWeli - kilikebi.

md. rionis marcxena terasis gayolebiT zRvidan daaxloebiT 9km-ze,

aRmoCnda Zv.w. V-IVss-is Zelur-baTqaSiani nagebobebi. arqeologiuri

masala aq warmodgenilia kolxuri keramikiT _ qoTnebi, koWbebi,

66

sarqvelebi, yurmiliani doqebi da sxv. elinisturi xanis

arqeologiuri masala aRmoCnda simagris namosaxlaris samxreTiT. aq

zeda fenaSi dadasturda qedebiani qvevrebis da kolxuri amforebis

natexebi. aRmoCnda agreTve sinopuri amforis Zirebi [21, gv.50-78].

foTis sanergis nakveTze, romelic foTis aeroportis Crdilo-

aRmosaveleTiT aris, aRmoCnda adreuli Sua saukuneebis ori

welSezneqili adgilobrivi amfora. aqve dadasturda oTxkuTxa,

diagonalurad urTierTmkveTi, orRariani agurebi. arqeologiuri

masala adreul Sua saukuneebs ganekuTvneba. aqve, foTis aerodromis

midamoebSi, adgil najixuris CrdiloeTiT gaWril TxrilSi

aRmoCnda: aguris da kramitis fragmentebi; gofrirebul zedapiriani

amforis natexebi; imperator adrianes (117-138 ww) saxeliT q.

kesariaSi moWrili vercxlis didraqma [12, gv.44].

simagris namosaxlaris Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, daaxloebiT 300m-ze,

md. rionis marcxena napirze aRmoCnda samarovnis naSTebi. aqve

dadasturda qviT, aguriT da kirxsnariT agebuli Senobis naSTebi.

aRmoCnda urTierTmkveT Rarebiani agurebi, calyura xeladebi,

kaTxebi, oryura qilebi, jamebi. WurWeli damzadebulia kargad

ganleqili Tixisagan da Ria moyavisfrodaa gamomwvari. arqeologiuri

masala adreuli Suasaukuneebisaa.

foTis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi, paliastomis tbasTan, qalaqis

Semosavleli gzis, kaparWinaze axali xidis mSeneblobis adgilze,

aRmoCnda adreuli Sua saukuneebis keramikis fragmnetebi (qvevris

wvetiani Zirebi, jamebi, welSezneqili amforebis natexebi).

paliastomis samxreT-aRmosavleT Senakadis Txorinas SesarTavTan

napovnia gofrirebuli amfora. adreuli Sua saukuneebis amforebis

natexebi napovnia, agreTve, md. fiCoris paliastomTan SerTvis

monakveTSic [6, gv.98-104; 48, gv.33-34]. adreuli Sua saukuneebis

keramika aRmoCnda q. foTis dRevandeli aerodromis teritoriaze,

adgil "najixurSi" (diubua de monperes mikvleuli). kerZod:

urTierTgadamkveT Rariani agurebi, gofrirebuli keramikis natexebi.

67

"najixuridan" samxreT-dasavleTiT md. Savis paliastomTan Sesar-

TavTan, agreTve, aRmoCnda adreuli Sua saukuneebis keramikis

fragmentebi (qvevrebi, gofrirebuli amforebi da sxv.).

fasisTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime epigrafikuli Zeglia

SemorCenili: berZnul warweriani vercxlis fiala, romelic

aRmoCnda yubanSi, e.w. zubovis-yorRanSi (inaxeba s.-peterburgSi,

"ermitaJSi"). fialis diam. 21sm-ia; fskeri amoburculia; gamosaxulia

gveli da irmis Tavebi; pirze aqvs warwera _ >APOLLWNOC

<HGEMONOC >EIMI TOM FASI "apolon winamZRolisa var,

romelic fasisSia". Sesrulebulia berZnuli enis ioniur dialeqtze,

paleografiulad IVs-iT TariRdeba [37, gv.235-236; 71,sur.7-11; 73,

gv.199-216]. laTinur warweriani damRa filaze aRmoCnda sof.

cixisZiris nacixarze (inaxeba saqarTvelos muzeumSi) "VEX.FA",

"VEX[illatio]FA[siana] "veqsilacio fasiana", romelsac q. fasisSi IIs-

Si mdgari samxedro nawilisaTvis damzadebulad miiCneven [39, gv.134-

140]. q. foTSi, paliastomis tbis Crdilo-dasavleT mxares adgil

"natexebSi" aRmoCnda welSezneqili amfora, romelzec berZnuli

grafitoa. amfora VIs. TariRdeba. inaxeba foTis mxareTmcodneobis

muzeumSi [6, gv.115]. zRvaSi sufsis kanionTan aRmoCnda sinopuri

grafitoiani amfora. foTidan, paliastomis tbis midamoebidan, aris

qarTul (mxedrul) warweriani barZimi, romelic q. quTaisis

istoriul-eTnografiul muzeumSi inaxeba (inv.#3788).

1985wels saqarTvelos mecn. akademiis arqeologiuri kvlevis

centrSi Seiqmna SavizRvispireTis Semswavleli hidroarqeologiuri

eqspedicia (g. gamyreliZe). eqspedicias pirvel rigSi daevala

saqarTvelos zRvispireTis hidroarqeologiuri rukis Sedgena.

amisaTvis saWiro Seiqmna hidroarqeologiis TvalTaxedviT

werilobiTi wyaroebis, paleogeografiul- geomorfologiuri

monacemebis xelaxali gadasinjva-Sejereba. am TvalsazrisiT,

saqarTvelos zRvispireTis erT-erTi saintereso ubania foTi da misi

Semogareni. swored am garemoebam ganapiroba hidroarqeologiuri

68

samuSaoebis foTSi dawyeba. paliastomis tbis samxreT nawilSi,

kaparWinas boloSi, adgil "naeklesiarze" riyis qvebiT nagebi kedlis

naSTebi aRmoCnda.

paliastomSi, zRvis SesarTavidan (malTayva) naxevar kilometrze,

tbis dasavleT nawilSi dadasturda III-VIIIss. namosaxlaris naSTebi.

xsenebul punqtSi (top. "natexebi") tba qmnis mcire yures.

paliastomis adgili _ "natexebis" arqeologiuri Seswavlis

dawyebisTanave wamoiWra sakiTxi: es keramika aq Camorecxilia mdinare

rionis mier (winaT rionis nawili paliastomis tbas erTvoda), Tu

namosaxlaris naSTebTan gvaqvs saqme. arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad

gairkva, rom punqt "natexebSi" Zveli namosaxlaria. amas mowmobs:

pirveli - aRmoCnda didi raodenobiT keramikis naSTebi erT garkveul

farTobze; meore - vertikalurad Cadgmuli ramodenime amfora; mesame

- aRmoCnda samarxis naSTi; meoTxe - napirze gaWril xuT sadazvervo

TxrilSi dafiqsirda iseTive saxis keramika, rogoric tbis fskerze.

"natexebis" Zveli namosaxlaris naSTebi daaxloebiT cxraas

kvadratul metrze vrceldeba. tbis fskeri qviSiani da Tixian-

torfiania. mocemul monakveTSi napiridan centrisken, daaxloebiT

samasi metri sila-qviSnaria, xolo Semdeg torfiani Tixis fenebi

iwyeba. zogan torfis fena qviSis fenis qveSaa. gamoricxuli ar aris,

rom Tixa-torfian qveda fenebSi ufro Zveli periodis

arqeologiuri masala aRmoCndes. paliastomis tbis farTobi

Tvrameti kvadratuli kilometria. zRvisa da tbis done Tanabaria.

paliastoms daWaobebuli Semogarenidan momdinare mdinareebi erTvis.

amaTgan yvelaze wyaluxvia md. fiCori.

geomorfologebis azriT, paliastomis tba-laguna zRviuri

reliqtia. Zvelad aq md. rionis limani iyo [54, gv.57-59; 40, gv.25-

33]. sruliad bunebrivia, rom winaT swored am moxerxebul limanSi,

romlis napirzedac navTsayudeli mdebareobda, gemebi Semosuliyvnen.

gemebi Semdeg paliastomis gavliT rionze aRma agrZelebdnen svlas,

69

romelic maSin cnobili savaWro-satranzito gza iyo (straboni,

XI,VII,3).

agaTia fasis-paliastomis Sesaxeb gadmogvcems: "iq xom erTi tba

aris, romelsac patara zRvas eZaxian da romelic evqsinis pontos

uerTdeba; es tba arxis saSualebiT gadmouSves aq da swrafad aavses

wyliT (SesaZloa kaparWina -g.g.). satvirTo xomaldebi zRvis napiras

da fasisis SesarTavTan miacures qalaqis maxloblad" [25, gv.102].

toponim paliastomis Sesaxeb sagulisxmo mosazreba aqvs

gamoTqmuli frederik diubua de monperes, romelic paliastomis

saxels Zveli berZnulis moSveliebiT Semdegnairad xsnis - Zveli

SesarTavi (p‚laiØc-stØma) [72, gv.71] (md. rionis?). igive azrisaa karl

koxi [15, gv.173]. sayuradReboa, rom straboni md. fasisis SesarTavis

mimarT umetes SemTxvevaSi xmarobs lëmnh -s (damdgari wyali, Waobi,

wyalsacavi, limani, tba, zRvis yure). magram igi zogierT SemTxvevaSi

iyenebs stØma -sac (stØmatoc) [32, gv.86], romelic SesarTavs, yures,

Sesasvlelsac niSnavs. Zvel berZnul werilobiT wyaroebSi zogjer

am or sityvas erTad xmaroben - stØma - limnon (limani, yure) [51,

gv.1508, 1509]. amdenad, isini ramdenadme sinonimuri mniSvnelobis

arian. sainteresoa agreTve, rom sityva stØmwma-s erT-erTi

mniSvneloba aris cixe-simagre. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba yofiliyo

p†laëoc-stØmwma (Zveli cixe-simagre) paliastomi // paliastomoma.

paliastomSi adgil "natexebis" namosaxlarze aRmoCenil

arqeologiur masalaSi yvelaze ufro mravalricxovnad

warmodgenilia keramikuli nawarmi. is sxva saxis arqeologiur

monacemebTan erTad warmodgenas gviqmnis "natexebis" Zveli

mosaxleobis cxovrebaze, savaWro urTierTobaze. paliastomSi

("natexebSi") aRmoCenili keramika daniSnulebis mixedviT nawildeba -

samSeneblo, keramikuli tara da sameurneo-saojaxo.

samSeneblo keramika warmodgenilia kramitiT da aguriT.

namosaxlarze dadasturebuli aguri oTxkuTxaa da sisqe 3sm-dan 5

sm-mdea; agurebi zomebiT iseTivea, rogoric dasavleT saqarTvelos

70

adreuli Sua saukuneebis naqalaqarebze - biWvinta, soxumi, oCamCire,

gudava, noqalaqevi, mTisZiri, vaSnari, qobuleT-fiWvnari, cixisZiri,

gonio da sxv. namosaxlarze dadasturda brtyeli gverdebakecili

(soleniseburi) kramiti. gadanakecis simaRle 3,5 sm-dan 5 sm-mdea,

sisqe ki 1,5sm-dan 2,5sm-mde. kramitis Tixa mowiTalo-moyavisfroa da

etyoba minarevebi (kirqva, kvarci). aq adgilobrivis garda aRmoCnda

ucxouri brtyeli kramitis natexebic. am kramitebis Tixa sinopurs

hgavs. samSeneblo masalidan aguris da kramitis garda namosaxlarze

xis Zelebis da damwvari Tixis (baTqaSi) naSTebi aRmoCnda.

gamoricxuli ar aris, rom aq aguriT nageb pirvel sarTulze

Zelebiani TixiT Selesili da kramitiT daxuruli nagebobebi idga.

flavius ariane aRniSnavs, rom fasisSi "winaT kedelebi Tixisa iyo

da xis koSkebi idga masze, magram axla kedeli da koSkebi gamomwvari

agurisaganaa gakeTebuli" [1, gv.40].

Zveli "natexebis" WurWlis umetes, SeiZleba iTqvas, ZiriTad

nawils Seadgens e.w. keramikuli tara amforebis saxiT. "natexebis"

welSezneqili adgilobrivi amforebi yvelaze met siaxloves iCens

noqalaqevSi gaTxrilebTan. saerTod am saxis amforebi

dadasturebulia dasavleT saqarTvelos gvianantikuri xanis -

adreuli Sua saukuneebis Zeglebze: sof. ganTiadi, biWvinta, soxumi,

oCamCire, gudava, mTisZiri, cixisZiri, vardcixe, qobuleT-fiWvnari.

samzareulo keramika warmodgenilia qoTnebiT, jamebiT,

luTeriebiT da doqebiT. qoTnebi sada, mucelgamoberili da

mokleyeliania. maT piri gadaSlili aqvT. kedlis sisqe 6mm-dan 8mm-

mdea; Ziris diametri 7sm-dan 10sm-mdea. qoTnebs fskerze etyoba

wriuli Rarebi. Zveli "natexebis" samzareulo keramikaSi meore

jgufs raodenobis mxriv Seadgenen jamebi. aq ZiriTadad gvxvdeba

kalTamomrgvalebuli brtyelZira dabali jamebi. namosaxlarzeve

aRmoCnda luTeriis tuC-kedlis fragmentebi kecis sisqe 8mm-dan 10

mm-mdea. Tixa moyavisfroa, minarevebiani (kirqva, qarsi, kvarci). Tixis

mixedviT adgilobrivi naxelavia. adgilobrivi warmoebis luTeriebi

71

nanaxia - vardcixeSi, vanSi, biWvintaSi, oCamCireSi, gudavaSi,

noqalaqevSi, mTisZirSi da sxv. sameurneo keramika warmodgenilia

qvevrebiT. kedlebze SeimCneva koncentruli reliefuri xazebi.

qvevrebis Tixa muqi yavisferia. qvevris Zirebi brtyelia da maTi

diametri 12sm-dan - 16sm-mdea. kedlis sisqe 16-19mm-mdea.

paliastomis tbis adgil "natexebis" arqeologiuri Seswavlis

Sedegad aRmoCenili masalis erTi nawili, kerZod, ucxouri keramika

(mTeli arqeologiuri masalis daaxloebiT 25%) zogad warmodgenas

gviqmnis mosaxleobis sagareo urTierTkavSirze. es ucxouri nawarmi

warmodgenilia pirvel rigSi amforebiT, saojaxo moxmarebisaTvis

gankuTvnili wiTellakiani jamebis natexebiT da minis WurWliT.

amforis natexebidan umravlesoba sinopuri Tixis msgavsia. maTi Tixa

Ria monacrisfroa da Tan odnav iisferi dahkravs. amgvari Tixis

amforebi ZiriTadad warmodgenilia Zirebis, kedlebis da yurebis

saxiT. umetesobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia tanis daRaruloba.

sinopuris msgavsi Tixis amforebSi formis mixedviT gamoiyofa

ramodenime jgufi. zemoxsenebuli Tixisnairi amforebi aRmoCenilia -

biWvintaSi, soxumSi, oCamCireSi, gudavaSi, cixisZirSi, webeldaSi da

sxv. namosaxlarze calke gamoiyofa Ria moyavisfro-mowiTalod

gamomwvari amforebi, romlebsac kargad ganleqili Tixa aqvT. isini

saSualo zomis amforebs miekuTvnebian. amnairi amforebi nanaxia

biWvintaSi, cixisZirSi. msgavsi amforebi aRmoCenilia aTenis agoraze.

ar aris gamoricxuli maTi xmelTaSuazRvuri warmoSoba. mivakvlieT

gofrirebuli amforebis naxevarsferosebur Zirebs, romlebsac

wverze patara burcobebi aqvT. maTi Tixa ZiriTadad moyavisfro-

mowiTaloa. amgvari Zirebi biWvintaSi, webeldaSi, soxumSi da

cixisZirSic aris napovni. yuradRebas ipyrobs samosuri amforebis

Zirebi. dasavleT saqarTveloSi samosuri amforebi dadasturebulia

biWvintaSi, soxumSi, oCamCireSi, cixisZirSi, webeldaSi, noqalaqevSi

da zRvis sanapirodan didi manZiliT dacilebul vardcixeSic.

72

"natexebis" keramikul taraSi calke gamoiyofa moyavisfrod

gamomwvari amforebi; SeimCneva qarsis uwvrilesi minarevebi. amgvar

amforebs grZeli da viwro yeli aqvs; piris kideze lilviseburi

wibo dauyveba. yurebi piris kidesTan axloa da horizontalurad

aris mimagrebuli. xsenebuli saxis amforebi formiT Zalian hgavs

Crdilo SavizRvispireTis naqalaqarebze II-IIIsaukunis fenebSi nanax

amforebs. saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi isini jerjerobiT naklebad

aris gamovlenili. samosaxloze wiTellakiani keramikis ramodenime

natexi aRmoCnda. maTi piris kide SigniT aris gadaxrili, sadaa,

kargad ganleqili Tixisaganaa damzadebuli. Tixa Tanabradaa

gamomwvari da baci moyavisfroa. masSi SeimCneva qarsis umciresi

minarevebi. wiTeli laki sakmaod kargad aris SemorCenili. amnairi

WurWeli dasavleT saqarTvelos IV-Vss-is fenebSi gvxvdeba: gonioSi,

cixisZirSi, oCamCireSi, soxumSi, biWvinTaSi, noqalaqevSi, quTaisSi,

webeldaSi, mTisZirSi da a.S. sayuradReboa, rom aseTi keramika didi

raodenobiT aris zRvispireTSi (mag. soxumi, biWvinTa da a.S.).

namosaxlaris arqeologiuri masalis kidev erT jgufs qmnis

minis nawarmi, romelic ZiriTadad fexiani sasmisebiT aris

warmodgenili. e.w. minisfexiani sasmisebis garda aq aRmoCenilia

raRac sxva WurWlebis (maTi formebis gansazRvra Wirs) da

sasarkmle minis natexebi. mina ZiriTadad gamWvirvalea da Ria-

momwvano elferisaa, magram mocisfro fragmentebic gvxvdeba. aseTi

minis natexebi gaTxrilia webeldaSi, gudavaSi, mTisZirSi, soxumSi,

noqalaqevSi da sxv. msgavsi fexiani sasmisebi IV-VIIIss-iT TariRdeba

da bevria napovni aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispira da SavizRvispira

namosaxlarebze. isini, agreTve, nanaxia sanapirodan dacilebul mcire

aziis, kavkasiis, maxlobeli aRmosavleTis regionebSi. minis fexiani

sasmisebi saqarTveloSi dadasturebulia mcxeTaSi, urbnisSi,

rusTavSi, JinvalSi, TbilisSi; biWvintaSi, soxumSi, webeldaSi,

oCamCireSi, gudavaSi, cixisZirSi, vaSnarSi, mTisZirSi, vardcixeSi da

sxva adreuli Suasaukuneebis namosaxlarebze. maT ferSi da formaSi

73

SeimCneva gansxvavebebi. SedarebiT ufro msgavsia saqarTvelos

zRvispireTis samosaxloebis minis sasmisebi.

"natexebis" wyalSi moqceuli nawilis Crdilo-aRmosavleT mxares

ormosamarxis naSTebia. aq dadasturda welSezneqili amfora,

romelsac Tavi watexili da zemodan meore Rarebiani amforis qveda

nawili hqonda damxobili. amforaSi frinvelis da Roris damwvari

Zvlebi iyo. amforasTan adamianis Zvlebi aRmoCnda. samarxSi

dadasturda Semdegi nivTebi: brinjaos sakinZi; sigrZe- 7,7sm;

brinjaos mSvildsakinZi; sigrZe- 4,3sm; brinjaos mSvildsakinZi;

sigrZe- 4,3sm; brinjaos mSvildsakinZi; sigrZe- 5,2sm. amgvari

fibulebi, romlebsac Wvintianebs eZaxian VIs-iT TariRdeba; tyviis

brtyeli oTxkuTxa fila. minis fexiani sasmisi, quslis dm- 4,3sm.

bizantiuri 20numiani spilenZis moneta; zurgze gamosaxuli aqvs "K",

Sublis mxare ar ikiTxeba. moneta iustineII (565-578ww.) dros aris

moWrili. "natexebis" dasavleT monakveTze imperator konstanciusII-

is (337-361ww.) spilenZis monetac aRmoCnda. (namosaxlaris arq.

masalis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. [6, gv.97-117;9;10, gv.70-110; 48,

gv.30-48; 69,gv.101-119]). paliastomSi aRmoCenili "natexebis"

namosaxlaris TariRi jerjerobiT III-VIII saukuneebiT unda

ganisazRvros, xolo iqve aRmoCenili samarxi - VIsaukuniT. am

namosaxlaris saxiT Cven saqme gvaqvs bizantiuri xanis, prokofi

kesarielis da agaTias TxzulebebSi aRwerili fasisis naSTebTan,

romelic ganlagebuli iyo md. fiCoris, Savis da kaparWinas

SesarTavebTan da lokaluri geomorfologiuri cvlilebebis gamo

adgilmonacvleobda [ix. 6, gv.97-117; 48, gv.30-48; 69, gv.101-119; 68,

gv.223-236].

berZnul-laTinuri werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT q. fasisis

adgilmdebareoba TiTqos zustad aris gansazRvruli. qalaqi

ganlagebuli iyo md. fasisis deltis marcxena mxares; aqve saxeldeba

tbac (albaT paliastomi). amgvari gansazRvra zedmiwevniT miesadageba

dRevandeli q. foTis mdebareobas. amis gamo mecnierebi erTsulovnad

74

mianiSneben, rom Zveli fasisi foTsa da mis mimdebare teritoriazea

saZebneli [ix. 2, gv.3-21; 19, gv.17-36; 12, gv.36-55; 9]. amis miuxedavad

klasikur-elinisturi xanis fasisi mainc mikvleuli ar aris. es ki

imitom xdeba, rom xsenebul monakveTSi urTulesi paleo-

geomorfologiuri situaciaa [43, gv.5-16; 54, gv.21-33; 40; 64, gv.8-

12; 50, gv.21-64]. geomorfologiuri mdgomareobis mxriv yulev-foTi-

urekis zRvispireTi TiTqos amovardnilia saqarTvelos zRvispireTis

(330km.) saerTo konteqstidan. aq bundovania globaluri, Savi zRvis

regresiis da transgresiis faqti fasisTan mimarTebaSi. gaurkvevelia

zRvis sanapiro Selfis lokaluri dinamikis sakiTxic. xSirad

geomorfologebi arqeologebis monacemebs eyrdnobian da sanapiroze

namosaxlarebis ganlagebis mixedviT gamoaqvT zogadi daskvnebi. Cveni

azriT sakiTxi kompleqsur Seswavlas moiTxos. oRond, sasurvelia,

rom jer geomorfologebma gagvcen pasuxi Tu rogori iyo sanapiros

dinamika da Zvelad sad erTvoda rioni zRvas. maT unda

gaiTvaliswinon globaluri (regresia-trangresia) da lokaluri

(mdinareebis gamonatani naSali masala; mdinareebis rionis, fiCoris,

xobis, sufsis Zveli kalapotebi; regionis Waobianoba da torfianoba

da sxv.) monacemebi.

sasurvelia, rom paleogeomorfologiuri kvlevisas gamoyenebuli

iyos kosmosuri gadaRebebi saTanado kompiuteruli deSifrirebiT. es

imitom, rom erTxel da samudamod gairkves Tu winaT md. rion-fasisi

sad uerTdeboda zRvas da ra mimarTebaSia gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis da

antikuri xanis namosaxlarebi masTan. samwuxarod, xsenebul regionSi

mxolod aerofotogadaRebebma sasurveli Sedegi ver mogvca.

sayuradReboa, rom aq erTis mxriv xdeba rionis mier saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi didZali naSali masalis gamotana, rac albaT deltis

zRvaSi gawevas iwvevda; xolo meores mxriv xdeboda zRvis donis

aweva, rasac sanapiros mitaceba moyva. dReisaTvis yulev-foTi-urekis

sanapiroze, zRvasTan Zveli namosaxlarebi aRmoCenilia, gvianbrinjao-

adrerkinis _ foTis CrdiloeTiT sof. yulevSi, md. xobis

75

SesarTavTan; agreTve md. civasTan Zv.w. VI-IVss.; foTidan samxreTiT

md. sufsis SesarTavTan; agreTve foTSi, paliastomis "natexebis"

namosaxlaris torfian fenebSi aRmoCnda Zv.w.IVs. Savlakiani WurWlis

natexi da rodosuli amforis qusli (ix. zemoT).

sayuradRebo faqtia, rom marto 1872 wlidan 1965 wlamde foTis

midamoebSi zRvam miitaca 200m-mde siganis miwis monakveTi [14,

gv.505-508]. am monacemebiT gamodis, rom fasisi zRvaSi unda iyos

daZiruli. amis dasturia agreTve mecnier-geografebis monacemebi,

romlis mixedviTac Sav zRvaSi e.w. fanagoriuli regresiis

damTavrebis mere daaxloebiT Zveli da axali welTaRricxvebis

mijnaze daiwyo zRvis transgresia [43, gv.5-16; 50, gv.148-159, 37;

64, gv.12, 53]. Sedegad, dRevandlamde zRvis donem sam metramde aiwia.

Sesabamisad Zveli namosaxlarebi zRvis qveS unda moyoliliyvnen [43,

gv.16; 66, gv.17]. kerZod, amgvari procesebi ganviTarda CrdiloeT [45,

gv. 15-27; 66, gv.13-24] da samxreT (mag. sinopi) SavizRvispireTSi,

sadac mTeli rigi antikuri xanis naqalaqarebi moeqcnen wyalqveS.

foTi-grigoleTis zRvis SelfSi hidroarqeologiuri eqspediciis

[6;48;69] kvleva-Ziebisas zRvis fskerze geomorfologiuri

mdgomareoba friad rTulia. md. rionis samxreTi Stos SesarTavTan

zRva xSirad mRvriea da xilvadoba cudia. mdinares didi raodenobiT

Slami gamoaqvs da zRvis Relvis dros wyalqveS warmoiqmneba qviSis

diunebi. Sesabamisad Tu warmovidgenT, rom es xdeboda saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi, maSin unda vifiqroT - fasisis naSTebi qviSis sqeli

feniT aris dafaruli. hidroarqeologiuri kvlevisas grigoleTis

gaswvriv paliastomis gadmoRma zRvaSi 25m siRrmeSi aRmoCnda e.w.

welSezneqili amforebis mozrdili natexebi. adreuli sinopuri

amfora (piris dm-12sm.; cilindruli yelis simaRle - 15sm.; yurebi

masiuria da WrilSi ovaluri), aRmoCnda zRvaSi sufsis kanionis

maxloblad. pontos herakleis Zv.w. IVs-is meore naxevris amfora

aRmoCnda malTayvasTan zRvaSi.

76

amrigad, geomorfologiuri da topoarqeologiuri monacemebis

Sejerebis mixedviT, klasikuri da elinisturi xanis fasisi

saZebnelia q. foTidan daaxloebiT 12km. radiusis farglebSi -

xmeleTze da zRvaSi. ufro konkretulad ki yulev-foTi-sufsis da

Waladid-saqorqios Soris mdebare samkuTxedSi. lokaluri geomor-

fologiuri cvlilebebis gamo: mdinareebis mier gamotanili naSali

masalis akumulacia zRvispireTSi; torfis Sreebis moZraoba;

niadagis Warbtenianoba; zRvis donis cvalebadoba da sxv. safiqre-

belia, rom q. fasisis nawili xSirad xvdeboda wyalSi. amitom

qalaqi fasisi xsenebuli samkuTxedis farglebSi, sxvadasxva epoqaSi

sxvadasxva adgilze inacvlebda.

literatura:

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81

navTobis transportirebis Sesaxeb fasis-foTSi

(arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT)

q. foTSi SavizRvispireTis eqspediciis mier (ix. gamyreliZe,

1987, gv.97-117) mikvleul "natexebis" namosaxlarze gamorCeul

yuradRebas ipyrobs sami amforis qveda nawili (tab.I1) da amave tipis

amforebis sxva fragmentebi. mocemuli tipis amforebis fskerze

dadasturda bitumiseburi moSavo feris naleqi masa. misi

laboratoriuli gamokvlevis Sedegad gairkva, rom aRniSnuli naleqi

Seicavs navTobproduqtis naxevrad myar asfalt-fisovan narCenebs.

droTa ganmavlobaSi navTobis msubuqi fraqciebi, rogorc Cans,

amforis dazianebisas amoqarda, xolo mZime fraqciebis daJangvis

Sedegad da inertuli naerTebis SereviT iqca asfalt-fisovan masad

(analizi Caatara akc-s interdisciplinarulma laboratoriam,

xelmZR. prof. g. inaniSvili). "natexebis" namosaxlari, sadac aRniSnuli amforebi dafiqsirda,

mdebareobs q. foTis samxreT mxares, zRvis SesarTavidan (malTayva)

daaxloebiT kilometrze, kaparWinas gadmoRma paliastomis tbis

mcire yureSi. tbis fskeri aq qviSiani da Tixa-torfiania.

namosaxlarze samSeneblo keramika warmodgenilia gverdebakecili

kramitiT da aguriT. aris agreTve urTierTgadamkveTRarebiani

aguric. samSeneblo masalidan aguris da kramitis garda aq xis

Zelebis da damwvari Tixis (baTqaSis) naSTebi aRmoCnda. samosaxlos WurWlis umetes nawils Seadgens adgilobrivi

warmoebis keramikuli gadasazidi _ satransporto tara _ amforebi.

isini moyavisfrodaa gamomwvari, wagrZelebuli welSezneqili forma

aqvT da konusiseburi qusliT bolovdebian. adgilobrivi warmoebis

samzareulo keramika warmodgenilia qoTnebiT, jamebiT, luTeriebiT

da doqebiT. sameurneo keramika warmodgenilia brtyelZira (diam. 12

sm-dan 16sm-mde) qvevrebiT. aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masalis

daaxloebiT 25% ucxouri nawarmia. kerZod: sinopuri Tixis magvari

82

gofrirebuli amforebi; Ria moyavisfro, kargad ganleqil Tixiani,

gofrirebuli amforebi; samosuri amforis Zirebi; samosuri

amforiskebi (simaRle 16-19sm.); wiTellakiani jamebis da pinakebis

natexebi. aqve aRmoCnda momwvano, molurjo da moyviTalo feris

minis fexiani sasmisebis da lamprebis fragmentebi. (dawvrilebiT ix.

gamyreliZe, 1987, gv.97-117; gamyreliZe, 1998,gv.22; Gamkrelidze, 1992,

gv.101-119; Gamkrelidze, 1990, gv.223-236). "natexebis" arqeologiuri masalidan, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT,

sayuradReboa navTobis naleqiani amforebi. am tipis amforis sami

mTliani egzemplari aRmoCnda tbaSi (inaxeba foTis muzeumSi).

saerTod, am tipis amforebi 0,50- 0,65m sigrZisaa da gamoirCeva

wagrZelebuli formiT, konusiseburi qusliT, tanze qveda mxareze

xSirad SeimCneva dabali horizontaluri Rarebi, Tixa baci

moyavisfroa (tab.I2,3). isini hgvanan adgilobriv e.w. kolxur

moyavisfro Tixian welSezneqil amforebs; romelTa Tixa xSirad

araTanabarad aris gamomwvari da SeimCneva kirqvis da qarsis wvrili

minarevebi. saerTod, am saxeobebis amfo-rebi bevria aRmoCenili

dasavleT saqarTvelos adreuli Sua saukuneebis arqeologiur

Zeglebze _ ganTiadi, biWvinTa, soxumi, webelda, oCamCire, gudava,

nosiri, baTumi, noqalaqevi, mTisZiri, ureki, cixisZiri da sxv.

(gamyreliZe, 1982,gv.114; zaqaraia, 1974,gv.139; inaiSvili, 1993,gv.54;

ramiSvili, 1965,gv.114; fuTuriZe, 1959,gv.70; fuTuriZe, 1975,gv.148;

jafariZe, 1989,gv.44-51). dReisaTvis maTi nawilis kolxuri

warmomavloba ukve eWvs aRar iwvevs, radgan Catarebulia aseTi

amforebis Tixis petrografiuli analizi (ix. fuTuriZe,1959, gv.70).

Crdilo SavizRvispireTSi aRmoCenili welSezneqili amforebi ki

ufro momcroa da Tixac vizualurad gansxvavebulia. aseTi momcro

welSezneqili amforebi aRmoCenilia yirimSi qalaq tiritakes

gaTxrisas. erT-erT am tipis daxuful amforaSi, romelic gaiTxara

q. tiritakeSi XIII nakveTze, navTobi dadasturda. es amfora

wagrZelebul taniani da welSezneqilia, konusiseburi daboloeba

83

aqvs (simaRle 0,58m). amforis qveda mxares SeimCneva dabali

gofrireba; Tixa baci moyavisfroa (ix. tab.I4). amfora IVs-iT

TariRdeba (Гайдукевич.1952, gv.62). qimiur-laboratoriuli analizis

Sedegad amforaSi dadasturda Txevadi navTobi, xolo fskerze

bitumiseburi danaleqi masa (Успенский. 1952,gv.415). es navTobi,

Semadgenlobis mixedviT, mopovebulia qerCis naxevarkunZulis

Congelekis Zvel sabadoSi. ZiriTadad navTobiT aqedan maragdeboda

CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTi, tiritake, tanaisi, qersonesi da sxv.

(Кострин.1971, gv.264-265; Кострин.1965, gv.291-293). mocemuli tipis

amforebi mravlad aris aRmoCenili qersonesSi (sadac isini

mopovebuli amforebis saerTo raodenobis naxevars warmoadgens),

tiritakeSi, mirmekionSi, istrieSi, varnaSi da sxv. (Якобсон.

1979,gv.12). samxreT Savi-zRvispireTSic sinopTan (demirsSi) aRmoCnda

welSezneqili konusisubur Ziriani amforebi (kasab tezgori, 1999,

gv.22). navTobi da navTobproduqtebis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi icodnen

da moxerxebulad iyenebdnen kidevac mTel Zvel civilizebul

samyaroSi. navTobis erT-erTi saxeobis, asfalt-fisovani, Savfisis

gamoyeneba wyalgaumtar saSualebad, navis, kidobanis, kalaTis

mosafis-mosagozad aRwerilia jer kidev bibliaSi (dabadeba, Tavi

VI,14; gamosvla, TaviII,3). navTobis, navTobis fisis sarewebis da

asfalt-fisis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb samSeneblo-SemakavSirebel masalad,

cnobebs gvawvdis Zv.w. Vs. avtori herodote (I,179; IV,195; VI,119).

navTobis Taobaze cnobebs vxvdebiT sxva berZen-romael avtorebTanac

_ straboni (XVI,I,5,9,15), plutarqe (aleqsandre,35), qsenofonti

(anabasisi, II,4), plinius ufrosi (II,109; XXXV,15), vitruviusi (arq.

I,5,§8). es avtorebi mogviTxroben navTobis da navTobproduqtebis

mopovebis da gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. kerZod, maT nawerebSi moyvanilia

cnobebi navTobis, malTis sabadoebis Sesaxeb mesopotamiaSi,

siciliaSi, palestinaSi da iranSi; sadac is moipoveboda bunebrivi

wyaroebidan da mcire siRrmis Webidan.

84

navTobi, malTa, asfalti gamoiyeneboda, rogorc samSeneblo-

SemakavSirebeli masala; wyalgaumtari saSualeba (mag.

dadasturebulia amforebis Signidan mofisvis faqti; ix._ diuponi,

kaWarava, 1999,gv.9); SesaZloa zogjer es navTobis zeTiTac xdeboda;

liTonis koroziisagan damcavi masala; kultmsaxurebisas (cecxlis

sakurTxevlebSi urevdnen sxva zeTebSi); soflis meurneobaSi,

mcenareebis mavne mwerebisagan dasacavad; samedicino da veterinaluri

wamlebis dasamzadeblad; mumificirebisaTvis; samxredro saqmeSi;

gasanaTebel saSualebad (WraqlamprebSi, sazRvao SuqurebSi,

sxvadasxvanair CiraRdnebSi da a.S.).

navTobi, Savi-moyavisfro momwvano elferis wyalSi uxsnadi

zeTovani nivTierebaa. miwis zedapirTan siaxlovisas is msubuqi

fraqciebis amoqarebis da mZime fraqciebis daJangvis Sedegad blant,

sqel malTad gardaiqmneba; Semdgom myardeba; xolo bolos naxevrad

myar bunebriv asfaltad iqceva. sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonis

ganmartebiT "asfalti _ kldidam da wylidam gamova, Savfiss hgavs"

(orbeliani, 1928, gv.21). amrigad, bunebrivi wyaroebidan moipoveba

navTobis bunebrivi saxeobebi _ navTobis zeTi, malTa, bitumi,

bunebrivi asfalti da a.S. berZnul-laTinur werilobiT wyaroebSi

isini ZiriTadad moixsenieba _ 5sfaltoc, n„fja; naphtha, bitumen, maltha

(ix. Forbes, 1936, gv.4-13). qarTul enaSi sityva "navTi," "nafTi"-s

warmomavloba jerjerobiT bolomde garkveuli ar aris. "wamebai habo

tfilelisa"-Si naxsenebia "...moiRes SeSai da Tiva da nafTi da

daasxes guamsa mas zeda wmidasa da daagznes cecxli..." (Zv. qarT...,

1963,gv.73,5). bibliis Zvel qarTul TargmanebSi "mofisa igi nafTiTa."

"agzebdes mas nafTsa..."(abulaZe, 1973,gv.322). zog enaTmecniers sityva

navTi iranul nasesxobad miaCnia (ix. andronikaSvili, 1966,gv.345).

friad sayuradReboa nikandros kolifonelis (Zv.w.IIs. avtoris)

werilobiTi cnoba _ "medeasi, anu erTdRiani wamalia mosamzadebeli,

romelsac ewodeba kolxiduri, da romelsac isini navTsac (n„fjan)

86

uwodeben; Tu amiT daizelen sxeuls, an tansacmels,... an sxva rames

gaJRenTaven da mzeze dadgebian, cecxli STanTqavT da moispobian. ...

misi momzadeba medeam aRmoaCina, amitom kolxurs eZaxian" (ix.

sqolioni 249 da Semd. (uruSaZe, 1964, gv.335). kolxi medeas mier

navTobis gamoyenebas adasturebs agreTve plutarqe _ "navTobi is

Sxami iyo, romliTac medeam wamosasxami da Tavsamkauli gaJRinTa,

razedac tragediaSia gadmocemuli." "...Tavsamkaulsa da wamosasxams

cecxli moedoo" (plutarqe, aleqs.,35). aq, tragediaSi igulisxmeba

evripides piesa "medea"(str.1410), sadac medeam, SurisZiebis mizniT,

navTobiT da raRac sxva mcenareebiT damzadebuli naerTiT cecxli

gauCina da daRupa kreonti da misi asuli glavke. navTobis da kolxi medeas Sesaxeb sayuradRebo cnobas gvawvdis

agreTve VI s. cnobili da sando istorikosi prokopi kesarieli. is

aRwers kolxeTSi, fasisidan samxreTiT qalaq petrasTan (dRevandeli

cixisZiri, qobuleTTan) 550w. romaelebis da sparselebis brZolas,

romelSic adgilobrivi mosaxleobac iRebda monawileobas _ "maT

aavses qoTnebi gogirdiT, asfaltiT da erTi sawamlaviT, romelsac

midielebi navTs eZaxian, elinebi ki medeas zeTs (Mhdeëac Ôlaion),

moukides maT cecxli da esrodnen kedlis damangrevel manqanebs,

romlebic TiTqmis yvela dawves." "...magram maT didxans ver gauZles

amas; vinaidan cecxli, sadac ki moedeboda, maSinve agizgizdeboda, Tu

is maSinve ar iqneboda ukugdebuli" (prokopi kesarieli, BG, VIII, 11;

yauxCiSvili, 1965, gv.171). amgvarad, kolxeTSi samxedro moqmedebebis

dros gamoiyeneboda "medeas zeTi," navTobi da sxva komponentebi,

romelic Tanamedrove "napalms" hgavda Tavisi moqmedebiT. iqve

TxzulebaSi, prokopi kesarieli dasZens _ "cecxli avarda, moedo da

medeas saxeliT cnobili zeTisa da sxva momaragebul nivTierebaTa

wyalobiT mTeli koSki da iq myofi sparselebi gadawva"(BG, VIII,11).

antikur werilobiT wyaroebSi Semonaxuli cnobebi adastureben

e.w."medeas zeTSi" navTobis Semcvelobas. Sesabamisad kolxeTi

warmoCindeba im qveynad, sadac kargad icnobdnen navTobis Tvisebebs

87

da iyenebdnen kidevac mas. am mxriv sayuradReboa foTi-fasisis (sadac

navTobis naSTiani amforebi dadasturda) samxreTiT ramdenime

kilometrze md. sufsis da natanebis qvemo welze navTobis

sabadoebis da bunebrivi asfaltis (Zvelaia, 1973,gv.51; Кикнадзе.

1990, gv.192) naSTebis arseboba, rac aq Zvelad bunebrivi wyaroebidan

navTobis mopovebas ar unda gamoricxavdes. aq dResac aris navTobis

sarewebi. saqarTveloSi sxvagan navTobis bunebrivi wyaroebi

ZvelTaganve cnobilia samgori-patarZeuli-navTluRis (q. Tbilisis

erT-erTi ubnis navTluRis saxeli navTobs ukavSirdeba _ Tbilisis...,

1990, gv.339) monakveTze. navTobis sabadoebi mdebareobs agreTve

mirzaanSi, SiraqSi, eldarSi da foTTan axlos WaladidSi. q. fasisi, SemdgomSi foTi (sadac navTobiani amforebi aRmoCnda), kargad cnobili evropa-aziis sazRvao-samdinaro-saxmeleTo

satranzito, savaWro gzis erT-erTi ZiriTadi punqti iyo (ix.

berZniSvili, 1969,gv.99). SesaZloa swored, q. fasisze gavliT

xdeboda transportireba samSeneblo xe-tyis, selis, fisis, Taflis,

Rvinis, liTonis, tyaveulis da sxva produqciis Tu nakeTobis.

gvianantikur xanaSi da adreul SuasaukuneebSi kidev ufro gaizarda

fasisis, rogorc satranzito-savaWro qalaqis mniSvneloba (straboni

XI,II,17; plinius ufrosiNH,VI,52; anonimiXLII,3). sxva savaWro

produqcias axla ukve SeiZleba daematos arqeologiurad

dadasturebuli navTobic, romelic amforebiT transportirdeboda

sazRvao xomaldebis saSualebiT, savaraudod, yirimis

naxevarkunZulidan. SesaZlebelia agreTve, rom foTSi navTobi

satranzito gziT kaspiis zRvis sanapirodan an zemoT moxsenebuli,

saqarTvelos teritoriaze mdebare sarewebidanac moxvedriliyo.

literatura:

abulaZe, il. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni. Tb., 1973. andronikaSvili, m. narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli..., t.I. Tb.,1966.

88

berZniSvili m., q. fazisis istoriisaTvis. Tb., 1969. gamyreliZe g., centraluri kolxeTis namosaxlarebi, Tb., 1982. gamyreliZe g., wyalqveSa..., saq. mecn. akad. macne (ist.), #1. 1987, gv.97-117. gamyreliZe g., foTi-fasisis topoarqeologiisaTvis. Tb., 1998. diuponi p., fisis..., SavizRvispireTis Zv. ist. IXsimpoziumi, vani,1999,gv.9. zaqaraia p., leqvinaZe v., gudavaSi 1971w. Catarebuli gaTxrebis angariSi, saq.

sax.muzeumis arq. eqspediciebi, III. Tb., 1974, gv.139-153. Tbilisis istoria (red. m. dumbaZe, v. guCua), t. I. Tb., 1990. inaiSvili n., cixisZiris I-VI ss. arqeologiuri Zeglebi, Tb.,1993. kasab-tezgori d., sinopi..., SavizRvispireTis Zv.ist. IXsimpoziumi,1999,gv.21. lorTqifaniZe oT., vaWroba Sav zRvaze, istoriuli wanamZRvari,

SavizRvispireTis Zveli istoriis IX simpoziumi, vani, 1999,gv.26-28. orbeliani sulxan-saba, qarTuli leqsikoni, tf., 1928. ramiSvili, r.arqeologiuri gaTxrebi biWvinTaSi, masalebi saqa. da kavka. arq.-

saTvis, mska, t.IV. Tb.,1965, gv.107-122. uruSaZe ak., Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi, berZnuli teqstebi

qarTuli TargmaniTa da SeniSvnebiT. Tb., 1964. fuTuriZe, r. gvianantikuri xanis dasavleT saqarTvelos arq. Zeglebi,

masalebi saq. da kavk. arq., II. Tb., 1959,gv.54-94. fuTuriZe, r. biWvintis...,. kreb. didi pitiunti, Tb., 1975, gv.127-160. yauxCiSvili s., georgika, Tb., 1965. Zvelaia mir., kolxeTis dablobi. Tb., 1973. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli lit..., Iw. (il. abulaZe), Tb.,1963. jafariZe v. vardcixis naqalaqari, Tb., 1989.

Гайдукевич. В. 1952: Раскопки Тиритаки в 1935- 40. МИА, № 25, 15-134.

Якобсон. А. 1979: Керамика средневековой Таврики. Л.

Кикнадзе. Т. (ред.) 1990: Кодхидская низменность. М.

Кострин. К. 1971: Исследование смолистого…, – СА, № 3, с. 264-265.

Кострин. К. 1965: Исследование нефти из древних…,. – СА, № 1, с. 291-293.

Кошеленко Г. (ред.)1984: Античные гос. Северного Причерноморья. М.

Лоркипанидзе. О. 1957: О транзитно-…, – САНГ, т. XIX, № 3, с. 377-394.

Успенский. В. 1952: Исследование древней...,. – МИА, № 25, 415-421.

89

kolxur-mosuinikuri koSkis rekonstruirebis cda

(arqeologiuri monacemebi qsenofontis anabasisis konteqstSi)

vanis Zveli naqalaqaridan dasavleTiT, rva kilometrze sof.

mTisZirSi, adeiSvilebis goraze arqeologiurad SeviswavleT Zv.w. IVs-is

Zelur-baTqaSiani namosaxlaris naSTebi. aq samosaxlo adeiSvilebis

goris terasebze iyo gamarTuli da erTian sasimagro-TavdacviT sistemas

qmnida, romelic qalaq vanisaken mimaval gzas hkravda. amdagvari gorebis

terasebze agebuli Zelur-baTqaSiani samosaxloebi ZiriTadad Zv.w. IIIs.

wina periodis kolxeTisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. Zveli saqarTvelos xis arqiteqturis SeswavlisaTvis friad

sainteresoa adeiSvilebis goris zeda terasaze arqeologiurad

Seswavlili, SedarebiT kargad Semonaxuli, Zelur-baTqaSiani nagebobis

naSTebi (sur.1). nagebobis asageb ZiriTad saSen masalad gamoyenebulia

qva da Zelebi. gvxvdeba Tiris, TeTri kirqvis da riyis qvebi, xolo

Zelebad naxmaria Telis xe. nagebobis nangrevebSi bevria baTqaSis natexi.

maT zogierT fragments etyoba xis Zelebis anabeWdi. qvis da xis

Zelebis garda didi raodenobiT aris naxmari Tixamiwa, rac

gamoiyeneboda SemakavSirebel-amosavseb masalad. nagebobas Zlieri xanZari

aqvs gadatanili; qvebi simxurvalisagan damskdaria, xolo Zelebi

TiTqmis danaxSirebulia. nageboba oTxkuTxaa da Sedgeba ori

saTavsisagan. samxreT saTavsis farTobia - 26, 88kv.m, xolo CrdileTis -

13,44kv.m. am saTavsis dasavleT kuTxeSi SemorCenilia ZelebiT mogebuli

iataki, romelzedac zeda sarTulis gadaxurvis Zelebis fragmentebi

SeimCneva. nageboba orientirebulia aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken.

kedlebis fundamentis sigane _ 2,60m. nagebobis kedlebis fundamenti

gamarTulia kldis budeebSi Casmuli qviSaqvis qvebiT, xolo maT mosdevs

kirqvis qvebis wyoba. kedlis cokoli nagebia fleTili qvebis wyobiT.

maT dasakavSireblad gamo-yenebulia Tixamiwa. cokolis Sida mxare

warmodgenilia ZelebiT (diametri 18sm-mde). TeTri kirqvis wyobaze

aRmoCnda baTqaSiT Selesili Zelebis fragmentebi, rac albaT kedlis

90

naSTebia. kedlis fundamentis Sida farTobi amovsebulia qvebiT da

TixamiwiT. aq gvxvdeba riyis da kirqvis qvebi. fundamentSi Catanebulia

kidev erTi Zeli, romelic nagebobis interieris mxaris Zelebis

paraleluria; gardigardmo, sxvadasxva doneze Catanebulia 7 sm

diametris Zelebi. amgvarad iqmneboda armaturis nairi, xis ZelebiT

SemosazRvruli kvadratebis karkasi, rac nagebo-bis cokols met

simtkices aZlevda (sur.2). sayuradReboa aRmosavleTi da CrdiloeTi

kedlebis Sida kuTxe, romelic sxvebisagan gansxvavebiT ukeT

SemorCenilia. aq dadasturda ZelebiT kuTxeebis agebis ori xerxi: erTi

_ Zelebi ubralod erTmaneTzea dadebuli amoWris gareSe (dasturdeba

mxolod cokolis Zelebian karkasSi), xolo meore _ CaWrili ZelebiT

Sesrulebuli kuTxe. nagebobisaTvis meti mdgradobis misacemad moxerxebulad aris

gamoyenebuli bunebrivi reliefi. nagebobis saZirkvelSi kldis

struqtura iribia da zedapirTan TiTqmis swor kuTxes qmnis. amiT

nagebobas meti simtkice eqmneba da misi CamoSlis saSiSroeba Tavidanaa

acilebuli. kldis iribi struqturave qmnis oRroCoRro reliefs, rac

kargad aris gamoyenebuli xelovnur budeebTan erTad, saZirkvlis qvebis

Casawyobad. adeiSvilebis goris Zelur-baTqaSiani nageboba atikuri

Savlakiani WurWliT, gviandeli qiosuri, mendes (sur.3) amforebiT da

adgilobrivi keramikiT Zv.w.IVs-iT TariRdeba. am monacemebs mxars uWers

radioaqtiuri naxSirbadis daSlis meTodiT miRebuli TariRic,

romliTac dangrevis dro Zv.w. 330 40w. aris gansazRvruli (ix.

gamyreliZe, 1982, gv.63-69). amgvarad, zemoT aRwerili nagebobis naSTi warmoadgens cokolze

dadgmul Zelur, TixiT Selesil Zv.w. IVs. Senobas. SesaZloa, rom aq

saqme gvaqvs antikuri epoqis avtorebis (hipokratesTan, qsenofontesTan,

apolonios rodoselTan, pomponius melasTan, dionisios

halikarnaselTan) TxzulebebSi naxseneb kolxeTis xis nagebobebis

nairsaxeobasTan (sur.4).

92

nagebobaSi kolxuri da ucxouri keramikis garda salesi qvebi,

isrispirebi da brinjaos zaraki aRmoCnda. SesaZloa, rom es zaraki

Camokidebuli iyo Standartze, romelic Zveli "mTisZiris" romelime

warCinebuli piris insignias warmoadgenda. osteologiuri masalidan

nagebobaSi dadasturda gareuli taxis eSvebi da Zroxis beWis Zvali. Zv.w. IV s. miwurulis, erTi mxriv, azos da, meore mxriv

farnavazqujis mier ZalauflebisaTvis brZoliT gamowveuli saomari

moqmedebebis SedegebiT SeiZleba aixsnas sof. mTisZiris adeiSvilebis

goris gamagrebuli samosaxlos dangreva. SesaZloa, amave dros daangries

vardigoris (varcixesTan), (jafariZe, 1977, gv. 43-50), vanis e.w. TeTri

Senoba da maTi Tanadrouli nagebobebi. rogorc cnobilia, iberiis

samefos Camoyalibebis rTuli procesi swored Zv.w. IV-III ss-is mijnaze

mimdinareobs. am droisaTvis Sida kolxeTic iberiis samefos farglebSi

erTiandeba (ix. "cxovreba qarTuelTa mefeTa da pirvelTaganTa mamaTa da

naTesavTa") (gamyreliZe, 1993, gv.55-56). kolxeTSi xis Zelebiani

nagebobebi mravlad aris arqeologiurad dadasturebuli: sof. anaklia

(dixa-guZubaI,II), sof. reki(naoxvamo), sof. saqorqio (simagre), qobuleTi

(ColoqTan), sof. nosiri, vanis naqalaqari, sof. varcixe (vardigora),

93

quTaisi (daTeSiZe-gabaSvilis gora); xolo maTi naSTebi xis Zelebis da

baTqaSis saxiT dasavleT saqarTvelos TiTqmis mTel teritoriaze

gvxvdeba. es arqeologiuri Zeglebi qronologiurad gansxvavdebian

erTimeorisagan, magram maTSi garkveuli arqiteqturuli memkvidreoba

igrZnoba. aRsaniSnavia, rom jargvalis tipis xis Zelebiani saxlebi

dResac gvxvdeba kolxeTSi. maTi kuTxeebi iseve, rogorc winaT, Zelebis

boloebSi CaWriT aris nakeTebi. Zelur-baTqaSiani samosaxloebi damaxasiaTebelia

kolxeTisaTvis, sadac bunebriv Tu xelovnur

borcvebze ganlagebuli aseulobiT namosaxlaria

dadasturebuli. mravalricxovani samosaxlo

borcvebi, "gorebiT," "zurgebiT" da

"dixaguZubebiT" aris mofenili kolxeTis

dablobis rogorc zRvispireTi, aseve Sida

mxarec. kolxeTis am samosaxlo borcvebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia garSemo Txrili. aseT

mravalfenian Zeglebze mosaxleoba TiTqmis

uwyvetadaa warmodgenili xangrZlivi drois

ganmavlobaSi. ukanasknel wlebSi intensiurad warmoebs

mravalfeniani samosaxlo borcvebis Seswavla.

Catarebulma arqeologiurma gaTxrebma erTxel

kidev daadastura, rom TxrilebiT

garSemovlebul xelovnur borcvebze samosaxlos

gamarTvas kolxeTSi didi xnis istoria aqvs.

dasaxlebis amnairi tipi kolxeTSi SemTxveviT

ar ganviTarebula. is aq arsebuli biogeogaremos pirobebiT iyo

ganpirobebuli _ dabali reliefi, niadagis xSiri daweva, gruntis

wylebi, Waobianoba, naleqianoba. aseT situaciaSi cxovrebisaTvis

xelsayreli pirobebis SesanarCuneblad aucilebeli xdeboda

xelovnuri SemaRlebebis gakeTeba.

94

Txrilis Seqmna borcvis garSemo ganpirobebuli unda yofiliyo imiT,

rom xelovnuri borcvisaTvis miwa didi raodenobiT iyo saWiro;

sruliad bunebrivia, rom mas borcvis garSemo, axlo adgilidan

amoiRebdnen. garda amisa, Txrils hqonda TavdacviTi mniSvneloba. is

mosaxleobas icavda mtris, mtacebeli

cxovelis da wylis stiqiisagan. rogorc Cans, kolxeTis sazogadoeba

moxerxebulad iyenebda fizikur-

geografiul pirobebs (bunebrivi

borcv- gorebis terasebs) da TviTonac

aqtiurad zemoqmedebda masze

(xelovnuri, TxrilSemovlebuli

borcvebi). qronologiurad orive es

tipi Tanaarsebobda. arqeologiuri

monacemebis mixedviT aSkaraa, rom

amgvari samosaxloebis gamarTvis wesi

kolxeTSi jer kidev brinjaos xanaSi

ikidebs fexs (jiblaZe, 1977).

sayuradReboa, rom dasaxlebis

mowyobis meore wesi, xelovnuri

borcvebis mozvinviT, specifikur

kolxur movlenad aris miCneuli.

antikur xanaSi, rogorc Cans,

kolxurma samosaxloebma cvlilebebi

ganicada. zogierTi samosaxlo,

romelsac ufro kargi, moxerxebuli

fizikur-geografiuli da ekonomikur-komunikaciuri adgilmdebareoba

ekava, dawinaurda da garkveuli regionis qalaquri tipis centrad

Camoyalibda. am centrs hqonda masze damokidebuli sasoflo-sameurneo

(xorisnairi) teritoria. am SemTxvevaSi safiqrebelia, rom "vani"

saqalaqo centri iyo, xolo "mTisZiri" misdami daqvemdebarebul

95

sasoflo teritoriaSi Sedioda. saqalaqo centrs Tavis xoriT, garSemo

garkveuli TavdacviTi sistema hqonda, romelic mis uSiSroebas

emsaxureboda. amdagvari gamagrebuli sofeli, safiqrebelia, iyo Zveli

"mTisZiric." aseTi gamagrebuli soflebi, albaT, ganlagebuli iyo

qalaqisken mimavali komunikaciebis Casaketad. "mTisZiri" ki erTis mxriv,

kontrols uwevda md. rionis xeobaze (marcxena napirze) gamaval gzas,

xolo meore mxriv, md. yumuris xeobidan momaval gzas ketavda (sur.5).

Zv.w. Is. arqiteqtoris, vitruviusis (II,I,4) (ix. Ciqovani,1966) mier

aRwerili, kolxuri Zelebiani nagebobisagan adeiSvilebis goris

nageboba ZiriTadad gansxvavdeba cokoliT. ar gamovricxav, rom aq

cokolze da kedlis horizontalur Zelebze dayrdnobili saxuravi,

96

vitruviusis mier aRwerili piramidul-gvirgvinovani konstruqciuli

sqemiT aigo; an TivaseliT gadaixura (sur.6). nagebobis xis kedlebis

kuTxeebi CaWrili mrgvali ZelebiT ikvreboda, xolo Semdeg Zelebi

TixiT ileseboda (baTqaSiT). gaTxrebisas baTqaSebis natexebze mrgvali

Zelebis anabeWdebi aRmoCnda. Cven mier arqeologiurad Seswavlili sof. mTisZiris adeiSvilebis

goris nageboba gansakuTrebul msgavsebas iCens sof. varcixis

(vardigoris), quTaisis (daTeSiZe-

gabaSvilis goris) da vanis naqalaqaris

centraluri terasis e.w. TeTr

SenobasTan. isini, adeiSvilis goris

SenobasaviT, cokolze mdgari, xis

Zelebiani nagebobebia. am tipis

nagebobebi konstruqciulad xis

arqiteqturis ramdenadme axal, ufro

ganviTarebul etapze miuTiTebs.

kolxeTSi Tlili qva, alizis aguri da

kramiti farTod mxolod elinistur

xanaSi ikidebs fexs. rogorc Cans,

kolxeTSi, Zv.w. IIIs. win, xe ZiriTadi

samSeneblo masala yofila. xisgan

agebdnen sacxovrebel saxlebs, koSkebs,

zRudemeserebs,gamagrebul samosaxloebs

da sxv. kolxeTSi xis masala uxvad

iyo. cnobili geografi straboni

gadmogvcems _ "... aq izrdeba mravali

tye" (XI,II,17). amasve aRniSnavs

vitruviusi _ "kolxebi pontos mxareSi

tyis siuxvis gamo..." (II,I,4) aSeneben xis nagebobebs. adeiSvilebis goris Zelur-baTqaSiani, gamagrebuli samosaxlos,

koSkebian kompleqsTan konteqstSi, friad sayuradReboa antikuri epoqis

97

mwerlebis cnobebis ganxilva. sadac qarTveluri mosaxleobiT, kolxebiT

da mosuinikebiT, dasaxlebuli aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis

teritoriebia aRwerili. Zv.w. IVs-is avtori qsenofonti gadmogvcems:

"aRmarTuli iyo zRudemeseri mravali xis koSkiT..." (anabasisi V,2,5).

iqve "basilevsma ar isurva daetovebina mosuini (gamagrebuli samosaxlo

_ g.g.), romelic goraze iyo aSenebuli" (anabasisiV,4,26). iqve "gadaiwva

mTeli daba, koSkebi gamagrebuli meseriT da sxva, garda Sida cixisa"

(anabasisiV,2,27); apolonios rodoseli: "cxovroben mosuinikebi,

romelnic sacxovrebels marTaven xis koSkebSi, romlebic kargad aris

erTmaneTSi Sekruli sasimagro meseriT. am nagebobebs eZaxian mosuinebs"

(argonavtika,II,378-380); dionisios halikarnaseli: "...cxovroben koSkebian

xis Zelebian maRali zRude-meseriT garemocul farTobebze, romelsac

uwodeben mosuinebs" (romis siZveleTmcodneoba, I,26,2); pomponius mela:

"mosuinebi cxovroben xis koSkebSi" (qveynis aRweriloba, I,106). amgvarad, dasavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiuri masalis da Zveli

werilobiTi wyaroebis Sejerebis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT:

qarTveluri mosaxleobiT dasaxlebul aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi

Zv.w. IIIs-is wina periodSi gavrcelebuli iyo borcvze da goraze,

Zelur-baTqaSiani, Zelebiani meseriTve SemozRuduli, koSkebCarTuli

kompleqsebi; xisagan nagebi gamagrebuli samosaxlo, romelsac mosuini

ewodeboda (dawvrilebiT ix. yauxCiSvili, 1977). socialurad, adeiSvilebis gorisnairi (sur.5) gamagrebuli borcv-

gorebi, albaT, naTesaobriv Temebs warmoadgenda, romlis TavSic

adgilobrivi xelisufali, berZnuli werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT,

basilevsi idga. SesaZloa, aseT adgilobriv xelisufals ekuTvnoda

adeiSvilebis gorasTan aRmoCenili nagebobebis Tanadrouli mdidruli

samarxi (ix. gamyreliZe, 1982, gv.69-81). vfiqrob, adeiSvilebis goris zeda terasaze, arqeologiurad

Seswavlili nageboba, swored amgvari, saTemo, gamagrebuli samosaxlos _

mosuinis erT-erTi koSki iyo.

98

literatura:

gamyreliZe g., centraluri kolxeTis Zv. namosaxlarebi, Tb.,1982. gamyreliZe g., istoriul-topoarqeologiuri Ziebani, Tb., 1993. yauxCiSvili T., berZeni mwerlebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb., 1977. yifiani g., amaSukeli n., kolxuri da frigiuli..., Tb.,1995. Ciqovani T., gvirgvinian-erdoiani sacxovreblis da vitruviusis kolxuri saxlis

urT..., saq.mecn.akad."macne,"1966,#6, gv.211 -222. jafariZe v., Zv.varcixe, Jur. Zeglis megobari, 1977, #46, gv.43-50. jiblaZe l., kolxeTis dablobis brinjaos xanis namosaxlarTa stratigrafia,

qronologia da periodizacia, Tb., 1997.

99

kolxi medeas ikonografiisaTvis

(soxumis yureSi aRmoCenil bareliefTan konteqstSi)

soxumis cnobili stela saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili qvis kveTis

sayuradRebo nimuSia. bareliefiani qvasveti zRvaSi, soxumis yuris

fskerze, md. besleTis SesarTavTan napirgasamagrebeli wyalqveSa

samuSaoebisas moulodnelad aRmoCnda. zRvidan amoRebuli e.w.

soxumis stela TeTri marmarilosia da moyviTalo-monacrisfro

elferi dahkravs. is oTxkuTxa formisaa da marcxena qveda kuTxe

momtvreulia. filis zomebia _ 157

x 92 x 12sm. filas zeda mxareze eqvsi

Rrmuli aqvs. amJamad stela soxumis

muzeumSia gamofenili (ix. sur.1) (ix.

lorTqifaniZe,1966,gv.93; Picard, 1956,

gv.81; ciciSvili,1954,gv.20; barnaveli,

1956,gv.8;miqelaZe,1960, gv.189). soxumis yure swored is adgilia,

sadac ivaraudeba antikur werilobiT

wyaroebSi, kerZod, jer kidev Zv.w.

IVs. avtoris fs. skilaqs kariandelis

(peri...,81) TxzulebaSi moxseniebul

qalaq dioskuriis nawilis mdebareoba.

aq zRvis Relvis Semdeg xSirad

pouloben xolme amforebis,

Savlakiani WurWlis natexebs da

monetebs. winare da antikuri xanis

monacemebi aRmoCenilia agreTve

dRevandeli q. soxumis, soxumis mTis, guadixus da wiTeli Suquras

arqeologiurad Seswavlil mona-kveTebze. e.w. soxumis stelaze

dabali reliefiT (0,5sm-dan 2sm-mde), samfiguriani kompoziciaa

amokveTili, romelic umetesad realisturi maneriT aris

100

gadmocemuli da ZiriTadad berZnuli klasikis stilSia

Sesrulebuli. kompoziciis marcxena pirveli figuraa fexze mdgomi

asuli, romelic ukana planzea ganyenebulad gamosaxuli da zemodan

dascqeris mjdomare figuras. misi mokled SekreWilTmiani, odnav

daxrili Tavi profilSi, xolo sxeuli, romelzedac usaxelo,

welze qamriani peplosi mosavs, anfasSia gamokveTili. peplosi

mxrebTan samagrebiT aris SenaoWebuli da mkerdze vertikaluri da

iribi Wde-xazebiTaa gadmocemuli. qaliSvils swori cxviri, sqeli

tuCebi, loyisagan gamoyofili bibiloiani yuris niJara da nuSis

moxazulobis Tvalis Wrili aqvs; odnav kuTxovani yba mcired win

wamoweuli, energiuli, nebisyofis gamomxatveli nikapiT bolovdeba.

asuls, marcxena mxramde zeaweul xelSi yuTi (kolofi, zardaxSa)

upyria, romelic sqematuradaa warmodgenili.

bareliefis marjvena figura nadiris tyavdafenil, morkalur

fexebian savarZel-klismosSi Camjdari, qitonSi gamowyobili

banovania. qals marjvena xeli gadaxveuli aqvs mis muxlebze

dayrdnobil SiSvel yrmaze, romelic mas saxeSi Sescqeris. profilSi

gamoxatul mokled gakreWil bavSvs qalis marcxena xelze marjvena

xeli aqvs Camodebuli. banovans qitonze moxveuli aqvs himationi,

romelic nawilobriv savarZlis misayrdnobzec aris Camofenili da

gadmocemulia reliefuri naoWebiT. qalis Tavi profilSia

gamosaxuli da axasiaTebs _ nazi ovali, nuSis moxazulobis Tvalis

Wrili, swori e.w. berZnuli cxviri, sqeli tuCebi, ovaluri yuris

niJara; varcxniloba moxdeniladaa ukan aweuli da win talRovani

ornamentiTaa Sesrulebuli. mocemuli bareliefis kvlevisas,

amjerad, ZiriTadad ikonografiuli atribuciiT SemovifarglebiT. soxumis stela in situ mdgomareobaSi ar aris aRmoCenili da amitom

mis Sesaxeb mxolod reliefis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT. savaraudoa,

rom bareliefiani fila xomaldiT gadatanisas (gemis CaZirvisas an

zRvis Relvisas gadmovarda) moxvda zRvis fskerze da daniSnulebis

adgilamde ver miaRwia.

101

soxumis stela saflavis qvaa. amgvari qvasvetebiT moiniSneboda is

adgili, sadac gardacvlilisadmi miZRvnili kultmsaxureba

sruldeboda. aq axloblebisaTvis samaxsovro memoriali iyo

gamarTuli. gamoricxuli ar aris, rom reliefi

damzadebuli iyo akldamis kedlis Sesamkobad. am

mosazrebis sasargeblod metyvelebs is, rom

filas zeda mxares sagangebo eqvsi dasamagrebeli

Rrmuli aqvs. amasTanave cnobilia, rom berZnuli

klasikuri xanis stelebi ZiriTadad

frontonianad ikveTeboda, xolo soxumisas aseTi

ar gaaCnia; is ufrontono oTxkuTxa filaa. saberZneTSi samarxze qvasvetis dadgmis wesi,

jer kidev arqaul xanaSi dasturdeba. soxumis

stelis msgavsi ramdenime figuriani saflavis qva

ki klasikuri xanidan moyolebuli vrceldeba

mTel antikur samyaroSi. klasikuri xanis

saberZneTis samarx qvasvetebze, upiratesad,

gardacvlilTan gamoTxovebis scenas or an

samfiguriani kompoziciiT asaxavdnen (ix.

Boardman, 1985, gv. 165-166; Cook, 1976, gv. 91-108;

Блаватский. 1939, gv. 47-79; The Oxford History…, 1993, gv. 83-147, 143,

136). maTze, xSirad, gardacvlili iseve, rogorc soxumis stelaze,

savarZelSi mjdomare da bavSvTan an axalgazrda qalTan erTadaa

gamokveTili. berZnul samarx stelebze savarZelSi mjdomi gardacvlili

mandilosnis saxe ganzogadoebulia da ara konkretuli. misi

gaidealizebuli saxe e.w. berZnuli profiliT, qitoniT,

varcxnilobiT, tyavdafenili klismosiT, soxumis reliefzec

garkveulwilad trafaretuli da tradiciulia. magaliTad: mjdomare

qalis figuris modelirebis mxriv sayuradReboa q. aTenis erovnul

arqeologiur muzeumSi gamofenili Zv.w. 400wliT daTariRebuli

102

hegesos samarxi stela, romelzedac iseve, rogorc soxumis stelaze

qalis saxe profilSia, xolo torsi sam meoTxed anfasSia

gadmocemuli. amasTan erTad, orive qali erTnair klismosSi sxedan.

amgvaradvea mjdomare qalis Tavi da sxeuli modelirebuli pireiSi

aRmoCenil Zv.w. IVs-is samarx stelaze (inaxeba aTenis erovnul

arqeologiur muzemSi). asevea klismosSi mjdomare qalis figura

gadmocemuli Zv.w. Vs-is meore naxevris filostrates samarx

stelaze (inaxeba q. s.-peterburgis ermitaJSi). marTalia xsenebul

samarx stelebze mjdomare qalis figuris modelireba zogadad erTi

da igivea, magram maTi gadmocema sxvadasxva mxatvruli donisaa. soxumis stela dabal reliefSi figuris gadmocemis maneriT

(mdgomare asuli) garkveul msgavsebas iCens q. aTenis akropolisis

muzeumSi dacul Zv.w. 450wliT daTariRebul Subian qalRmerT aTenas

gamosaxulebasTan, romelic marmariloze dabal reliefSia

gamokveTili. stilistur-gamomsaxvelobiTi msgavseba SeiniSneba

agreTve Zv.w.Vs-is bolo meoTxedis, pantikapeonSi (qerCSi) aRmoCenil

marmarilos saflavis qvaze gamoxatul figurasa (Грач. 1972, gv.56-

61) da soxumis stelis mdgomare qaliSvilis gamokveTis maneraSic.

103

kerZod, Tavis daxrilobis, profilis, gakreWili Tmis, Tvalis

gadmocemaSi. sayuradReboa aseve, Zv.w.Vs-is miwuruliT daTariRebuli

elevsinis cnobili samfiguriani bareliefi qalRmerT demetras

gamosaxulebiT (inaxeba q. aTenis erovnul arqeologiur muzeumSi). aq

marjvena da marcxena figurebis Cacmuloba da marjvena figuris

Tavis moxazuloba, ramdenadme soxumis stelisnair maneraSi, dabal

reliefSia gamokveTili.soxumis stelaze gamoxatul figuraTa samosi

(peplosi, qitoni, himationi) da misi modelirebis xasiaTi,

tyavdafenili klismosi, gardacvlili qalis varcxniloba, romelic

ukan aweuli (SesaZlebelia badiT damagrebuli) da win talRovani

ornamentiT aris Sesrulebuli, Zalze damaxasiaTebelia berZnuli

samyarosaTvis. amgvari saxiT klasikuri xanis berZnul xelovnebaSi

banovanebi, maRali wris qalbatonebi da qalRmerTebi gamoisaxebodnen.

ase, rom soxumis reliefis qalTa figurebis pirisaxe, tansacmeli,

104

klismosi, rogorc Cans, sakuTari codna-SesaZleblobis farglebSi

ostatma klasikurad, akademiurad asaxa.

samive figuris gadmocemaSi ramdenadme darRveulia proporciebi.

kerZod, qalebis Tavebi sxeulTan SefardebiT odnav didia; bavSvis

mklavic Seufereblad didia TavTan SefardebiT. cudadaa

gadmocemuli figurebis xelebi; rogorc Cans, xelis mtevnis

gamoqandakeba reliefis SemsruleblisaTvis gadaulaxav sirTules

warmoadgens. es gaocebas iwvevs, radgan iseTi rTulad gamosakveTi

elementi, rogoric yuria (bavSvis yuris garda) garkveulad

akademiur-realisturadaa Sesrulebuli. yuTi, romelic axalgazrda

qals uWiravs, sruliad sqematuria da mxolod oTxkuTxedis saxiT

aris warmodgenili. amitom iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom reliefi arc

Tu maRali klasis ostatis mieraa Sesrulebuli an ubralod

daumTavrebelia (gansakuTrebiT yuTi), an kidev ramodenime sxvadasxva

ostatobis donis xelosani akeTebda. amjerad erTi ram udaoa,

kerZod, soxumis stela berZnuli klasikuri xanis xelovnebis

cxovelmyofeli gavleniTaa Seqmnili. is, Zv.w. Vs-is bolo meoTxediT

aris daTariRebuli (ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1966, gv.104). bareliefze gamoxatuli bavSvis Subli daqanebulia, cxviri

odnav wawvetebulia, xolo Tavi mcired dabrtyelebulia. qalebis

figurebisagan gansxvavebiT Tvalis Wrili profilSia, xolo yuris

bibilo loyasTan SeerTebulia. saerTod, yrmis figura ramdenadme

mamakacisas (saxe, mklavi, xeli) Camohgavs da sxva figurebisagan

gansxvavebiT, TvalSisacemi berZnuli iersaxe ar gaaCnia (Subli,

cxviri, yuri, Tavis forma). niSandoblivia, rom bavSvis figura

skopasis cnobil stelaze _ "Wabukis saflavis qva," specialistebis

mier alegoriulad aRqmulia rogorc sikvdili, gardacvaleba.

e.w. soxumis stelas stilis mxriv, jerjerobiT, pirdapiri

analogia ar eZebneba. mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT igi axlos dgas

berZnuli klasikuri xanis stilTan, magram misi dabali reliefi

(bavSvi, yuTi, xelis mtevnebi, Tvalis Wrilebi), berZnul e.w. maRal

105

klasikas ar ukavSirdeba. amitom mas ramdenadme antikuri samyaros

periferiaSi an aqedan gamosuli xelosnis nakeTobis ieri dahkravs.

kerZod, samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom stilis

TvalsazrisiT siaxlove SeimCneva soxumis reliefsa da periferiaSi,

ioniaSi, kunZul rodosze aRmoCenil "kritosa da timaristas"

stelas Soris. yuradsaRebia isic, rom berZnuli savaWro kolonia

dioskuria swored ioniis qalaq mileTis dafuZnebul dasaxlebad

iTvleba (flavius ariane, "periplusi Savi zRvis garSemo,"10). amitom,

SesaZloa, rom soxumis stela aqedan iyos kolxeTSi motanili.

warmomavlobiT periferiidan gamosul xelosnebTan dakavSirebiT

sayuradReboa q. aTenSi aRmoCenili Savfiguriani Zv.w.VI da Vss-is

WurWlebi, romlebzedac warmoSobiT kolxi xelosnebis berZnuli

warwerebia _ "kolxma gamakeTa," "evqsiTeosma gaakeTa, kolxma moxata"

(ix. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.226). Sesabamisad, ar aris gamoricxuli,

rom aseTive kolxi ostati (moqandake) moRvaweobda ioniaSic,

romelmac gamokveTa soxumis stela. soxumis stelaze gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs yuTiT xelSi

mdgomare asulis figura, romelic, SesaZloa, alegoriulad kolx

medeas ganasaxierebdes (ix.sur.1,4). is Tavisi ieriT q. herkulaneumSi

aRmoCenil medeas (mxrebi, mklavebi, nikapi) freskas Camohgavs (sur.2). berZnuli klasikis xanaSi miTologiuri personaJebi realisturad

(Sesabamisi atributebiT), adamianis saxiT gadmoicemoda (Carpenter,

1991, gv.35-48). aRmoCenilia saflavis stelebi, romlebzedac micva-

lebulis gamosaxulebasTan erTad gamosaxulia miTologiuri

personaJebic. magaliTad: Zv.w. 450wliT daTariRebuli reliefi,

romelzedac micvalebulTan erTad warmodgenilia orfeosi da

hermesi (inaxeba q. neapolis muzeumSi); an spartaSi aRmoCenili Zv.w.

VIs-is meore naxevris gveliani saflavis qvasveti (inaxeba q.

berlinis e.w. pergamon muzeumSi); an xuTfiguriani Zv.w.VIs. reliefi

qalkedonis naxevarkunZulidan (Boardman, 1985, sur.248). nimfeonis

nekropolze gaiTxara samarxi stela, romelzedac gamo-saxulia

106

qalRmerTi kibela (inaxeba q. qerCis istoriul muzeumSi). q. odesis

arqeologiur muzeumSi inaxeba samarxi stela (inv.#50122),

romelzedac gamosaxulia kibela da hermesi. marTalia es ori

ukanaskneli romauli xaniT TariRdeba. sakralur simboloebTan unda

gvqondes agreTve saqme skopasis stelaze "Wabukis saflavis qva,"

sadac gardacvlilTan erTad ZaRli _ erTguleba, moxuci _ sibrZne

da momtirali bavSvi _ gardacvalebaa gamosaxuli. berZnuli samarxi

stelebis ganxilvisas Cans, rom ZiriTadi figura, gardacvlili,

yvelgan Tavdaxrilia, sakuTar TavSi Caketili, ganyenebuli da

maradiulobis sakraluri ieriT aris aRbeWdili.

soxumis stelaze gamosaxul mdgomare asuls mxramde zeaweul

xelSi yuTi uWiravs. berZnul miTologiaSi da xelovnebaSi, kerZod,

reliefebsa da moxatul keramikaze, gvxvdeba yuTis (kolofis)

gamosaxulebebi, romelTac ramdenime axsna aqvs (yuTis grafikuli

tipebi ix. Lezzi-Hafter Adrienne, 1976, gv.59, 70). pirveli, esaa pandoras

yuTi, meore _ samkaulebisa da Zvirfaseulobis Sesanaxi yuTi da

mesame _ medeas yuTi, romelic balaxebTan da gvelebTan erTad

grZneuli kolxi qalis erT-erT simbolo-atributs warmoadgens

(Sdr. Simon,1954, gv.204; Boardman,1985, gv.238). medeas ikonografiaSi

yuTi sxvadasxva moyvanilobisaa (oTxkuTxa, cilindruli da sxv.). pirveli _ "pandoras yuTi" berZnul miTologiaSi farTod

cnobili cnebaa. is aris mexTamtyorcneli zevsis saCuqari pandoras

qmrisadmi, romelSiac damwyvdeulia adamianTa modgmis Semawuxebeli

yovelnairi ubedureba. misi gaxsnisas iqidan amova da mTel dedamiwas

moedeba Wir-varami da Jami. moxatul keramikaze es yuTi TiTqmis ar

aris asaxuli. meore _ ginaikeionSi samkaulebisa da Zvirfaseulobis Sesanaxi

yuTi; mravlad gvxvdeba keramikis moxatulobasa da, rac

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, samarx stelebze. aRsaniSnavia, rom

amgvari yuTi ZiriTadad Riaa da stelebze gamosaxvis SemTxvevaSi mas

moaxle an axlobeli (naTesavi) qali awvdis gardacvlil qalbatons.

107

magaliTad: hegesos stela, romelzedac gamosaxulia Ria yuTi,

romelic torss qvemoT gawvdilia gardacvlilisaken. Tanac qals,

romelic yuTs uwvdis gardacvlils, grZelsaxeloebiani, dabali

fenisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tansacmeli acvia. aseTive qali Ria

yuTiT xelSi gamosaxulia Zv.w. IVs-is wiTelfigurul WurWelze

siciliidan; Ria yuTia agreTve gamosaxuli wiTelfigurul Zv.w. IVs.

pelikaze apuleidan. arc aq da arc sxva gamosaxulebebze Ria yuTi

zeaweul xelSi TiTqmis ar aris gadmocemuli (ix. katalogebi -

Lezzi-Hafter Adrienne, sur. 82, 87, 94, 100, 105, 107, 117, 123, 126, 129,

133, 135, 148, 160, 163, 165, 171, 175; Boardman, 1989, sur. 28, 63, 166,

207, 234, 299, 403; Conze, 1893-1922, t. I-IV). soxumis stelaze ki,

usaxelo peplosSi, maRali wris qalebisaTvis da qalRmerTebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebel samosSi gamowyobili qaliSvilia gamosaxuli da

Tanac daxuruli yuTi, cal xelSi mxramde zeaweuli, amayad uWiravs. mesame _ yuTi, romelic medeas atributia, yovelTvis daxurulia

da medeas is umetesad zeaweul xelSi uWiravs. aseT pozaSia

gamosaxuli medea, Zv.w. Vs-is meore naxevriT daTariRebul

wiTelfigurul volutebian kraterze (inaxeba q. miunxenis muzeumSi

#3268; ix. sur.3, 5); Zv.w. Vs-is wiTelfigurul kraterze, romelic

inaxeba s.-peterburgis ermitaJSi (inv. Б. #1718), zeaweul yuTian

medeas Tavze berZnuli warwera aqvs _ MHDEIA (sur.6); medeas

gamosaxuleba gvxvdeba aseve Zv.w. Vis-is kraterze, romelic inaxeba

q. turinis muzeumSi _ inv.#249. medea berZnuli argonavtikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi personaJia da

mWidro kavSirSia kolxur samyarosTan (ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1986, gv.9;

uruSaZe,1964, gv.13; canava,1982, gv.85). berZnul werilobiT

wyaroebSi aRniSnulia, rom medea heliosis Zis aietis asulia. zogi

versiiT qalRmerTi hekate medeas dedaa. medeas, rogorc hekates

taZris qurums da RvTaeba heliosis SviliSvils aqvs misnobis,

wamalmkeTeblis, gaaxalgazrdavebis da gardacvlilis gacocxlebis

unari (Lexicon Icono-graphicum… 1992, medeas Sesaxeb, tab.IV(1),

108

gv.386-398; argonavtebis Sesaxeb, t.II(1), 1984, gv.591-599). misi

mravalmxrivi niWidan am SemTxvevaSi yuradRebas vamaxvilebT swored

micvalebulis gacocxlebis unarze, romelic dakavSirebulia

gardacvlilis kultTan. amitom, gasakviri ar unda iyos, grZneuli

medeas wamlebis yuTiT xelSi alegoriuli gamosaxva saflavis

qvasvetze. kolxi medea, berZnuli da romauli mwerlobis erT-erTi

popularuli gmiria. is xSirad saswaulmomqmed wamlebiani yuTiT

xelSi moixsenieba. magaliTad: medea "aqedan arCevda xolme hekates

taZrisaken siaruls." "igi, viT grZneul qalebs sCveviaT, xSirad

dadioda micvalebulebisa da miwidan amosuli fesvebis garSemo"

(Zv.w. IIIs-is avtori apolonios rodoseli "argonavtika,"IV,50-54);

"aietis sasaxleSi aris erTi qalwuli (medea), romelsac qalRmerTma

hekatem gansakuTrebulad aswavla wamlebis Semzadeba" (III,529);

"medea gaeSura yuTisaken, romelSiac mravali wamali ewyo, zogi

makurnebeli da zogic momakvdinebeli" (III,803); "medeam yuTi gaaRo

da sawamlavis amoRebas lamobda" (III,835); "heras SegonebiT

gunebaSecvlilma yuTi CamoiRo ..." (III, 818); "medeam ki amasobaSi

yuTidan amoiRo wamali, romelic, amboben, promeTes wamlad

iwodeboda" ("argonavtika,"III,845) (apolonios rodoseli,1970,

gv.205,219,221,253; apolonios rodoseli, 1975, gv.139-141). adre

motanili argumentebis safuZvelze SesaZlod gveCveneba, rom soxumis

bareliefze, romelic qvis kveTis ostatisaTvis kolxeTSi

aRsamarTad unda yofiliyo SekveTili, xelSi yuTiT mdgomare

asulSi kolxi medeas alegoriuli saxe SevicnoT. amrigad,

balaxebTan, gvelebTan da e.w. frigiul qudTan erTad, wamlebis

yuTic medeas erT-erT atributad unda miviCnioT. am mosazrebis

aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi es kolxi medeas pirveli gamosaxuleba iqneba

antikuri xanis saqarTveloSi (sur.4).

109

literatura:

apolonios rodoseli, argonavtika, gamosca ak. uruSaZem, Tb., 1970. apolonios rodoseli, argonavtika, gamosca ak. gelovanisa, Tb., 1975. barnaveli, s., marmarilos stela..., xel. ist. inst. XIsesia, 1956, gv.8. lorTqifaniZe, o. antikuri samyaro da Zv. kolxeTi, Tb., 1966. lorTqifaniZe, oT., argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi, Tb., 1986. miqelaZe, T., qarT.-berZ. urTierTobis genezisisaTvis, moambe,1960,#2,gv.189. uruSaZe, ak., Zv. kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi, Tb., 1964. canava, r., medea da qarTuli samyaro, macne (ena...), Tb.,1982,#1, gv.85-91. ciciSvili, i. xelovnebis iSviaTi..., Jur. droSa,1954,#9, gv.20. yauxCiSvili, T. saq. ist. berZnuli wyaroebi, Tb., 1976.

Блаватский. В. Греческая скульптура. М-Л. 1939. с.47-79.

Грач. Н. Фрагмент стелы из Пантикапея. Труды Эрми... 13т. Л.1972. с.56-61.

Передольская. А. Краснофигурные Аттические вазы в Эрмитаже. Л.1967.

Boardman J., Greek sculpture, The archaic period, "Thomes…" London,1985.

Boardman J., Athenian black figure vases, "Thomes..." London, 1985.

Boardman J., Athenian red figure vases, "Thomes…" London, 1989.

Carpenter T., Art and Myth in Ancient Greece, "Thomes..." London, 1991.

Conze A., Die Attischen Grabreliefs, Berlin, 1893-1922, B. I-IV.

Cook R., Greek art, " Peli. books," 1976.

Lazzi-Hafter Adrienne, Der Schuwalow-maler, I, Mainz, 1976.

Lazzi-Hafter Adrienne, Der Schuwalow-maler, II, Mainz, 1976.

Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae classical, B. VI (1), 1992, B. II (1), 1984.

Picard C., La stele grecque de Soukhumi en Kolchide, Revue Archeologique, Paris,

1956, serie VI, XLVIII, pp. 81-82.

Simon E., Die Tipen der Medeadarstellung in der Antiken Kunst, Sonderdruck aus

Zeitschrift "Gymnasium," 1954, # 3, pp. 204-226.

The Oxford History of Classical Art, edited by J.Boardman, 1993, pp.83-147; 136.

110

dionises tipis RvTaebis qandakeba vanis naqalaqaridan

vanis naqalaqarze anTropomorfuli mcire qandakebis friad

saintereso nimuSi gaiTxara (vanis arqeologiuri eqspedicia, inv. #

71:1:88:648). qandakeba vanis naqalaqaris qveda terasaze, sakulto-

sataZro nagebobaTa kompleqsSi dadasturda (nakveTi150). es fena

Calewili keramikis siuxviT da mravalricxovani osteologiuri

masaliT gamoirCeoda. aq nanaxia sinopuri moneta (Zv.w. 80-70ww.)

aqvea sakurTxeveli (lorTqifaniZe, maTiaSvili, 1974, gv.45-52, 47). anTropomorfuli figura grZel samosSi gamowyobil mamakacs

asaxavs, romelsac marcxena xelSi yanw-ritoni (yanw-ritonebis

Sesaxeb ix. gamyreliZe, 1982, gv.76-78) uWiravs. qandakebas Tavi da

marjvena xeli motexili aqvs. yanwis zeda nawilic watexilia.

gamosaxuleba araTanabrad gamomwvari moyavisfro Tixisaa, romelSic

kirqvis da kvarcis wvrili namcecebi SeimCneva. amgvari Tixa

damaxasiaTebelia adgilobrivi keramikisaTvis. qandakebis SemorCenili

simaRlea 126mm, yanw-ritonis SemorCenili nawilis simaRle 51mm.

figuras qvevidan 23x33mm Rru aqvs. albaT am Rrus saSualebiT is

joxze magrdeboda. gamosaxulebis samosi gadmocemulia amokawruli RarebiT. isini

erT sworze ganlagebuli wamaxuli kuTxeebiT arian warmodgenili.

es kuTxeebi wels zeviT da wels qveviT erTmaneTiskenaa mimarTuli.

figuras zurgzec tansacmlis gamomxatveli Rarebi dauyveba, xolo

welze reliefuri qediT bawrisnairi sartyelia gadmocemuli.

tanisamosis sayeloc reliefuradaa warmodgenili. figuris samosi usaxeloa da SiSveli, dakunTuli xeli moCans.

gamosaxulebas ganieri mxrebi, masiuri kiseri, farTo weli da swori

mkerdi aqvs. figuris xelis mtevani, romliTac yanwi uWiravs, didi

gulmodginebiT aris gamoqandakebuli. qandakebis ZerwvaSi

proporciebi daculia. mZerwavi Rarebis da Wdeebis gasakeTeblad

wamaxul iaraRs xmarobs.

111

vanis naqalaqarze terakotis bevri fragmentia aRmoCenili. maTi

nawili adgilobrivi warmoebisas ar hgavs. isini stiliTa da

Sesrulebis maneriT antikuri koroplastikis nimuSebs emsgavsebian.

zemoT aRweril anTropomorful figuraze amis Tqma ar SeiZleba. cnobilia, rom antikurobis gavrcelebam kolxeTSi mTeli rigi

siaxleebi moitana. es Cans, rogorc gamosaxulebis Sinaarssa da

formaSi, aseve Sesrulebis teqnikaSi. vanis sakurTxevelTan gaTxrili

mcire qandakeba gamoirCeva sqematurobiT da realistur-primitiuli

Sesrulebis maneriT. is stilis mxriv

daxvewil nakeTobas ar warmoadgens. aq ar

SeimCneva gamocdili ostatis xelovneba.

figura ufro religiuri ideiT

gamsWvaluli, kultmsaxuris Sesrulebuls

hgavs, romelsac is sakurTxevelTan

Seuwiravs. saqarTvelos teritoriaze vanis garda

yanwiani gamosaxuleba sxvaganac aris

dadasturebuli. magaliTad: gudauTis r-nSi

aRmoCenili mjdomare adamianis

gamosaxuleba; mcxeTaSi armazisxevis #6

samarxSi nanaxi qalRmerT fortunas saxe

"siuxvis yanwiT" xelSi, an kidev amave

qalRmerTis saxe sof. cixisZiridan

(qobuleTis r-ni). gamosaxulebebi yanwiT xelSi

saqarTvelos gareT bevrganaa mikvleuli.

yanwi, rogoric vanis qandakebas upyria xelT, SesaZloa "siuxvis

rqaa," romelic simdidris da dovlaTianobis gavrcelebul simbolod

iTvleba. amgvari rqayanwebi erT-erTi atributi iyo geas, eirenes,

plutosis, fortunas, tixes, kibelas, dixSanas, harpokrates,

dionises da kidev zogierTi sxva RvTaebis simbolur saxeSi.

112

cxovelis rqas adamiani didi xania iyenebs sasmisad.

saqarTveloSi amgvar sasmiss Rvinis sasmelad iyeneben da yanws

eZaxian. CvenSi meRvineobis Zalian Zveli fesvebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom

is aq sasmisebis uZvelesi formaa. SesaZlebelia, rom vanSi aRmoCenili, Tixis yanwiani qandakeba,

gamoxatavs dionises tipis adgilobriv RvTaebas, romelTanac

asimilirda antikuri samyarodan gavrcelebuli dionises kulti

(Fongarl, 1904, gv.26; Lexicon Iconographicum..., gv.474-491). erT-erTi

forma dionises gamoxatulebisa iyo misi gamosaxva sasmisiT xelSi.

vanis qandakebaze misi adgilobrivi prototipi, albaT, asaxulia

meRvineobis, dovlaTianobis, nayofierebis, bunebis ayvavebis mfarvel

RvTaebad. sainteresoa eqvTime mTawmindelis cnoba qarTvelTa

warmarTobisdroindeli RvTaebebis Sesaxeb: "saxelisdebani igi

sawarmarToTa kerpTani, romelni maT RmrTad Seracxnes romelnime

mamaTa da romelnime dedaTa _ sruliad moispen: dios, anu apolos,

anu artems anu boCi da gaci, da badagon, da armaz anu romel igi

wnexasa yurZnisasa bilwisa mis dionises saxelsa ityvian, da sicilsa

aRazrzenen, ese yoveli saeSmako ars ..." (mcire sjulis kanoni, 1972,

gv.58).

literatura:

gamyreliZe g. centraluri kolxeTis Zveli namosaxlarebi, Tb., 1982. lorTqifaniZe oT., da sxv., vanis arqeologiuri eqspediciis muSaobis

Sedegebi, savele arqeologiuri kvleva, Tb., 1974, gv.45-52. mcire sjulis kanoni (gamosca en. giunaSvilma), Tb., 1972. Fougart P. Le culte de Dionisos en Atique, Paris, 1904.

Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae classical, "Artemis verlag Zürich und

München," B. III (1), gv. 474-491.

113

erTi keramikuli nivTis interpretaciisaTvis adeiSvilebis goris

nagebobidan

adeiSvilebis goris platos nagebobis arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas

aRmoCnda uCveulo keramikuli nivTi, romelic aq mopovebuli sxva

arqeologiuri masalisagan (tab.I1; inv.# 07:6:399) gamoirCeva. misi

analogia jerjerobiT ar Cans danarCen kolxeTSic. adeiSvilebis

gora, sadac es nivTi dadasturda, mdebareobs q. vanidan dasavleTiT

8km-ze sof. mTisZirSi (aq arq. gaTxrebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix.

gamyreliZe, 1982,gv.101-114). xsenebuli keramikuli nivTi dadasturda

adeiSvilebis goris platos #12 Txrilis nagebobaSi (nivTi da

imdagvarive keramikis fragmentebis ganlagebis sqema ix. tab.I3). nageboba oTxkuTxaa da Sedgeba ori sxvadasxva zomis saTavsisa-

gan. aRmosavleTi saTavsis Sida farTobia 5,50m x 21,00m, xolo

dasavleTi saTavsis Sida farTobi – 5,50m x 5,50m; kedlebis sigane

umetesad 1,30m-ia. nageboba orientirebulia aRmosavleTidan dasavle Tisaken. masSi gamoiyo ori samSeneblo periodi. arqeologiuri

gaTxrisas gamoirkva, rom nagebobis SenebaSi ZiriTad saSen masalad

gamoyenebulia qva, aguri, kramiti da xe. kirxsnari naxmaria rogorc

SemakavSirebel masalad, aseve kedlis Sesalesad da iatakis

gasakeTeblad. nagebobaSi keramikis, minis da rkinis nawarmi aRmoCnda.

maTSi gansakuTrebiT Warbobs keramikuli naSTebi. arqeologiuri

masalis mixedviT, adeiSvilebis goris #12 Txrilis nageboba III-

VIIIss. TariRdeba (ix. gamyreliZe,1982, gv.107-118). #12Txrilis

nagebobaSi mopovebuli uCveulo keramikuli nivTi cilindruli

moyvanilobisaa, Zirisaken farTovdeba da brtyeli wriuli Ziri aqvs.

zeda mxare ar aris Semonaxuli; nivTis SemorCenili simaRle –16sm,

Ziris dm – 14sm, tanis dm – 7sm, tani Semkulia msxvili araTanabari

gofrirebiT, xolo qvemoT Zirisaken eSveba oTxi qedi.

115

manZili qedebs Soris qvemoT mimarTuli morkaluli RarebiTaa

Sesrulebuli. nivTi damzadebulia mbrunav sameTuneo Carxze.

keramikis Tixa moruxo-yavisferia, kirqvisa da piroqsenis wvrili

minarevebiT. nivTi araTanabrad aris gamomwvari. Tixis mixedviT

adgilobrivi nawarmi unda iyos. masze Wvartlis naSTebi SeimCneva. na-gebobis sxvadasxva adgilze amdagvarive nivTis kidev 7gofrirebuli

fragmentia mikvleuli (ix. tab. I3). adre es keramikuli nivTi Cven zogadad ganvsazRvreT rogorc

larnakis fexi. amJamad, axali arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT

vfiqrobT, rom es unda iyos sanaTis, Wraqis an sasanTlis sadgami.

kerZod, aseTive gofrirebuli sanaTebis ramdenime egzemplari

aRmoCenilia CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi (Античные…,1984, gv.227).

maTSi yvelaze kargad, mTlianad Semonaxulia gorgipiaSi (axlandeli

anapa) meTunis saxelosnos gaTxrisas aRmoCenili maRalsadgamiani

Wraqi (Античные…, 1984, tab.CXXXII,14; Кругликова, 1962, gv.222;

Кругликова., 1975, gv.48). es saxelosno – Zv.w. I saukuneSi wyvets

arsebobas (Кругликова, 1962, gv.218). sadgamis gofrirebuli natexebia

fanagoriis Vs. sameTuneo saxelosnoSic gaTxrili (Кобылина,

1966,gv.179). sayuradReboa, rom CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi,

ZiriTadad swored fanagoriaSi, mzaddeboda maRalsadgamiani

horizontalur reliefurwreebiani Wraqebi (Арсеньева, 1988,gv.6).

ureliefo wreebiani e.w. finjaniseburi (ufro marTebuli iqneba,

albaT, fialiseburi) sadgamiani, SedarebiT mcire zomis, naZerwi, ad-gilobrivad damzadebuli Wraqebi ufro xSirad gvxvdeba CrdiloeT

SavizRvispireTis arqeologiur masalaSi. mag., – tanaisSi (Арсеньева,

1988, gv.129), iluratSi (Кастанаян, 1981, gv.175; Гайдукевич, 1981,

gv.128,sur.44;2,3), tiritakeSi (Гайдукевич, 1952,gv.115, sur.141;2,3),

(ix. tab.II3,5; tab.III2,4). e.w. vaziseburi, larnakiseburi Ria tipis Wraq-sanaTebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia maRali fexsadgari (zogjer gofrirebuli),

romelsac mcire, tuCiani fiala adgas. varaudoben, rom e.w.

116

larnakiseburi Wraqebi gvianantikuri da adreuli Sua saukuneebis

dabalfexiani Wraqebis ganviTarebis Sedegia (sinauriZe, 1966, gv.5).

larnakiseburi dabalfexiani Wraqebi kavkasiaSi arqeologiurad

gaTxrilia – urbnisSi (sinauriZe, 1966, gv.56), ufliscixeSi

(mindoraSvili, 1988, gv.30), rusTavSi (WilaSvili, 1958, gv.53),

TelavSi (Sead. CikoiZe, 1979,gv.78, tab.XV,7), kabalaSi (Геющев,1962,

gv.18-19), mingeCaurSi (Вайдов, 1961, tab.VIII,10) da sxv. dasavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiur masalaSi e.w. larnakiseburi

gofrirebuli maRalfexiani Wraqebi, adeiSvilebis goris garda

jerjerobiT ar gvxvdeba. samagierod, amdagvari, Sua saukuneebis

Wraqebi maRal fexze, zeda mxareze miZerwili fialiT (etyoba

CamonaRvenTebisaTvis) aRmoCenilia TbilisSi, kabalaSi, loreSi,

SemaxiaSi, mingeCaurSi da aRmosavleT kavkasiis sxva arqeologiur

Zeglebze (arCvaZe, 1973, gv.117,tab.II). sayuradReboa, rom adeiSvilebis

goris nairi, ufro viwro, farTod gofrire buli sasanTleebi

aRmoCenilia gviandeli Sua saukuneebis Tbilisis arqeologiuri

gaTxrebisas (arCvaZe,1973,gv.118,tab. III). sayuradReboa agreTve isic,

rom werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebuli arian mesanTle profesiis

Tbiliseli xelosnebi (Месхия,1959,gv.12), rac mesanTleobis calke

dargad gamoyofaze dokumeturad migviTiTebs. xsenebuli tipis Tixis

sasanTleebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze jerjerobiT sxva

arqeologiur Zeglebze ar aris mikvleuli(arCvaZe,1973, gv.118).

saerTod, saqarTvelos teritoriaze antikuri xanis da Sua

saukuneebis arqeologiurad Seswavlil sazogadoebriv-sakulto da

sayofacxovrebo nagebobebSi aRmoCenilia ramdenime tipis sanaTi

(tipebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. Арсеньева, 1988, gv.12; Вальдгауер,

1914, gv.27). maTSi gamoiyofa adgilobrivi da ucxouri nawarmi. aq,

ZiriTad tipebad Cven migvaCnia – xeliT naZerwi fialiseburi an e.w.

niJariseburi ufexo, dabalfexiani da maRalfexiani larnakiseburi

118

Ria tipis sanaTebi; maRalfexianebi xSirad sameTuneo Carxze aris

damzadebuli. meore – daxuruli tipis, sapatruqe miliani,

mzaddeboda specialur yalibebSi. arsebobs amgvari sanaTebis

sxvadasxvanairi modifikaciebi (ramdenime sapatruqe miliani da sxv.).

es tipi ucxoeTidan, antikuri samyarodan gavrcelda da

saqarTveloSi aRmoCenilia, rogorc ucxouri, agreTve adgilobrivi

egzemplarebi (kiRuraZe, 1977, gv.211). pirveli, e.w. fialiseburi

tipis sanaTebi safiqrebelia, rom adgilobrivad ganviTarda da

Semdgom e.w. larnakisebur tipad Camoyalibda. maTi damzadebis

teqnologia sameTuneo Carxze ufro martivia, vidre meore,

daxuruli tipisa, romelic yalibSi keTdeboda. sanaTebis sawvavad zeTs an qons xmarobdnen. maTSi zogan

navTobsac urevdnen. sanaTis patruqad lerwami, seli an kanafi

gamoiyeneboda, romlebic Ria tipis utuCo WraqebSi albaT

specialuri samagrebiT magrdeboda. SesaZloa es gardigardmo

gadebuli mavTuli iyo, romlis SuaSic patruqi iyo garWobili, anda

Tixis gaxvretili mcire konusiseburi sadgari, romlis xvrelSic

patruqi ido da fialis centrSi magrdeboda. aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi Ria tipis sanaTebad SeiZleba miviCnioT antikuri xanis

calyura jamebi (mag. kamaraxevi, muxaTgverdi, asureTi, kavTisxevi,

ufliscixe, samadlo da sxv.), romlebidanac Semdeg, gvianantikur

xanaSi ganviTarda sadgamiani larnakiseburi sanaTebi (mag., fexiani

sanaTebi urbnisidan, ufliscixidan da sxv.). sanaTebs etyoba ritualuri daniSnulebac hqonda. gvianantikur

xanaSi da adreul Sua saukuneebSi aseTebi SesaZloa larnakiseburi

maRalfexiani sanaTebi yofiliyo (mag. adeiSvilebis goris #12

Txrilis sanaTi), romlebic formiT elinisturi xanis sacecxle

ritualur WurWlebs e.w. Timiaterionebs Camohgvanan _ mag. vani

(fircxalava, 1986, gv.67, tab.53,sur.1). aseTive e.w. saojaxo mcire

sakurTxevlebi gaTxrilia gorgipiaSic (Античные…, 1984, LXV, 5-7).

saqarTvelos teritoriaze arqeologiuri Seswavlis Sedegad

119

gamovlenilia antikuri xanis da Suasaukuneebis sazogadoebriv-

sakulto da sayofacxovrebo nagebobebis mravali gasanaTebeli

saSualeba. am monacemebze dakvirvebis Sedegad dasavleT saqar-TveloSi, gansakuTrebiT zRvis sanapirosken, albaT, antikuri

samyaros meti gavlenis gamo, sWarbobs daxuruli tipis sanaTebi,

xolo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi metia Ria tipisa.

amrigad, Tu gaviziarebT mosazrebas, rom adeiSvilebis goris #12

Txrilis nagebobaSi gamovlenili nivTi warmoadgens sanaTis sadgars,

maSin is jerjerobiT am saxis erTaderT dadasturebul nimuSad

gvevlineba dasavleT saqarTvelos adreuli Sua saukuneebis

arqeologiur Zeglebze.

literatura:

arCvaZe, T. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos..., fsaZ,III, Tb.,1978, gv.111-133. gamyreliZ, g. centraluri kolxeTis Zveli namosaxlarebi, Tb.,1982. kiRuraZe, n. Wraqebi biWvintidan. didi pitiunti, II, Tb.,1977, gv.211-222. mindoraSvili

d. Suasaukuneebis mouWiqavi...., (Wraqebi),Zm, #2,1988, gv.30-32. sinauriZe m. aRmosavleT saq. adref... keramika.,msmki,I, 1966, gv.39-90. fircxalava m., yifiani g. centraluri..., vani,VIII, Tb.,1986, gv.52-78. CikoiZe c. qalaqi Telavi. Tb., 1979. Античные государства Северного Причерноморья, М. 1984.

Арсеньева. Т. Светильники Танаиса, М. 1988.

Ахмедов. Г. Неполивная керамика Оренкала. МИА,67, 1959, gv.221-231.

Вайдов. Р. Мингечаур в III-VIII вв., Баку, 1961.

Вальдгауер. О. Античные глиняные светильники. С-Петербург, 1914.

Гайдукевич. В. Боспорские города. Л. 1981.

Гайдукевич. В. Раскопки Тиритаки в 1935-40. МИА, 25, 1952. с.15-134.

Геющев. Р. Керамика г. Кабалы I-X вв. Баку, 1962.

Кастанаян. Е. Лепная керамика Боспорских городов. Л. 1981.

Кобылина. М. Керамическое произ… Фанагории.СА, 3, 1966, с.172-186.

Кругликова. И. О гончарной мастерской Горгиппии. СА,2,1962, с.218.

Кругликова. И. Синдская гавань Горгиппия Анапа. М., 1975.

Месхия. Ш. Города и городской строй феодальной Грузии. Тб., 1959.

Perlzweig J. Lamps of the roman period, The Athenian Agora, v.VII, Princeton, 1961.

121

prokopi kesarielis da agaTias TxzulebebSi moxseniebuli

“muxirisis” Sesaxeb

bizantiur werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebuli geografiuli

saxeli _ "muxirisi" istorikos-arqeologebs Soris friad did

interess iwvevs. istoriografiaSi miRebuli da gaziarebulia

mosazreba, rom bizantiuri werilobiTi wyaroebis muxirisi aris

kolxeTis is mxare, romelic moicavs dablob, mTiswina imereTs da

aRmosavleT samegrelos _ abaSis da martvilis r-nebs (sakiTxis

Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. janaSia, 1952, gv.320-321; javaxiSvili,

1960, gv.254,274,425; yauxCiSvili, georgika,II, 1965, gv.208-210;

berZeniSvili, 1975, gv.442-537; musxeliSvili, 1977, gv.113-115;

lomouri, 1968, gv.50-51; gamyreliZe, 1982,gv.118-122; Гамкрелидзе,

1992,gv.101-117; Ланчава.1995, gv.30; lanCava,1974, gv.129-136; jafariZe,

1998, gv.16-18; jafariZe,1999, gv.36-39). md. rionis Sua weli

emTxveva muxirisis mxaris centralur nawils. muxirisis mxareSi

mdebare qalaqi muxirisi ki werilobiT wyaroebSi sul ramdenjerme

ixsenieba. misi mdebareobis Sesaxeb gamoTqmulia mravalnairi

mosazreba. jer kidev 1979wels daibeWda Cemi mosazreba muxirisis (rogorc

punqtis, qalaqis, cixe-simagris) SesaZlo igiveobis Sesaxeb sof.

mTisZirSi arqeologiurad gaTxril, adreuli Sua saukuneebis

ZeglTan (ix. Гамкрелидзе,1979,gv.18; gamyreliZe,1982,gv.118). xsenebuli

arqeologiuri Zegli q. vanidan dasavleTiT 8km-ze sof. mTisZirSi,

"adeiSvilebis goraze" da mis mimdebare dablobSi mdebareobs. aq,

1973-1978wlebSi, arqeologiurad SeviswavleT antikuri xanis da

adreuli Sua saukuneebis kulturuli fenebi da nagebobebi

(dawvrilebiT ix. gamyreliZe,1982). amjerad, mokled ganvixilavT

mxolod adreuli Sua saukuneebis arqeologiur monacemebs. "mTisZiris" samosaxlos istoriis bolo periodi adreul Sua

saukuneebs moicavs. am monakveTis calke gamoyofisas veyrdnobiT sof.

122

mTisZiris stratigrafiul monacemebs da keramikul masalas.

warmodgenili arqeologiuri masala garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis

Zveli "mTisZiris" cxovrebis zogierT mxareze _ mosaxleobis mier

dakavebuli teritoriis farglebze, dasaxlebis wesze, meTuneobaze

da savaWro urTierTobebze. dasaxlebis wesi am drois samosaxloze Semdegnairad aris

warmodgenili: samosaxlos nagebobebi terasebzea ganlagebuli,

gansakuTrebiT racionaluradaa aTvisebuli "adeiSvilebis" goris

plato, romelzedac, albaT, nagebobebis mozrdili kompleqsi idga.

saerTod, rogorc Cans, safortifikacio nagebobebi borcvgoris

terasebze iyo gamarTuli. "adeiSvilebis" goris qveda terasaze

SeimCneva qviT nagebi galavnis kvali. goris bunebrivi reliefi

moxerxebulad iyo gamoyenebuli nagebobebis gasamarTavad da

TavdacviTi sistemis Sesaqmnelad. aseTnair gorebzevea am xanis

cixesimagreebi agebuli _ cixisZirSi, quTaisSi, SorapanSi, skandaSi,

SxefSi da sxv. gorebze ganlagebuli, qviT da duRabiT nagebi

cixesimagreebi am drois kolxeTisaTvis friad damaxasiaTebelia.

aseTi sasimagro nagebobebi idga strategiulad mniSvnelovan

punqtebSi _ gzebis Casaketad, garkveuli mxaris an sagamgeblos

sazRvrebis dasacavad. "mTisZiris" samosaxlo, albaT, mcire cixe-

qalaqi iyo, romelic, erTi mxriv, garkveul ekonomikur mxares

sazRvravda, xolo meore mxriv, samcxedan momaval (md. yumuris

xeobaze) erT-erT gzas hkravda. cixe-qalaqis ganviTarebaSi garkveuli

roli unda eTamaSa mis rion-yvirilas (fasisis) savaWro-satranzito

magistralze mdebareobas. adreuli Sua saukuneebis "mTisZiris" samosaxlos SenebaSi

ZiriTad saSen masalad gamoyenebulia qva, aguri, kramiti, kirxsnari.

samosaxlos nagebobebis warmosadgenad friad sainteresoa

adeiSvilebis goris platos nagebobaTa kompleqsi, romelic in situ

mdgomareobaSia arqeologiurad Seswavlili. samwuxarod,

adeiSvilebis goris mimdebare, dablobi adgili, jerjerobiT

123

gauTxrelia. es is adgilia, sadac qalaqis sameurneo nawili iyo

albaT ganlagebuli. arqeologiuri kvlevis dros gamoirkva, rom

nagebobebis SenebaSi ZiriTad saSen masalad gamoyenebulia qva

(qviSaqva, riyis qva, kirqva), aguri, kramiti, zogjer ki TeTri

marmarilo da xec. kirxsnari gamoyenebulia rogorc SemakavSirebel

masalad, aseve kedlis Sesalesad da iatakis gasakeTeblad. riyis

qvebi md. rionis Walidan aris amotanili, Tiris qva da qviSaqvac

aqvea mopovebuli, xolo kirqva da TeTri marmarilo sxva adgilidan

aris motanili, radgan sof. mTisZiris axlomaxlo maTi arseboba ar

SeiniSneba. kirqva, SesaZloa Semotanili iyos dablagomidan, sadac is

didi raodenobiT moipoveba. platos ZiriTadi nageboba oTxkuTxaa da Sedgeba ori sxvadasxva

zomis saTavsisagan. aRmosavleTi saTavsis Sida farTobia 5,50m

21,00m_ 115,50kv.m, xolo dasavleTi saTavsis Sida farTobi 5,50m

5,50m_ 30,25kv.m. es mozrdili nageboba orientirebulia

aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisken. nagebobis Seswavlam cxadyo, rom saqme

gvaqvs Senobis or samSeneblo periodTan. nagebobebs strategiulad

xelsayreli adgili uWiravs. "adeiSvilebis" gora, romelzedac es

kompleqsi idga, ramdenadme win aris wamoweuli aseTive gorebis

rigidan da, erTis mxriv, akontrolebs md. rionis xeobis karga

mozrdil nawils, xolo meore mxriv, _ md. yumuris xeobidan

momaval erT-erT gzas hkravs. platos nagebobis aRmosavleTis

saTavsis aRmosavleTi kedlis interieris mxareze SerCenilia

kirxsnariani Selesiloba. nagebobis mTel Sida farTobSi SeiniSneba

danaxSirebuli Zelebis kvali. es Zelebi albaT gadaxurvis

konstruqciaSi gamoiyeneboda. nagebobebi aRmosavleTiT grZeldeboda,

radgan am mimarTulebiT aRmoCnda kedlis naSTebi. danarCeni

dangreul-CaSlilia goris ferdobebze. aseTive mdgomareobaSia

Senobis samxreTiT mdebare nagebobebi. adeiSvilebis goris platos nagebobaSi sakmaod mravalferovani

arqeologiuri masala aRmoCnda _ keramikis, minis, rkinis nawarmi.

124

maTSi gansakuTrebiT Warbobs keramikuli naSTebi. sof. mTisZirSi

dadasturebul keramikul nawarmSi gamoiyofa samSeneblo, saojaxo,

tara da sameurneo keramika. sof. mTisZiris am drois samSeneblo

keramika warmodgenilia kramitiT da aguriT. maTSi xerxdeba

ramdenime tipis gamoyofa. rogorc Cans, adreul Sua saukuneebSi

kramiti ZiriTadad gamoiyeneboda gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani

Senobebis gadasaxurad. kramitiT iyo gadaxuruli safortifikacio

nagebobebi, magaliTad: vardcixeSi, vaSnarSi, biWvintaSi, cixisZirSi

da sxv. adreuli Sua saukuneebis kramiti Camohgavs antikuri xanis

kramits. es sof. mTisZiris kramitebze dakvirvebisasac SeiniSneba. sof. mTisZiris teritoriaze dadasturebuli agurebi ZiriTadad

erTnairia, magram maTSi mainc SeiZleba ori tipis gamorCeva. pirveli,

es aris kvadratuli formis aguri, romelsac kuTxeebidan

urTierTgadamkveTi or-ori Rari dauyveba. meore _ mogrZo aguri. is,

rogorc wesi, uRareboa. adeiSvilebis goris nairi agurebi

dadasturebulia dasavleT saqarTvelos adreuli Sua saukuneebis

Zeglebze: biWvinta, inkitis tba, oCamCire, cixisZiri, vaSnari,

vardcixe, Sorapani, skanda da sxv. urTierTgadamkveTi or-or Rariani

aguri, gansakuTrebiT ax.w.IV-VIIss. fenebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. "mTisZiris" samzareulo keramikis umetes, SeiZleba iTqvas,

ZiriTad nawils Seadgens qoTnebi. isini ZiriTadad aris

mucelgamoberili, mokleyeliani da sada. qoTnis Zirebi brtyelia,

kedlebi Zirisaken viwrovdeba. sof. mTisZiris teritoriaze

aRmoCenili samzareulo keramikis nawils warmoadgenen jamebisa da

doqebis natexebi."mTisZiris" sameurneo keramika warmodgenilia

ZiriTadad qvevrebiT. maTi naSTebi didi raodenobiT aris

dadasturebuli sof. mTisZiris teritoriaze. aseTi qvevrebi xSirad

gvxvdeba saqarTvelos teritoriaze adreuli Sua saukuneebis

arqeologiur masalaSi. samosaxloze aRmoCnda luTeriebis natexebi.

aRniSnuli tipis adgilobrivi keramika gvxvdeba vardcixeSi,

gudavaSi, oCamCireSi, biWvintaSi, foTSi, inkitis tbasTan da sxva

125

gvianantikuri da adreuli Sua saukuneebis Zeglebze. "mTisZirSi"

aRmoCnda adgilobrivi amforebi. amgvari _ moyavisfrod gamomwvari,

konusurZiriani, ovalurganivkveTiani yurebis mqone amforebi

xasiaTdeba welis SezneqilobiT. "mTisZiris" arqeologiuri masalebis erTi nawili, kerZod

ucxouri nawarmi, warmodgenas gviqmnis im savaWro-ekonomikur

urTierTobebze, romelSiac kolxeT-lazikasTan erTad Cabmuli iyo

"mTisZiric." es ucxouri nawarmi warmodgenilia keramikiT da miniT.

sof. mTisZiris teritoriaze dadasturda gofrirebuli amforebis

natexebi. samosaxlos kulturul fenebSi dadasturda wiTellakiani

keramikis fragmentebi. amgvari wiTellakiani keramika aRmoCenilia

gonioSi, baTumis cixesa da cixisZirSi, qobuleT-fiWvnarSi,

oCamCireSi, soxumSi, biWvintaSi, vaSnarSi, noqalaqevSi, paliastomis

tbaSi, quTaissa da webeldaSi. sayuradReboa, rom am rigis keramika

bevria zRvispireTSi, gansakuTrebiT soxumsa da biWvintaSi. xolo

zRvidan dacilebul Sida raionebSi ki jerjerobiT cotaa nanaxi.

amdenad kidev ufro sainteresoa mTisZiris "wiTellakiani" keramikis

fragmentebi. amgvari keramika kolxeTis arqeologiuri Zeglebis ax.w.

IV-Vss-is fenebSi gvxvdeba (ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1962, gv.240). samosaxlos ucxouri nawarmis kidev erT jgufs qmnis mina. is

ZiriTadad minisfexiani sasmisebiT aris warmodgenili. sof. mTisZiris

msgavsi fexiani sasmisebi cnobilia jer kidev mcxeTis ax.w. V-VIIIss-

is samarxebidan. amnairi tipis sasmisebs didi qronologiuri CarCo

aqvs. dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze isini aRmoCenilia

cixisZirSi, gonioSi, foTSi (paliastomis tbaSi), boboyvaTSi,

biWvinTaSi, varcixeSi, vaSnarSi da sxv. sagulisxmoa, rom sof. mTisZiris adreuli Sua saukuneebis

samosaxlosTan, romelic gamagrebuli punqtis naSTebs warmoadgens,

dadasturda toponimi muxuri (sof. dablagomisken). toponimi

CaviwereT am mxaris istoriul-geografiuli kvlevis dros 1976

wels (istoriul-geogra-fiuli eqspediciis xelmZRvaneli T. beraZe),

126

igive toponimi jer kidev 1930 w. daadastura n. berZeniSvilma,

rogorc amas s. yauxCiSvili gadmogvcems (ix. georgika II, tf., 1934,

gv.178; georgikaII, Tb., 1965, gv.208-210); muxuri megrulad niSnavs

mxares. safiqrebelia, rom es iyos bizantiuri ax.w. VIs-is wyaroebSi

aRwerili gamagrebuli qalaqi muxirisi Tu moxirisi (Mouqeërisic,

Moq¢rhsic), an muxirisis mxaris erT-erTi gamagrebuli punqtis

naSTebi, romelic amave saxelwodebis mxareSi mdebareobda _ prokopi

kesarieli (BP II 29; BG VIII 1,14,16,17), agaTia (II 19,22; III 6,7,19,

28; IV9,13). prokopi kesarieli erTgan "moxiriss" qalaqad ixseniebs

_ lazikaSi "...yvelaze SesaniSnavi qalaqebi ki mainc aris aq

rodopolisi da moxirisi" (BP II29), xolo meoregan aRniSnavs _

arqeopolisidan gamobrunebulma sparselebma "quTaisisa da

moxirisisaken daixies" (BG VIII,17). am SemTxvevaSic muxirisi ufro

raRac punqtad Cans. Tu amas davuSvebT, maSin quTaisi da moxirisi

erTmaneTisagan dacilebul punqtebad unda warmovidginoT. es orive

punqti arqeopolisidan aRmosavleTisaken aris, magram erTmaneTis

axlo ar mdebareoben. meore mxriv, quTaisTan erTad prokopi axsenebs

moxiriss da ar axsenebs "SesaniSnav qalaqs rodopoliss," romelic

axloa quTaisTan. sainteresoa is faqtic, rom quTaiss prokopi

kesarieli "SesaniSnav qalaqebSi" ar ixseniebs. aqedan gamomdinare,

safiqrebelia, rom quTaisi am mxaris (moxirisis) erT nawilSia,

xolo moxirisi (punqti) _ meore nawilSi mdebareobs. prokopi

kesarieli am or punqts (quTaisi, moxirisi) SesaZloa, rom

moxirisis mxaris SemomfargvlelobiT aspeqtSi xmarobda. ase vTqvaT,

asaxelebs am mxaris or ramdenadme ganapira gamagrebul punqts. meore bizantieli avtori agaTiac muxiriss (moxiriss) zogjer

geografiuli punqtis mniSvnelobiT ixseniebs _ "sparselebi

imyofebian muxirissa da kotaisSi" (agaTia III6); "mermeroe kvlav

dabrunda kotaissa da muxirisSi" (agaTia II 22). aqedanac TiTqos ise

gamodis, rom TiTqos marto kotaisis (qoTaisi, quTaisi) sanaxebSi

yofna mTel moxirisis mxareSi yofnas ar niSnavs; amisaTvis saWiroa

127

muxirisis gamagrebuli punqtis dakavebac. moxiris-muxirisad miiCnia

"Notitia dignitatum"-Si (Vs.), dasaxelebuli simagre moxora akad. s.

yauxCiSvilma. aq bizantielTa erTi kohorta idga (georgika I, 1961,

gv.168-178). am punqts aRmosavleT anatoliaSi eZebs n. adonci (Адонц.

1908, gv.100). mas daeTanxma n. lomouric (lomouri, 1975, gv.68-69).

v. leqvinaZe moxoras soWis maxloblad eZebs. moxora cixisZirTan

gaaigiva n. inaiSvilma (inaiSvili, 1993, gv.116). iustinianes novelebSi daculia cnoba, sadac CamoTvlilia

egrisis cixesimagreebi "...skandisi, sarapanisi, mu(xi)risi (Mourësioc)

da lisiri...," (nov.XXXI) (georgikaII, 1965,gv.35-36); agreTve VIIs-is

cnobebSi daculi "mukorisi" _ punqti, sadac gzad gaiares lazikaSi

gadasaxlebulma maqsime aRmsareblis Tanamoazreebma anastasi berma da

anastasi apokrisiarisma (Teodosi gangreli XCVII) (georgika IV,

nakv.I,1941, gv.43). IIs-is berZeni geografosis klavdios ptolemaiosis

"geografiul saxelmZRvaneloSi" moxseniebuli punqtis _ "mexlesos"-

is gaigiveba q.muxirisTan SesaZleblad miaCnia n. lomours (lomouri,

1968, gv.50-51). amrigad, rogorc vxedavT, saxeli muxurisi

(variantebi _ moxirisi, muxirisi, moxora, mu(xi)risi, mukorisi,

mexlesosi) sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi.

isini aq ara marto mxaris, aramed am saxelis raRac gamagrebuli

punqtis arsebobasac gvidastureben. marTlac, sruliad SesaZlebelia,

rom am sxvadasxva variantebiT (moxoras garda) erTi da igive punqti

aRiniSneboda. diubua de monperem geografiuli punqti muxurisi

gaaigiva geguTTan, romelic quTaissa da vardcixes (rodopoliss)

Sua mdebareobs (ix. kekeliZe, 1961, gv.29). magram jerjerobiT, vidre

geguTis cixe-darbazis nangrevebis teritoriaze XIIs-ze adreuli

arqeologiuri naSTebi ar aRmoCenila, aseTi varaudi realobas

moklebulia. CvenTvis yvelaze sarwmunod gamoiyureba s. yauxCiSvilis

mosazreba, romelic wers: "quTaisi da moxirisi erT strategiul

xazze mdebareoben; ukeT rom vTqvaT, rionze (quTaisSi) dabanakebuli

128

jarisaTvis moxirisi (mxare _ g.g.) materialur, sasursaTo bazas

warmoadgens." iqve: "1930 w. n. berZeniSvilis mier adgilobriv

Catarebulma winaswarma kvlevam am mxriv sagulisxmo Sedegi moitana,

saxeldobr, swored zemoaRweril mxaris midamoebSi, xolo rionis

marcxena napiras, kulaS-eweris pirdapir mdebare adgilebs, romlebic

zed mTis ferdobebs ebjineba sof. dablagomTan, dResac muxurs

eZaxian da mis aRmosavleTiT 5-4km manZilze muxuris cixec

mdebareobs" (georgika, II, 1965, gv.208-210). sof. mTisZirsa da

dablagoms Soris, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSne, toponimi muxuri kidev

erTxel davadastureT, xolo, samwuxarod, nacixaris zusti

mdebareoba ki, Tu romel punqts gulisxmobs avtori, gaurkvevelia

(igi arc sof. mTisZirsa da arc "adeiSvilebis" goras ar axsenebs).

miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia, rom s. yauxCiSvili sof. mTisZiris

adreuli Sua saukuneebis nagebobebis naSTebs gulisxmobs. mxare, muxirisi, sadac muxirisis punqti iyo ganlagebuli, yvela

werilobiTi wyaros mixedviT centralur kolxeTSi mdebareobda.

prokopi kesarielis aRwerilobiT: "moxirisi erTi dRis saval gzazea

arqeopoliss daSorebuli da Seicavs mraval mWidrod dasaxlebul

sofels. kolxidis miwawyalze is saukeTeso mxares warmoadgens;

Rvinoc kargi modis da sxva nayofic iq kargad xarobs, Tumca

lazikis sxva adgilebze ar SeiZleba igive iTqvas. am mxares Camoudis

erTi mdinare _ saxelad reoni"(md. rioni _ g.g.) (BG VIII14).

muxirisis mxares dasavleTiT md. cxeniswyali unda sazRvravdes,

rodesac 550 w. sparselebis jari kolxeTSi SeiWra da "...lazikis im

adgilSi mivida, romelsac moxirisi ewodeba, dasabanakeblad dadga

moxerxebul adgilas. iq Camodis mdinare hiposi (md. cxeniswyali _

g.g.), arc didi da arc navTsavali, romlis gadasvla SeuZliaT

cxenosanT da fexdafex mavalTac; amis marjvena napiras gaikeTes

simagre..."(BGVIII1). rogorc statiis dasawyisSic aRiniSna, bizantiur

werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebuli ekonomikurad dawinaurebuli _

"muxirisis" mxaris centraluri nawili kolxeTis mTavari mdinaris,

129

rionis (fasisis) Sua welze mdebareobda. misi dawinaurebuli

ekonomikuri mdgomareoba TvalnaTliv dasturdeba dRevandeli

arqeologiuri monacemebiTac. rac Seexeba punqt "muxiriss," mis

Sesaxeb azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa (geguTis Sesaxeb ukve mogaxseneT da aq

aRar gavimeoreb). zogma mkvlevarma qalaq muxirisad q. quTaisi

(Ланчава,1995, gv.30; lanCava,1996) miiCnia. maSin sakiTxavia TviT

quTaisi sadRaa an ra mouxerxoT werilobiT wyaroebs.

muxirisad miiCnia md. gubiswylis marcxena napirze mdebare

arqeologiuri Zegli (namaSevi) arqeologma v. jafariZem, romelic

samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom am Zeglis "...qalaqobis niSnebi damatebiT

kvlevas saWiroebs" (jafariZe, 1999, gv.38). marTlac, jerjerobiT,

samwuxarod aq aRmoCenili arqeologiuri Zegli srulad ar aris

gaTxrili da gamoqveynebuli. aqve aRvniSnav, rom am striqonebis

avtori 1982 wels (ПАИ, 1985, gv.49-51) namaSevis mcire nagebobis

gaTxras eswreboda. namaSevTan da mis SemogarenSi toponimi muxirisi

ar dasturdeba. amitom, ver gaviziareb b-n v. jafariZis mosazrebas

namaSevis da muxurisis igiveobis Sesaxeb. rogorc zemoT mogaxseneT

1979w. gamovTqvi varaudi (ix. Гамкрелидзе,1979, gv.18; gamyreliZe,

1982,gv.118) punqt _ "muxirisad" sof. mTisZiris adreuli Sua

saukuneebis arqeologiuri Zeglis miCnevis Sesaxeb. Cemi argumentebia:

pirveli _ prokopi kesarielis da agaTias Txzulebebis, "muxirisis"

Sesaxeb cnobebis Tanxvedra istoriul-geografiul monacemebTan

(berZnuli werilobiTi wyaroebis damajerebeli analizi ix. s.

yauxCiSvilis _ georgika,II, 1965,gv.208-210); meore _ sof. mTisZiris

adreuli Sua saukuneebis nageboba da arqeologiuri masala; mesame _

toponim "muxurisis" sof. mTisZirTan dadastureba.

miuxedavad CamoTvlili argumentebisa, punqt "muxirisis" Sesaxeb

werilobiT wyaroebSi winaaRmdegobrivi monacemebis gamo, vTvli, rom

muxirisis adgilmdebareobis sakiTxi ar SeiZleba dResdReobiT

gadaWrilad CaiTvalos.

130

literatura:

berZeniSvili, n. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t.VIII, Tb., 1975. gamyreliZe, g. centraluri kolxeTis Zveli namosaxlarebi, Tb., 1982. georgika II,(Targmani da komentarebi s.yauxCiSvilis), tfilisi, 1934. georgika IV, nakv. I, (Targmani s. yauxCiSvilis), Tb., 1941. georgika I, (Targmnes s. yauxCiSvilma da al. gamyreliZem), Tb., 1961. georgika II, bizantieli..., (Targmani s. yauxCiSvilis), Tb., 1965. grigolia, g. egrisis..., arqeologiuri krebuli I, Tb.,1994, gv.112-145. inaiSvili, n. cixisZiris I-VI ss. arqeologiuri Zeglebi, Tb., 1993. kekeliZe, k. etiudebi Zveli qarTuli lit. istoriidan,VII, Tb., 1961. lanCava, om. dasavleT saqarTvvelos istoriuli geografiidan, mecn. akad.

Jur. "macne" (istoriis...seria),1974, #4, gv.129-136. lanCava, om. quTaisi egrisis cixe-qalaqTa sistemaSi, quTaisi, 1996. lomouri, n. egrisis samefos istoria, Tb., 1968. lomouri, n. Notitia dignitatum-is..., Tsu-s kreb. arq...., Tb.,1975, gv.68-69. lorTqifaniZe, oT. biWvintis wiTellakiani keramika, saq. mecn. akad. sazog.

mecn. gany-is "moambe," Tb., 1962, #1, gv.231-255. musxeliSvili, d. saq. ist. geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, Tb., 1977. CakvetaZe, vl. geguTis cixe-darbazi, Tb., 1958. javaxiSvili, iv. qarTveli eris istoria, I, Tb., 1960. janaSia, s. egrisis samefos warmoSoba, Sr., II, Tb., 1952. jafariZe, v. muxirisi - mxare ("qveyana") da qalaqi kolxeTSi, arq. kvlevis

centris Vsesia "msoflio kulturul-istoriuli procesi," moxsenebaTa

Tezisebi, Tb., 1998, gv.16-18; jafariZe, v. egrisis materialuri kulturaI-VIIss. (avtoreferati ist. mecn.

doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad), Tb., 1999, gv.36-39.

Адонц. Н. Армения в эпоху Юстинияна. С.-Петербург. 1908.

Гамкрелидзе, Г. Древние поселения в среднем течении р. Риони (автореферат

дисертации), изд. Акад. наук Груз., Тбилиси, 1979.

Гамкрелидзе, Г. К археологии долины Фасиса, изд. Акад.н. Г., Тб., 1992.

Ланчава. О. Кутаиси... (автореферат дис.), изд. Акад.н.Г.. Тб., 1995.

Палувые арх. исслед. (ПАИ) 1982г. Тб. 1985. с. 49.

131

sazRvao naosnoba da vaWroba kolxeTSi

(klasikuri periodi)

zRvam didi roli iTamaSa kolxeTis sazogadoebis socialur-

ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. werilobiTi da arqeologiuri monacemebis

mixedviT sanapiroze mTeli rigi naqalaqarebi da sxva dasaxlebuli

punqtebia mikvleuli. kerZod, afsarosi (goniosTan), cixisZiri-

boboyvaTi, qobuleT-fiWvnari, ureki, fasisi (foTTan), anaklia,

fiCori, gienosi (oCamCiresTan), dioskuria-sebastopolisi (soxumTan),

eSera, pitiunti (biWvinTasTan) da sxv. [9, gv.6-48]. CamoTvlili

dasaxlebebi, bunebrivia, cxovrebis wesiT zRvasTan mWidrod iyo

dakavSirebuli. isini garkveul rols asrulebdnen ucxoeTTan

savaWro-ekonomikur da kulturul-politikur urTierTobaSi. pirvel

rigSi, swored zRvispira qalaqebis meSveobiT xorcieldeboda

kontaqtebi Savi da xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebTan da qalaqebTan:

mileTTan, qiosTan, rodosTan, aTenTan, sinopTan, xersonesTan,

herakleasTan, fanagoriasTan, romTan (ostia). Semdgom konsta-

ntinepolTan, genuasTan, veneciasTan da a.S. [9, gv.45-46].

zRvispira qalaqebSi, vaWrobis garda, xelosnobis sxvadasxva

dargebi_ meTuneoba, mWedloba, xurooba, feiqroba iyo ganviTarebuli.

aq albaT gansakuTrebuli adgili mainc zRvasTan dakavSirebul

saqmianobas _ zRvaosnobas, navTmSeneblobas, meTevzeobas, zRvis

marilis mopovebas da, rac mTavaria, sazRvao vaWrobas eWira.

antikur xanaSi kolxeTis sanapiroze garkveuli sakontaqto regioni

Seiqmna antikur samyarosa da kolxeTs Soris. aRmosavleT

SavizRvispireTSi vaWroba, iseve, rogorc mTel antikur samyaroSi,

ZiriTadad sazRvao-samdinaro gzebiT xorcieldeboda. bizantieli

istorikosi agaTia kolxeTis Sesaxeb gadmogvcems_ isini gamoirCevian

"...Tavisi simdidris siuxviT, aseve qveSevrdomTa simravliT, miwa-

wylis sididiT da mosavlianobiT..." "...mcxovreblebi dacuraven,

SesaZleblobis farglebSi da vaWrobaSi sargebels naxuloben" (III,5).

132

md. rion-yvirilas (fasisis) savaWro-samdinaro gzis bolo punqti,

tba paliastomze mdebare qalaqi fasisi iyo, romlis Semdegac

savaWro karWapebi zRvaSi gadiodnen kabotaJuri curvisaTvis.

geomorfologebis mixedviT, paliastomis tba-laguna zRviuri

reliqtia. Zvelad aq mdinare rionis limani iyo. bunebrivia, rom

winaT swored am moxerxebul limanSi, romlis napirzedac qalaq-

navsayudeli mdebareobda, xomaldebi Semosuliyvnen. am gemebidan

Semdeg tvirTi brtyelZira samdinaro navebSi itvirTeboda da

paliastomis gavliT rionze an fiCorze aRma agrZelebdnen svlas.

werilobiTi wyaroebi migvaniSneben - "iq xom erTi tba (paliastomi -

g.g.) aris"... "satvirTo xomaldebi zRvis napiras, fasisis SesarTavTan

miacures qalaqis (fasisis - g.g.) maxloblad..."(agaTia III,5).

Savi zRva xmeleTSida zRvaa. is bosfor-dardanelis sruteebiT

gadis xmelTaSuazRvaSi. bosforis uviwroesi sigane mxolod 700m-a,

amitom misi gadaketva-kontroli advilia. vis xelSiac es srute iyo,

is akontrolebda xmelTaSu da Sav zRvebs Soris mimosvlas.

antikuri xanis kolxeTis geografiulma mdebareobam ganapiroba

sazRvao da samdinaro (md. rion-yvirilas satranzito gza)

komunikaciebis ganviTareba, rac zegavlenas axdenda maSindeli

kolxeTis kontaqtebze gare samyarosTan. zRva did gavlenas axdens

kolxeTis klimatis formirebaze da Sesabamisad aqaur agroklimatur

situaciaze, sameurneo yofaze. zRva aq Tbili da notio klimatis

Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels.

kolxeTis istoriaSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani uaryofiTi roli

zRvis napiris geomorfologiurma Secvlam iTamaSa. kerZod,

geomorfologebis varaudiT axalSavzRvurma transgresiam Secvala

fanagoriuli regresia (Zv.w. IaTaswleulis meore naxevarSi), xolo

Zveli da axali welTaRricxvebis mijnaze isev iwyeba zRvis donis

aweva. amis gamo sanapiroze ganlagebuli dasaxlebebi wylis qveS

moeqca da Sewyvita arseboba. kolxeTis zRvispireTSi skilaqs

kariandelis, arianes, pomponius melas, strabonis, klavdios

133

ptolemaiosis, prokopis mixedviT, mTeli rigi naqalaqarebia

moxseniebuli. qalaqebis wyalSi daZirvam zRvispireTSi ekonomikuri

donis stagnacia gamoiwvia. kolxeTis zRvis sanapiroze bunebrivi

yureebi cotaa, rac navTsayudelebis mowyobis simcires iwvevda da

uaryofiTad zemoqmedebda zRvaosnobis intensiur ganviTarebaze.

Zveli saqarTvelos zRvasTan axlo mdebare regionebSi

mcxovreblebs sazRvao brZolebis gamocdilebac hqondaT. amis Sesaxeb

cnobebi Semonaxulia berZnul-laTinur werilobiT wyaroebSi.

qsenofonti gadmogvcems, rom samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi

Zv.w. 401 wels berZenTa jars saomari operaciebis dros erT-erTma

qarTvelurma mosaxleobam - mosinikebma e.w. sazRvao sadesanto

mxedroba miaSveles. kerZod: "...gamogigzavnoT navebi da mebrZolebi,

romelnic TqvenTan erTad iomeben...","...isini (mosinikebi) movidnen

mTliani morisagan gamoTlili samasamde naviT. yvela am navSi sam-sami

mebrZoli ijda; ori amaTgani iaraRs isxamda da napirze gadmodioda,

xolo erTi ki rCeboda navSi;" "...napirze gadmosulebi

(desantirebulebi) daewyvnen amgvarad: daiyvnen aseulebad calkeuli

danayofebis msgavsad, mwyobrad", "...yvelas xelSi eWira suros

foTlis nairi fari,... Subi." "...maT emosaT mkvrivi tilos qitonebi,

...Tavze tyavis muzaradebi exuraT" ... "maT hqondaT agreTve rkinis

orlesuli sabrZolo culebi; roca mwyobrad daewyvnen erT-erTma

maTganma simRera wamoiwyo, sxvebma (am simReras) taqts fexi auwyes

da gaemarTnen sabrZolvelad" (ix. anabasisiV,IV,9-14;4). hipokratec

aRniSnavs, rom md. rionis (fasisis) qvemo welze adgilobrivi

mcxovreblebi "dacuraven aRma-daRma mTliani morisagan gamoTlili

navebiT, radgan aq arxebi bevria"(haerTa, wyalTa... 15). straboni

mogviTxrobs, rom kavkasionis gaswvriv zRvasTan, kolxeTSi

mcxovrebni - "... zRvaze yaCaRoben, aqvT momcro, viwro da msubuqi

navebi, romlebSic daaxloebiT ocdaxuTi mebrZoli eteva, ...berZnebi

maT kamarebs uwodeben." "...eseni kamarebisagan (navebisagan)

flotiliebs hqmnian da Tavs esxmian satvirTo xomaldebs, ...

134

qalaqebs da amgvarad akontroleben zRvas" (ix. straboni XI, II,12).

tacitusis cnobiT: "...kamarebs uwodeben dabal gverdebian, farTo

Zirian (specialur samxedro navebs - g.g.); isini brinjaos anda

rkinis samajurebis gareSe arian Sekruli; roca zRva Relavs,

talRebis sididis mixedviT navebs ficrebiT simaRles umateben,

vidre saxuravis TaRiviT (kamarasaviT) ar gadaixureba... (navebs)

orive mxares erTnairi cxvirebi da erTnairi niCbebi aqvT" (analebi,

III,47;1). nav-kamarebi ZiriTadad brZolis dros moZraobdnen niCbebis

saSualebiT, xolo afras grZel manZilze gadaadgilebis dros

iyenebdnen. am tipis navebi gamoirCeodnen kargi sanavigacio

TaviseburebebiT da napirTan swrafi midgomis unariT, rac napirze

samxedro desantirebisas friad moxerxebuli unda yofiliyo.

kolxebis samxedro flotiliis Sesaxeb cnoba moipoveba,

agreTve, Zv.w. IIIs. avtor apolonios rodoselTanac (ix. argonavtika,

II,1090; IV,235). aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom sof. yoRoToSi aRmoCenil

Zv.w. III s. brinjaos intalioze (inaxeba saq. sax. muzeumis gliptikis

kabinetSi, inv.#696) gamosaxulia niCbebiani katarRa, romelic

SesaZloa nav-kamara iyos. agreTve, albaT kolxuri katarRaa

gamoxatuli vanis naqalaqaris Zv.w. IIs. fenaSi aRmoCenil Tixis

sawafebze [ix. 3, gv.140]. kolxeTSi moipoveba "gemTsaSeni yovelive

masala, radgan izrdeba mravalricxovani tyeebi..." amuSaveben didZal

_ sels, kanafs, cvils da fiss" (ix.straboni XI,II,17). mniSvnelovania

isic, rom straboni Savi zRvis aRmosavleT mxares "kolxeTis zRvas"

uwodebs (ix. straboni, XI,I,6; 7, gv.19-48), riTac xazs usvams Zveli

saqarTvelos am regionis mniSvnelobas sazRvao saqmis codnis

TvalTaxedviT.

pontos samefos samxedro sazRvao Zalebi ZiriTadad kolxeTis

mosaxleobisagan kompleqtdeboda (gemebis ekipaJebi) da xomaldebis

calkeuli nawilebi, aRWurvilobac aqedan miewodebodaT, kerZod -

selis da kanafis Tokebi, afrebi; xis masala da fisi. straboni

aRniSnavs, rom swored kolxeTidan miTridate evpators - "...misdioda

135

umetesi nawili sazRvao-sanaosno ZalebSi samsaxurisaTvis" (ix.

straboni XI,II,18). friad sayuradReboa agreTve aniketis amboxis

ambavi. aniketi uwin samxedro flotis meTauri yofila. SesaZloa,

rom igi warmomavlobiT adgilobrivi, kolxi iyo. mas Semdeg, rac

polemonis samefo romaelebma provinciad aqcies, aniketma amis gamo

protesti ganacxada, risTvisac dasajes da daatyveves. aniketi gaiqca,

miimxro da saTaveSi Caudga pontos adgilobriv ukmayofilo da

upovar mcxovreblebs. is amboxebulebiT swrafad SeiWra aRmosavleT

pontoSi da aiRo qalaqi trapezunti. aq, erTi romauli kohorta

amoxoca da trapezuntis navsadgurSi mdgari flotis nawili xelT

igdo, xolo nawili dawva. man trapezuntis gaswvriv zRvaze

kontroli daawesa; sadac "...adgilobrivebi gabedulad moZraobdnen

saxeldaxelod agebuli navebiT, romlebsac kamarebs uwodeben..." (ix.

tacitusi, analebi, III,47). amis Semdeg "aniketi mdinare xobis

(axlandeli md. xobi) SesarTavSi" (analebi, III,48) Tavisi sazRvao

flotiliiT dabanakda.

SavizRvispireTs romis aRmosavlur politikaSi erT-erTi

ZiriTadi strategiuli adgili ekava. SavizRvispireTis sazRvao-

samdinaro komunikaciebi aucilebeli iyo parTiis msgavs Zlier

saxelmwifosTan qiSpobisas. romaelebi am brZolebSi, albaT

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sazRvao gamocdilebasac iyenebdnen.

rogorc Cans, antikur xanaSi kolxeTis samxedro sazRvao flotis

ZiriTadi Zala niCbiani katarRebi iyo. Semdgom aq etyoba berZnuli

da romauli [ix.10;13;11], im droisaTvis mowinave sazRvao teqnikis

gamoyenebac daiwyes da maTi msgavsi mozrdili xomaldebis agebac.

saerTod, bunebrivia, rom sazRvao saqmis ganviTarebas Zvel

saqarTveloSi xels uwyobda misi Sav zRvasTaan mdebareoba da

sanapiroze farTo samdinaro qselis arseboba [ix. 8,gv.66,199; 2].

savaraudoa, rom aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi Zv.w. VI-Iss-Si

iseve, rogorc mTel antikur samyaroSi igeboda niCbiani, afriani da

urnaliani samxedro-sazRvao xomaldebi. am tipis xomaldi Sedgeboda

136

- magari jiSis xis korpusisagan, romelsac wylis doneze, cxvirze

rkinis saZgerebeli urnali hqonda; kiCos daboloeba zemoT

morkaluli iyo, romelzedac mimagrebuli iyo saWe; xomaldis

xerxemalze, centrSi aRmarTuli iyo anZa, romlis zeda nawilzec

magrdeboda saafre lartya; korpusis centralur nawilSi

vertikalurad Camagrebuli xis joxebi iyo, romlebzedac magrdeboda

wyalSi CaSvebuli niCbebi (cal mxares daaxloebiT 15-dan 20-mde);

xomalds hqonda selis afra da bagirebi.

aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis savaWro xomaldis Semdgomi

ganviTarebis erT-erTi saxeoba SesaZloa iyos ucxoel misioner-

mogzaurTa (avitabile, kasteli, lamberti, Sardeni, gamba da sxv.)

mier Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze nanaxi karWap-xomaldebi [8;2].

erT-erTi amdagvari xis satvirTo karWapis naSTebi q. foTTan zRvis

SelfSi, md. rionis marcxena Stodan Svidas metrze aRmoCnda [ix. 12,

gv.101-109]. karWapis sigrZe 23m, maqsimaluri sigane 6m, simaRle 2,3m.

wyalSi mkafiod gairCeva xomaldis Tavi, bolo da gverdebi

(Spangoutebi). xomaldis Sida saTavsi qviSa-lamiT aris amovsebuli.

xomaldis kili wablis xisagan aris gakeTebuli, xolo Spangoutebze

gemis garsakravi cudad aris Semonaxuli. xomaldis agebaSi rkinis

naWedi brtyelTaviani lursmnebia gamoyenebuli. aq mikvleuli

xomaldi konfiguraciiT zemoT naxsenebi misioner-mogzaurTa

aRweril xomaldebs waagavs.

adreul Sua saukuneebSi, kolxeTSi, naosnobis ganviTarebis

Sesaxeb agaTia aRniSnavs - "Zlierni da mamacni arian lazebi; isini

sxva meomar xalxebzec mbrZanebloben; amayoben kolxTa Zveli

saxeliT..." "...mcxovreblebi zRvaosnoben..." (ix. agaTia,III,5). rogorc

Cans, zRvaosnoba antikuri xanis kolxeTSi mWidrod ukavSirdeboda

qveyanaSi Seqmnil istoriul viTarebas. aq sanaosno saSualebebis

tipebi daaxloebiT iseTive iyo, rogorc mTel SavizRvispireTSi.

zRvisa da kolxeTis dablobis naosnobisaTvis momgebiani

137

hidrografiuli pirobebis gamo aq wylis transports qveynis

ganviTarebaSi erT-erTi wamyvani adgili unda sWeroda.

literatura:

1. gamyreliZe, al. tacitusis cnobebi saqarTveloze, Tb., 1973. 2. kutaleiSvili, z. naosnoba saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1987. 3. lorTqifaniZe, g. stumarTmoyvare fasiselebi, kreb. "mneme", Tb., 2000,

gv.140-147. 4. miqelaZe, T. qsenofontis "anabasisi", Tb., 1967. 5. yauxCiSvili, T. strabonis geografia, Tb., 1957. 6. yauxCiSvili, s. georgika, III, tf., 1936.

7. Агбунов М. Античная лоция Черного морья, М., 1987.

8. Берадзе Т. Мореплавание и торговля в средневек. Грузии, Тб., 1989.

9. Гамкрелидзе Г. К археологии долины Фасиса, Тб., 1992.

10. Петерс Б. Морское дело в античных государствах Северного Причерноморья,

М., 1982.

11. Casson L. The Ancient Mariners, London, 1960.

12. Gamkrelidze G. Hydroarchaeology in the Georgian Republic, The International

Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 1992, N2, v. 21, p. 101.

13. Tor Cecil. Ancient ships, Chicago, 1964.

138

vercxlis ritoni sof. gomidan

saqarTvelos mTian mxareSi, zemo raWaSi, aRmoCenili brZolis

scenis gamosaxulebiani vercxlis sasmisi torevtikis friad

unikaluri nimuSia. sayuradReboa misi siuJeti da ornamentuli

samkauli. vercxlis sasmisi wagrZelebuli konusis formisaa;

SemorCenili simaRle 13 sm; piris dm – 6,5 sm; wona – 86 g;

dazianebulia pir-yelis nawili; motexilia qveda nawili. sasmisi

quTaisis muzeumis Zvirfasi liTonebis fondSi inaxeba (inv.#111)

[29,gv.37]. sasmisi vercxlis erTiani furclisaganaa damzadebuli.

gamoricxuli ar aris, rom reliefi jer brtyel furcelze gakeTda

da Semdgom Seikra. amitomacaa, rom figurebi ramdenadme

deformirebuli da proporciebi darRveulia. sasmiss sami sartyeli amkobs. zemodan pirveli – kanelurebiani

frizi; meore – oTxi adamianis urTierTbrZolis scena; mesame – ori

cxoveli da xe. mocemuli gamosaxulebebi sasmisis kedelze

simetriuladaa ganlagebuli. kanelurebis qvemoT ori orTabrZolis

scenaa gamoxatuli. marcxnidan pirvel wverosan adamians Tavze

muzaradi axuravs; zeaweul xelSi saZgereblad gamzadebuli mokle

Subi upyria, xolo marcxena xelSi oTxkuTxa fari uWiravs. meomars

sxeulze mokle tansacmeli mosavs, xolo mis qvemoT SiSveli fexebi

mouCans. fexze, koWTan, sartylebiT gadmocemuli fexsacmeli acvia. meore meomari saxiT pirvelisakenaa gamosaxuli da mSvild-isars

umiznebs pirvels. mas Tavze muzaradi, tanze usaxelo samosi da

pirveli meomrisnairi fexsacmeli acvia. mesame meomari meorisadmi

zurgiT dgas, Tavze muzaradi axuravs; marjvena xelSi satevari

upyria, xolo marcxena xelSi pirveli meomrisnairi fari uWiravs.

meoTxe meomris figura saxiT mesamisakenaa mimarTuli da xelSi Subi

uWiravs. figurebis zogierTi nawili dazianebul-deformirebulia.

meomarTa qvemoT rvatotiani xea da erTmaneTis pirispir mdgomi

Sveli da mgelia.

139

sasmisze gamosaxulebebis gadmocemis teqnika daWdevis, amokawvris

da reliefis Signidan amozneqis xerxebiTaa warmoCenili. amozneqili

figurebis konturebi ki mkveTradaa Semovlebuli. figurebi sqematur-

naturalisturia; dabali reliefiT da CaWdeuli xazebiTaa

gakeTebuli. reliefi arc Tu maRali klasis ostatis mier unda iyos

Sesrulebuli. oTxive mebrZolis tani sammeoTxedSi, xolo Tavi

profilSia gamoxatuli. meomrebis wver-ulvaSi xazebiTaa mocemuli.

zeda da qveda kompoziciis sivrcobrivi gadawyveta martivia. qveda

siuJetSi Svlis ukan Cans xe, riTac iqmneba ori sxvadasxva sibrtyis

iluzia. mebrZolebis oTxkuTxa farebze horizontaluri StrixebiT

ki iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom xelosani ecada Seeqmna mxatvruli

perspeqtivis iluzia. brZolis scenis kompoziciis meomarTa

dinamikuri pozebi agresiuli eqspresiis ganwyobas qmnis. centrSi,

ukana planze gamosaxuli xe zeda da qveda siuJetebis da-makavSirebel, mTavar simbolod aRiqmeba. sasmisze gamoxatul

siuJetebs jerjerobiT kavkasiaSi da mis garSemo zusti mxatvrul-

stilisturi analogia ar moepoveba. SeiZleba zogadi msgavseba

veZeboT mxolod mis sakralur (xe, cxovelebi) da nivTier

(saWurvel-iaraRi) monacemebSi. samwuxarod, aqamde es sayuradRebo vercxlis sasmisi samecniero

mimoqcevaSi araa Semotanili. mkvlevarTaTvis isic ki ucnobi iyo, Tu

dasavleT saqarTvelos romeli adgilidan moxvda igi q. quTaisis

muzeumSi. muzeumis davTarSi mokled Cawerilia, rom nivTi 1930

wels Caabara istorikos-mxareTmcodne giorgi boWoriZem, romelic

1937 wlis usamarTlo represiebma Seiwira. amdenad, g. boWoriZis

monografia – "raWa-leCxumis istoriuli Zeglebi da siZveleebi"

mxolod 1994 wels daistamba. am sayuradRebo wignis gamoqveynebis

Semdeg naTeli moefina mocemuli sasmisis aRmoCenis adgil-mdebareobas. kerZod, sasmisi g. boWoriZes zemo raWaSi, sof. gomis

(md. gomuras marjvena napirze) mTavarangelozis, savalalod

dangreuli, eklesiidan quTaisis muzeumSi Camoutania.

140

sof. gomi, iseve rogorc sof. jinWvisis da uweris sanaxebi Sua

saukuneebSi aznaur gamyreliZeebs ekuTvnodaT. Semonaxulia 1458w.

mefe giorgi VIII mier maTze gacemuli sigeli (inaxeba xelnawerTa

institutis fondebSi – Hd-10149) (dawvrilebiT ix.[3, gv. 209,331, 355;

2, gv.21-23, 82,122]).

g. boWoriZis naSromSi CamoTvlilia sof. gomis mTavarangelozis

eklesiaSi dadasturebuli nivTebi: "vercxlis sasmisi 13 sm, Semkuli

mSvild-isriTa da SubiT meomari xalxis Weduri suraTebiT;

dazianebulia. Zegli ekuTvnis uZveles xanas. spilenZis Tasi 1cali.

brinjaos sartylis nawili, Semkuli cxovelTa saxeebiT – 2cali.

brinjaos samajuri did-patara 2cali. brinjaos qinZisTavi 2cali.

brinjaos beWedi 1cali. brinjaos wvrili nivTebi 7cali. minis

samkaulis naSTi. rqis beWedi 1cali. mZivebi erTi asxma, maTSi 8

mozrdili. mZivebis natexebi 16cali..."[3, gv.254].

mkiTxveli Tu daakvirdeba, aq moxseniebuli nivTebi – vercxlis

sasmisi, brinjaos Tasi, brinjaos beWedi, mZivebi (maTi dRevandeli

141

Senaxvis adgili ucnobia) is nivTebia, romlebic xSirad

arqeologiurad Seswavlil winaqristianul samarovnebSi gvxvdeba.

sadReisod, sof. gomTan yvelaze axlos mdebareobs sof. RebTan

mdebare brilis cnobili arqeologiuri mravalfeniani Zegli. amdenad,

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom adgilobriv mcxovrebTa mier aq SemTxveviT

aRmoCenili nivTebi sof. gomis mTavarangelozis eklesias Seswires.

am mxriv sayuradRebo cnobas gvawvdis eTnografi sergi makalaTia.

kerZod, "brilSi oya lobjaniZes miwis xvnis dros araerTxel

gauxsnia Zveli akldama-samarxebi ... amoukrefia WurWeli, brinjaos

samkaulebi, qandakebebi da mZivebi" [14, gv.14]. mTian saqarTveloSi,

Zveli Cveulebis mixedviT, morwmune adamiani, rasac karg, uCveulo

Zvirfas nivTs SemTxveviT ipovida, yvelafers soflis eklesias

swiravda. aqedan ki nivTis gatana did mkrexelobad iTvleboda.

amitom, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi raWis da svaneTis eklesiebSi uamra-vi uZvelesi nivTi dagrovda [25, gv.4-7; 14, gv.87].

142

sof. gomSi aRmoCenili sasmisis forma – cilindruli yeli da

mogrZo, qvemoTken daviwrovebuli tani, boloSi gadanatexiT (mo-texilia sasmisis protomi) gvafiqrebinebs, rom is ritoni unda iyos.

ritonebs iyenebdnen sasmisad. isini ZiriTadad orgvaria _

mokleyeliani, cxovelis Tavis gamosaxulebiT da yanwismagvari,

wverTan sxvadasxva arsebaTa mcire figurebiT. saqarTveloSi

meRvineobis uZvelesi fesvebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom yanw-ritoni aq

sasmisis uZvelesi formaa da xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi

ixmareboda.saerTod, ritonis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb mravalnairi

mosazreba arsebobs [64, gv.6-15; 61, gv.4-13]. mkvlevarTa erTi nawili

Tvlis, rom ritoni pirvelad daamzades mcire aziaSi [1,gv.51]. meore nawilis azriT, ritonis samSoblo irania [62,gv.8-14], mesame nawilis

mixedviT, gamoricxulia, rom ritonisnairi sasmisi maincdamainc erT

romelime adgilas SeeqmnaT [54,gv.107-108; 46,gv.215-235].marTlac,

SesaZloa, rom ritoni, sruliad damoukideblad gaCeniliyo

mecxoveleobis mimdevar ama Tu im regionebSi [4,gv.73-81], radgan

gamofxekili rqa bunebrivi da martivad dasamzadebeli sasmisia. yanw-ritoni, romelic Tavdapirvelad cxovelis rqisagan

keTdeboda, droTa ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva masalisa (Tixa, liToni,

spilos eSvi, mina) da sxvadasxvanairi formis mzaddeba. ritonis

damzadebaSi ufro ganviTarebuli safexuri unda iyos liTonis

masalisagan misi gakeTeba. Cans, am droisaTvis is saritualo

WurWlis daniSnulebas iZens. am periodisaTvis liTonis ritonebi

gansakuTrebiT vrceldeba Savi zRvispireTSi, kavkasiaSi, aRmosavleT

anatoliasa da iranSi [32, gv.36-47]. marto dneprispireTidan Crdilo

kavkasiis CaTvliT, yorRanebSi 21 calia arqeologiurad

dadasturebuli (semibratnis yorRani, kelermesis yorRani, uliapskis

yorRani, kul-oba, tolstaia-mogilas, soloxas yorRani, talaevskis

yorRani, yaragodeuaSxis yorRani da sxv.)[36, gv.65].

143

saqarTveloSi arqeologiurad aRmoCenilia gamosaxulebebi xelSi

yanw-ritoniT. magaliTad: q. gudauTasTan (adgili bombora) napovni

mjdomare adamianis figura, romelsac xelSi yanw-ritoni aqvs; ori

mamakacis figura ritoniT xelSi daba yazbegidan; q. mcxeTaSi,

armazisxevis #6 samarxSi gaTxrili qalRmerTis gamosaxuleba yanwiT

[63,gv.30] xelSi; qalRmerTi yanwiT, vercxlis langarze sof.

cixisZiridan; vanis naqalaqarze gaTxrili RvTaebis qandakeba yanwiT

xelSi [37, tab.XLVIII;27, tab.VII, IX;7, gv.33, tab.VIII1; 5, gv.135-138].

"siuxvis yanwi", yanw-ritoni xSirad erT-erTi atributi iyo

RvTaebebis. samarxeul nivTebSi ritonis simravle gvavaraudebinebs,

rom maTi erT-erTi sakraluri funqcia iyo ritonis gamoyeneba micva-

lebulis kultTan dakavSirebul ritualSi – saflavSi Cataneba (mag.

lekiTosebiviT), an mis samaresTan yanw-ritoniT mosaxseneblis Sesma.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze ritonebi aRmoCenilia – q.

gudauTasTan brinjaos ritoni gareuli Txis protomiT [44, gv.33];

daba yazbegidan vercxlis ritoni verZis Taviani protomiT [27,

gv.52,tab.XV3]; yazbegis midamoebidanvea xbos Tavis gamosaxulebiani

vercxlis ritoni (inaxeba s.-peterburgis ermitaJis aRmosavleTis

fondSi); q. borjomTan, borniReles samarovnis brinjaos ritoni [39,

gv.50,tab.65, 8;60,gv.152]; sof. mTisZiris vercxlis ritoni [59, gv.211-

216]; vanis naqalaqaridan taxis Taviani Tixis ritoni; ufliscixis

naqalaqaridan Tixis ritoni [24, gv.76]; md. webeldis xeobidan minis

sami ritoni [38,gv.76-77, sur.20; 7,8,11]; urbnisis naqalaqaris

samarovanidan minis ritoni [17, gv.72,tab.124]; q. mcxeTis, samTavros

samarovanidan minis ritoni [19, gv.26,sur.3].

sof. gomSi aRmoCenili sasmisi yanwiseburi ritonis tips

miekuTvneba. masze gamosaxuli oTxidan or meomars erTnairi konfi-

guraciis fari uWiravs, romlebic menjidan mxramde faravT. fari

oTxkuTxaa da marjvena zeda kuTxe amoWrili aqvs. fari naxatze isea

gamosaxuli, rom mklavze maryuJiT damagrebuli Cans da xelis

CasaWidic unda hqonoda. amgvarad, mebrZols fari ufro marjved,

144

moxerxebulad ekava da Tu dasWirdeboda, brZolis dros orive

xelis xmareba SeeZlo (faris aseT samagrs pirvelad hoplitebi

iyenebdnen [8, gv.35]). gomis sasmisis faris marjvena kuTxe amoWrili

iyo, rac meomars lavirebis dros gamoxedvis saSualebas aZlevda da

moxerxebuli unda yofiliyo. faris amgvari detali mxolod am

gamosaxulebebzea aRniSnuli da sxvagan ar gvxvdeba. amitom,

savarudoa es gamosaxedi sabrZolo aRWurvilobis ganviTarebaSi adgi-

lobriv novaciad miviCnioT. gamosaxediani farebi sxvaganacaa

aRmoCenili, magram maTze simetria araa darRveuli. mag.: e.w. naxevar-

mTvariseburi farebi an gamosaxediani fari, romelic q. xersonesSi I

s-is reliefze gamoxatul meomars ukavia. sasmisis Wedurobaze fari

mocemulia vertikaluri xazebiT da xis faqturas mogvagonebs. xis

mogrZo naWrebi horizontalurad, albaT, liTonis ori sartyliTaa

Sekruli. sartylebs Soris laTinuri ve-s magvari, horizontalurad

gadmocemuli niSani (), raRac emblema SeimCneva. oTxkuTxa (momrgvalebul kuTxeebiani) farebi dadasturebulia

yaraSambas vercxlis Tasze, romelic md. razdanis Sua welze, Zv.w. II

aTaswleuliT daTariRebul samarxSi aRmoCnda [51, gv.145]; trapeciis-eburi farebi stefanavanSi, gvianbrinjaos xanis samarxSi aRmoCenil

sartyelzea [48, sur.65]; karmir-blurSi, karebis brinjaos gar-sakravze gamosaxulia q. sugunis aReba. sadac asurel meomrebs xelSi

mogrZo, kuTxeebiani farebi uWiravT [52, tab.IV]; Celtis oTxkuTxa

farebi aqvT abu-simbelis taZarSi dadasturebul Zv.w. 1312w. qadeSis

brZolis scenaze, sabrZolo etlebze amxedrebul ramses II

mowinaaRmdege meomrebs [42, gv.132, sur.1]; momrgvalebul kuTxeebiani

oTxkuTxa fari aqvs xelSi soloxas saxeliT cnobil samarxSi

aRmoCenil oqros savarcxelze gamoxatul e.w. skviT meomars [47,

sur.34]. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom skviTur-sarmatuli samyarosTvis

farebi naklebadaa damaxasiaTebeli. TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba isini arc

maT mravalricxovan arqeologiur masalaSi. samarxebidan cnobilia

145

mxolod xuTiode maTgani, romlebic miCneulia faris naSTebad [50,

gv.78; 55, gv.63].

herodotes mixedviT, qserqses jarSi iranelebi Celtis wriuli

farebiT iyvnen aRWurvili (VII, 61). egeosur-berZnuli samyarosaTvis

oTxkuTxa farebi damaxasiaTebeli araa. adreuli romauli farebi

wriulia, xolo daaxloebiT Zv.w.IIIs-dan Cndeba oTxkuTxa,

vertikalze odnav moRunuli farebi. polibiosi "istoriaSi" (VI,23,

2-4) gadmogvcems, rom farebi Sedgeba xis firfitebisagan da

dafarulia tyaviT (zomebi daaxloebiT 12080sm). fars, zeda da

qveda mxares, Sesakvrelad rkinis garsakravebi ertya. Semdgom,

kuTxeebianTan erTad Tanaarseboben ovaluri da mogrZo wakveTil bo-

loebiani rombiseburi, eqvskuTxa farebic. faris centrSi wriuli

liTonis umboni iyo. samive (oTxkuTxa, eqvskuTxa, ovaluri) tipis

fari q. romSi lucius septimius severusis triumfaluri TaRis

reliefebzea gamoxatuli. oTxkuTxa farebia gamoxatuli q. pompeiSi

aRmoCenil gladiatorTa brZolis scenebzec. markus furius kamilusis diqtatorobisas, romaeli qveiTis

ZiriTad farad iqca oTxkuTxa fari – skutumi (scutum). aqedan

moyolebuli, daaxloebiT ax.w.III saukunemde am tipis farebi

dominireben romis qveiT armiaSi (cxenosnebs ovaluri aqvT). amgvari

oTxkuTxa farebi unda hqonodaT pompeusis legionerebs, roca Zv.w.

65wels pirvelad gamoCndnen transkavkasiaSi da iberiis mefe

artokesTan mouxdaT Setakeba [ix. 5, gv.57-69]. romis imperiis epoqaSi

faris zomebi Semcirda da ZiriTadad meomris torss faravda [57,

gv.230-234].

dasavleT saqarTveloSi, webeldaSi steklianis goraze gaTxril

arqeologiur kompleqsSi, romelic IVs-iT TariRdeba, oTxkuTxa xis

fari, kuTxeebSi rkinis samagrebiT da lursmnebiani garsakraviT (zoma

_ 4868sm) aRmoCnda [38, gv.95,sur.33].

saqarTvelos teritoriaze dadasturebul arqeologiur

monacemebSi xSirad Cndeba faris wriuli, brinjaos an rkinis "guli",

146

umboni. faris xisa da tyavis sxva nawilebi miwaSi cudad inaxeboda.

umbonis wriuloba ar unda niSnavdes imas, rom faric aucileblad

wriuli iyo (mag. wriul umboniani romauli oTxkuTxa skutumebi).

faris wriulobis Sesaxeb mosazreba saqarTvelos mTianeTis

eTnografiul monacemebs eyrdnoba. am farebis diametri 30-40sm-mdea

[26,gv.227-232]. varsimaanTkaris arqeologiur Zeglzec mxolod faris

gulebia SemorCenili da ara farebi [Seadare, 16, gv.67-72].

saqarTveloSi faris liTonis wriuli umbonebi da garsakravebi

arqeologiur Zeglebze ZiriTadad gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanidan

Cans; kerZod, badiaurSi, liloSi, melaanSi, vanTaSi, urekSi, yazbegSi,

samTavroSi, kamaraxevSi, varsimaanTkarSi, vanSi (#9samarxSi),

xucubanSi, webeldaSi, eSerSi, brilSi da sxv. sayuradReboa, rom

hoplituri, wriuli farebia aRmoCenili wiTeli Suquras #7sa-marxSi da axul-abaas samarxSi [8,gv.32-40]. albaT, liTonis umbonian,

liToniTve SeWedil da ucxour (mag. hoplitur) farebs SeZlebuli,

warCinebuli meomrebi atarebdnen. es SeimCneva, magaliTad, varsimaan-Tkaris arqeologiuri Zeglidanac, sadac 166 samarxidan mxolod

orSi dadasturda faris "guli"(dm_ 30sm) [16,gv.71]. rigiTi meomrebi Celtis, totebisagan dawnuli lastis an xis tyavgadakrul farebs

atarebdnen, romlebic miwaSi moxvedris gamo araa SemorCenili. berZnul werilobiT wyaroebSi moixsenieba qarTveluri

mosaxleobis (kolxebis, mosinikebis, mosxebis, xalibebis) farebi.

kerZod, herodote aRniSnavs – "kolxebs Tavze xis muzaradebi

hqondaT, gamouqneli tyavis patara farebi da mokle Subebi, amis

garda danebi" (VII,79; ix. agreTve VII,78). qsenofontis "anabasisSi"

xalibebis xaris tyavisagan gakeTebuli farebi moixsenieba (IV,7,22).

aqve naxsenebia, rom mosinikebis meomrebs "yovels xelSi ekava suros

foTlis nairi fari, xaris TeTri bewviani tyaviT dafaruli" (V,

12). straboni "geografiaSi" gadmogvcems, albanelebi "arian Subosnebi

da mSvildosnebi, aqvT tyavis abjrebi da farebi iberebis msgavsad"

(XI,4,5). aq naxsenebia romauli skutumis msgavsi fari – jureoc [ix.

147

40,gv.802]. mniSvnelovania, rom "geografiis" es monakveTi

qronologiurad kavkasiaSi romaeli sardlis pompeusis albanelebTan

da iberebTan brZolis dros exeba. rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebidan

Cans, kolxebi, xalibebi, mosinikebi, iberebi xmarobdnen – xaris tyavis

mcire farebs; suros foTlis formis farebs; skutumis msgavs

kuTxeebian farebs. es farebi zogi Celtis iyo, zogic xis da

tyavgadakruli. arqeologiur masalaSi umbonebis dadastureba

migvaniSnebs imaze, rom faris konstruqciaSi xSirad liTonic

gamoiyeneboda. sof. gomis sasmisze ki, momcro skutumis msgavsi

farebia gamosaxuli; mxolod, maT marjvena zeda kuTxis adgilze

gamosaxedi aqvs. am farebis konstruqciis es elementi migviTiTebs

samxedro aRWurvilobis gamorCeul mxareze. gomis sasmisze asaxul meomrebs mokle samosi acviaT, romelic

menjs qvemoT faravda. tanisamosi gadmocemulia vertikaluri

xazebiT. pirvel da meore meomars TiTqos zemodan usaxelo samosic

mosavs. pirvel da mesame meomars welze qamrebi aqvT. rogorc

zemoTac aRvniSne, gamosaxulebebi friad sqematuria da amitom

dabejiTebiT raimes Tqma SeuZlebelia. gamoricxuli araa, rom

mebrZolebs abjari ecvaT. arc is aris gamosaricxi, rom xazebiT

mocemulia romauli lorikas magvari abjari. mesame meomars

Sarvalic acvia, rac skviTur-sarmatuli samyarosTvis damaxasiaTe-beli elementia. gavixsenoT mokle zeda tanis da Sarvlis kombinacia,

mag. soloxas savarcxelze gamoxatuli meomris fariani figura. qsenofonti "anabasisSi" mogviTxrobs: mosinikebs "...ecvaT tilos

mkvrivi mokle qitonebi, romelnic muxlebs ar swvdeboda..."(V, 4, 13).

qsenofonti aqve aRniSnavs, xalibebs "... hqondaT selis abjrebi, muc-lis qveda nawilamde, xolo qvemoT mWidrod dagrexili Tokebi"

(IV,7,15), welze qamrebi ertyaT. sayuradReboa, rom oTxidan sam

mebrZols fexebi, romaeli legionerebiviT SiSveli aqvs da fexze

koWTan Sekruli fexsacmeli acvia. cnobilia, rom berZeni meomrebi

148

xSirad knemidebiT ifaravdnen fexebs. xalibebsac hqondaT knemidebi

(qsenofonti, anabasisi,IV,7,16). saqarTvelos teritoriaze arqeologiurad dadasturebulia

brinjaos da rkinis sajavSne firfitebi da jaWvis rgolebi. kerZod,

isini aRmoCnda – vanSi, eSerSi, TagilonSi, kldeeTSi, webeldaSi

(Sapka). vanis naqalaqarze, meomris (#2) samarxSi dadasturda asamde

rkinis naxvretiani firfita. aseTi firfitebisagan Sekrul abjars

qercliseburs uwodeben. naxvretebiani firfitebi magrdeboda tyavze

an mkvriv tiloze da faravda meomris torss [10, gv.183-184].

SesaZloa, rom swored amdagvari abjari, romelic CaWdeuli

xazebiTaa gadmocemuli, emosaT gomis sasmisis mebrZolebs. sasmisze gamoxatul oTxive meomars Tavze axuravs

naxevarsferuli muzaradi. zogierTs TiTqos cxvirsafari da ybebis

safari mouCans. antikuris wina epoqaSi cxvirsafari da ybissafari

ar aqvT muzaradebze [41, gv.101,tab.XVI]. isini araa damaxasiaTebeli

arc iranuli samyarosaTvis. berZnuli da Semdeg romauli

samyarosaTvis ki ybasafarebi SedarebiT xSiria [ix. 56,gv.65-136,327].

saqarTveloSi arqeologiurad aRmoCenilia e.w. qalkiduri,

hoplituri muzaradebi – soxumTan, quTaisTan, sof. koxTan (aWara),

sof. SuxuTTan (lanCxuTis r-ni). axlaxan romauli naxevarsferuli

muzaradi aRmoCnda kaxeTSi, dedofliswyaros r-nSi sof. zemo qedSi

(aRmoaCina arqeologma b. maisuraZem). romis respublikis epoqaSi

muzaradebs SublTan simtkicisaTvis ukeTebdnen damatebiT liTonis

sartyels. iseTs, rogoric gomis sasmisze pirvel da meore meomris

muzaradebs mouCanT. respublikis da imperiis xanis romauli

muzaradebisaTvis cxvirsafarebi naklebadaa damaxasiaTebeli [56,

gv.327-365; 57,gv.228]. gomis sasmisze, albaT, Sereuli tipis

(berZnul-romauli) an kolxuri xis muzaradebia mocemuli.

kolxuris Sesaxeb cnobas gvawvdis herodote(VII,79). xis muzaradebi

mosxebsac exuraT (herodote,VII,78). ufro mogviano, kerZod,

149

pompeusis iberebTan brZolis droindel ambebze Txrobisas, straboni

aRniSnavs, iberebs tyavis muzaradebi exuraTo(XI,4,5).

gomis sasmisze gamosaxul pirvel meomars, zeaweul xelSi,

wveriT qvemoT, saZgereblad gamzadebuli Subi uWiravs. Subi moklea

da rombiseburi Subispiri aqvs. Subispiris damagrebis adgili ori

horizontaluri xaziTaa gadmocemuli. amdagvari Subiani mebrZolia

gamosaxuli imperator konstantines triumfalur TaRze q. romSi

[35, sur.279]. Subis wveriT qvemoT daxra TiTqos imaze migvaniSnebs,

rom es Subi saZgerebelia da ara satyorcni. saqarTvelos antikuri

xanis arqeologiur monacemebSi Subispirebi, sxva iaraRTan SedarebiT,

procentulad pirvel adgilze Cans, rac imis niSania, rom im dros

Subi ZiriTad sabrZolo iaraRs warmoadgenda. amasve adasturebs

werilobiTi cnobebic, romelTa mixedviTac – Subi wamyvani iaraRia

kolxebis, xalibebis, mosxebis da iberebisaTvis (herodote,VII,78,79;

"anabasisi"V,2,22; V,4,12; V,4,25; straboniXI,4,5). "Subosani iberebis"

specialuri razmis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs plutarqec (lukulsi,31). gomis sasmisze meore meomars marcxena xelSi mSvild-isari

uWiravs da Subian meomars umiznebs. mSvildi momcro da Tanabrad

morkalulia; laris mibmis adgilebi horizontaluradaa gamoxatuli;

isrispiri, samkuTxa, daqanebul frTebiania. amgvari isrispirebi

gvianelinistur-romauli samyarosaTvisaa ufro damaxasiaTebeli.

saqarTvelos arqeologiur masalaSi isrispirebi procentulad cotaa

aRmoCenili. albaT, im periodSi mSvild-isars samxedro SeiaraRebaSi

meorexarisxovani adgili eWira. amasve adasturebs herodotes

(VII,78,79) da qsenofontis (IV,7,15-16; IV,8,3; V,2,22; V,4,12)

cnobebic. isini kolxebis, mosxebis, mosinikebis, xalibebis

SeiaraRebis CamoTvla-aRwerisas mSvild-isars ar axseneben.

samagierod, Semdeg, romaelebis (pompeusis) laSqrobis dros, iberia-

albaneTSi straboni iberebis SeiaraRebis CamoTvlisas mSvild-

isarsac axsenebs (XI,4,5). mSvildosani iberebis Sesaxeb gadmogvcems

150

apianec (miTridates omebi,101) da dion kasiusic (XXXVII,2). svanebis

mowamluli isrebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs straboni (XI,2,19). sasmisze mesame da meoTxe mebrZoli erTmaneTs mokle orlesuri

satevriT da SubiT erkinebian. rkinis satevari saqarTvelos antikuri

xanis arqeologiur masalaSi SubTan SedarebiT cotaa; isini

SedarebiT metia gvianantikur xanaSi. mag.: armazisxevi, kldeeTi,

Cxorowyu, brili, webelda [21, gv.74-75]. herodote SubebTan erTad

axsenebs mokle satevrebs (danebs?) (VII,79). qsenofonti "anabasisSi"

miuTiTebs, rom xalibebs qamarze mokle satevrebi ekidaT (IV,7,16). gomis sasmisis qveda sartyelze pirispir dedali, urqo Sveli

da mgelia (mtacebeli) gamosaxuli. am jiSis cxovelebi kavkasionis

xeobebSi dResac binadroben. Svelis ukan xe moCans. vfiqrobT, aq

alegoriulad dualisturi keTilisa da borotis brZola aisaxa

(rac ZiriTadad axasiaTebda zoroastrul da Semdgom maniqevelur

religiebs). xe, am SemTxvevaSi keTilis mxaresaa (ukanaa). zeda,

meomarTa brZolis siuJetis, alegoriuli gamosaxva unda iyos qveda

scena, sadac Sveli sikeTes, kargs, mgeli, borotebas, cuds da xe

nayofierebas, sicocxlis gamarjvebas da mtris damarcxebas asaxavs.

gomis riton-sasmisi, albaT, specialurad brZolaSi daRupuli,

warCinebuli meomrisaTvis, Sesawirad iyo damzadebuli da dakrZalvis

ritualSi gamoiyenes. vfiqrobT, meomrebiani sartylis axsnaSi, ufro

miwieri, Cveulebrivi, SesaZloa Crdilo kavkasielebTan, sarmatebTan

an alanebTan brZolaa gadmocemuli [ix. 55, gv.3-4]. sasmisis

damamzadebelma, adgilobrivma xelosanma, misi SesaZleblobis

farglebSi, asaxa is, rac nanaxi hqonda. qvemoTa, cxovelebian

sartyelSi ki zeda sartylis Taviseuli msoflmxedvelobiTi,

sakraluri Sinaarsi Cado, romelic im epoqas axasiaTebda. gomis

sasmisi mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT damoukidebeli da unikaluria

mezobeli qveynebis xelovnebis ZeglebTan mimarTebaSi. gomis sasmiss pir-gverdze vertikalur-kanelurebiani frizi

dauyveba. kanelurebi qveda mxares e.w. kamarebiT bolovdeba. sa-

151

qarTvelos teritoriaze kanelurebiani, adgilobrivad damzadebuli

liTonis WurWeli jer kidev gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi Cndeba.

mag.: leCxumSi [18, gv.11, tab.IX], TliaSi [53, gv.75, sur.63] aRmoCenili

kanelurebiani situlebi. kanelurebi, winareantikuri xanis kolxuri

keramikis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli elementia, romelic adreantikur

xanaSic agrZelebs arsebobas [13, gv.57]. magram, am keramikaze, gomis

sasmisisagan gansxvavebiT, kanelurebis boloebi yovelTvis e.w.

kamarebiT ar bolovdeba. vertikaluri kanelurebi ar Cans klasikuri

xanis berZnul keramikaze (samagierod arqiteqturaSia). is, ar

axasiaTebs arc aqemeniduri da arc sasanuri iranis mxatvrul

WurWels. reliefi, kerZod, kanelurebi elinistur-romaul samyaroSi

mxatvrul keramikaze da torevtikaze Cndeba [58, gv.279, 280, 288-

303; 33, gv.238-254]. mag.: romauli, Zv.w. Is-is kanelurebiani ritoni

[43, sur.9; 35, gv.204,sur.197]. kanelurebi, sartyluri frizebis da

e.w. maraoseburi saxis, ufro farTod gvianelinistur-gvianantikur

epoqaSi ikidebs fexs [45, gv.24-25, sur.45]. rogorc Cans, kavkasiaSi WurWelze ufrizo kanelireba (jer

liTonze, xolo mere keramikaze) jer kidev gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis

xanaSi iwyeba. albaT, is aq garkveul tradiciad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

rac Seexeba frizze ganlagebul kanelurebs cal mxares e.w.

kamaruli daboloebiT, is ufro gvianantikuri xanisaTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli. swored amgvari kanelurebiani frizia sof. gomis

ritonze. saqarTvelos teritoriaze, arqeologiurad aRmoCenil,

antikuri xanis torevtikul nimuSebSi gamorCeuli simravliT da

mravalferovnebiT aRiniSneba gvianantikuri xana [49, gv.9-23; 12,

gv.77-101,111]. gvianantikuri xanis torevtikuli nawarmi dadastu-rebulia – TagilonSi, urekSi, cixisZirSi, banZaSi, kldeeTSi, borSi,

sargveSSi, xaiSSi, qvaSxieTSi, zRuderSi, cxinvalSi, JinvalSi,

erwoSi, armazisxevSi, bagineTSi, samTavroSi da sxv. saqarTvelos gvianantikuri xanis torevtika romauli samyaros

garkveul zegavlenas ganicdis [49, gv.138-147]. gomis sasmisze es,

152

albaT, mxolod kanelurebis gadmocemaSi aisaxa. gvianantikuri,

kanelurebiani WurWeli saqarTveloSi aRmoCenilia – TagilonSi,

xaiSSi, banZaSi, cixisZirSi [49, gv.28-29; 21, gv.72-74;28, gv.149-150].

saqarTveloSi dadasturebuli gvianantikuri torevtikis zogierTi

nimuSi IVs-Sic Cans. Semdgomi periodis vercxlis Weduri xelovnebis

Zeglebi qristianul xelovnebas ganekuTvneba da qristianuli

msoflmxedvelobis matarebelia. vercxlis qimiuri analizi adasturebs, rom am liTonisagan

gakeTebul sasmisSi Casxmuli siTxe ufro uvnebeli xdeba; vercxli

bacilebs spobs. vercxlis es Tviseba icodnen Zveladac da am

liTonis sasmisebs sakralur ritualebSi iyenebdnen. aRsaniSnavia,

rom saqarTvelos antikuri xanis vercxlis torevtikuli nawarmi

ZiriTadad maRalsinjiania. saqarTvelos qristianuli xanis Wedur

nawarms ki xSirad vercxlSi, simkvrivis gazrdis mizniT, umatebdnen

spilenZs. aseT nivTebs droTa ganmavlobaSi momwvano Jangi da

korozia uCndeba [6, gv.79-84]. sof. gomis sasmisi moTeTro maRalsin-jiani vercxlisaganaa damzadebuli, stibiumis minarevebiT. stibiumis,

vercxlis magvari moTeTro liTonis sabado mdebareobs zemo raWaSi

brilTan (zofxitoSi), xolo vercxli moipoveba kvaisaSi (javis r-

nSi). sayuradReboa agreTve, rom sof. gomis axlos brilis cnobil

arqeologiur Zeglze mopovebuli liTonis nawarmi Seicavs stibiums

(analizebi Caatara liTonmcodnem g. inaniSvilma). vercxlis sabadoeb-Tan dakavSirebiT yuradRebas iqcevs strabonis cnobac – xalibebis

mier, rkinis garda, vercxlis mopovebis Sesaxeb (XII,3,19). amgvarad, kavkasionis samxerT ferdze, zemo raWaSi, sof. gomSi

dadasturebuli vercxlis yanw-ritoni, Cveni versiiT adgilobrivi

nawarmia, zogadad gvianelinistur-gvianantikur xanaSia damzadebuli

da brilis samarovanidan unda iyos. dakrZalvis ritualisaTvis

damzadebul vercxlis sasmisze gamosaxuli siuJeti xelosnis mier

sociogaremos aRqmis gamoxatulebas warmoadgens, rac erTi mxriv

153

Crdilo kavkasiur (sarmatul-alanuri), meore mxriv romaul

samyarosTan iCens garkveul siaxloves.

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155

jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforebi

saqarTvelos zRvispireTis q. foTSi, paliastomis tbis

dasavleT napirTan, adgil "natexebSi" arqeologiurma eqspediciam

friad sayuradRebo damRa aRmoaCina. aq niadagi ZiriTadad Tixa-

qviSiania, xolo qveS Tixa-torfiani fenaa, sadac Zv.w. IV_IIss-is

arqeologiuri masala, kerZod, atikuri Savlakiani WurWlis

profilirebuli qusli da rodosuli amforis Ziri aRmoCnda [ix.

Гамкрелидзе. 1992: tab.5,6,]. aqve jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforis

fragmentic dadasturda. qvemoT, SeZlebisdagvarad vecdebiT,

ganvsazRvroT am aRmoCenis mniSvneloba kolxeTis istoriisaTvis, rac

iTvaliswinebs iseTi sakiTxebis ganxilvas, rogoricaa: 1.damRis

aRmoCenis arqeologiuri konteqsti; 2.kolxeTSi dadasturebuli sxva

jvriani damRebis topografia; 3.jvris, rogorc simbolos

mniSvneloba; 4.kolxeTSi amforebis, savaWro taris warmoebis

sakiTxi; 5.damRa, rogorc uflebrivi savaWro niSani; 6.damRis

aRmoCenis adgili, fasisi, rogorc vaWrobis centri.

q. foTSi "natexebis" namosaxlarze aRmoCenili arqeologiuri

masalis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. [gamyreliZe, 1987:97-117; gamyreliZe,

2003:170-185; gamyreliZe, 2002:70-101; Gamkrelidze, 1992:101-119;

Гамкрелидзе, 1992:30-48]. qveda fenebSi Zv.w.IV_IIIss. sxva

arqeologiur artefaqtebTan erTad damRiani kolxuri amforis

yuric dadasturda. foTSi, "natexebis" qveda fenaSi aRmoCenili

kolxuri amforis yurze mkafiod reliefuri damRa zeda mxarezea

dasmuli. yuri ovalurganivkveTiania. Tixa moyavisfroa da masSi

moTeTro da moSavo mcirenatexovani namcecebi SeimCneva. zedapiri

xorklian-forovania. damRa wriulia (dm-1,9sm) da Sig tolmklava

jvaria Casmuli. damRa anepigrafikulia. jvari yurTan mimarTebaSi

gadaxrilia (tab.II, sur.1). sul cotaxnis win wriuldamRiani

kolxuri amforebi mecnierebisaTvis ucnobi iyo. amjerad ki ukve

aRmoCenilia da cnobilia wreSi Casmul jvriani damRebi, romlebic

156

erTmaneTs hgvanan – foTidan, fiWvnar-Coloqidan, vanis naqalaqaridan

(ix. tab.I, gavrcelebis ruka). sul dResdReobiT dokumenturad

cnobilia cxra cali. kidev erTi egzemplari zepiri gadmocemiT

dasturdeba. am tipis sami damRa dafiqsirebulia adgilobrivi

warmoebis qvevrze. sxvebTan SedarebiT gansxvavebuli jvari, erTi

cali, jamzec aRmoCnda.

jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforebisa da qvevrebis CamonaTvali:

1) kolxuri amforis ovalurganivkveTiani yuri wreSi Casmuli jvris

damRiT aRmoCnda Coloqis namosaxlarTan, md. Coloqis marcxena

napirze. Tixa moyavisfroa da masSi moTeTro da moSavo

mcirenatexovani namcecebi SeimCneva. zedapiri xorklian-forovania.

TariRdeba Zv.w.IIIs. inaxeba fiWvnaris arqeologiuri eqspediciis

bazis fondSi (ix. [cecxlaZe., iaSvili, 1991:58-61]); (tab. IV,sur.1).

2) kolxuri amforis ovalurganivkveTiani yuri wriuli damRiT,

romelSic tolmklava jvaria Casmuli. Tixa moyavisfroa da masSi

moTeTro da moSavo namcecebi SeimCneva. zedapiri xorklian-

forovania. aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze; nakveTi213-212;

sav.#07:1-04:470.fena Zv.w.IV-IIss-isaa (tab.III,sur.1).


romelSic tolmklava jvaria Casmuli. Tixa mowiTalo-yavisferia da

masSi moTeTro da moSavo mcirenatexovani namcecebi SeimCneva.

zedapiri xorklian-forovania. aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris zeda

terasaze; nakveTi222; sav.#07:1-74:360. fena Zv.w. IV_IIss-isaa

(tab.III,sur.2). [gigolaSvili da sxv. 1979: tab.5,sur.30].




xorklian-forovania. aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris qveda terasaze;

nakveTi67, cisternasTan; sav.#07:1-79:2067. fena Zv.w. II-Iss-is

artefaqtebs Seicavs (tab.III, sur.3).

157


romelSic tolmklava jvaria Casmuli. wre mTlianad ar aris jvriT

Sevsebuli. Tixa moyavisfroa da masSi moTeTro da moSavo


aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze; nakveTi213; sav.#07:1-03:65.

fena Zv.w. IIs-is artefaqtebs Seicavs (tab.III, sur.4).

6) kolxuri amforis ovalurganivkveTiani yuri momrgvalebul

mklaviani svastikis damRiT. Tixa moyavisfroa da masSi moTeTro da

moSavo namcecebi SeimCneva. zedapiri xorklian-forovania. aRmoCnda

vanis naqalaqaris centralur terasaze; nakveTi 127-142; sav.#07:1-

04:2287. fena Zv.w. III_Iss-is artefaqtebs Seicavs; (tab.II, sur.2).

7) kolxuri amforis ovalurganivkveTiani yuri jvriani damRiT.

jvris qveda mxare odnav wagrZelebulia. jvris garSemo wre ar

SeimCneva. Tixa moyavisfroa da masSi moTeTro da moSavo


aRmoCnda md. sulorTan, vanis naqalaqaridan aRmosavleTiT, adgil

"mSvidobis goraze" zedapiruli arqeologiuri dazvervebis dros;

sav.#07:9-05:34. iqve dadasturda Zv.w.III_Iss-is artefaqtebi (tab.III,

sur.5). vanis naqalaqaris centralur terasaze kolxuri amforis

kidev erTi jvriandamRiani yuri aRmoCnda (samwuxarod, sadReisod

ucnobia misi Senaxvis adgili).

8) adgilobrivi warmoebis qvevris pirze wriuli damRaa, romelSic

tolmklava jvaria Casmuli. Tixa moyavisfroa da masSi moTeTro da

moSavo namcecebi SeimCneva. zedapiri xorklian-forovania. aRmoCnda

vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze; nakv.222; sav.#07: 1-74:277. fena

Zv.w. III_ax.w.IVss-is Aartefaqtebs Seicavs (tab.IV, sur.4).

9)adgilobrivi warmoebis qvevris samkuTxaganivkveTian pirze damRaa,



xorklian-forovania. aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze;

nakveTi221; sav.#07:1-70:329. fena Zv.w.III_ax.w. IVss-is Aartefaqtebs

158

Seicavs. qvevris es fragmenti Zlier dazianebul adreSuasaukuneebis

qurasTan aRmoCnda. sadReisod, samarTlianad fiqroben, rom es

keramika Zv.w.IV-IIIss-is unda iyos (Seadare: [cecxlaZe,...,1991: 59].

10) adgilobrivi warmoebis qvevris mxris fragmenti, romelsac

wreSi Casmuli tolmklava jvris tvifri aqvs. aRmoCnda gurianTas

namosaxlarze, romelic md. sufsis marcxena mxares (ozurgeTis r-ni)

mdebareobs. fena Zv.w. IV-IIIss-iT TariRdeba (tab.IV, sur.2); (ix.

[vaSakiZe, 1971: 17]).

vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze aRmoCnda jamis Ziris fragmenti,

romelsac wreSi Casmuli tolmklava jvris tvifri amSvenebs. es

jvari, sxvebTan SedarebiT gansxvavebulia. mas gaoTxmagebuli

mklavebi aqvs. Tixa moyavisfroa da masSi moTeTro da moSavo

mcirenatexovani namcecebi SeimCneva. nak.191-194; sav.#07:1-75:203. fena

Zv.w. III-Iss. artefaqtebs Seicavs (tab.IV,sur.3)[gigolaSvili da sxv.

1979:44]. sayuradReboa, agreTve rom sof. patarZeulSi (sagarejos

r-ni) aRmoCenil samarxeul kompleqsSi, adgilobrivi warmoebis

samtuCa doqi dadasturda, romlis saxeluris Tavzec jvriani damRaa

dasmuli. kompleqsi Zv.w. I_ ax.w. Iss. TariRdeba (ix.[narimaniSvili,

1999: 68, sur.1]).

jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforebi, dResdReobiT, kolxeTis

garda, arsad ar aris mikvleuli. isini, stratigrafiuli monacemebis

da artefaqtebis konteqstze dayrdnobiT, ZiriTadad Zv.w. IVs-is

miwuruliT _ IIs-iT unda daTariRdes. damRebze, jvris formebis

garkveuli sxvadasxvaoba SeimCneva. Semdgom periodSi dasavleT

saqarTveloSi mravlad aRmoCenil Zv.w. II-Iss-is kolxuri amforebis

yurze da yelze, xSirad sxvadasxva niSnebia amokawruli. jerjerobiT

amgvari niSnebis ocdaaTamde saxeobaa dadasturebuli. sayuradReboa,

rom daaxloebiT aseTi niSnebi kolxeTSi jer kidev Zv.w. IVs-dan

qvevrebze, xolo Zv.w. IIIs-dan kramitebze da sawafebzec fiqsirdeba.

isini, mecnierebis mier, ZiriTadad qvevrebis, amforebisa da

kramitebis damamzadebeli saxelosnoebis niSnebadaa miCneuli [ix.

159

fuTuriZe, 2003: 102-103]. am niSnebs Soris aris jvris niSan-

grafitoebic (ix. tab.IV,sur.6). wreSi Casmuli wvriltana jvriani

damRebi cnobilia TazosSi damzadebul amforebze. magram aq

mklavebSua oTx sivrceSi Casmulia berZnuli asoebi [Брашинский,

1980: 233, sur.132; Bon, 1957: 167; Монахов, 1999: 233]. dasavleT

saqarTvelos teritoriaze damRiani Tazosuri amforebi jerjerobiT

ar aris dadasturebuli.

quTaisTan, sof.WognarSi, farnalis goris namosaxlarze, Zv.w. VII-

VIss-is fenaSi mikvleulia ori, gamomwvari Tixis, damRis dasasmeli

sabeWdavi (sav.#227,229; quTaisis arqeologiuri eqspedicia, xelmZR.

oT. lorTqifaniZe, 1964w.). damRebis dasasmeli sabeWdavebi – qvis,

Tixis an liTonisagan iyo damzadebuli. magaliTad, Tixis sabeWdavebi

farnalis goris namosaxlaridan (sof. Wognari) an Zv.w.V_IIIss-is

uflebrivi dasadamRi liTonis sabeWdavebi guadixudan, vanidan,

qobuleTis fiWvnaridan, eSeradan, dablagomidan, dafnaridan da sxv.

[lorTqifaniZe mar. 1975: 14-73].

jvris Sesaxeb: jvari idumali sakoordinacio, universaluri

simboloa. is pirvelad paleoliTis periodSi gamosaxes da mas

Semdeg wamyvani adgili uWiravs kacobriobis simbolikaSi. jvari

uxsovari droidan asaxavs adamianis Sexedulebas garemo samyaroze.

jvars xSirad vxvdebiT sxvadasxva ornamentul da miTologiur

siuJetebSi, romlebic arqeologiur artefaqtebze sxvadasxvanairi

grafikiTa da kombinaciiTaa gamosaxuli. is xSirad ornamentuli

qargis erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementi da umetesi kompoziciebis

ganawilebis safuZvelia. jvari wresTan erTad samyaros aRqmis

umTavresi niSania. mecnierebi fiqroben, rom jvari warmoiqmna

gamnklavSi mdgomi adamianis gamosaxulebidan da misi simboloa;

agreTve, xaxuniT cecxlis gasaCeni jvrisebr dadebuli joxebisagan

da aRiqmeba, rogorc cecxlisa da mcxunvare mzis simbolod. jvari,

aseve SeiZleba simetriulad dagegmarebuli sacxovrisis simboloc

iyos, romelic oTx Tanabar nawilad iyofoda. mis centrSi, mTavar

160

moedanze ikveTeboda aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken da samxreTidan

CrdiloeTisaken mimarTuli gzebi. jvari, kosmogoniur-sakraluri,

magiuri Sinagani arsis simboloa da samyaros oTx mxares unda

mianiSnebdes. is wertilovani centridan oTxmxriv usasrulod

viTardeba. misi horizontalur-vertikaluri kveTa centridan

gamomdinare oTx mimarTulebas aRniSnavs. am centris garSemo jvari

simetriuladaa organizebuli.

wreSi Casmuli jvari, oTx nakveTad dayofili mbrunavi wrea,

romelic mzis uZvelesi arqetipi da kacobriobis erT-erTi mTavari

simboloa. jvris Semdgomi ganviTarebaa svastika, romelic jvris

mklavebis daboloebebis gadaxriT miiRweoda da agreTve uZvelesi

simboloa [xidaSeli, 2001: 63-65]. is mbrunav mzes, borjRals

gamoxatavs. rogorc Cans, jvari imTaviTve sakulto-sakraluri

daniSnulebis simbolo-niSani iyo. Semdgom, IVs-dan jvari

qristianobis ZiriTad kanonikur, wminda simbolod iqca. qarTul

werilobiT wyaroebSi pirvelad iakob curtavelis Vs-is nawarmoebSi

(naw. me-16) [Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi,

1964:26] moixsenieba. sayuradReboa, rom Zveli qarTuli

asomTavrulis "jan" aso-niSani jvris moxazulobiT xasiaTdeba da

Tavze horizontaluri xazi azis. jvris forma aqvs, agreTve "qan"

aso-niSans (tab.IV, sur.5) [ix. gamyreliZe T. 1989: 165, 179].

jvari mediteranul sivrceSi wina aziis arealidan gavrcelda.

gamoricxuli ar aris, rom is kavkasiidanac gavrcelebuliyo. amas

garkveulwilad adasturebs jvris xSiri gamosaxva kavkasiaSi

aRmoCenil adreuli samiwaTmoqmedo xanis, TrialeTis kulturis da

saerTod brinjaosa da rkinis epoqis, klasikuri epoqisa da saerTod

winaqristianuli periodis arqeologiur artefaqtebze. jvrebis

sxvadasxva variantebi gvxvdeba WurWelze, sabrZolo da Sromis

iaraRebze, samkaulebze da sxv. Mmravladaa dadasturebuli jvrebis

gamosaxulebebi – keramikaze, oqroze, vercxlze, brinjaoze, rkinaze,

qsovilze, qvaze. kavkasiaSi winaqristianul epoqaSi, rogorc Cans,

161

jvars sakulto Tu yofiT cxovrebaSi gamorCeuli adgili eWira. Vs-

dan qristianul saqarTveloSi vrceldeba wreSi Casmuli jvrebi,

romlebic "bolnuri" jvris saxeliTaa cnobili. isini zogadad

winaqristianul epoqaSi dadasturebuli wreSi Casmul jvrebs

Camogvanan.

kolxuri samyaros erT-erTi umTavresi RvTaeba mze iyo.

magaliTad, amas adasturebs vanis naqalaqarze aRmoCenili Zv.w. IIIs-is

oficialuri warwerac, sadac me-18 striqonSi moixsenieba mzis

RvTaeba – heliosi. Zvel samyaroSi mas aigivebdnen zevsTan,

apolonTan, osirisTan, iupiterTan, miTrasTan. kolxTa upirveles

RvTaebad, apolonios rodoseli Tvlis helioss (mzes), kolxeTis

mefis aietis mamas. mze nayofierebis kultTanac iyo dakavSirebuli

[yauxCiSvili, 1987: 139-142]. mzis simbolod jvari, svastika,

borjRali, wrea miCneuli. aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia, rom

romelime kolxma warCinebulma Tavis emblemad airCia jvari,

romelic simbolurad RvTaeba mzes gulisxmobda.

kolxuri amforebis Sesaxeb: aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi,

dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kolxeTSi importuli amforebi savaWro

tarad Zv.w. VIs-is meore naxevridan Cndeba. Aaq dadasturebulia

SavizRvispireTis da xmelTaSuazRvispireTis saqalaqo centrebSi

damzadebuli amforebi [fuTuriZe, 1976: 79-90].

Zv.w. IVs-is meore naxevridan iwyeba adgilobrivi “kolxuri

amforebis”(resp. yavisferTixiani) warmoeba. Aam periodisaTvis

kolxuri amforebi sinopurs hgvanan. dasavleT saqarTvelos kolxuri

amforebis mravalricxovan arqeologiur monapovarSi, formis,

moculobis da Tixis mixedviT sxvadasxva tipologiuri variantebi

SeiniSneba [ix. fuTuriZe, 2003: 98-109; Путуридзе, 1977:68-71;

lorTqifaniZe, 1966:137-140; kaxiZe, 1971:55-63; Лордкипанидзе Г.

1970: 81-82; gamyreliZe, 1982: 96-98; Брашинский, 1980:tab.XXIII;

Внуков, Цецхладзе, 1991:170-185; xalvaSi, 2002:10-20 da sxv.]. agreTve

sxvaobaa qronologiuradac. kolxuri amforebi, rogorc Cans

162

dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze araerT adgilas mzaddeboda.

Ees, adgilobrivi warmoebis amforebi Zv.w. IVs-is meore naxevridan

ax.w. VIIIs-mde da Semdegac sxvadasxva modifikaciiT keTdeboda

(tab.V). zogadad, kolxuri amforebi tipologiur-qronologiurad

Semdegnairad warmogvidgeba: 1) Zv.w. IVs-is meore naxevris _ IIIs-is

pirveli naxevris kolxuri amforebi sinopurs gvanan, oRond Tixis

zedapiri ufro xorkliania, feri ki moyavisfro. gvxvdeba Ria-

moyavisfro egzemplarebic.Aadgilobrivi, kolxuri amforebis korpusi

kvercxiseburia, lilvakiseburi piri da cilindruli yeli aqvs;

qusli wakveTili konusiseburia, cilindrulTan miaxloebuli; yurebi

Tanabrad morkaluri da WrilSi ovaluria (tab.V, sur.1).

2) Zv.w. II_Iss-is Kkolxur amforebs welze Sezneqiloba uCndebaT;

yeli cilindrulia da SedarebiT mokle; ovalurganivkveTiani yurebi

Tanabrad morkaluri da SedarebiT moklea; Tixa zedapirze

xorkliania da moyavisfro elferisaa; gvxdeba Ria-moyavisfro

egzemplarebic. saerTod, kolxuri amforebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi

damaxasiaTebeli niSania fskerze spiraluri xvia (tab.V, sur.5),

romelsac zogi mecnieri e.w. vardulisebursac uwodebs. amgvari

spiraluri xvia ucxouri amforebisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli.

kolxuri amforebis Tixis struqtura xaoian-forovania. Tixa Seicavs

moTeTro da moSavo mcirenatexovan namcecebs. Sereulia diabazis da

bazaltis; piroqsenitebis, kvarcis, qarsis, rkinis hidroJangis

minarevebi da sxv. Catarebulia Tixis mineralogiur-petrografiuli

analizi, ris Sedegadac dadasturda, adgilobrivi, kolxeTis

sxvadasxva regionis TixasTan maTi identurobis faqti [ix. morCaZe,

1979: 81; foforaZe, faradaSvili,... 2006: 220-224].

Zv.w. II_Iss-is kolxuri amforebis zogierT egzemplarze gvxvdeba

niSnebi (mag. ix tab.IV, sur.6). SesaZloa isini xelosnis mier

amforis moculobas an raodenobas aRniSnavdes. kolxur amforaze

datanili niSnebi hgavs adgilobriv damzadebul qvevrebze da

kramitze aRbeWdil niSnebs. agreTve aRsaniSnavia, rom vanSi

163

aRmoCenil erT-erT adgilobriv amforas zedapiri iseve aqvs

damuSavebuli, rogorc adgilobriv qvevrebs _ vertikalur xazebiani

horizontaluri sartylebiT [Путуридзе, 1977: 68-69].

kolxeTSi aRmoCenilia keramikis gamosawvavi qurebi, sadac sxva

tipis keramikis natexebTan erTad amforebis fragmentebicaa

dadasturebuli. aseTi qura aRmoCenilia sofel gvandrasTan

(afxazeTi), romelic Zv.w. IIIs-isaa. aseTive quraa soxumTan “wiTeli

Suquras” namosaxlarze. quris naSTebia Seswavlili agreTve sof.

gulrifSis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebare namosaxlarze.

Zv.w. IIs. meore naxevris da Zv.w. Is. kolxur amforebs fskerze

isev spiraluri xvia aqvs. cilndruli qusli ufro sokosTavisebr

momrgvalebur formas iRebs da bolo ufro Sesqelebulia. zogi

mecnieri mas e.w. Rilisebursac uwodebs. am periodis kolxuri

amforebis kedeli SedarebiT Txelia. amforebs tanze ufro SesamCnevi

Sezneqiloba uCndebaT. mecnierebi fiqroben, rom es Sezneqiloba

amforis xmeleTze transportirebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. amgvarad,

amforas ufro advilad moedeboda Sezneqilobaze bawari da ufro

moxerxebuli iqneboda cxenis an virisTvis sapalned gadakideba.

kolxuri amforebis tevadoba 13-dan 22litramde meryeobs. kolxuri

amforebi mravladaa aRmoCenili Zv.w.II_Iss-is namosaxlarebze

istoriuli kolxeTis mTel teritoriaze. aq TiTqmis ar aris am

periodis namosaxlari, sadac amgvari amforebi ar aRmoCeniliyo.

specialur samecniero literaturaSi axla TiTqmis erTxmadaa

aRiarebuli, rom es amforebi adgilobrivi, kolxuri warmoebisaa.

kolxuri amforebi dadasturebulia Semdeg punqtebSi: eSeraSi, q.

soxumSi, q. oCamCireSi, md. enguris xeobaSi, q. foTis mimdebare

teritoriaze, sof. urekiSi, md. sufsa-natanebis SuamdinareTSi, sof.

cixisZirSi, q. qobuleTis fiWvnarSi, sof. maxvilaurSi, q. baTumSi,

sof. gonioSi, sof. bukiscixeSi, sof. gurianTaSi, sof. dafnarSi,

sof. dablagomSi, sof. mTisZirSi, q. quTaisis midamoebSi, sof.

sagviCioSi, q. vanSi da mis mimdebare teritoriaze da sxv. Zv.w. II_

164

Iss-is kolxuri amforebi CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi sxvadasxva

namosaxlarebzea aRmoCenili. esenia _ gorgipia, kitei, kepi, neapoli

(skviTuri), qersonesi, donuzlavi, beliausi, karatobe, kerkinitida

da sxv. [Внуков. Цецхладзе. 1991: 170-185].

3) Zv.w.II_ Iss. kolxuri amforebis Semdgomi periodis gagrZelebad

ax.w.II _III ss. e.w. yelwiboiani welSezneqili amforebi unda iyos,

romlebsac wagrZelebuli tani, TiTqmis Tanabrad morkaluli yurebi

da fskerze agreTve spiraluli xvia axasiaTebT. maTi kedeli

SedarebiT kidev ufro Txelia da yelze, yurebis miZerwvis adgilze

gamoxatuli wibo aqvT, romelic Sida mxridan odnav Cazneqilia. am

tipis amforebi mikvleulia _ biWvinTaSi, soxumSi, eSeraSi,

webeldaSi, foTSi (paliastomi), urekSi, qobuleTis fiWvnarSi,

cixisZirSi, gonioSi da sxv. (tab.V, sur.3); [xalvaSi, 2002: 10-20].

4)ax.w. III_IVss-dan welSezneqili da fskerze spiralurxviiani

kolxuri amforebis axali tipi viTardeba. am amforebs yurebi

mkveTrad aqvT zeda nawilSi moxrili da tani kidev ufro viwro da

wagrZelebuli aqvT. zogierT egzemplars tanze dabali gofrireba

uCndeba. yurebi ganivkveTSi ovalurobas kargavs da ufro brtyeli

xdeba (tab.V, sur.4).

damRebis Sesaxeb: damRis dasma, xelSeuxeblobisa da nivTis an

WurWlis SigTavsis visime sakuTrebas niSnavda. damRa mas, am qonebas,

arakeTilsindisieri adamianebis xelyofisagan samarTlebrivad icavda.

damRa daaxloebiT iseTive uflebrivi niSani iyo, rogorc monetaze

gamosaxuli emblemebi. misi gamosaxva mxolod garkveuli warCinebuli

pirebis (kolxeTSi – skeptuxi, mefe, mTavari qurumi) prerogativa

iyo. mas ZiriTadad saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebis warCinebuli

pirebi da maRali rangis moxeleebi flobdnen da iyenebdnen. amitom,

damRa iuridiuli xasiaTis dokumentad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

wreSi Casmuli jvari SesaZloa kolxeTis romelime qalaquri

dasaxlebis, regionis uflebamosili warCinebuli piris niSania,

romlis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi keramikuli saxelosnoebis nawarmi

165

aseTi emblemiT idamReboda. aseTi saqalaqo centri SeiZleba "vani",

"qobuleT-fiWvnari" an fasisi iyo. qalaq fasisis saSualebiT

kolxeTis nedleuli da nawarmi saerTaSoriso bazarze gaedineboda.

gamoricxuli ar aris, rom es damRebi mefis moxelisac iyo,

romelsac amforebis taris warmoebis kontroli evaleboda da

garkveuli kavSir-pasuxismgebloba gaaCnda am amforebiT gadasatani

savaWro produqciis xarisxze. Tuki dioskuria-eSeridan Zv.w. IIIs.

kolxuri amforebis cnobil damRebs gaviTvaliswinebT, romelzedac

qalaqis saxelia aRniSnuli [ix. fuTuriZe, 2003: tab.I, sur.2], maSin

SesaZloa, rom jvriani damRac, romelime sxva kolxuri qalaqis

emblemad CaiTvalos, magaliTad, savaWro qalaq fasisis.

q. fasisis Sesaxeb: es qalaqi mniSvnelovani savaWro centri iyo

[Lordkipanidze , 2000; gamyreliZe, 2003: 170-185;. Braund, 1994: 102-103;

Гамкрелидзе, 1992:6-29; da sxv.], (tab.I). umniSvnelovanesi cnoba q.

fasisis mdebareobis Sesaxeb daculia strabonis "geografiaSi"

(XI,2,17). es aRweriloba dRevandeli q. foTis mdebareobas esadageba.

sayuradReboa agreTve arianes sainspeqcio aRweraSi Semonaxuli cnoba

fasisis Sesaxeb. hipokrates "haerTa..."15) Cans, rom md. fasisis qvemo

welis mosaxleoba savaWro punqtSi, fasisis emporionSi dadioda.

roca berZnebi gamoCndnen md. fasisis SesarTavTan, aq

protourbanistuli centri fasisi ukve iyo (gavixsenoT, am

teritoriaze arsebuli gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis

namosaxlarebi). berZnebma am savaWro dasaxlebasTan daamyares

kontaqti da droTa ganmavlobaSi aqve gaCnda berZnuli dasaxlebac.

mogvianebiT, albaT, fasisi ufro dawinaurda. mas komunikaciebis

mixedviT moxerxebuli adgili eWira. kerZod, md. rion-fasisis

delta da is urbanistul centrad ganviTarda. md. rion-fasisis

qvemo welze arqeologiurad aRmoCenili namosaxlarebic amas

mowmobs. q. fasisi evropa-aziis sazRvao-samdinaro satranzito

savaWro gzis erT-erTi ZiriTadi punqti iyo.

166

amrigad, dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kolxeTSi aRmoCenili uaxlesi

arqeologiuri monacemebis safuZvelze da sxva artefaqtebis

moSvelieba-gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba davaskvnaT: Zv.w. IVs-is meore

naxevridan – IIsaukunis CaTvliT kolxeTSi mzaddeboda amforebi,

romlebzedac tvifravdnen uflebriv, savaWro damRebs, iseve, rogorc

es xdeboda xmelTaSua da Savi zRvispira saqalaqo centrebSi.

vfiqrobT, es damRebi kolxeTis romelime saqalaqo centris (mag.

fasisis) an regionis warCinebuli piris uflebrivi emblemaa. Ees

pirovneba amforebis warmoebas akontrolebda da pasuxismgeblobas

iRebda am savaWro tariT gadaziduli produqciis xarisxze. es ki,

Tavis mxriv, mianiSnebs imdroindeli kolxeTis sazogadoebis

ganviTarebis ufro maRal doneze da misi integraciis Tvisobriv

xarisxze xmelTaSua da Savi zRvis dawinaurebul saqalaqo

centrebTan.

literatura:

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gamyreliZe g. 1987: wyalqveSa..., saq. mec.akad.macne (ist....), #1, gv. 97-117.

gamyreliZe g. 1982: centraluri kolxeTis Zveli namosaxlarebi, Tb.

gamyreliZe g. 2003: qalaq fasisis..., Jur. iberia-kolxeTi,#1, gv. 170-185.

gamyreliZe T. 1989: weris anbanuri sistema da Zv. qarTuli damwerloba, Tb.

gigolaSvili el. kaWarava d. fuTuriZe r. ..., vaniIV, Tb., gv.41-114.

vaSakiZe n. 1971: gurianTis..., samxreT-dasavleT saq. Zeglebi,II,Tb., gv.5-27.

kaxiZe am. 1971: keramikuli tara..., samxreT-dasavleT saq. Zeglebi,II,Tb.,gv.28.

lorTqifaniZe mar. 1975: kolxeTis Zv. V- III ss. sabeWdavebi, Tb.

lorTqifaniZe oT. 1966: antikuri samyaro da Zveli kolxeTi, Tb.

miqelaZe T. 1978: arqeologiuri kvleva rionis qvemo welze, Tb.

morCaZe T. 1979: Sida qarTlis antikuri periodis keramika, Tb.

narimaniSvili g. 1999: antikuri xanis samarxi..., Ziebani, #3,Tb., gv.68-70.

foforaZe n., faradaSvili ir., da sxv. 2006: keramikis mineralogiuri da

petrografiuli kvleva, akc-s kreb. Ziebani, # 17-18, Tb., gv.220-224.

fuTuriZe r. 1976: importuli amforebi..., vani II, Tb., gv.79- 90.

167

fuTuriZe r. 2003: amforebis..., Jur. iberia-kolxeTi,#1, Tb., gv.98-109.

yauxCiSvili T. 1987: vanis…, kreb. qarT. wyaroTmcodneoba,VII, Tb., gv.131.

yauxCiSvili T. 1965: hipokrates cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb.

Spaideli m. 1985: kavkasiis..., saq. mecn.akad. macne (ist...), #1, gv.134-140.

cecxlaZe g., iaSvili i., 1991: damRiani kolxuri amforis fragmenti

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Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli lit..., 1964: w. I, Tb.

xalvaSi m. 2002: keramikuli tara gonio-afsarosidan, baTumi.

xidaSeli m. 2001: samyaros suraTi arqaul saqarTveloSi, Tb.

jiblaZe l. 2001: dasavleT saqarTvelos brinjao-adrerkinis xanis

namosaxlarebis arq. ruka, _ akc-is Ziebani, # 8, Tb., gv.34-38.

Брашинский И. 1980: Греческий керамический импорт на нижнем Дону, Лен.

Внуков С. Цецхладзе Г. 1991: Колхидские амфоры…, сб. Памаятники железного

века в окрестностях Евпатории, изд. Мос. университета, с. 170- 185.

Гамкрелидзе Г. 1992: К археологии долины Фасиса, Тб.

Лордкипанидзе Г. 1970: К истории древней Колхиды, Тб.

Монахов С. 1999: Греческие амфоры в Причерноморье, изд. СУ, Саратов.

Путуридзе Р. 1977: Колхидские…, Краткие сооб. Инст. Археологии, 151, с 68.

Braund D. 1994: Georgia in Antiquity, Clarendon press, Oxford.

Bon A. 1957, Les timbres amphoriques de Thasos, Etudes thasiennes, Paris.

Gamkrelidze G. 1990: Travaux hydroarcheologiques de localisation de l ancienne

Phasis, Le Pont-Euxin vu par les Grecs, : 223-236.

Gamkrelidze G. 1992: Hydroarchaeology in the Georgian Republic (the Colchian

littoral), The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, v. 21, #2, p. 101-119.

Lordkipanidze O. 2000: Phasis, The river and City in Colchis, Stuttgart.

Todua T., Gamkrelidze G. 2006: Stamps of Roman Military Units from the Eastern

Black Sea Littoral (Colchis), Ancient West & East, Leiden-Boston. v.5, #2, : 225-238.

tabulebis aRweriloba:

tab. I _ jvriani damRebis aRmoCenis adgilebis ruka.

tab. II _ sur. 1 _ q. foTSi, paliastomis tbis dasavleT napirTan,

adgil "natexebSi" aRmoCenili jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforis

yuri. sur. 2 _ kolxuri amforis yuri svastikis damRiT. aRmoCnda

168

vanis naqalaqaris centralur terasaze; sav. # 07:1-04:2287.

(aRweriloba ix. teqstSi).

tab. III _ sur. 1 _ jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforis yuri.

aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze; sav. # 07:1-04:470.

(aRweriloba ix. teqstSi). sur. 2 _ jvriandamRiani kolxuri

amforis yuri. aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze; sav. #

07:1-74:360. (aRweriloba ix. teqstSi). sur. 3 _ jvriandamRiani

kolxuri amforis yuri. aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris qveda terasaze;

sav. # 07:1-79:2067. (aRweriloba ix. teqstSi). sur. 4 _

jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforis yuri. aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris

zeda terasaze; sav. # 07:1-03:65. (aRweriloba ix. teqstSi). sur. 5

_ jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforis yuri. aRmoCnda md. sulorTan,

adgil "mSvidobis goraze" (aRweriloba ix. teqstSi).

tab. IV _ sur. 1 _ jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforis yuri. aRmoCnda

md. Coloqis marcxena napiris namosaxlarze. (aRweriloba ix.

teqstSi). sur. 2 _ jvriandamRiani kolxuri qvevris fragmenti.

aRmoCnda gurianTas namosaxlarze (md. sufsasTan). (aRweriloba ix.

teqstSi). sur. 3 _ jamis fragmenti, romelsac jvris tvifri

amSvenebs. aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze; sav. # 07:1-

75:203. (aRweriloba ix. teqstSi). sur. 4 _ qvevris pirze jvriani

damRa. aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze; sav. # 07:1-74:277.

(aRweriloba ix. teqstSi). sur. 5 _ qarTuli asomTavrulis "jan" da

"qan" aso-niSani. sur. 6 _ Zv.w. II_I ss-is kolxuri amforebis

zogierTi niSani (mag. ix tab. IV, sur. 6).

tab. V _ sur. 1 _ Zv.w. IV s-is meore naxevris _ III s-is pirveli

naxevris kolxuri amforebi. sur. 2 _ Zv.w. II_I ss-is welSezneqili

kolxuri amforebi. sur. 3 _ ax.w. II _ III ss. e.w. yelwiboiani

welSezneqili kolxuri amforebi. sur. 4 _ ax.w. III_VIII ss

welSezneqili kolxuri amforebi. sur. 5 _ kolxuri amforisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli spiraluri xvia.

174

berZnul grafitoiani sinopuri da kolxuri amforebi

qalaq foTi-fasisidan

saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi, qalaq foTTan _ mdinare rionis

SesarTavTan, malTayvis srutis marcxena mxares da paliastomis

tbis dasavleT napirTan arqeologiurma eqspediciam friad

sayuradRebo berZnul warwera-grafitoiani amforebi aRmoaCina.

paliastomis tbasTanve Zv.w. IV_III ss-is arqeologiuri artefaqtebi

_ atikuri Savlakiani kanTarosis qusli, rodosuli amforis Ziri da

adgilobrivi, kolxuri keramika dadasturda. aqve aRmoCnda damRiani

kolxuri amforis yuric [dawvrilebiT ix. gamyreliZe, 1987: 97-117;

Гамкрелидзе, 1992: 30-48, tab.5-8; gamyreliZe, 2010: 176-189]. qvemoT

gTavazobT amforebze amokawruli berZnuli grafitoebis gaSifvris

versiebs (ix. tab.IV) da am masalis aRmoCenis mniSvnelobas qalaq

fasisis, rogorc savaWro centris gaazrebis konteqstSi, rac

saSualebas iZleva zogierTi sakiTxi axleburad davinaxoT.

q. fasisi evropa-aziis sazRvao-samdinaro-saxmeleTo satranzito

gzis mniSvnelovani punqti iyo. qalaq fasisis saSualebiT

gadaizideboda samSeneblo xe, seli, selis zeTi, Tafli, Rvino,

spilenZi, rkina, kanafi, mogvianebiT navTic da sxv. elinistur da

romaul epoqaSi fasisis, rogorc satranzito-savaWro qalaqis

mniSvneloba gaizarda [ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1966: 117-146; inaZe, 2009:

246-251; gamyreliZe, 2001: 26-32; Gamkrelidze, 2009: 175-194].

paliastomis moxerxebul tba-limanSi, romelTanac qalaq-

navTsayudeli mdebareobda, zRvidan gemebi Semodiodnen, saidanac,

Semdeg md. rionze da md. fiCorze agrZelebdnen svlas. swored am

gzis gayolebaze satransporto taris garkveuli raodenoba

dafiqsirda. amJamad yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT grafitoiani amforebis

aRmoCenis faqtze (ix. tab. I,II,III,IV).

I _ grafitoiani amforis zeda nawili aRmoCnda sufsis

kanionisa da malTayvas Soris mdebare zRvis SelfSi. amforis Tixa

175

baci monacrisfro-moiisfroa da moSavo mcire namcecebs Seicavs.

amforis kedeli sqelia; zedapiri xorkliani aqvs da masze zRviuri

danaleqebi SeimCneva. amforis mxrebi daxrilia. piris dm _ 11 sm;

cilindruli yelis simaRle _ 15 sm; mxarTan dm _ 35 sm; yurebis

sigane _ 4,05 sm; piris lilviseburi gadanakecis sigane _ 1,04 sm;

yurebi ovalurganivkveTiania da maTze grZivi dabali wibo SeimCneva.

grafitoebi: 1) ix. tab.IV) _ yurebs Soris, mxris

dasawyisSia. A versiiT SeiZleba iyos _ Tixis WurWeli,

xolo Tuki CavTvliT, rom abreviaturaa, maSin B versiiT SeiZleba

_ “Tixis WurWels”, _ “Sewiruls”,_ “maRali xarisxis” an

“kolxurs” (C versiiT) niSnavdes. aseT SemTxvevaSi warwera SeZleba

gaiSifros amgvarad _ “[am] Tixis WurWliT Sewirulia maRali

xarisxis [kolxuri?] [Rvino]” (ix. tab. II, IV).

2) _ amforis meore mxares, odnav gverdze, yelTanaa

moTavsebuli. es A versiiT SeZleba niSnavdes ricxvs _ 5(xuTs). Tu

ki CavTvliT, rom es aris abreviatura maSin B versiiT iqneba _

“Zveli () zeTisxilis zeTi ()”. aq “pi”-s marjvena mxare

gaormagebuli xaziTaa warmodgenili da Tavze, kuTxeSi patara xazi

SeimCneva (ix. tab.II, IV).

3) _ amforis amave mxares mxarzea amokawruli. es grafito A

versiiT aRniSnavs tevadobas _ xoas. 1 xoa tolia 3,285 litris. (2)

warweris A versiis xuTs Tu gavamravlebT 1 xoaze maSin miviRebT ≈

16,415 lit.-s anu xuT xoas, rac am amforis moculoba gamodis. 16

litriani adreuli, mozrdili amforebi ki sinopuri amforebis

moculobis garkveuli standarti iyo. 16 litriania vanis

naqalaqarze e.w. ”warCinebuli kolxi meomris” samarxSi aRmoCenili

mTliani sinopuri amforac. B versiiT SeiZleba “zedaSe()

Rvinos()” niSnavdes (ix. tab.II,IV). zemoT aRwerili grafitoebiani

amfora hidroarqeologebis mier aris aRmoCenili da SesaZloa,

zRvaSi CaZiruli savaWro gemis tvirTidan iyos. is arqeologiis

176

centris fondebSi inaxeba (oTaxi #5). amfora morfologiur-

tipologiuri monacemebiT sinopuria da TiTqmis analogiuria vanis

naqalaqarze e.w. “warCinebuli kolxi meomris” samarxSi aRmoCenili

mTlianad Semonaxuli damRiani amforisa [ix. fuTuriZe, 1976: 82-84],

romelic arqeolog b. grakovis sinopuri amforebis klasifikaciis

mixedviT, adreul, pirvel qronologiur jgufs miekuTneba da Zv.w.

IVs. bolo _ IIIs. dasawyisiT TariRdeba [ix. Граков, 1929: 96-108;

Брашинский, 1980: 42; Монахов, 1999: 487-496].

II _ grafitoiani amforis zeda nawili md. rionis zRvasTan

SesarTavTan, SelfSi, mebadurebis mier Cagdebul bades amoyva.

amforis Tixa monacrisfro-moiisfroa da moSavo mcire namcecebs

Seicavs. amforis kedeli sqelia; zedapiri xorkliania da masze

zRviuri danaleqebi SeimCneva. amforis cali yuri, zeda mxares,

motexilia; mxrebi daxrilia; piris dm _ 10sm; cilindruli yelis

sigrZe 14sm; ovalurganivkveTiani yuris sigane _ 5sm; piris

lilviseburi gadanakecis sigane _ 1,01sm. yurebs Soris mxris

dasawyisSi amokawrulia graffito _ , romlis gagrZelebac

motexilia (ix.tab.III,1;IV). A versiiT SesaZlebelia aq igelisxmebodes

dionisesTan (bakxosTan) da saerTod Rvinis

siyvarulTan dakavSirebuli sityva. warwera SeiZleba ekuTvnodes

RviniT movaWres, romelic Tayvans scemda RvTaeba dionises. B versiiT

gamoricxuli ar aris ubralod iyos _ anu “Rvinis

moyvaruli”. grafitoSi (“fi” da “lambda”) warmodgenilia

gadabmulad ligaturis saxiT. aseTi moxazulobis samkuTxa “fi”

dadasturda qarelis r-nis taxtiZiris samarovnis Zv.w. IVs.

miwurulis #6 samarxSi aRmoCenili kanTarosis quslze (arqeolog

iul. gagaSiZis gaTxrebi). amgvarive, moxazulobis “fi” aRmoCnda

Crdilo SavizRvispireTis naqalaqar nimfeonSi dadasturebul Zv.w.

IVs. WurWlis fragmentzec [ix. Толстой, 1953:86]. sityva “moyvaruli”

agreTve dadasturebulia Zv.w. IVs. qoTanze Crdilo SavizRvispireTSi

“miTridates mTis” gaTxrisas [Толстой,1953:97-98]. C versiiT

177

SesaZlebelia amforaze igulisxmebodes ”RmerTis

moyvaruli” [ix. Pape W. 1884: 1624]. aTenis agoraze aRmoCenil Zv.w.

IVs. kilikze amgvarive grafito m. langma aRadgina, rogorc _

“Tasis moyvaruli” [Lang, 1976:12, sur.C6]. Crdilo SavizRvispireTis

q. pantikapeonSi Zv.w. IV s-is saflavis stelis fragmenti aRmoCnda,

sadac warweraze figurirebs sityva “moyvarulis” nawili da Semdeg

eTnonimi “kolxi”, romelic SeiZleba “qeifis moyvarul kolxs”

() niSnavdes anu im adamians, romlisadmic es

warweriani saflavis stelaa miZRvnili, qeifi da drostareba

uyvarda [Seadare, КБН, 1965: 183; ix. agreTve ДР, 1958: 1730].

foTSi aRmoCenili meore grafitoiani amforac, pirveli amforis

msgavsad, morfologiur-tipologiuri monacemebiT sinopuria da

arqeolog b. grakovis mixedviT pirvel qronologiur jgufs unda

miekuTvnebodes da Zv.w. IVs-is bolo _ IIIs-is dasawyisiT TariRdeba

[Граков, 1929: 97].

berZnuli grafitoebis aRmoCena yvelaze xSiria aRmosavleT

xmelTaSua da Savi zRispireTis regionebSi. saqarTveloSi berZnuli

grafitoebi ZiriTadad dasavleT saqarTvelos, kolxeTis,

arqeologiur masalaSi gvxvdeba, kerZod _ qobuleTis fiWvnaris,

sairxis, eSeris naqalaqaris, oCamCiris, vanis naqalaqaris, biWvinTis

naqalaqaris, soxumis naqalaqaris, webeldis da foTis arqeologiuri

Zeglebis artefaqtebze. saqarTveloSi berZnuli grafitoebis

raodenoba mcirea da upiratesad ucxoeTidan Semotanil keramikaze

gvxdeba. isini jerjerobiT sul 140 erTeulamdea dadasturebuli.

dasavleT saqarTvelos xsenebuli arqeologiuri Zeglebidan,

ZiriTadad erT, or an sam asoiani grafitoebi gagvaCnia [nasiZe, 2002:

10]. asoebis raodenobis simcire maTi sxvadasxvanairi interpretaciis

SesaZleblobas zrdis da xSirad mecnierTa kamaTis sagania.

grafitoebi, ZiriTadad, gamomwvar keramikaze wamaxvilebuli raime

sagniT Sesrulebuli nakawri warweraa. amnairi warwera-grafitoebiT

pirovnebebi, umetesad Tavis sakuTar nivTs, romelime RvTaebisadmi

178

Sesawir saTanado SigTavsian WurWels, savaWro zoma-wonas da sxv.

aRniSnavdnen. arsebobs magiuri, SelocviTi xasiaTis warwera-niSnebic.

grafitoebi xSirad gamoisaxeboda inicialebis, ligaturis,

abreviaturis saxiT. gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa WurWelze da

gadasatan taraze datanili savaWro aRniSvnebi. aRiniSneba Tu ra

produqtia (mag.: zeTi, Rvino, Tafli, ludi da a.S.) WurWelSi da ra

moculobisaa is (mag.: ramdeni xoa an kotila), ra fasi aqvs (mag.:

ramdeni _2 draqma an 3 oboli), rogori Tvisebebisaa (mag.: naTeli an

mJave) da sxv. [ix. Яйленко, 1980: 72-99; Соломоник , 1985: 77-91; Lang,

1976:1-5; nasiZe,2002: 5-24]. am tipis grafitoebi maRalganviTarebul

savaWro qmedebaze migvaniSnebs. xSirad grafito mxolod erT

asoiania da SesaZlebelia RvTaebis saxelis pirvel asos

warmodgendes. magaliTad: _ RvTaeba zogadad,_ apolonis an

artemides, _ demetrasi,H _herasi, _ bakxosi; an nivTis

mflobelis saxels niSnavdes mag.: _ fintidos, _ demes da sxv.

[ix.nasiZe,1999:19-20]. grafitoebis mniSvnelovani nawili warmoadgens

abreviaturas, romlis TiToeuli aso raRacas aRniSavda da im epoqis

sazogadoebis didi nawilisaTvis misi mniSvneloba kargad iyo

cnobili.

berZnul-laTinuri werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT qalaqi

fasisi mdinare fasisis (rion-yvirilas) deltis marcxena mxares iyo

ganlagebuli. aqve asaxeleben tbasac(paliastomi?). amgvari gansazRvra

dRevandeli foTis mdebareobas esadageba. amitom mecnierebs erTxmad

miaCniaT, rom Zveli fasisi foTsa da mis mimdebare teritoriaze

mdebareobda [ix. Lordkipanidze, 2000:3-9; Ельницкий, 1938: 315-320;

gamyreliZe,2003: 172]. imis gamo, rom xsenebul teritoriaze rTuli

geomorfologiuri situaciaa, klasikuri periodis fasisi

jerjerobiT mikvleuli ar aris. dRevandel foTsa da mis mimdebare

teritoriaze yvelaze Zveli arqeologiuri monacemi adgil

“ natexebTan”, paliastomis tbis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi Tixa-

torfian fenebSi dadasturda. md. rion-fasisis qvemo welze

179

arqeologiurad Seswavlil namosaxlarebze Zv.w. VIs-is ucxouri

nawarmi adgilobrivTan SedarebiT procentulad cotaa. rogorc Cans,

roca md. fasisis SesarTavTan berZnebi gamoCndnen, aq dasaxlebebi

ukve iyo.

foTi-fasisTan aRmoCenili berZnulenovani grafitoebis

dadasturebis da gaSifris safuZvelze da sxva artefaqtebis

moSvelieba-gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba davaskvnaT: Zv.w. IVs-is meore

naxevridan kolxeTSi intensiurad Semodioda sinopuri amforebi

[fuTuriZe, 1976: 79; gamyreliZe, 1982:99]. zogjer am amforebze

mesakuTreebi warwerebs kawravdnen, iseve, rogorc es xdeboda

aRmosavleT xmelTaSua da Savi zRvispira saqalaqo centrebSi. es

grafitoebi xSirad vaWrebis mier keTdeboda, romlebic saqonlis

savaWro tariT transportirebas da aRricxvas awarmoebdnen. es

erTxel kidev, mianiSnebs imdroindeli kolxeTis sazogadoebis

integraciis Tvisobriv xarisxze xmelTaSua da Savi zRvis

dawinaurebul saqalaqo centrebTan. am SemTxvevaSi ki kerZod, qalaq

sinopTan, romelic jerkidev Zv.w. VI-Vss-Si aqtiur ekonomikur

politikas awarmoebs da samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi,

kolxeTTan axlos _ kerasuntSi, kotioraSi da trapezuntSi

axalSenebs aarsebs. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi, dasavleT

saqarTveloSi, kolxeTSi ucxouri amforebi savaWro tarad Zv.w. VIs-

is meore naxevridan Cndeba. Aaq dadasturebulia Savi da xmelTaSua

zRvispireTis saqalaqo centrebSi damzadebuli amforebi. dasavleT

saqarTvelos sinopuri amforebis mravalricxovan arqeologiur

monapovarSi, formis, moculobis da Tixis mixedviT sxvadasxva

tipologiuri variantebi gvxvdeba [ix. kaxiZe, 1971: 28; fuTuriZe,

1976: 79]. Zv.w. IV_IIss-is sinopuri amforebis zogierT egzemplarze

gvxvdeba grafitoebi, romlebiTac xSirad mflobelis mier amforis

moculoba, SigTavsi, raodenoba an fasi aRiniSneboda. q. sinopeSi

keramikis gadasazidi taris, amforebis warmoebis saxelosnoebi iyo

ganlagebuli (mag. demirsis II-VIss saxelosnoebi [ix. kasab tezgori

180

d. 2006:155]). aq damzadebuli amforebi mTeli SavizRvispireTis

Zvel namosaxlarebzea didi raodenobiT mikvleuli. SesaZlebelia,

rom sinopelebi zogjer carieli tariTac vaWrobdnen, romlebic

gemebiT gadahqondaT. maTi amforebi, rogorc Cans saukeTeso WurWlad

iTvleboda Txevadi da marcvlovani saqonlis transportirebisaTvis.

foTi-fasisis mimdebare teritoriaze gavrcelebuli ucxouri

keramika da kerZod, sinopuri amforebi aq, aRmosavleT xmelTaSua da

SavizRvispireTis qalaqebis savaWro-ekonomikuri aqtivobis

maniSnebelia. Cven viziarebT im mosazrebas, rom qobuleTis fiWvnarSi

sinopelebis axalSeni iyo [ix. inaZe,2009: 278; Дундуа, 1987:38;

kvirkvelia, 1999: 30; Ахвледиани, 2004:91]. sinopelebis, aseTive

ubani albaT qalaq fasisSic mdebareobda. amis erT-erTi

damadasturebeli faqti ki SeiZleba zemoxsenebuli grafitoiani

sinopuri amforebis aq aRmoCenac iyos. Zv.w. IVs-is meore naxevarsa

da Zv.w. III s-is dasawyisSi sinopelebis savaWro aqtiuroba kolxeTSi

da gansakuTrebiT mis zRvispireTSi gamorCeul xasiaTs iRebs. aq

dadasturebulia sinopuri amforebis, luTeriebis da kramitis

fragmentebis didi raodenoba. maTi mibaZviT ki, amforebis da

kramitis adgilobrivi warmoeba iwyeba. am dros aq mimoqcevaSia

mniSvnelovani raodenobis sinopuri monetebic [Дундуа, 1987: 33],

romlebic dadasturebulia dasavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiur

Zeglebze. aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis savaWro saqoneli q.

sinopis gavliT xvdeboda q. fasisSi da Semdeg md. rionis gavliT

gadanawildeboda Sida kolxeTSi. q. sinopi TiTqmis mTeli antikuri

epoqis ganmavlobaSi, kolxeTis udides savaWro partniors

warmoadgenda, romelic qobuleTis fiWvnarSi da fasisSi arsebuli

vaWarTa da xelosanTa axalSenebis saSualebiT axorcielebda

ekonomikur aqtiurobas, rasac dasavleT saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili

arqeologiuri monacemebi adastureben [ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1966: 117;

fuTuriZe, 1976: 79].

***

181

q. fasisi, adreul bizantiur periodSic evropa-aziis sazRvao-

samdinaro-saxmeleTo satranzito gzis mniSvnelovani punqtis

funqcias asrulebda. amis erT-erTi mowmobaa q. foTSi, paliastomis

tbis dasavleT mxares mdebare namosaxlaric, sadac mesame

grafitoiani welSezneqili amfora aRmoCnda.

III _ grafitoiani amfora wagrZelebultaniani da welSezneqilia;

mxrebis zeda nawili motexili aqvs; SemorCenili simaRle _ 67sm;

tani Zirisaken konusurad viwrovdeba, romelzedac dabali gluvi

horizontaluri Rarebi SeiniSneba; tanze ramdenime xvreli aqvs; Tixa

moyavisfroa; zedapiri xorkliania; mxris dasawyisSi amokawrulia

graffito- w. (ix. tab.III,2; IV). berZnul grafitoebSi

abreviaturebi ZiriTadad mTavruli asoebiT aRiniSneboda. aq ki

pirveli asoa ("fi) mTavruli, rac Cveni azriT sakuTar saxels _

”fasiss” unda niSnavdes, xolo meore aso aRniSnulia ara mTavruliT

("omega) da vfiqrobT igulisxmeba zmna ”yidva”. Sesabamisad A

versiiT gamodis_ fasisSi viyide. B versiiT SeiZleba

niSnavdes_ ”naTeli”//”kargi”(Rvino ?). amfora morfologiur

da tipologiuri monacemebiT adgilobrivi, kolxuria; inaxeba q.

foTis kolxuri kulturis muzeumSi. rogorc aRvniSneT, mocemuli

amfora paliastomis tbis dasavleT mxares e.w. “natexebis”

namosaxlarTan, napirTan axlos, qviSa-Tixian fenaSi dadasturda.

garda aRniSnuli amforisa am Zeglze metad mravalferovani

arqeologiuri masala gamovlinda (dawvrilebiT ix. [gamyreliZe g.

1987: 97-117; Gamkrelidze, 1992: 101-119; Гамкрелидзе, 1992: 30-48 ;

Gamkrelidze, 1990: 223-236.]).

182

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188

kolxur-mosuinikuri saomari istoriis zogirTi sakiTxi

(mosuini; falanga; Zv.w.401w.; inkorporacia)

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Cveni winaprebi brZolebSi iyvnen Cabmuli.

isini mters Seupovrad erkinebodnen. am brZolebSi viTardeboda da

ixveweboda maTi samxedro-sabrZolo gamocdileba, strategia, taqtika da

SeiaraReba. antikur epoqaSi Zveli saqarTvelos teritoriaze

politikuri hegemonoba kolxeTma da iberiam moipoves, romelTa adgilsa

da safuZvelze momavalSi warmoiqmna erTiani saxelmwifo _ saqarTvelo.

werilobiTi wyaroebis, arqeologiuri da epigrafikuli Zeglebis

monacemebis urTierTSedarebis da kritikulad ganxilvis safuZvelze

garkveulwilad xerxdeba xsenebuli epoqis saqarTvelos samxedro-

politikuri istoriis met-naklebi aRdgena-warmodgena. evropisa da

aziis sazRvarze mdebare kolxeTi samxedro da politikur-ekonomikuri

Zalis, erTi mxriv, iranuli da, meore mxriv, antikuri orientaciis

qveynebis saomari moqmedebebis xSiri asparezi iyo.

Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi urartus (ix. Меликишвили,

1954) agresiulma mezoblobam Zveli saqarTvelos teritoriaze

momxdurTan dasapirispireblad sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebis

TavdacviTi organizeba da konsolidacia gamoiwvia. Zv.w. 720wlidan wina

aziaSi e.w. kimeriul-skviTuri tomebis permanentuli brZolebiT SemoWra

iwyeba. es, nomaduri, meomari tomebi momTabareobas eweodnen da cxenebis

meSveobiT swrafad gadaadgildebodnen. isini mTeli jalabobiT da

qonebiT moZraobdnen. kimeriel-skviTebis saomari taqtikis ZiriTadi

safuZveli iyo - msubuqad SeiaraRebuli swrafi cxenosnebi, romlebic

elviseburad moqmedebdnen; maTi didi raodenoba; rkinis specifikuri

SeiaraReba (mSvild-isrebi, satevrebi, culebi).

kimeriel-skviTebis nomaduri, agresiuli tomobrivi gaerTianebebi

samxreT ruseTis tramalebidan Savi zRvis CrdiloeTi da dasavleTi

sanapiros gayolebiT brZolebiT moZraobdnen. isini bosfor-dardanelis

srutis gadmolaxviT SeiWrnen wina aziaSi (ix.Тереножкин, 1976) da im

189

drois mdidar, mowinave qveynebs daerivnen. kimeriel-skviTebis

gaerTianebebma daarbies da daaqcies mTeli rigi qveynebi. brZolebiT

gaiares wina azia da aq geopolitikuri situacia garkveulwilad

Secvales. qarTveluri mosaxleobiT dasaxlebuli samxreT

transkavkasiis teritoriaze misvlisas maTi saomar-agresiuli

potenciali, permanentuli brZolebis Sedegad, ukve mniSvnelovnad

dasustda. SesaZloa, rom am droisaTvis kimeriel-skviTebis nawili

asimilirda adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi. nawili ki Cadga adgilobriv

xelisufalTa samsaxurSi. magaliTad, urartus mefe rusa II-is (Zv.w.685-

645ww.) jarSi kimerielebic ibrZodnen (Меликишвили, 1954, gv.364).

kimeriel-skviTTa didi laSqrobebi ar Sexebia transkavkasias.

dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenil arqeologiur

masalaSi ar Cans kimeriul-skviTuri tomebis pirveli talRis

damadasturebeli artefaqtebi. aq zogadad Zv.w. VIIs. boloTi da VIs.

daTariRebuli e.w.skviTuri materialuri kulturis elementebi mcire

raodenobiT Cans (akinakebi, qarqaSis bunikebi, culebi, cxenis lagmebi).

ix. arqeologiuri artefaqtebi _ sof. kolxididan, yulanurxvidan,

Coban-lukidan, guadixudan, wiTeli Suquridan, soxumidan, merxeulidan,

paluridan, nigvzianidan, brilidan, Tliadan, rokidan, dvanidan,

wiwamuridan, samTavrodan, xovledan, diRmidan, beSTaSenidan, kumisidan,

Sulaveridan, melaanidan (ix. fircxalava, 1978, gv.31-52 da tab.9-14).

sayuradReboa agreTve, rom saqarTvelos arqeologiur monacemebSi ar

Cans e.w.skviTebis raime saomari moqmedebis kvali. Tumca arqeologiuri

masalidan isic irkveva, rom adgilobrivi kulturisaTvis

damaxasiaTebel elementebTan erTad, zogierT samarxSi, iSviaTad, e.w.

skviTurisaTvis mikuTvnebuli esa Tu is nivTic Cndeba. Zv.w. VIsaukuneSi

qarTveluri xalxiT dasaxlebul centralur, dasavleT da samxreT-

dasavleT transkavkasias aqemeniduri iranis imperia daumezoblda.

aqemenidebma xmelTaSua zRvidan indoeTamde da sparseTis yuridan

aralis zRvamde teritoriebi gaaerTianes (ix.Дандамаев, 1985). am

uzarmazarma imperiam, bunebrivia, didi roli iTamaSa transkavkasiis

190

qveynebis ganviTarebaze. aqemenidebma transkavkasiis sruli damorCileba

ver SeZles, albaT rTuli reliefis da geopolitikuri viTarebis gamo,

magram samxreT transkavkasiaze ki ganavrces Tavisi zegavlena. maT

daimorCiles es teritoriebi da imperiis XIX satrapiaSi Seiyvanes;

wliurad 300talants oqroTi axdevinebdnen (ix. herodote, ist.III,94).

Zv.w.400-410wlebisTvis aqemenidebs kolxebi, mosuvinikebi da xalibebi

aRar emorCilebodnen (ix. qsenofonti, anabasisi,VII,8,25). mefe

artaqserqse II-s (Zv.w. 404-359ww.) aumxedrda Zma _ kirosi, ramac

ganapiroba aqemenidianTa gavlenis erTgvari dasusteba imperiis

periferiebSi, kerZod, samxreT-dasavleT transkavkasiaSic. Zv.w. 401wels

kapadokiisa da lidiis (mcire aziaSi) mmarTvelma ufliswulma kirosma

iranis mefe artaqserqseII-s winaaRmdeg samefo taxtis wasarTmevad omi

wamoiwyo. am omSi berZeni daqiravebuli meomrebis erT-erTi samxedro

xelmZRvaneli iyo qsenofonti, romelmac aRwera brZolebi da is

teritoriebi, sadac qarTveluri modgmis xalxi cxovrobda. qalaq

babilonTan momxdari brZolis Sedegad ufliswuli kirosi daiRupa,

xolo misi jari daiSala; daqiravebuli, omebSi gamobrZmedili

daaxloebiT 10.000meomari berZeni gamoemarTa samSobloSi. gzad maT

samxreT-dasavleT transkavkasiaze gaiares, sadac adgilobriv qarvelur

mosaxleobasTan, umetesad brZoliT, xolo zogjer molaparakebebiT

mZimed da rTulad ikafavdnen gzas. 10.000-ian jars didi raodenobiT

sursaTi dasWirdeboda, rac berZeni meomrebis adgilobrivebTan brZolis

ZiriTadi mizezi iyo. zog gamagrebul qalaqs, romelic moicavda

simagreTa mTel sistemas, brZolebiT, SturmiT iRebdnen, zogs ki ver

iRebdnen da amitom gverds uvlidnen. berZenma meomrebma mravali

gamagrebuli qalaqi gaiares, romelTa gamagrebis sistema qsenofontis

gadmocemiT sxvadasxvanairi iyo. magaliTad, maT ver SeZles erT-erTi

cixe-simagris aReba: "rodesac berZnebi am mTian qveyanaSi mividnen

(adgilobrivma mcxovreblebma)... gadawves da miatoves Tavisi simagreebi,

romlebic advilad asaRebad eCvenebodaT...". "...erTi cixe-simagre maTi

dedaqalaqi iyo...", "...mas garSemo Rrma Txrili hqonda da amitom

191

misadgomad saxifaTo iyo. hoplitma meomrebma... ieriSi miitanes cixe-

simagreze. maT ukan misdevdnen mealafeebi, romlebic sursaTs da sxva

qonebas agrovebdnen."..."roca berZnebma sabrZolo ieriSiT ver SeZles

cixe-simagris aReba, radgan mas garSemo ganieri Txrili da miwis yrili

hqonda Semovlebuli; maTze ki xis kedlebi da mravali koSki iyo

aRmarTuli, gadawyvites gasclodnen simagres; magram adgilobrivebi

Tavs daesxen berZnebs. gaqceva SeuZlebeli iyo, radgan simagridan xramis

gadalaxva mxolod saTiTaod SeiZleboda."..."simagre savsea mravali

simdidriT, magram misi aReba SeuZlebelia, radgan is miuvalia da arc

ukan daxevaa advili, radgan (damcvelebi) swrafad gamovardebian xolme

cixe-simagridan da xelCarTul brZolas gvimarTaven" (anabasisi,V,2,3-7).

brZolebSi berZenTa razmebi ukuiqcnen, bevri daiRupa da daiWra

(anabasisi,V,2,7).

qsenofontis, romelic samxedro saqmis kargi mcodne iyo,

Canawerebidan naTlad Cans, rom samxreT-dasavleT transkavkasiaSi

mcxovrebi qarTveluri mosaxleoba kargad flobda maSindeli samxedro

saqmis ZiriTad elementebs. kerZod, maT hqondaT sasimagro-

fortifikaciuli specialuri nagebobebi- Txrilebi, xis sasimagro

kedlebi, koSkebi, miwayrilebi; gaaCndaT im droisaTvis mowinave rkinis

iaraRi: Subi, satevari, culi, mSvild-isari; individualuri Tavdacvis

saSualebebi: fari, muzaradi, javSani; flobdnen saomar xerxebs: swrafi

ieriSi, gadajgufeba, reliefis moxerxebulad gamoyeneba; iyvnen

brZolaSi mamacni, moxerxebulni da Seupovarni (ix. anabasisiIII-V).

Zv.w.401wels kolxTa da berZenTa jaris Serkinebis Sesaxeb,

samxedro saqmis kargi mcodnis, am omSi berZnebis mxedrobis erT-erTi

meTauris, qsenofontis werilobiTi aRweraa Semonaxuli. kerZod, es

brZola kolxeTis samflobeloebis sazRvarTan, maRlobze momxdara. am

maRlobis tradiciuli berZnuli falangiT (berZenTa jaris mTavari

taqtikuri danayofi) aReba rTuli, mTagoriani reliefis gamo martivi

ar iqneboda. mTagorian adgilze falangis qveiTTa mwkrivebi uTuod

aireoda da damarcxdeboda. amitom berZenTa jaris sardlobis

192

(strategosebi - qsenofonti, xeirisofosi, esqine akarnaneli, kleanore

erqomeneli) gadawyvetilebiT "falanga" dayves cal-calke aseulebad -

loxebad (daaxloebiT 80-mde) da isini frontalurad cal-calke

daawyves mowinaaRmdegis ganlagebis mTel perimetrze. es moxda

imdagvarad, rom kolxebis wyobis xazs sWarbobda, rac Semdgom

flangebidan Setevis saSualebas miscemdaT. loxebis erTi meorisagan

dacilebuli mwkrivis win ganalages sami (TiToeulSi 600-mde msubuqad

SeiaraRebuli meomari- peltasti) mobiluri, swrafi danayofi. am Warbma

Zalebma ieriSi miitanes maRlobze mdgar kolxTa ganlagebaze da

Seupovari brZolis fasad strategiulad mniSvnelovani simaRle aiRes.

am brZolis Sedegad berZnebi kolxebis qveyanaSi SeiWrnen da Savi

zRvisaken gza gaikafes. Semdeg isini sanapiroze, kolxebis qveyanaSi,

qalaq trapezuntSi Sevidnen (ix. anabasisiIV-VIII, 17-19,22).

kolxebis samxedro xelmZRvanelobas etyoba dazvevrvis cnobebi

hqonda berZenTa saomari gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb. amitom kolxTa laSqari

sabrZolvelad mzad iyo da kolxebis sazRvarTan strategiul

maRlobebze idga. es adgili aRmosavleT pontos da lazeTis mTianeTSi

unda yofiliyo (axla mdebareobs TurqeTSi). kolxebi marTebulad

moiqcnen, roca strategiul simaRleze ganalages Tavisi mxedroba.

kolxTa ZiriTadi danayofis specialur wyobas, samxedro saqmis kargma

mcodnem, berZnebis mxridan am brZolis erT-erTma xelmZRvanelma

"falanga" uwoda (ix. anabasisi IV,VIII,17) anu "kolxuri falanga".

berZenTa jaris xelmZRvanelobam, rogorc Cans, mniSvnelovnad CaTvala

kolxTa laSqris xelsayreli strategiuli pozicia da taqtikuri

wyoba. amis gamo berZnebma brZolis tradiciuli taqtika Secvales. es ki

imis mowmoba unda iyos, rom "kolxuri falanga" sakmaod saSiSi Zala

iyo. berZnul-doriul falangas (ix.Жмодиков, 1998,gv.89) mZimed

SeiaraRebuli (maxvilebiT, SubebiT, farebiT, muzaradebiT, sabarkulebiT,

javSnebiT) meomrebis, hoplitebis, mwkrivebad (daaxloebiT 15)

dalagebul mwyobrs uwodebdnen, romelic mTel xazze iyo ganlagebuli.

193

falanga berZenTa jaris ZiriTadad taqtikur danayofs warmoadgenda

da swor reliefze moqmedebisas SemWidrovebul damrtymel frontis

xazs qmnida, rac mas mrisxane Zalad aqcevda (ix. Connolly,1988, gv.41-

51). falangis mwkrivebis sisworisaTvis aucilebeli iyo fexawyobili

siaruli, rac mkacri wvrTniT, discipliniT da musikaluri sakravebiT

taqtis dacviT miiRweoda. berZnulma samxedro wyobam - falangam, im

epoqaSi araerTxel naTelyo upiratesoba calkeul jgufebad moqmed

meomrebTan SedarebiT.

Zv.w. 401wels momxdari brZolis dros, rogorc amas berZenTa

erT-erTi sardali, qsenofonti gadmogvcems, kolxebis falanga berZnebis

194

Setevisas swrafad, mwyobrad orad gaiyo. amis Sedegad falangis erTi

nawili marjvniv, xolo meore marcxniv gadajgufda. am qmedebiT

kolxebis xelmZRvanelobam garkveuli manevri Caatara. maT falangis

centraluri nawilis gaxsniT iseTi mdgomareba Seqmnes, rom berZnebi

SeetyuebinaT da Semdgom flangebidan apirebdnen Setevas. mocemuli

manevriT kolxebma Tavidan aiciles berZnebis loxebisagan garSemovlis

saSiSroeba. kolxebma taqtikurad swori manevri ganaxorcieles, magram

am SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba mainc berZenTa mebrZolebis

ricxobrivma simravlem iTamaSa. isini 10.000-mde iyvnen.

zemoxsenebuli, kolxTa falangis manevri, maTi winaswar

strategiul simaRleze ganlageba, imis maCvenebelia, rom kolxebs

samxedro saqme arc Tu cudad hqondaT dayenebuli. Cans, isini berZnul,

im droisaTvis mowinave samxedro xelovnebasac kargad icnobdnen.

kolxebis da berZnebis brZolis ambavs qsenofonti mokled Semdegnairad

gadmogvcems: "rodesac mowinaaRmdegem (berZeni meomrebi) SeniSna; isini

(kolxi meomrebi) gamoemarTnen maTken da amis mere gaiSalnen nawili

marjvniv, xolo nawili - marcxniv; amgvari gadajgufebiT Tavisi

falangis centrSi farTe derefani Seqmnes" (anabasisi, IV,VIII,17). Tqven

warmoidgineT, rom kolxebma jer kidev Zv.w. 401w. zemoxsenebul

brZolaSi, mowinaaRmdegis Warbi Zalebis winaaRmdeg, e.w. qimiuri iaraRis

magvari ram gamoiyenes. kerZod, roca berZenma jariskacebma aiRes

kolxebis dasaxlebuli punqtebi da iq Sevidnen, adgilobrivebma iq

datoves specifikuri Tafli. berZen "meomarTagan yvelam vinc ki Taflis

fiWa SeWama, goneba dakarga, aRebina, kuWi aeSala da arc erTs fexze

dgoma aRar SeeZlo. isini vinc cota Wama magrad mTvralebs hgvandnen,

xolo vinc bevri - SeSlilebs an momakvdavebs. umravlesoba eyara ise,

rogorc damarcxebis Semdeg brZolis velze" (anabasisi IV,8,20-21).

kolxi mebrZolebis am taqtikurma fandma berZeni meomrebi mwyobridan

gamoiyvana da maTi Seteva ramdenime dRiT SeaCera. specifikuri Taflis

saomari mizniT gamoyeneba werilobiT wyaroebSi agreTve Zv.w. Is-Sia

dadasturebuli. es ambavi daaxloebiT igive adgilebSi moxda. kerZod,

195

romael sardals pompeuss "...amouwyvites sami speira (daaxloebiT 350

meomriani razmi), romlebic moZraobdnen am mTebSi. maT (meomrebis)

gzebze farTopiriani WurWeliT dadges gamacofebeli Tafli," romaelma

meomrebma "...SeWames is da gacofdnen; maSin maT Tavs daesxen da advilad

daxoces" (ix. straboniXII,III,18). aseve e.w. qimiur iaraRad SeiZleba

CaiTvalos specifikuri Sxamiani isrebi. kerZod, specialuri

momwamvleli nivTierebiT dafaruli isrispirebi, romlis moxvedris

SemTxvevaSi mowinaaRmdegis meomrebi mcire WrilobiTac swrafad

iRupebodnen(straboniXI,II,19). Semdgom, kolxeTSi samxedro moqmedebebis

dros gamoiyeneboda "medeas zeTi," navTobic (ix. gamyreliZe, 2001,gv.26-

32) da sxva komponentebi, romelic Tanamedrove "napalms" hgavda Tavisi

moqmedebiT (ix. prokopi, BG,VIII,11,36-40). samxedro saqmis ganviTarebis

garkveul doneze miuTiTebs albaT isic, Zv.w. 400wlebSi moixseniebian

qarTveluri warmomavlobis meomrebi, romlebic aqemenidTa iranis

saxelmwifos jarSi moqiravneebad msaxurobdnen - "... tiribazs yavs jari

da moqiravneebi: xalibebi da taoxebi" (anabasisiIV,4,18). isini omobdnen

gasamrjelosaTvis da, bunebrivia, profesionali meomrebi iyvnen; iseve,

rogorc qsenofontis berZeni meomrebi, romlebic ufliswulma kirosma

daiqirava. SesaZloa moqiravneebzevea laparaki herodotesTanac, roca is

aRwers iranis mefe qserqses mier, Zv.w. 480wels saberZneTSi laSqrobas

(istoria VII,53-79).

Zv.w. IVs.-Si wina aziaSi mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri cvlilebebi

moxda. aqemenidTa iranis imperia aleqsandre makedonelis berZen-

makedonelTa Zlier armiasTan brZolebSi daemxo. aleqsandre

makedonelis saxelmwifo da samxedro moRvaweobis Sedegad

xmelTaSuazRvidan md. indamde samyaro Seicvala (ix. Шахермайр,1986;

Левек,1989; Шлюмберже,1985; Эллинизм,1990). aleqsandre didis

samxedro-politikuri strategiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo _

mowinaaRmdegis resursebis da samxedro Zalebis winaswari yovelmxrivi

Seswavla-dazverva; axali samxedro taqtika (e.w. makedonuri falanga) da

teqnika (individualuri SeiaraReba da saalyo manqanebi); zurgis saimedo

196

momaragebis da komunikaciebis uzrunvelyofa; mowinaaRmdegis mTavari

Zalis ganadgurebisaken swrafva; strategiuli Canafiqris sistemuri,

Tanmimdevruli da mizanswrafuli ganxorcieleba.

Zv.w. 334wels mcire aziaSi omisTvis aleqsandre makedonels

kargad organizebuli da mkacrad disciplinirebuli 48.000-iani

regularuli armia hyavda momzadebuli (ix. plutarqe, aleqsandre

makedoneli, 15). misi armia Sedgeboda - SeiaraRebis mixedviT: mZime,

saSualo da msubuqi qveiTebisagan da mxedrebisagan. amgvari, axali

organizaciuli dayofa, mTlianobaSi armiis taqtikuri manevrebis

saSualebas mkveTrad zrdida. mZimed SeiaraRebuli qveiTebi da mxedrebi

elitur danayofebs warmoadgendnen. aleqsandres armiis mTavari

danayofi "makedonuri falanga" iyo, romelic 15-dan 20-mde mwkrivisagan

Sedgeboda. pirveli mwkrivis meomrebis Subebs ukana mwkrivis grZeli

Subebic emateboda. amgvarad, Subis wverebis mrisxane kedeli iqmneboda.

falangis win msubuqad SeiaraRebuli mobiluri jgufebi midiodnen,

xolo flangebs mZimed SeiaraRebuli mxedrebi umagrebdnen; ariergardSi

msubuqad SeiaraRebuli mxedrebi moZraobdnen (ix.Connolly,1988,gv.64).

aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom aseTi raodenobis da taqtikuri danawilebis

armiisaTvis, albaT, Zneli iqneboda mTagoriani reliefis mqone qveyanaSi

warmatebuli moqmedeba (mag. kavkasiaSi). albaT erT-erTi mizezi esec

iyo, ratomac aleqsandre makedonels, piradad, kavkasiaSi ar ulaSqria.

magram aq, SesaZloa, makedonelebis mxardaWeriT samxreT-dasaavleT

transkavkasiis erT-erTma qarTveluri gaerTianebis (mag. arian qarTlis)

xelmZRvanelma, patrikma azonma ilaSqra (ix. qarTlis cxovreba, 1955,

gv.17-18; aq dasaxelebuli cixe-qalaqebis umetesi nawili arqeologiuri

gaTxrebis Sedegad sadReisod dokumenturad aris dadasturebuli).

azons daupirispirda mcxeTeli warCinebuli farnavazi Tavisi

momxreebiT, romelic agreTve garkveulwilad ucxo Zalas daeyrdno. am

dapirispirebas azonis xelisuflebis damxoba mohyva. farnavazs

SeukavSirda kolxeTis (resp. egrisis) gavleniani warCinebuli piri -

quji da azonis winaaRmdeg saomari samzadisi daiwyes. albaT maT azonis

197

mkacri politikiT ukmayofilo sxva warCinebuli mxedrebic miimxres da

ucxo tomis xalxsac uxmes; amiT "ganimravles spani" da "egrisiT

Sekribes uricxuni spani da momarTes azons" (q.c., gv.23). Cans, kolxeTi

farnavazis winaaRmdegobis erT-erTi centri iyo. azonis da farnavaz-

qujis SeiaraRebul momxreTa Soris Setakeba-sabrZolo moqmedebebiT

gamowveuli ngrevis mowmobaa albaT saqarTvelos teritoriaze

dadasturebuli Zv.w. IVs. miwurulis gadamwvari namosaxlarebi. aseTi

dangreul-gadamwvari namosaxlarebi arqeologebis mier Seswavlilia -

sof. mTisZirSi, adeiSvilebis goris gamagrebuli samosaxlo; sof.

varcixesTan vardigora; vanis naqalaqarze - e.w. TeTri Senoba da 211,

193 nakveTebis ZelurbaTqaSiani nageboba; samadlos (ix. Гагошидзе,1979),

cixiagoras, urbnisis (ix. WilaSvili,1968,gv.35-37) gadamwvari sasimagro

nagebobebi (ix. gamyreliZe, 2002, gv.37-38, 111-121).

werilobiT wyaroebSi asaxul am saomar peripetiebSi aSkarad Cans

aleqsandre makedonelis berZen-makedonelTa imperiis da misi

memkvidreebis agresiuli interesebi kavkasiaSi. am interesebs isini

adgilobrivi warCinebulis, klarji azonis xeliT axorcielebdnen.

azonic da farnavaz-qyjic urTierT qiSpisas iyenebdnen gareSe samxedro

Zalebs (e.w. sagareo faqtori). rogorc Cans, aleqsandres sardlebi

aqtiurad ereodnen iberiel warCinebulTa pirvelobisTvis brZolebSi.

isini dainteresebulni iyvnen, rom Tavisi zegavlena wina aziis ukidures

CrdiloeTiT – trans-kavkasiaSi gaevrcelebinaT.

Zv.w.IIIs-is dasawyisSi farnavazma moaxerxa mTeli qarTlis da

kolxeTis mniSvnelovani nawilis gaerTianeba. man safuZveli Cauyara

farnavazianebis samefo dinastias. werilobiTi wyaroebi mas miawers

iberiis samefos samxedro organizaciis reformebs. mefe farnavazma

saxelmwifo samxedro-administraciul provinciebad (saerisTavoebad)

dayo, romelTa saTaveSi saero da samxedro xelisuflebiT aRWurvili,

erTguli warCinebulebi daayena (q.c.,gv.24-26). qarTul werilobiT

wyaroebSi daculi cnobebi, romlis mixedviTac azos da SemdgomSi

farnavazis dros (Zv.w.IVs-is bolo -IIIs-is dasawyisi) kolxeTis nawili

198

iberiis samefos farglebSia moqceuli, sandod gamoiyureba. am

droisaTvis kolxeTis samefo dasustebulia da veRar uZlebs

Semosevebs. jer aRmosavleT, xolo Semdeg Sida kolxeTzec vrceldeba

iberiis politikuri gavlena. amas mxars ubams dasavleT saqarTvelos

arqeologiuri monacemebi (ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1972,gv.40). saistorio

tradiciis mixedviT, iberiis mefe farnavazma egrisis saerisTavo

daumtkica qujis, romelic, rogorc Cans, adrec flobda kolxeTis

nawil teritorias. axla farnavazma mas teritoriebi gaufarTova,

samefo xelisuflebis administraciuli uflebebic uboZa; da gaayola

colad da amiT samefo didmoxeled aqcia. sayuradReboa, rom rva

erisTavidan saistorio wyaroSi mxolod qujia moxseniebuli (ix.

q.c.,1955, gv.24). quji warmomavlobiT aristokratiuli gvaridan iyo da

qarTlis mefis xelisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi wvlili miuZRoda.

amrigad, TvalSisacemia, rom saomari faqtori mniSvnelovan, zogjer

gadamwyvet rols TamaSobda kolxeT istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi.

iberiis samefosTan kolxeTis nawilis inkorporaciam kolxeTis samefos

daSla da politikuri statusis Secvla gamoiwvia. werilobiTi da

arqeologiuri wyaroebidan Cans, rom kolxebi kargad flobdnen

maSindeli saomari saqmis ZiriTad elementebs. maT icodnen da

warmatebiT iyenebdnen taqtikur xerxebs _ swraf ieriSs, gadajgufebas,

reliefis moxerxebulad gamoyenebas, isini omSi mamacni, moxerxebulni

da Seupovarni iyvnen. yovelive amis gansaxorcieleblad ki maT, Setevis

da Tavdacvis, im droisaTvis mowinave SeiaraReba hqondaT.

literatura:

gamyreliZe g., 2002, kolxeTi gamomc. "logosi", Tb., 2002.

lorTqifaniZe g., 1976, sabrZolo da sameurneo iaraRi, vaniII,1976, gv.167-190.

lorTqifaniZe g.,1979, samxedro saqmis ist-saTvis kolxeTSi, Tsu-s Sromebi

(ist...), t.205, 1979, gv.95-107.

lorTqifaniZe oT., 1972, vanis naqalaqari,vani, I., 1972, gv.7-42.

lorTqifaniZe oT., 1976, arqeologia da saq. Zveli ist. zogierTi sakiTxi,

saq.mecn.akad. "macne" (ist...), 1976, # 2, gv.110-128.

199

fircxalava m., 1978, skviTuri kulturis Zeglebis saqarTveloSi.... - saq.

arqeologiis sakiTxebi, I,Tb., 1978, gv.31-51.

Гагошидзе Ю., 1979, Самадло, Тб., 1979.

Гагошидзе Ю., 1981, Самадло, Каталог Тб., 1981.

Гамкрелидзе Г.,1977, К изучению древнеколхидских оборонительнных сооружений,

Сообщение АнГрузии, 88,1977, №2, с.501-514.

Дандамаев М., 1985, Полит. ист. Ахаменидской державы, М., 1985.

Жмодиков А., 1998, Этапы развития фаланги, сб., Военная археология, С.-Петербург,

1998, с. 89-92.

Левек П., 1989, Эллинистический мир, Мос., 1989.

Меликишвили Г., 1954, Наири-Урарту, Тб., 1954.

Шахермайр Ф., 1986, Александр Македонский, Мос., 1986.

Шлюмберже Д., 1985, Эллинизированный восток, Мос., 1985.

Эллинизм, 1990, сб., ред. Голубцова Е., Мос., 1990.

Тереножкин, А. 1976. Киммерийцы. Киев.

Connolly P., 1988, Greece and Rome at war, London.

200

kolxeTSi romanizaciis globalisturi procesis mimdinareobis

Sesaxeb

kolxeTisa da romis urTierTobis istoriis Seswavla,

upiratesad, arqeologiuri masalis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli, radgan

am periodis werilobiTi wyaroebi cotaa. wlebis ganmavlobaSi

Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad dagrovda sakmaod

mravalferovani monacemebi, romlebic mogvepoveba Semdegi

arqeologiuri Zeglebidan _ kldeeTi, biWvinTa, inkiti, foTi,

cixisZiri, vaSnari, gonio, ureki, soxumi, webelda, Rebi, iTxvisi,

Sorapani, vani, SuxuTi, Tagiloni da sxv. mniSvnelovania am Zeglebze

dadasturebuli calkeuli artefaqtebi, romelTa meSveobiTac

SesaZloa Tvali gavadevnoT romanizaciis process kolxeTSi [ix.

gamyreliZe, Todua, 2006:5-24,97-116]. aziisa da evropis sazRvarze

mdebare Zveli saqarTvelo, samxedro da politikur-ekonomikuri

Zalis, erTi mxriv, iranuli da, meore mxriv, antikuri orientaciis

qveynebis saomari moqmedebebis asparezi iyo [gamyreliZe, 2002: 3-21].

romanizacia Tavisi arsiT globalisturi movlenaa, romelic

imperiis provinciebSi da maTs mezobel qveynebSi romauli politikur-

ekonomikuri normebisa da kulturis gavrceleba-damkvidrebas

gulisxmobs. romanizaciis mTavari arsi romis qveSevrdomsa da misi

gavlenis qveS myof xalxTa erTian sistemaSi CarTva da erTi

centridan marTuli, erTian standartebze dafuZnebuli cxovrebis

wesis damkvidreba iyo [Hopkins,(ed.), 2003:4-9; Shelton, 1998:21-30;

Matthew, Garland, 2005: 134]. globalizaciis procesebi sxvadasxva

formiTa da masStabiT romis imperiis epoqamdec mimdinareobda,

magaliTad, iranis aqemenidTa saxelmwifo an aleqsandre makedonelis

imperia globalizaciis liderebi iyvnen. mogvianebiT, romis imperia

globalizmis procesis arnaxuli masStaburobiT gamoirCeoda. romis

imperiis mTel rig provinciebSi romanizacias mohyva teqnologiuri,

sakomunikacio, aRmosavlur-dasavluri kontaqtebis ganviTareba,

201

xalxTa asimilaciisa da kulturuli sinkretizaciis procesi,

romelic aneqsirebul qveynebSi PAX ROMANA-is egidiT

mimdinareobda. romis imperiis ukidegano sivrceSi romanizaciis

procesi erTnairi tempisa da masStabis rodi iyo. is SedarebiT ufro

daCqarebulad warimarTa imperiis dasavleT provinciebSi, vidre

aRmosavleT qveynebSi, rac aq araerTgvarovani socialur-ekonomikuri

da politikuri struqturebiT iyo ganpirobebuli [Todua, 2003: 112].

Zv.w. 65wels transkavkasiaSi pompeus magnusis xelmZRvanelobiT

romis respublikis legionerebi gamoCndnen. roms kavkasiaSi ZiriTadad

izidavda _ ekonomikur-strategiuli gamorCena; axali qveynebis Tavisi

gavlenis sferoSi moqceva; axali savaWro gzebisa da saqonlis

gasaRebis bazrebis xelSi Cagdeba. maTTvis friad sayuradRebo iyo Sua

aziidan momavali gza, kaspiis zRvidan md. mtkvarze, lixis qedis

gadasvliT, md. fasisze gavliT Sav zRvamde. es gza gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas iZens imis Semdeg, rac parTiis gaZlierebulma

saxelmwifom Tavis kontrols dauqvemdebara CineTidan da indoeTidan

momavali samxreTis satranzito magistralebi. amasTanave, kavkasionis

qedi kargi winaaRmdegoba iyo Crdilokavkasieli agresiuli nomaduri

tomebis transkavkasiasa da romaul mcire aziaSi SemoWris

dasaregulireblad. am mxriv sayuradReboa mamisonis, darialisa da

derbentis gadasasvlelebi. vis xelSiac es gzebi iyo, mas SeeZlo

kontroli gaewia Crdilokavkasiuri meomari tomebis moZraobisaTvis

[gamyreliZe, Todua, 2006: 25-57].

kavkasias geopolitikurad erT-erTi sakvanZo teritoria ekava. aq

xdeboda aRmosavluri da dasavluri civilizaciebis garkveuli

Tanxvedra. kolxeTi Tavisi xeobebiT, mTebiT, swrafi, Znelad

gadasalaxi mdinareebiT,^ uRrani tyeebiT advilad dasamorCilebeli

ar unda yofiliyo. romaelebi axerxebdnen garkveulad

gaekontrolebinaT zRvispireTi. amaSi maTi dasayrdeni unda yofiliyo

sanapiro qalaqebi, romlebSic, Sida kolxeTisagan gansxvavebiT,

antikuri sameurneo-kulturuli gavlena ufro Zlieri iyo. kolxeTis

202

zRvispireTi is strategiuli mxare iyo, romelic aucileblad

sWirdeboda roms Tavisi gavlenis dasamyareblad kavkasiaSi, mcire

aziasa da bosforSi [Браунд, 1991: 35-52].

romma garkveuli zemoqmedeba moaxdina kolxeTis ganviTarebis

procesze. es zemoqmedeba uaryofiTi gamodga. zRvispireTi romis

politikur gavlenaSi moeqca, xolo zogierT regionSi, romaelTa

moqnili politikis Sedegad, arastabiluri mdgomareoba Seiqmna, rac

Semdgom romisadmi naxevrad daqvemdebarebuli samTavroebis warmoqmniT

dasrulda (ix. ariane, 11). romma, im droisaTvis maRalganviTarebulma

saxelmwifom, ramdenadme dadebiTi rolic iTamaSa. kerZod,^

adgilobrivi mosaxleoba gaecno mowinave romaul kulturas, axal sa-

meurneo-kulturul, saomar taqtikursa da teqnikur inovaciebs;

zRvispira qalaqebSi gamoCnda romauli kapitali.

ax.w. Isaukunis boloSi aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi Camoyalibda

e.w. ponto-kavkasiis Taviseburi sasazRvro sistema. misi umTavresi

amocana kavkasiaSi romis geopolitikuri poziciebis ganmtkiceba da

kontroli iyo. am sistemaSi Semavali afsarosi (gonio) [mamulaZe,

kaxiZe, xalvaSi, 2009:107; xalvaSi,2002; lorTqifaniZe,^miqelaZe,^

xaxutaiSvili,1980], fasisi (foTi) [Гамкрелидзе, 1992:30; Gamkrelidze,

2009:175-194], sebastopolisi (soxumi) [fuTuriZe, 1959:54] da

pitiunti (biWvinTa) [lorTqifaniZe,1991; berZeniSvili, fuTuriZe,1975]

sasazRvro militaristuli xasiaTis cixe-qalaqebad gardaiqmna.

romaelebi imperiis sazRvrebs aramarto samxedro ZaliT,^ aramed

moqnili diplomatiuri xerxebiTac afarToebdnen. imperiaSi

gansaxlebul zogierT xalxs adgilobrivi mefeebi ganagebdnen da

garkveul damoukideblobas inarCunebdnen. romi diplomatiur

Zalisxmevas ar iSurebda,^ raTa am mmarTvelebTan megobruli

urTierToba daemyarebina.

romis aRmosavlur politikaSi aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis

komunikaciebi aucilebeli iyo parTiis msgavs Zlier saxelmwifosTan

qiSpobisas [Бокщанин, 1966]. miuxedavad Zlevamosilebisa, pirvel

203

etapze, romma ver moaxerxa Sida kolxeTis damorCileba. es ver

moxerxda verc aristarqes, verc miTridate pergamonelisa da verc

polemonis xeliT. ramdenadme gamarTlda lukulusis

winaswarmetyveleba, romelic aRniSnavda – am mxaris damorCileba

Zalian Zneliao (ix. plutarqe, luk.,14). aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi

romauli dasaxlebebis warmoqmnisa da misi ganviTarebis procesi

Taviseburi, gansxvavebuli gziT warimarTa. aq romauli, klasikuri

tipis kanabeebi ar warmoqmnila. dioskuria-sebastopolisis,

afsarosis, pitiuntisa da fasisis romaul kastelumebTan arsebobda

vikusis tipis mcire savaWro-saxelosno dasaxlebebi, romelTa moqme-

debis are konkretuli sanapiro zoliT Semoifargleboda. ponto-

kavkasiis sasazRvro sistemis Camoyalibebisa da garnizonTa ricxobriv

zrdasTan erTad aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi romauli nawarmi _

keramika, minis, liTonis nakeTobebi, samkaulebi gavrcelda, romelTa

Soris, tradiciulad, mcire aziis centrebis nawarmi Warbobda. am

produqciis transportireba, upiratesad, sazRvao gziT

xorcieldeboda. is, ZiriTadad, romaul samxedro SenaerTebs

amaragebda. romauli garnizonebis momarageba ki II-III saukuneebSi

centralizebulad trapezuntidan [Максимова, 1956], xolo

IVsaukuneSi antioqiidan xdeboda. romis imperiis sasazRvro sistemaSi

aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis sanapiro zolis CarTviT,

garkveulwilad, uzrunvelyofil iqna romis aRmosavleT provinciaTa

misadgomebis usafrTxoeba da romaelTa geopolitikuri interesebis

ganmtkiceba kavkasiasa da aRmosavleT mcire aziaSi. romaelTa

ekonomikuri interesebis sferoSi eqceoda is savaWro gza, romelic

aRmosavleTis qveynebs kavkasiaze gavliT dasavleTis qveynebTan

akavSirebda. cnobilia, rom pompeusi sagangebod dainteresda am gzaze

savaWro urTierTobis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebiT. varonis

mixedviT, "pompeusis laSqrobis dros misi brZanebiT gamokvleul iqna,

rom indoeTidan SeiZleba 7 dReSi Casvla baqtriaSi md. baqtrTan,

romelic oqss erTvis, aqedan induri saqoneli gadaaqvT kaspiis iqiT

204

md. mtkvriT da saxmeleTo gziT. ara umetes 5 dRisa maT SeuZliaT

miaRwion fasiss, romelic Sav zRvas erTvis" (ix. pliniusi, NH,VI,52).

arqeologiurma gaTxrebma warmoaCina, rom romauli periodisa da

adreuli Suasaukuneebis kolxeTis qalaqebSi _ biWvinTaSi,

cixisZirSi, noqalaqevSi, quTaisSi, gonioSi sanitarul-higienuri

normebis dacvas saTanado yuradReba eqceoda, rasac mowmobs am

naqalaqarebSi abanoebis, wyalmomaragebis, wyalgayvanilobisa da

sakanalizacio sistemebis aRmoCena. romsa da kolxeTs Soris

arsebuli intensiuri politikur-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis Sedegad

aq igeboda romauli Termebis tipis abanoebi. kolxi didebulebi

romaelebs baZavdnen ara marto axali, mdidruli inventariTa da

fufunebis sagnebiT, aramed cxovrebis wesiTac. amis mkafio

dasturia kolxeTSi aRmoCenili abanoebis kompleqsebi, romlebsac

civi, Tbili da cxeli ganyofilebebi, sacurao auzi, gaTbobis

sistema, kanalizacia, koleqtori da wyalmomaragebis sistema

hqondaT. zogjer abano mopirkeTebulia romauli stilis mozaikiT.

IIIsaukunis mozaikiiT morTuli abanos kompleqsi aRmoCnda biWvinTis

naqalaqarzec, aq mikvleulia wylis regulirebis sakmaod rTuli

sistema, romelic keramikuli milebiTa da kirxsnariTaa gakeTebuli.

romauli tradiciebis gagrZelebaa adreul Sua saukuneebSi agebuli

abanoebic. am mxriv mniSvnelovania quTaisSi, bagratis taZris

mimdebare teritoriaze, aRmoCenili abanos kompleqsi, romelic aTi

nawilisagan Sedgeboda. is, mcxeTisa da Zalisis abanoebisagan

gansxvavebiT, ufro sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebisaa. aseTive

daniSnulebis iyo biWvinTisa da cixisZiris abanoc. amgvari abanoebi

aRmoCenilia urbnissa da SuxuTSic. sainteresoa SuxuTis abanos

iataki, romelic, Zalisisa da biWvinTis abanoebis msgavsad, mozaikiTaa

Semkuli. arqeologiuri aRmoCenebi adasturebs, rom II-VI saukuneebis

saqarTveloSi farTod yofila gavrcelebuli romauli tipis

abanoebi, romlebic sainJinro-arqiteqturuli TvalsazrisiT sakmaod

rTuli nagebobebia.

205

saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masalebi mowmobs aq

adgilobrivi xuroTmoZRvruli skolis arsebobas, romelic kargad

icnobda berZnul-romauli arqiteqturis umTavres principebs da

aviTarebda maT adgilobriv niadagze. es naTlad Cans mcxeTaSi

aRmoCenili IV saukunis epitafiidanac, sadac ixsenieba mcxeTeli

“mTavari mxatvar-arqiteqtori avrelius aqolisi”. Zv.w I saukunidan

kolxeTSi vrceldeba samkaulebSi Casmuli gemebi, maTgan umravlesi

berZnul-romauli, italikuri, mcireaziuri saxelosno centrebidanaa

Semotanili. amasTanave ivaraudeba gemebis warmoebis adgilobrivi

saxelosnoebic, romelTa nawarmSic gvxvdeba romaul yaidaze

damzadebuli araerTi naxelavi [ix. lorTqifaniZe m., 1954]. ax.w. I

saukuneebSi importul sagnebs Soris mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia

sxvadasxva saxis samkauls. es garemoeba sakmaod naTlad miuTiTebs

kolxeTis mosaxleobis monawileobaze saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi,

kerZod, romauli samyaros savaWro-saxelosno centrebis

aqtiurobaze. mravalricxovan ucxour sagnebs Soris gamoirCeva

sxvadasxva daniSnulebis brinjaosa da vercxlis WurWeli _ surebi,

paterebi, CamCebi. amgvari nawarmis warmoebis centrebi ax.w. I-II

saukuneebSi samxreTitaliuri qalaqebi iyo, magaliTad, kapua. amgvari

WurWlis aRmoCena kolxeTis teritoriaze sakmaod xSiria, rac aq

italikuri produqciis importze miuTiTebs. es nivTebi mihqondaT

sanapiro qalaqebSi, aqedan ki is vrceldeboda qveynis sxvadasxva

kuTxeSi. kolxeTis monawileoba saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi

numizmatikuri masalebiTac TvalnaTlivaa ilustrirebuli. ax.w I

saukunidan aq romauli aureusic Semodis, romelic male avgustusis

denarTan erTad gadaxdis ZiriTad saSualebad iqceva [dundua g.,

dundua T.,2006: 110]. rogorc Cans, mosaxleobis aqtiur savaWro-

ekonomikur urTierTobas romaul samyarosTan mohyva kulturuli

urTierTobac. es kargadaa asaxuli romauli xanis kolxeTis

materialuri kulturis Zeglebze.

ax.w. II saukunidan kidev ufro farTod vrceldeba romauli

206

xuroTmoZRvrebis calkeuli elementebi. antikur-romauli

arqiteqtoruli sistemis gavrcelebaze miuTiTebs kolxeTSi

aRmoCenili kapitelebi da maTi dekoris xasiaTi. interess iwvevs

zogierTi cvlileba, kedlis wyobis principSi, romelic jer kidev

Zv.w. I saukunSi vrceldeba romaul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi. ax.w. I-III

saukuneebis kolxeTis mosaxleobaSi mimdinare garkveul cvlilebebze

miuTiTebs gliptikursa da torevtikul nivTebze datanili

gamosaxulebebi, romlebic Sinaarsobrivad xSirad romaul

miTologiuri Tematikas asaxavs. gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebulia tixe-

fortunas, fortuna-isidas, minervas, viqtorias, apolonis, marsis,

plutonis, merkuris, iupiteris, heliosis, asklepiosisa da miTras

gamosaxulebebi, romlebic adgilobriv RvTaebebTan Tanaarsebobs. ax.w.

I saukuneebidan kolxeTSi vrceldeba qristianoba. pitiuntSi

arsebobda saepiskoposo kaTedra, xolo sebastopolisSi,

qristianuli Temi, rasac adasturebs aq gaTxrili eklesia da

qristiani romaeli legioneris samarxis stela, romelzedac

warweraa _ “qriste SemZle. aq ganisvenebs oreste mamaci legioneri,

gTxovT moxvideT”. qristianoba gavrcelebuli Cans afsarosSic, risi

dasturicaa aq aRmoCenili qristianulsimbolikiani beWdebi.

zRvispira kolxeTSi romauli samxedro SenaerTebis

dislokaciis Sedegad es mxare aqtiurad CaerTo romauli samyaros

sistemaSi. uwinares yovlisa, es procesi romauli nawarmis

gavrcelebiT gamoixata, kerZod, romauli samyaros sxvadasxva

centridan kolxeTis zRvispireTSi Semodineba daiwyo axalma

produqciam _ italikurma fibulebma, amforebma, wiTellakianma

keramikam, liTonisa da minis nawarmma, romlebic mTeli romauli

samyarosTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. amgvarive nawarmi vrceldeboda

centralur evropaSi [Кропоткин, 1970]. ax.w. II-III saukuneebSi

romauli samyaros importi meti simravliTaa dadasturebuli

SavizRvispireTis cixesimagreebTan _ pitiuntSi (biWvinTasTan),

sebastopolisSi(soxumTan), afsarosSi (goniosTan), fasisSi (foTTan).

207

ax.w. II-IIIsaukuneebSi saqarTvelos zRvispira centrebSi intensiurad

Semodioda mcire aziis romauli provinciebis sanapiro centrebis

nawarmi. magaliTad, pitiuntis, fasisisa da sebastopolisis

naqalaqarebze mravladaa napovni sinopuri warmomavlobis amforebi.

sinopuri importis intensivobaze miuTiTebs aseve montariumebi.

aRniSnul periodSi zRvispira centrebs mWidro urTierToba hqonda

trapezuntTanac, rasac numizmatikuri masalebic mowmobs.

naqalaqarebze aRmoCenili importirebul produqciaTa Soris sakmaod

mravladaa romauli provinciebis minis nawarmic. romis aRmosavluri

provinciebis nawarmTa wres ganekuTvneba liTonis WurWlisa Tu

samkaulebis mniSvnelovani nawilic, magaliTad, cixisZirisa da gonios

ganZSi Semavali nivTebis umravlesoba mxatvrul-stilisturi niSnebiT

romis provinciebis kulturis wreSi eqceva [inaiSvili,1993;

afaqiZe,1947: 128; lorTqifaniZe,^ miqelaZe,^ xaxutaiSvili,1980]. ax.w.

III-IV saukuneebi romauli nawarmis axali mozRvavebiT xasiaTdeba.

interess iwvevs biWvinTis naqalaqaris nekropolSi aRmoCenili

momwvano feris sanelsacxebleebi, romlebic keiolnis minis

saxelosnos nawarmia. dasavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiur masalaSi

warmodgenilia romauli nawarmis iseTi saintereso nimuSebic,

rogorebicaa oqrosi da vercxlis falera-jildoebi: magaliTad,

kldeeTis #3 samarxSi aRmoCenili rkinis maxvili tarze gemiT;

biWvinTis #345 samarxSi dadasturebuli vercxlis samklavuri tixe-

fortunas gamosaxulebiT; oqros garsakravi goniodan. falerebs,

ZiriTadad, Seadgenda gemiani beWdebi, balTebi, samajurebi, maxvilebi,

Tasebi, sasmisebi da sxv. imperiis epoqaSi falerebiT ajildoebdnen

ara marto calkeul legionerebsa da samxedro qvedanayofebs, aramed

daqiravebul meomrebsa da proromauli orientaciis adgilobriv

mmarTvelebsac. kldeeTis samarxebSi dadasturebulia augustusis,

antonius piusis, markus aureliusis monetebi [lomTaTiZe, 1957].

gonio-afsarosis naqalaqaris teritoriaze aRmoCenil mravalferovan

arqeologiur masalaTa Soris interess iwvevs serapisis qandakeba.

208

ax.w. I saukunidan serapisis kulti mTels romis imperiaSi

popularulia, gansakuTrebiT_ galiaSi, espaneTSi, karTagenSi, dakiaSi.

kolxeTis SavizRvispireTis romauli samxedro SenaerTebis

kontingenti umTavresad berZnul-mcireaziuri provinciebidan da

adgilobrivi warmomavlobis meomrebisagan Sedgeboda. amis mowmobaa

sebastopolisisa da pitiuntis naqalaqarze aRmoCenili berZnuli

warwerebi. niSandoblivia, rom aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis sanapiro

cixe-qalaqTa materialuri kulturis zogierTi komponenti romauli

mcire aziis kulturis identuria. romauli importis didi nawili

romauli garnizonebis mosamarageblad iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. romauli

garnizonebis materialur-teqnikuri momarageba centralizebuli

sistemiT xdeboda trapezuntidan, sadac romaelTa Savi zRvis

flotis ZiriTadi baza iyo. misi roli gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg

gaizarda, rodesac domicianes dros gaiyvanes samosata-satala-

trapezuntis magistrali. romanizaciis, romauli kulturis

elementebis gavrceleba aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi specifikuri

gziT warimarTa. aq romaelebs demografiuli TvalsazrisiT sakmaod

mWidro dasaxlebebi daxvdaT. metic, aq romaelTa yofnis drosac,

rogorc es romael-bizantiel avtorTa (klavdios ptolemaiosi,

ariane, prokopi kesarieli) cnobebidan Cans, adgilobrivi mkvidri

mosaxleoba zRvispira centrebSic cxovrobda. ax.w. I saukunis Sua

xanebidan, romauli garnizonebis Cadgomis Semdeg, adgilobrivebTan

TandaTanobiT saqmiani urTierTobebi myardeba. mkvidri mosaxleoba da

maTi mmarTvelebi loialur damokidebulebaSi unda yofiliyvnen

romauli cixe-qalaqebis administraciasTan. es kavSiri

urTierTTanamSromlobisa da urTierTsargeblobis principebs

efuZneboda. kerZod, mkvidri mosaxleoba cixe-qalaqTa ekonomikur-

politikuri stabilurobis garanti da aq muSaxelis kontingentis

Sevsebis, da cixe-qalaqis sasoflo-sameurneo produqciiT momaragebis

wyaro iyo. swored am ukanasknelis Sedegia adgilobrivi warmoebis

is keramika, rac ase sakmaod mravladaa warmodgenili pitiuntis,

209

sebastopolisisa da afsarosis cixe-qalaqebis teriotoriaze. mkvidr

mosaxleobas garkveuli samxedro valdebulebac ekisreboda, rac Cans

flavius arianes traqtatSi `alanTa winaaRmdeg~ dacul cnobaSi _

`hoplitTa Semdeg daewyos mokavSireTa jari, romlebic arian. . .

trapezuntelebi, kolxebi da rizeli Subosnebi...~ (ariane, taqtika, 7).

ax.w. II saukunidan kolxeTis zRvispireTSi, xolo IV saukunidan

mis Sida regionebSi vrceldeba romauli tipis hidravlikuri xsnari,

romelic gamoiyeneboda safortifikacio, saero da sakulto

nagebobebis asagebad. am droidanve farTod vrceldeba romauli tipis

mobrtyo-kvadratuli, gamomwvari aguri da keramikuli wriuli

filebi, romlebic sruliad ucxo iyo aq wina epoqis samSeneblo

saqmisaTvis. kvadratuli aguri xSirad gamoiyeneboda nagebobebis

kuTxeebis amosayvanad. ase magaliTad, webeldis, noqalaqevis, quTaisis,

cixisZiris IV saukunis safortifikacio nagebobebis wyobaSi

dadasturebulia ormagi da sammagi aguris sartyeli. romis

aRmosavleTi provinciebis cixe-qalaqebi agurisa da qvis Sereuli

wyobiT iyo naSeni. analogiur wyobas vxvdebiT CrdiloeT

SavizRvispireTis naqalaqarebze _ olbiaSi, xaraksSi, tirsa da

xersonesSi. rac Seexeba kvadratul keramikul filebs, isini iatakis

mosagebad gamoiyeneboda. romauli gavlena mkafiod SeiniSneba keramikis

warmoebaSi, rac aisaxa uwinaresad II- IVsaukuneebis minabaZi amforebis

warmoebaSi. romauli keramikis gavleniT damzadebuli Tixis WurWels

ganekuTvneba montariumebis erTi jgufic. isini romauli

montariumebisagan Tixis SemadgenlobiT gansxvavdeba. romaul nawarmTa

adgilobrivi minabaZebia sapatruqemiliani, saxeluriani Wraqebi,

romlebic aseve adgilobrivi Tixisaganaa damzadebuli. aq mTel

romaul samyaroSi gavrcelebuli tipis doqebis minabaZebic

mzaddeboda. romauli keramikis minabaZebTan Tanaarsebobda da

raodenobrivad Warbobda, kolxeTSi adgilobrivi keramikis

tradiciuli saxeobebi.

210

keramikis warmoebis garda, romauli kulturis gavlena Cans

xelosnobis sxva sferoSic. ax.w. I saukunidan aRmosavleT

SavizRvispireTSi romauli tipis mSvildsakinZebis farTod

gavrcelebasa da masze didi moTxovnis gamo III saukunidan adgilobriv

mzaddeboda e.w. orwiladi, budeabmuli, muxlzambariani da jvriseburi

fibulebi. romauli kulturis gavlena SeimCneva sabrZolo iaraRebis

zogierT saxeobaSic, kerZod, dadasturebulia romauli tipis

oTxkuTxa skutumis tipis farebi, gladiumis tipis maxvilebi da sxv.

[gamyreliZe, 2002:39]. oqromWedlobis tradiciebis SenarCuneba-

gagrZelebasTan erTad romauli xanis saqarTvelos saiuveliro

xelovnebaSi vrceldeba axali, e.w. kluazones poliqromuli stili.

amgvaradaa Seqmnili romauli epoqis saqarTvelos oqromWedlobis

brwyinvale nimuSebi_ gonios kldeeTis, urekis, Tagilonis, zRuderisa

da mcxeTis feradi qvebiT Semkuli beWdebi, balTebi, sakidebi,

fibulebi da sxv. iberia-kolxeTis am periodis qalaqebis

urbanistuli xasiaTi, arqiteqtura da gegmarebiTi principebi

emorCileboda qalaqmSeneblobis im saerTo kanonebs, romlebic

miRebuli iyo, antikur samyarosa da romanizebul aRmosavleTSi.

amrigad, kolxeTis dablobis da mTiani regionebis materialur

kulturaSi romauli civilizaciis calkeuli elementebi met-naklebi

intensivobiTaa gavrcelebuli. es impulsebi gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia

samSeneblo xelovnebaSi, keramikis warmoebasa da materialuri

kulturis mTel rig komponentebSi. mTian regionebSi adgilobrivi

tradiciebi Zalze myari iyo da amitom romauli kulturis radiacia

aq Znelad aRwevda. samagierod, romauli kulturis gavlena romaul-

adrebizantiuri xanis zRvispireTSi aSkarad igrZnoba cixe-qalaqebTan.

amis naTeli ilustraciaa opus mixtum-is teqnikiT nagebi

cixesimagreebi. kulturuli da socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

mxrivac kolxeTis baris sazogadoeba ufro maRal safexurze idga,

vidre mTiani zolisa. saerTod, ax.w. I-IV saukuneebis aRmosavleT

SavizRvispireTSi ar dasturdeba iseTi niSnebi, rac ase

211

damaxasiaTebelia romis imperiis dasavleTevropuli provinciebis

qveynebisaTvis (mag.: germania,britaneTi, galia) [ix. Голубцова, 1985:167-

302]. mkvidri mosaxleobis mkveTri romanizacia da e.w. kompleqsuri

kulturis warmoqmna, romaul samyaroSi damzadebuli xelosnuri

nawarmis masiurad gavrceleba, aq am etapze romauli kulturis

gavlena, iseve, rogorc imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebSi, ufro

zedapiruli Cans. Zvel saqarTveloSi romanizaciis procesi

Taviseburi, gansxvavebuli gziT warimarTa. aq romaul-evropuli

tipis kultura ar warmoqmnila, radgan didi iyo e.w. aRmosavlur-

elinisturi kulturis fesvebi da gavlena.

aRmosavleTi Aanatolia Tavisi istoriuli bediT saukuneebis

manZilze mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli transkavkasiis qveynebTan.

kolxeTSi romanizaciis gavlenis damadasturebeli faqtebis _

arqeologiuri Zeglebis da werilobiTi monacemebis Seswavlis

Sedegebi gvarwmunebs, rom romauli kulturis miRwevebi yvelaze

mkveTrad ekonomikaSi vlindeba. romaelebis aq gamoCenis droidan

mokle periodSi moxda garkveuli cvlilebebi. romauli kulturis

ekonomikurma miRwevebma kolxeTSi uwinares yovlisa, Tavi iCina

vaWrobaSi. romaelebis mier kolxeTSi, saomari mdgomareobis

Sewyvetis Semdeg savaWro-ekonomikuri kontaqtebis damyarebas xels

uwyobda transkavkasiis xelsayreli geopolitikuri mdebareoba

antikur samyarosTan mimarTebiT. amis naTeli ilustraciaa kolxeTis

teritoriaze antikuri samyarodan iranuli samyaros qveynebisaken

mimavali savaWro gzebi, romelTa gamoyenebac dasturdeba

arqeologiuri aRmoCenebiT. iberia-kolxeTis romanizaciis periodSi

SesamCnevia sagareo vaWrobis xvedriTi wilis zrda, sasaqonlo

warmoebis gafarToeba, ucxouri monetebis didi raodenobiT

mimoqceva, savaWro-saxelosno centrebis ganviTareba, uwinaresad,

SavizRvispireTis romaelTa militaristul cixe-qalaqebSi. Semdgom

romauli kulturis gavlena kolxeTze ufro naTlad vlindeba

sxvdasxva adgilobriv dargSi, kerZod, arqiteqturaSi, keramikis

212

warmoebaSi, xelosnobis sxvadasxva mimarTulebaSi. es procesebi

ufro intensiuri xdeba ax.w. II saukunidan.

romauli kulturis gavlenis gansakuTrebuli gaZliereba

kolxeTSi ax.w. II–IV saukuneebSi aRiniSneba. rac Seexeba romauli

kulturis gavrcelebas, is zRvis sanapirodan da anatoliidan unda

momxdariyo. romaul-adrebizantiuri kulturis gavlena Semdgom

kidev ufro metad aisaxa arqiteqturaSi, kerZod, e.w.romauli betoni,

kedlebis opus mixtum-is wyoba, momrgvalebuli TaRebi, Taviseburi

kapitelebi, gamomwvari oTxkuTxa, brtyeli aguri da sxv. mWidro da

uSualo kontaqtebis Sedegad romanizaciis gavlena ufro Zlierad

Tavs iCens zRvis sanapiro qalaqebSi. ufro adre ki elinisturi

kulturis gavrcelebam da misma teqnikurma miRwevebma kolxeTSi

romaelebis kavkasiaSi mosvlisaTvis niadagi Seumzada romanizaciis

sawyisebis momwifebas.

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(Summary)

The Globalistic process of Romanization and Colchis

Romanization was the Globalization process, which meant wide spreading

of Roman economical, political and cultural behavior in the provinces of the

Empire and in neighboring countries. This process was more rapid in the

western provinces then in eastern provinces of the Empire and was depended

on different political and economical structures of that part of the world. The

214

location of Caucasus, where the western and eastern civilizations were meeting

was very important. The process of Romanization in ancient Georgia had a

different, peculiar way. Here the roots of Hellenistic Culture were deep and the

culture of European-Roman kind did not arise. The study of archaeological

data, written sources and epigraphical data convinces us that the impact of

Roman culture in Iberia- Colchis was most visible in economics. From the

times of first appearance of Romans in Caucasus we can see some changes,

which, first of all are linked with trading. After the end of military actions by

Rome in Iberia- Colchis Geopolitical location of Transcaucasus became played

an important role in trade. The good examples of this fact are numerous trading

roads form the Classical world to the Iranian world, which are well known with

the help of archaeological-numismatic finds. During the period of

Romanization the internal trade became more intensive, the handcrafting

centers were widening, also the big number of foreign coins is found on the

sites of this period. The best examples of this process can be seen in Roman

forts of the Black Sea littoral. Later, the impact of Roman civilization is seen in

other fields (architecture, handicraft, etc) of native population of Iberia-

Colchis. These processes are becoming more intensive from the 2nd

c AD and

lasts until the 4th

c AD. The process of Romanization is better represented in

the towns of Black Sea Littoral and in the Capital of Iberian kingdom

Mtskheta.

215

THE LAND OF COLCHIS AND THE CITY OF PHASIS

(Towards a historical-archaelogical study of western Georgia in the Classical

period)

The land of Colchis, famous throughout the Classical world, from where

– according to the celebrated ancient Greek myth – the Argonauts stole the

Golden Fleece, was on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, i. e. on the western

territory of modern Georgia. The valley of the Rioni, frequently referred to in

ancient Greco-Roman sources as the Phasis, lies in central Colchis. According

to the archaeological and written sources: Herodotus, Scylax of Caryanda,

Hippocrates, Apollonius Rhodius, Strabo, Appian, Flavius Arrian, Marcus

Manilius, Procopius, Agathias and others, as well as by its physico-geographic

environment, the Rioni (Phasis) valley must have occupied an economically

developed position.

The Rioni rises from the mountain glacier Phasis on the south slope of the

Caucasus Range. Up to Kutaisi the Rioni is a turbulent mountain stream.

Leaving Kutaisi, the Rioni flows slowly in the Kolkhian plain. By its

geographic position the Rioni constituted a convenient trade-and-transit

waterway. Evidence on the use of this river as a commercial waterway is

mainly extant in the works of Strabo and Pliny. Strabo describes the waterways

of the Rioni and the Qvirila (Phasis): “It is (Phasis) navigated as far as

Sarapana, a fortress capable of admitting the population even of a city. From

here people go by land to the river Cyrus in four days by a wagon-

road.”(Strabo, XI, II, 17). The continuation of the waterway is described by

Strabo thus: “And he further says that it is navigable and that large quantities

of Indian wares are brought down on it to the Hyrcanian sea, and thence on

that sea are transported to Albania and brought down on the Cyrus river and

through the region that comes next after it to the Euxine.” (Strabo, XI, II, 3)

(The Loeb Classical Library, London, 1957). It is thus quite clear that Strabo

describes the trade route running from India to the Black Sea through the rivers

Cyrus and Phasis. Pliny also describes the same route [Latyshev,1904: 178].

216

The fact is worthy of attention that it is along this route that settlements of

the Classical and early medieval periods were situated, the archaeological

study of which yielded items of foreign manufacture (pottery, adornments,

metal and glass ware). Such settlements at the Rioni river are attested: in

Kutaisi; Patriketi-Vartsikhe [Japaridze, V. 1977: 43-50]; Vani [Lordkipanidze,

O. 1977: 159-175]; Tsikhesulori [Mitsishvili, M. 1977: 32-47]; Shuamta

[Gamkrelidze, G. 1982: 49], Dablagomi [Tolordava, V. 1977: 67-78]; Dapnari

[Kighuradze, N. 1976]; Natekhebi (Lake Paliastomi) [Gamkrelidze, G. 1992:

30-48; Gamkrelidze, 1987: 98], and others, with adjoining territory (Pl. I).

Hippocrates supplies interesting information about the natural data of the

Phasis-Rioni basin in his treatise “On Air, Waters and Places”, in which he

speaks of the influence exerted by the climatic and physical-geographic

conditions of the place and its population. It is believed that Hippocrates had

visited Colchis and that his reports are the result of immediate observations

[Qaukhchishvili, T. 1965: 20]. His evidence appears to deal with the lower and

partly middle course of the Rioni. But some data extend to the entire basin. For

example, when it concerns marshes and numerous canals the territory in the

lower course must be implied: warm weather and frequent rainfalls could not

have been characteristic of a small area, for they were the same almost all over

Colchis. Hence it may be assumed that the region under study and especially

its adjoining elevations were convenient places for farming, and accordingly

for settlement. As to forests and structures built of planed wooden beams and

apparently roofed with reeds, their traces have been found today too on

elevations along the Rioni, where they could by no means have been erected

on water. This circumstance points to the fact that the author was familiar only

with the lower, marshy course of the Rioni (Phasis), which has remained the

same to the present day. The question arises as to what induces people to live

in houses built on marshland. The local residents were probably harassed by

their neighbours; hence they moved to the lower course of the Rioni-Phasis

and began to build their dwellings on the marsh, for such structures were

almost inaccessible. At many places along the Rioni remains of plaster and

beams are attested, which – with the aid of archaeological material – are dated

to the 4th

c. BC. The evidence of Hippocrates also relates to the same period.

217

A piece of information of our present interest is contained in Xenophon’s

Anabasis (see Anabasis V, 6, 36). Here the land of the Phasianoi implies the

Valley of the Rioni (Phasis). The region they intended to conquer could not

have been poor at that time, Apollonius Rhodius, a 3rd

-century BC author,

writes about the land of Aea (Aia)-Colchis-Phasis in his poem the Argonautica

(III, 215). The poem is the last verse version of the myth. Apollonius Rhodius

describes the city of Kutaisi in the middle course of the Rioni. According to

Strabo’s Geography (XI, 11; II, 17), Colchis is notable for its fruits and all that

is needed for shipbuilding. The country produces much timber, floating it

down the rivers. The inhabitants manufacture much linen and resin.

Interesting evidence on the Phasis valley is supplied by Pomponius Mela

(1st century) in: “inde is locus est ubi finem ductus a Bosphoro tractus accipit,

atque inde se in sinu adverse litoris flexus adtollens angustissimum Ponti

facit angulum. hic sunt Colchi, huc Phasis erumpit, hic eodem nomine quo

amnis est a Themistagora Milesio deductum oppidum, . . .” (Pomponii Melae,

Chorographia. . ., I, 108). More diverse evidence on the Phasis valley is

preserved in the work of Pliny the Elder’s “Natural History”. It has been

ascertained that in describing Colchis he had recourse to various sources. He

reports on towns lying along the course of the Rioni; the concrete evidence on

them, adduced by him, is of entirely real historical-geographic character.

Pliny’s evidence on the navigability of the Rioni-Phasis attracts special

attention. He (Pliny, VI, II) points out that the Phasis is navigable to the mouth

of the Surium river (the name resembles the Sulori river).

Special interest attaches to Arrian’s work: Periplus Euxini (2nd

century).

He was the Governor of Cappadocia in 131; he undertook a voyage along the

Black Sea coast to ensure the security of the borders. Arrian personally

inspected the strongholds existing there, informing the Emperor Hadrian in an

official report on the voyage. Particularly interesting in Arrian’s Periplus is his

detailed description of the city at the mouth of the Phasis (Arrian, 9, 10).

A list of the towns of the Rioni valley is given by the Alexandrian scholar

Ptolemy (2nd

cent.) in his treatise “Geographical Guide” (Book V, Ch. 9). In

this work he enumerates towns and villages; the towns: Mechles, Media,

Saraca, Surium, Zadrida, Aea ( Aia); the rivers: Phasis, Hyppus, Cyaneus,

218

Harius. Valuable evidence is supplied by Dion Cassius in his work “Roman

History” (XXXVII, 3).

The fortification works along the Phasis are mentioned by the Byzantine

historian Zosymus in his “History” [Qaukhchishvili, S. 1961: 269] but,

unfortunately, he does not list them, nor point to their location. Much

trustworthy written evidence is found in the work of 6th

century Byzantine

writer Procopius of Caesarea (BG VIII, 14, 17; BP, II, 29; Agathias, II, 19, 22;

III, 6, 7, 19, 28; IV, 9, 13). According to Agathias Scholasticus, during the war

in the 6th

century the Byzantine navy, using the Rioni, supported her troops

against Iran. To this end, at the confluence of the Tekhuri with the Phasis a

strategic beachhead was built, where light ships were usually anchored

(Agathias, II, 23).

Of the Georgian sources special interest with respect to the region under

study is evoked by “The Lives of the Georgian Kings and Their Forefathers

and Descendants”, ascribed to Leonti Mroveli. The source describes the history

of Georgia from ancient times. The chronicle mentions King Parnavaz of

Kartli (Iberia), who confirmed Prince Kuji as ruler of lands in Colchis (for

details see: [Gamkrelidze, G. 1985: 86-97]).

According to historical sources, the Rioni (Phasis) was the main

navigable river of Colchis (Western Georgia). Owing to the mass felling of

forests in the 19th

-20th

centuries, the water level of the Rioni lowered

drastically, having a negative effect on the navigation in the region. The Rioni

(Phasis) lows in the Kolkhian Lowland, between the foothills of the Greater

and Lesser Caucasus. The Kolkhian Lowland has the form of a triangle

adjoining the sea with its base. In the east it reaches the vicinity of the

confluence of the Qvirila. In terms of its geographical environment the

Kolkhian Lowland and the foothills surrounding it constitute a unique natural

region, allowing setting up intensive agricultural production. The local climate

enables cultivation of a wide range of high-yielding crops. The Kolkhian

lowland is characterized by a humid subtropical climate. The length of the

vegetation period allows to growing several harvests annually. In the western,

depressed part of the lowland, there are swampy soils, and in the eastern part

219

podzol soils. In terms of agro productive indices these soils are more

favourable. Such soils are successfully used to plant vineyards.

At settlements of the Early Bronze Age of the Kolkhian Lowland (pl. II)

fruits of cultivated plants have been found – many-rowed barley, unbearded

wheat (type of common), millet, foxtail millet, spelt, etc. Written sources

referred to the cultivation in Colchis of barley, wheat, chestnut, hazelnut,

grapes, apples, vegetables, ets; exported from Colchis were: timber, honey,

flax, etc. A comparison of the evidence of Greek authors with the specificities

of the modern Kolkhian Lowland shows that the nature of this region has not

suffered substantial changes over the past 2500 years, barring the reduction of

the areas of forest tracts [Janelidze, Ch. 1980: 150]. The upper reaches of the

Rioni are rich in various minerals, where from early times copper was mined,

having played a leading role in the development of copper and bronze

metallurgy. Tin, gold, cornelian, antimonite and rock crystal were mined here.

Such is the geographic environment of the Rioni valley that exerted

cardinal influence on the course of the history of ancient Colchis. The

archaeological material, discovered in Rioni valley, attests also to the

important place held by the cited region in the period under study in the

economic life of Colchis. Exploratory archaeological work was carried out on

the Dateshidze-Gabashvili hill in Kutaisi; a cultural layer of the Early Iron

Age and traces of iron-smelting manufacture were brought to light. A cultural

layer was also found here; Colchian pottery of the 4th

-5th

cent. BC. is

represented by fragments of economic and household utensils. Fragments of

black-gloss Attic pottery came to light in the same layer. There also is much

plaster - scorched clay plastering with imprints of wood. On the south slope of

the same hill a dense layer of scorched plastering was uncovered. Fragments of

scorched beams also came to light here. The area of the excavations totals 550

sq. m.; basins, bowls, mugs, etc were found; the pottery is largely dated to the

6th

-5th

cent. BC [Kvirkvelia, G. 1978: 62].

According to the data on archaeological excavations on the Gabashvili,

Dateshidze and Ukimerioni hills in Kutaisi, an urban-type settlement of the 6th

-

5th

cent. BC was found to be concentrated. An area of approximately 25 ha was

enclosed with defensive walls; towers and other defensive works had been

220

constructed. The high level of the sanitary condition of the city-stronghold is

attested by the ruins of two bathhouses with heating units whitewashed with

hydraulic solution. Cultural layers of the 7th

-1st cent. BC were discovered on

the Parnali hill in v. Chognari, in the environs of Kutaisi. Among items of the

6th

cent. BC note should be made of a miniature sculptured representation of a

ram, fragments of black-gloss Attic pottery of the 5th

cent. BC; there is much

plaster with imprints of wood, handles of a Thasian amphora of the 3rd

cent.

BC, bronze bracelets with concave back and fragments of cups with turned in

lips. In v. Chognari (on the Barona hillock, cultural layers of the 7th

-1st cent.

BC were brought to light (the material is preserved in the archaeological funds

(reserves) of the Kutaisi Historical Museum).

In the middle course of the Rioni, settlement-hills are found also in v.

Partskhanaqanevi – on Sabrialo, Kirinebi and Shroshanebi hillocks. Similar

settlements are attested at Kopitnari, Kveda-Metekhi and Kvitiri. These sites

have yielded objects of the 7th

-2nd

cent. BC and plaster with imprints of wood.

In Kutaisi and its adjoining territory jar burials have come to light at

Tsatskhvebisubani (Kutaisi), as well as in the villages: Partskhanaqanevi,

Kveda-Meskheti, Maghlaki, Kvitiri, Mukhiani, Ukaneti, Odilauri and Banoji.

The grave goods brought to light are uniform: pyriform jugs, bowls with

inturned lips, bronze bracelets adorned at the ends with a representation of a

snake’s head, bronze fingerings, cornelian beads. These jar burials are dated

largely to the 3rd

cent. BC. Up to eleven archaeological hoards of the Bronze

and Early Iron periods have been revealed.

As is evident, on the basis of the above-named settlements, an urban-type

settlement appears in Kutaisi in the 6th

-4th

centuries. The geographical

designation of Kutaisi is first mentioned in the work Alexandra by Lycophron

of Chalcis, a Greek poet of the 3rd

cent. BC. Kutaisi is mentioned also by

Vallimachus of Cyrene (3rd

cent. BC). Evidence on “Kutaisi” is found in the

Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes (3rd

cent. BC). Here mention is made of

“Kutaisi”, i. e. Aea (Aia). Procopius (BG,VIII,14) identified the Ky(u)taya of

Greek written sources with his contemporary fortress “Kotatisi” on the bank of

the Rioni. On the basis of archaeological material and written sources the view

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes

221

has become established in the specialist literature on the identity of Ky(u)taya-

Kotatisi-Kutaisi.

The village of Vartsikhe lies in the course of the Rioni. Materials of the

Classical and medieval periods are attested. Special interest in Vartsikhe

undoubtedly attaches to the remains of an early-medieval city-fortress, known

in Byzantine written sources under the name of Rhodopolis (Procopius, BG,

VII (IV); Agathias, IV, 15). The remains of an ancient fortress are attested on

the promontory at the confluence of the Rioni and the Khanistsqali. The above-

ground wall proved to date to the period of the late Middle Ages, while the

walls dating from the early Middle Ages are buried underground. Split-stone,

cobblestones, lime mortar, bricks and tiles were used as construction material.

The archaeological material, brought to light at Vartsikhe, is largely

represented by pottery and glass and iron wares. The pottery includes

fragments of household, table-ware and kitchen ware. Remains of imported

pottery have also been discovered.

Study of adjacent territories is attached major attention in ascertaining the

genesis of the settlements of the city-fortress of Vartsikhe. Here remains of

Classical period settlements have been brought to light – evidenced

particularly intensively two hundred metres to the south of the city, on

Giorgobiani hill. Attested here are fragments of stone walls built in dry

masonry and fragments of plaster; a beam structure was apparently erected on

this. The remains of the structure are dated – with the aid of the pottery – to the

pre-Hellenistic period. Remains of such settlements are noted on the territory

around the Giorgobiani hill. Thus, the environs of Vartsikhe were settled

already in the Classical period, while by the early medieval period the

settlement is concentrated within the city-fortress.

Of the archaeological sites, uncovered in the Rioni valley, the ancient city

site of Vani boasts the longest history of study. It lies on the left bank of the

Rioni, in the river Sulori valley, on the hill Akhvledianis-gora. Excavations on

this hill have been under way for a long time. Vast material has accumulated

and proceedings have been published (for the bibliography, see the collected

papers “Vani”). In the past, the rise of an urban-type settlement on the

Akhvledianis-gora hill was apparently facilitated by the ancient settlements

222

whose remains have been discovered in large numbers at Vani and its

environs. The Akhvledianis-gora hill in the 5th

-4th

cent. BC was evidently a

place of residence of the local Colchian nobility. Various crafts also

concentrated here. Concentration of handicrafts at definite centres and,

accordingly, the emergence of a market, constitutes one of the principal

features of the urbanization of society [Lordkipanidze, O. 1977:19].

The last stage of the existence of Vani involved the entire Akhvledianis-

gora hill, fortified with thick walls and steep slopes. The thickness of the

defensive wall reaches almost three metres, and it is built of rectangular cut

stones of large sizes. The ruins of the city gate have survived on the northern

side of the former city site. Remains of a cultic structure are found here. At the

distance of one hundred metres a fairly large complex of structures of cultic

purpose has come to light. The archaeological material of the 3rd

-1st cent. BC,

found on Akhvlediani-gora, attests to the fact that at that time use was made at

Vani of the achievements of Hellenistic engineering.

Westward of the city site of Vani, approximately at the distance of one

kilometre, in the village of Zedatsikhe Sulori, ruins of a fortress have survived

on the top of the mountain. The mountain is protected by natural steep slopes,

and the road linking it with Vani leads to it from the south-east. Excavations

inside the fortress revealed cultural layers of Early Medieval and Hellenistic

periods. Interesting material came to light –remains of architectural details:

fragments of a cornice, a fragment of a column with cannelures, etc. The

remains of a wall of the Hellenistic period in the fortress of v. Zedatsikhe

Sulori, as well as the architectural details and pottery point to the existence

here of a settlement in Hellenistic times as well. It undoubtedly had some

connection with the city of Vani, and was possibly destroyed together with it

[Mitsishvili, M.1977].

Within 8 km of Vani, in v. Mtisdziri, remains of ancient settlements are

traceable on the hills “Adeishvilisgora”, “Naktsevigora”, “Nabambevisgora”,

and on the territory contained between these. In this locality archaeological

material of the Classical period and early medieval periods was attested. At

Mtisdziri, the defensive structure merits special attention: clay, wood and

stones were the basic construction material in erecting the structure. The

223

building is rectangular in shape, with two facilities: 26.88m2

and 13.44m2. The

socle is 2.60 m wide. We may be dealing here with a variety of wooden

structures mentioned in the works of Xenophon and Vitruvius. At Mtsidziri,

along with local pottery, a small quantity of imported ceramic ware was

discovered (Chian, Attic, Mendean, Sinopean). The archaeological remains of

Mtisdziri are closely related to synchronous remains of entire Colchis. By its

geographical location Mtisdziri held a strategically advantageous place. In the

Early Classical and Hellenistic periods Mtisdziri represented a fortified point

within the defensive system of the city of Vani and its environs [Gamkrelidze,

G. 1982].

Along the course of the Rioni, within 2 km of Mtisdziri, lies the village of

Dablagomi, situated on hillocks at the bank of the Rioni. To date the inner

territory as well as the adjoining hills: Natsikhvari, Nasakirevi and Nasaqdrevi

have been studied. Almost over the entire area of Dablagomi fragments of

plaster have been found, some bearing imprints of wood. The remains of the

structure are preserved comparatively better on the Nasaqdrevi hill. The upper

layer dates from the 7th

-5th

cent. BC. At Dablagomi the large number of jar

burials evokes special interest. They are arranged on the slopes of the hillocks

of Nasakirevi and Natsikhvari. At Dablagomi, on the west slope of the

Natsikhvari hill, a rich burial, covered with a tile, came to light. Its study

revealed that it dates from the 3rd

cent. BC [Tolordava, V. 1977: 48-54, 78].

Remains of a settlement – typologically and structurally similar to those of

Dablagomi – were discovered within the distance of one kilometre, at v.

Dapnari; the chronological limits: 4th

-3rd

cent. BC. Apart from this hill,

archaeological remains are in evidence on the Chais-gora and Tsqvetili hills.

Cultural layers of a settlement were investigated on this territory. The

dwellings appear to have been built on the terraces of the hills. Large quantities

of plaster with imprints of wood and charred beams were brought to light on

these terraces. On the Chais-gora hill the remains of a furnace for smelting iron

were found [Kighuradze, N. 1976].

Remains of a settlement resembling Mtisdziri, Dablagomi and Dapnari

have been discovered at Sajavakho, near Dapnari. Colchian pottery of the 6th

-

224

2nd

cent. BC has come to light here. Excavattions at Sajavakho have so far not

been carried out.

It is in the 6th

-4th

c.c. B.C. that a fairly stable and consolidated

archaeological culture is evidenced on the territory of modern West Georgia,

i.e. ancient Colchis. The following are the most typical features of Colchian

culture in the 6th

-4th

c.c. B.C. - A system of settlements situated on natural

hillocks or artificial mounds, surrounded by one or two ditches; the citadels

fortified with a wooden paling built on the edges of an artificial defensive ditch

are also evidenced. Also, there is a specific custom of burying of the common

people. There is found peculiar artifacts - pottery: Pithoi with hatched surface;

jugs, with the shape of to conuses attached by bottom; basins with flat bottom

and slanting walls. Also unique goldsmithery - diadems with a torque and

rhombic plaques, earrings and specific rings, openwork or bi-conic pendants,

etc. During the excavations there is witness wide range of silver coins of

various face-values, known in the scientific literature under the name of

Colchian coins or Kolkhuri-tetri. In West Georgia archaeological studies have

shown the predominance of wooden architecture throughout Colchis from the

end of the 2rd millennium B.C. to the 4th

c. B.C. inclusive. Such are the houses

at the Namarnu, Anaklia, Simagre, Nosiri, Pichori settlements and etc.

Ancient Greek literature has preserved evidence on the individual

branches of Colchian manufacture. The manufacture was the basis of the

economic and political power of Colchis. The broad scale of iron manufacture

is directly attested by the exceptionally numerous finds of most diverse objects

used in everyday economic life and in war – axes, hoes, knives, ploughshares,

daggers, sickles, spears, blades and many others. In West Georgia 6th

-4th

c.c.

B.C. during the existence of a major Colchian political entity, there is a

peculiar structure of Colchian settlements, also there are type of burial sites

and religious cults and manufactures (iron metallurgy and goldsmithery)

characteristic for only Colchian culture. All the elements of material culture

just listed above, clearly fits in a well-defined territorial limits corresponding

to the boundaries within which ancient Colchis was placed in the geographical

conception of the ancient Greeks [Lordkipanidze,O.1979].

225

On the basis of the above-cited archaeological and written sources, as well

as geographical data, it may be presumed that the Rioni valley was densely

populated in the period under study. Judging by the archaeological material

discovered in the Rioni valley, the level of economic development of the local

population was high. In the period under study this was one of the developed

regions in Colchis, forming a definite integral whole from the economic and

geographic viewpoints. However, its political status differed at various times.

The archaeological remains, uncovered in the Rioni valley, are closely

linked with synchronous remains of entire Colchis, forming an organic part of

this common archaeological culture. In the period under discussion life in the

Rioni valley obviously continued uninterruptedly, though characterized by

varying intensity. By its natural conditions and geographic position the Rioni

valley held an advantageous place in terms of communications and strategy.

The natural relief was used successfully for building living and defensive

structures. In building fortified dwelling structures use was primarily made of

beams, clay and occasionally stones. Archaeological investigation has shown

that log structures with clay plastering were characteristically practised in the

Rioni valley, as well as in entire Colchis.

In them – in terms of design and material – a definite genetic link is

observable with the preceding periods of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages (see:

[Apakidze, D. 1991:7-75]). The geographical environment, the geopolitical

situation and economic activity created the preconditions for the rise on the

territory of Western Georgia (with its centre in the Rioni valley) of the

Colchian state, towards the end of the 6th

cent. BC.

According to the archaeological data of the middle course of the Rioni

River, from the end of the 4th

cent.BC qualitatively new elements coexist with

ancient ones. The changes concern the burial custom (jar burials). In the

subsequent centuries a new construction material – tile – appears here, pottery

suffers considerable typological changes.

From the 3rd

cent. BC buffer “city-states” – Dioskurias- Sukhumi,

Gyenos- Ochamchire, Phasis-Poti and Kobuleti-Pichvnari – develop between

Classical countries and inner Colchis in the Colchian Black Sea littoral, while

the hinterland Colchis is subjected to the political and economic influence of

226

the Iberian Kingdom. The skeptuchies: Sairkhe, Kutaisi and Vani were under

this influence (according to Strabo, XI, II, 18). Mithridates VI Eupator, King

of Pontus, appeared on the political horizon from the end of the 2nd

cent. BC,

laying his hand on the coastal cities. The policy of the Iberian kingdom, under

whose influence inner Colchis was, was probably changeable with respect to

the Pontic kingdom, as evidenced by Georgian written sources and the recent

archaeological materials (for details, see: [Gamkrelidze, G. 1985: 86-97;

Gamkrelidze, G. 1989: 59-69].

Following the defeat of Mithridates VI, Colchis was invaded by Pompey,

appointing Aristarchus as ruler of the country. Colchis was divided into

skeptuchies (see Strabo); it was not turned into a Roman province. Historical

sources say nothing about Pompey leaving part of his troops in Colchis. In the

strategic respect western Colchis was of special significance for Rome.

Successful struggle for dominance in the Northern Black Sea region and in the

East was impossible without complete influence on the Black Sea littoral of

Colchis.

One of most interesting and important towns of Colchis was Phasis and is

generally localized somewhere near the present day Poti town and

adjacent to it territories (pl. III). Study of history of Phasis town has been

continuing for about a century and a half but scantiness of written records

and archaeological evidences makes it almost impossible to throw a light

on certain problems connected with it.

Phasisi town is mentioned by the following authors: Pseudo Skylax

(4th c. BC), Asia, 81. Aristotle, Fragment 46, Plato “Phedon” 109(b),

Heraklides Lembos, “Phasians’ Politia” 18, Hippocrates, “About Airs,

Waters and Men” 15, Theocritus, “Idyle” 13.24, Strabo, “Geography”

11. 2t.16.17. 3t.4. Pseudo Plutarch “About the Names of Rivers and

Mountains...” Phasisi5.1. Gaius Plinius Secundus “Natural History” 6. 1.

13. 52, Pomponius Mela “Description of the world” 1. 108, Arrian F.

“The Black Sea Periplus” 9. 10. ch 1, Claudius Ptolemaeus “Geographic

Guidebook” 5. 9T. 2, Pseudo-Orpheus “Argonautica” p. 3, Themistios

“Words” 27, Castorious so called Tabula Peutingeriana 10–11, Ammianus

Marcellinus “History”22.8t.24, an anonimous author “Euxinus Pontus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemaeus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana

227

Periplus ...”44(3). Zosimos“A new History”1. 32. Stephanos from

Bizantium “Ethnica” Phasis(22). Agathias “About the Reign of

Justinian”3. 19.20.21; 4.23. Menander“History”fragment 3ch,

Epiphanius from Constantinople “Life of Andrew” chapter – “Svaneti,

Fusta, Djiketi”(58-81). Theophanes Chorography “Chorography ...”

about Phasian episcope Kviros(103). Georgius Cedrenus “A Historical

Review …” about Phasian episcope Kviros(28). Basil from Sophene“The

List of Holy Patriarches”,27, Niketas Choniates“Chronicle” Port

Phasis(132). Archangelo Lamberti “Description of Samegrelo Region”

[Lamberti, A. 1938: 172]. J. Chardin “Journey in Persia and Other

Oriental Countries”(258) etc.

An important and the oldest information about Phasis belongs to

Pseudo-Scylax (periplus “Asia”81). The most important information

about the localization of Phasis town belongs to Strabo (between the turn

of 1st

BC – 1st AD): “There is a town of the same name at the Phasis

river. It is Colchians’ trading post surrounded with the river (Rioni), a

lake (Paliastomi) and the Sea” (Strabo “Geography” 11.2.17). It is

fairly apparent that the description completely coincides with the present

day locality of Poti town.

Noteworthy information belongs to a high-ranking Roman official

Flavius Arrian (2nd

century) to whom belongs an inspective report “The

Black Sea Periplus”. F. Arrian wrote: “The fortress (Phasis) itself which

accommodates four hundreds of best warriors seemed to me almost

inaccessible. As to the security of the area it is very convenient for

visitors. The town walls are encircled with wide double moats. There

were clay walls with timber towers on them some time before but now

both of them the walls and the towers are built of baked bricks. Their

foundations are quite firm and there are battering machines on the walls.

In whole everything is arranged so that nobody is able to come nearer

and siege the garrison stationed there. The harbor is safe for ships and so

are the adjacent territories settled with retired military men and

merchants.” (Arrian “Periplus …”9).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Scylax

228

A 4th

-century BC silver bowl inscribed in Greek (about the

inscription see below) was found at Phasis which is quite frequently

mentioned in Greco – Roman and Byzantine written records but the

information is rather controversial because in most cases the data are

taken from one and the same source. According to the traditional

simplified scheme of the written records Phasis was founded at the area,

anciently settled by Kartvelian (Georgian) population, by Ionian

Milesians in order to contact with the locals through a trading post-

emporium [Inadze, M. 1982:119-124].

According to archaeological evidences Phasis has supposedly left far

behind all the other Late Bronze – Early Iron period settlements such as:

Namarnu, Dziguri, Siriachkoni, Okhodje, Nandevu, Sagvichio (Zurgani,

Konsha), Nagmipidji, Chaladidi (Zurga, Sabazho, Chkhari), Guripuli,

Naokhvamu (Reka village), Ergeta etc. [see Djibladze, L. 2001, 34- 38

and the map], adjacent to Poti and Paliastomi because it occupied a more

convenient area from communication point of view (the Rioni – Phasisi

river delta) and it appeared easier to become an urban centre.

Some scholars suppose that a celebrated scientist Hippocrates had

himself visited the neighboring areas of the Phasisi river [Kaukhchishvili,

T. 1965: 8] and included some very important pieces of information about

the journey in the adjacent territories of Poti – Paliastomi in his work

“About Airs, Waters and Places:” “… I tell you about people who live in

Phasis;…”.“… People have dwellings built in swamps. They are built of

timber and rush. People walk little. They sail up and down to town

(probably to Phasis) or to emporium in their boats because there are

many channels there” (Hippocrates, About Airs …15). The passage

shows that people living in down stream of the Rioni – Phasisi river went

to a special trading post – Phasis emporium. Hippocrates as if stresses

the fact that in the area within the Phasisi river delta (i f it is Phasis town)

there is the locals’ trading post and not a Greek type town – polis.

Normally concentration of trading at special areas points to the presence

of a protourban centre. It seems quite possible that the goods were even

distributed from the area after Greeks come there (e.g. the Antique period

229

imported pieces found at the fortress and the settlements lying along the

Rioni river) which implies the birth of more or less permanently

functioning market and this in its turn is one of the principal

characteristic feature of an urban settlement.

It is quite possible that a protourban centre had already existed at the

estuary of the river Phasisi when Greeks first came to the area (let’s

recall to our mind the Late Bronze – Early Iron period settlements), and

perceived it as a town and a trading post (emporium). Greeks had come

into contact with the trading settlement and in the course of time there

emerged an area inhabited with them. The main reason for the contacts

with the natives was either export, or local raw materials instead of

imported luxury goods (fine pottery, adornments, metal ware, aromatic

ointments etc) which is perfectly borne out by written records and

illustrated by the archaeological evidences dating from the period after

the 5th century BC. Thus coastal emporii were mutually convenient for

both the locals and the foreigners. In the course of time Greek colonies

established at Phasisi underwent symbiosis and transformation in the

result of the contacts with the natives which in its turn were determined

with the local biological, geographic and social habitats [Gamkrelidze, G.

1993:3–45].

Phasis gradually transformed into a buffer, ethnically mixed polis -

type town with probable rural areas around it after disintegration of the

Colchis kingdom in the 3rd

century BC. In this connection there is

Heraklides’(2nd

century BC) very important information about Phasis

Politia which implies the presence of certain statehood there

[Gamkrelidze, 1993:46–87].

Another information belongs to a considerably later period (5th

century) anonymous author who mentions the Caucasian Iberians in the

context with Phasis in his “Periplus” and goes on: “There is a Hellenic

town, so called Phasis, founded by Milesians at the mouth of the river, on

the left bank of the Phasis (river) and as it is said there come together

people speaking 60 different languages among which there are even

Indians and Bactrians” (Arrian, Anonymous author, 3).

230

But these somehow summary written records probably concern to the

period after the 3rd century BC. A so called Great Greek colonization of

the 8th – 7th centuries BC did not touch Phasis town. The

archaeologically traced settlements (see the list above) at the lower

stream of the Rioni – Phasisi river clearly testify to this fact. There are

not found any imported pieces belonging to the period of “colonization”.

As to the 6th – 5th centuries BC, the import is very little – about hundred

pieces of pot shards. This is why it is early and absolutely groundless to

speak about some kind of intensive Greek “colonization”. As to the

written records, they enable me to suppose the presence of only a small

Greek trading settlement (something like an emporium) at or within

Phasis town, or in the Rioni river delta in the 5th century BC, for

instance, something like a Genoese factory existing at Poti – Phasis in the

14th

– 15th

centuries. It is a very important fact that there are not observed

any traces of great changes anywhere in Colchis in archaeological culture

(pottery, metallurgy, architecture, ideology, burial rites etc.) during the

8th

–6th

and even the 4th

centuries BC. The natives kept living traditionally

at the same territory and there is not seen any sign of Greek influence in

their everyday terms.

In spite of the fact that the locality of ancient Phasis is in this or that

way fixed by the Antique period written records (see Strabo, Arrian), the

problem remains still unsolved because the town of the Classical and

Hellenistic periods is not archaeologically traced yet though there are

found the remains of the Early Byzantine period Phasis (see below)

[Gamkrelidze, G. 1987: 97–117; Gamkrelidze, G. 2002:101].

Now I want to offer twelve different points of view about the

localization of Phasis town.

1. Dubois de Montpereux considered that the Roman period Phasis lay

between Chaladidi village and Poti town, namely, in the south of the

latter (present day airport) he had found remains of a fortress and thought

that it was Arrian’s Phasis [Montpereux, F. D. 1839: 63 –80].

2. F. Brun thought that Phasis town was in the south – east section of

lake Paliastomi [Brun, F. 1880:250].

231

3. N. Shafranov thought that Phasis was situated at the south side of lake

Paliastomi, at the estuary of the Supsa river [Shafranov, N. 1880:3].

4. According to L. Elnitskii Phasis was at the left bank of the Rioni river

estuary, approximately at the area of the present day sea port [Elnitskii,

L. 1938: 319].

5. M. Berdznishvili thought that Phasis lay at the left bank of the Rioni

river, near Patara (small) Poti. As to the Phasisi of Arrian’s times he

agrees with Dubois de Montpereux [Berdznishvili, M. 1942: 19 – 20].

6. B. Kuftin considered that Arrian’s Phasis lay at the estuary of lake

Paliastomi, at the Pichori river banks [Kuftin, K. 1950, 116].

7. According to N. Khoshtaria the ancient and the Roman – Byzantine

period Phasisi was situated at the area of the modern Poti town.

8. N. Lomouri agrees with Dubois de Montpereux but thinks that it not

the Phasis mentioned by Arrian, but it is the Phasis of Agathias times

(6th

century AD).

9. G. Grigolia thinks that Phasis should be searched for at the east side

of lake Paliastomi where the Pichori river flows into the lake [Grigolia,

G. 1973: 54].

10. A palaeogeographer Dj. Djanelidze considers that Phasis town

should be searched for along the Rioni river, in 6 km distance from the

sea, at the territory around Patara (small) Poti and Chaladidi vil lage

[Djanelidze, Dj. 1973: 5 –16].

11. Ot. Lordkipanidze and T. Mikeladze had coordinated all the existing

information gleaned from the written sources and archaeological

evidences and came to a conclusion that different period towns known

under name of Phasis should be explored through the researches of those

archaeological sites which are lying at the estuary of the Rioni river, at

the territory among Kvemo (lower) Chaladidi and coastal Grigoleti and

Kulevi villages [Lordkipanidze,O. Mikeladze,T. 1973: 33].

12. The next opinion belongs to me. I think that the 3rd

–7th

century

Phasis is the same as “Natekhebi” settlement found in the south part of

Poti town, in the west section of lake Paliastomi. I suppose that a certain

part of Phasis town among Kulevi, the Rioni, Pichori and Supsa rivers

232

was often covered with water (or appeared in a swamp of peats) in the

result of local geomorphologic changes and this is why the town was

dislocated from one place to another at different times but so that it

remained within the confines of the area just mentioned [Gamkrelidze,G.

1987: 97 –117; Gamkrelidze,G. 2002:101].

Phasis town always was one of the most important transit points of

sea and river ways or land routs. Gold, iron, timber, flax, flax oil, honey,

wine and later oil etc was taken abroad through the town port. The name

of a bird “pheasant” so common in European languages is derived from

“Phasis” and quantites of “Phasian birds” were taken to foreign countries

from these areas. Importance of Phasis as a transit and trading town

increased greatly in the Hellenistic and Roman periods.

A Roman commander Pompey while leaving Iberia (Caucasian) met

the navy commander Servilius at Phasis. Servilius’s fleet controlled the

town from the sea. Gradual increase of Roman influence over the eastern

Black Sea lands resulted in stationing of their garrison at Phasis. Emperor

Hadrian sent Flavius Arrian to Phasis in 134. He had inspected the

readiness of the garrison, all the fortification systems and wrote an

appropriate description. A Latin stamp deserves a special interest from

this point of view. It probably belonged to the garrison stationed at

Phasis [Shpaidel, M. 1985: 134 – 140]. There is a mention of Phasis

castellum during the reign of Emperor Constantine I. A high school of

rhetoric’s functioned at Phasis in the 4th century. Phasis belonged to

Lazika (a new Colchis kingdom) in the 4th century. One of the crucial

battles between Byzantine and Iran took place at Phasis in 542 – 562

when Byzantine – Lazika united troops defeated Iranians. There was an

episcopate subject to Constantinople in the 6th – 8th centuries at Phasis.

Phasian bishop Theodore’s signature is on the resolution of the

Ecumenical Counsel that took place in 553. One more Phasian bishop

Kviros became Alexandrian Patriarch. A bit later there Phasis was the

residence of Lazikan Metropolitan. A Genoese trading station functioned

at Phasis in the 14th – 15th centuries (see the previously cited written

records).

233

Archaeological researches at Poti – Phasis and adjacent territories

began long ago. E. Dubois de Montpereux had found remains of a

fortress in the east of Poti (present day airdrome) at the site “Nadjikhuri”

in 1834 and considered that it was the Phasis mentioned by Arrian. He

even made a drawing of the fortress. N. Khoshtaria made surface surveys

of Poti adjacencies in 1953. A team of Poti archaeological expedition of

Iv. Djavakhishvili Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography

investigated the neighborhoods of the town. There were made geologic

boring in 1961 – 5. Later the same expedition explored Nadjikhuri site

in 1969. One more expedition (director T. Mikeladze) studied

archaeological problems of Phasis in 1971 – 80. Beginning from 1985 the

Centre for Archaeological Sciences (Academy of Sciences of Georgia)

continued expeditions at Poti. This time the Black Sea hydro

archaeological expedition found the remains of a sett lement dating from

the 3rd

– 7th

centuries in lake Paliastomi.

The oldest artifacts have been found at Natekhebi site, in the west

part of Lake Paliastomi, within clay and peats deposits. This is a profiled

ring-base of a black-slip Attic container dating from the 4th

century BC

and an underside of Rhodos amphora dating from the 3rd century BC. A

pair of Colchian Tetri – a 2nd type didrachm and several smaller

nominals (displayed at the State Museum) dating from the 5th

century BC

were found at a neighboring area of Poti town (more precise topography

is absent). Pot – shards identical of Sinopean pottery and dating from the

2nd

– 1st

centuries BC were found at the depth of 6 m while boring the

soil at the crossroads of Pirveli Maisi and Kavkasia streets. A 4th

century BC Sinopean and Heraclea Pontica amphorae were found in the

sea at Maltakva and the Supsa River.

Traces of a settlement were uncovered near Poti at Kvemo (lower)

Chaladidi village (right bank of the Rioni river, 1.5 km northwards)

roadside in N. Kipiani’s farm-yard. The hill occupied 1800m2. It

consisted of following layers: clay and sand mixture, yellowish clayey

soil, remains of burnt structure – plastering and pieces of timber. Middle

and lower layers are dating from the Late Bronze – Early Iron periods.

234

The settlement yielded pots, basins, and bowls decorated with

characteristic handles and bosses on them, mainly blackish in color.

Their bodies are decorated with slanting incisions of wavy, rhomb – like

ornaments. There was also found a mould, a quern, a spindle-whorl, flint

sickle bushes etc. Archaeological excavations were carried out at Kvemo

(lower) Chaladidi village, near “Sabazho” (customs) site, in A. Beridze’s

farm – yard. Unearthed settlements yielded burnt pieces of timber and

plastering, pottery, a mould and bellows of a melting furnace [Mikeladze,

T. 1978: 33 –40].

Another settlement “Simagre”, supposedly a rural area of Phasis

town, was found in the east part of Sakorkio village. The plot belongs to

P. Patsia. It is on the left bank of the Rioni river. The hill occupies an

area of 3 300 m2 and only 200 m

2 has been excavated. A lower layer

(depth 60 cm) yielded timber structures. The settlement consists of

several building levels. The artifacts found there are dating from the 6th

–

5th

centuries BC. The structures are rectangular, built like log cabins.

There are also found remains of hurdle fences. The excavators have

managed to fix floors of the log cabins. One of them measured 112 m2

and contained partitions. The logs were inserted in one another. There

have survived six rows of log walls. The pottery of “Simagre” settlement

is dating from the 6th

– 5th

centuries BC. Most of the wares are

manufactured locally and typologically are similar in all the uncovered

levels. At the same time they are characteristic to the 6th

– 5th

century BC

Colchian artifacts: jars, clay cisterns, pots and their lids, drinking

vessels, pitchers with tubular handles, tumblers, dishes, basins, cone -

shaped spindle-whorls, bronze knives, iron lance heads, hoes, knives,

hooks, bit wears, oblonged querns, wooden deepers, cornelian and agate

beads, and a gold triangular pendant decorated with a granulated

meander. A group of imported pottery consists of Chios, Lesbos and

Samian amphorae, Ionian table wares basins, oil-lamps and kylixes, Attic

black-slip and black-figured kylixes. 5th

– 4th

century BC plastered log

structures were uncovered in 9 km distance from the sea, along the left

terrace of the Rioni river. There were found Colchian wares – pots,

235

tumblers, lids, jugs with tubular handles. The Hellenistic period pieces

were found in the south of “Simagre” settlement. These were pot -shards

of rimmed clay cisterns and Colchian amphorae, also the undersides of

Sinopean amphorae [Mikeladze, M. 1978: 50 –78].

A pair of concave sided, Early Medieval, locally manufactured

amphorae and rectangular bricks with two crossing grooves were found at

Poti arboretum, in the north-east of the airport. Pieces of bricks and tiles,

pot-shards of an amphora with corrugated exterior, Emperor Hadrian’s

(117 – 138) silver didrachm minted in Caesarea town were found next to

Poti airport inside a trench made in the north of Nadjikhuri site.

Remains of a cemetery and a structure built of stone, brick and lime

mortar were uncovered in the north-east of Simagre settlement (distance

300m), on the left bank of the Rioni river. Bricks with crossing grooves,

single-handled pitchers, mugs, two-handled pots, and basins also were

found there. The pottery is made of well worked clay and baked in pale

brown color. The finds are dating from the Early Medieval period.

The Early Medieval period pot-sherds (pointed saucers of clay

cisterns, basins and concave sided amphorae) came to light while

building a bridge across the Kaparchina river in the south-east part of

Poti town, at lake Paliastomi. A corrugated amphora was found at the left

estuary of lake Paliastomi (the Thkorina river). Pot-shards of the Early

Medieval period came to light at the mouth of the Pichori river which

also flows into lake Paliastomi. Another group of pot-shards of the same

period were uncovered at “Nadjikuri” (discovered by Dubois de

Montpereux), present Poti airdrome. The group consisted of bricks with

crossing grooves and pot-shards of corrugated pottery. One more

collection of the Early Medieval period pot-shards (of clay cisterns,

corrugated amphorae etc) were unearthed in the south-west of

“Nadjikhuri”, where the river Shavi flows into lake Paliastomi.

There are several artifacts bearing Greek and Latin inscriptions

connected with Phasis: A silver chalice (diameter -21 cm) with swelling

inwards underside. It comes from Kuban so called Zubov kurgan. The

chalice is decorated with a snake’s and deer’s heads. A Greek inscription

236

runs round the rim - AΠΟLLΩΝΟΣ· НГЕМОNOΣ· ЕIMI· TOM·

ΦАΣI –. “It belongs to Apollo the leader who is in Phasis”. The

inscription is made in Ionian dialect of the Greek language and is

palaeographically dated to the 4th century [Lordkipanidze, O. 2000: 7 –

11; Tsetskhladze, G. 1994:199 –216].

A stamped tile with Latin inscription emerged among the ruins of

Tsikhisdziri castellum (now in the National Museum, Tbilisi): - VEX

[illatio] FA[siana]. The tile is considered to be made for the garrison

stationed at Phasis in the 2nd century [Shpaidel, M. 1985:140]. A chalice

bearing a Georgian secular inscription was found at Poti, near lake

Paliastomi (now at the Kutaisi Museum of History, #3788).

A special hydro archaeological exploratory expedition was organized

at the Centre for Archaeological Studies (Academy of Sciences of

Georgia) in 1985 (Director G. Gamkrelidze). The team had to investigate

the Black Sea coastal areas of Georgia and first of all create a special

hydro archaeological map of quite a large territory. Besides making the

map the team had to reconsider all the existing written records,

geographical and geomorphologic data and collate all of them from hydro

archaeological point of view. Poti town and neighboring areas seem the

most interesting and such circumstances had determined the first steps of

the team. Remains of a dew stone wall was uncovered in the south part of

lake Paliastomi, at the end of the Kaparchina river, at “Naeklesiari” area,

but the pot shards picked there did not allow the scholars to date the site

and the pieces properly.

Remains of a 3rd

– 8th

century settlement were uncovered in a distance

of 0.5 km from lake Paliastomi estuary (Maltakva) at “Natekhebi” area

where the lake forms a bay. As soon as we began the explorations there

emerged a question – was the pottery brought by the river Rioni or were

they the remains of a settlement. Further researches showed that it was a

settlement according to a number of sound features: First – large

quantities of pottery gathered at a certain area. Second – several

amphorae vertically dug into the soil. Third – remains of a burial. Fourth

– several test-pits yielded the same pottery as picked on the bottom of the

237

lake. The remains of “Natekhebi” settlement occupy an area of about 900

m2. The bottom of the lake is covered with sand (about 300 m towards

the centre), layers of clay and peats. At some of the areas the peats are

covered with sand. It is not at all excluded that there may be artifacts of

earlier periods beneath the clay and peats. Lake Paliastomi occupies an

area of 18 km2. The levels of the Black Sea and the lake are equal. The

rivers flowing into the lake come from swampy areas and the deepest

among them is the Pichori.

Geomorphologists believe that a lake – Laguna Paliastomi as a sea-

born relic. In ancient times there was a estuary of the Rioni river

[Dzvelaia, M. 1973: 25 – 33]. It seems quite natural that seafarers used

the estuary as a very convenient harbor and then continued their way via

Paliastomi sailing upstream the Rioni River – a very popular transit

trading seaway.

Dubois de Montpereux offered an interesting interpretation of

“Paliastomi”. He explained the toponym through the old Greek language

– “an old estuary” – PALAIOS -STOMA. Karl Koch agreed with him

[Koch, K.; Spenser, O. 1981: 173]. There are cases when some of Greek

written records mentioned two words together - io // ó (liman,

estuary). It is clear that the terms mentioned above have several,

somehow synonymic, meanings. It is also a very interesting fact that one

of the meanings of the word - óω – is a castellum.

Pottery predominates among the artefacts uncovered at “Natekhebi”

settlement excavated in lake Paliastomi which together with other

archaeological evidences (archaeotopographic, glass wares and metal

pieces etc) help to create an impression about the life of ancient settlers

of “Natekhebi” and their trade contacts. Pot-shards found in Paliastomi

(“Natekhebi” settlement) may be grouped this way: – building material,

container and household wares.

Building material consists of bricks and tiles. The bricks are 3 – 5 cm

thick. They are of the same size as those picked at the Early Medieval

period towns of west Georgia – Bichvinta, Sokhumi, Ochamchire,

Gudava, Nokalakevi, Mtisdziri, Vashnari, Kobuleti – Pichvnari,

238

Tsikhisdziri, Gonio ets. The tiles are flat with their sides turned up (solen

– like). The height of the turned up side is 3.5 – 5 cm, thickness of the

tile – 1.5 – 2.5 cm. They are made of reddish-brown clay with some

(limestone, quartz) inclusions. Among the shards some belong to flat

imported tiles, and their clay is like Sinopean clay. Together with the

bricks and tiles there were found the remains of logs and burnt plastering.

It seems quite possible that log cabins, plastered with clay and roofed

with tiles, were built onto a ground floor built of bricks. Flavius Arrian

noted: “Earlier the walls were made of clay with timber towers standing

on them at Phasis town but now the walls and the towers both are built of

bricks” [Arrian, F. 1961:40].

Amphorae container make the majority, or even the main part of the

containers uncovered at “Natekhebi” settlement. These locally produced

concave sided amphorae are very close to those found at Nokalakevi.

Normally such amphorae are common at the Late Antique – Early

Medieval sites of west Georgia such as Gantiadi village, Bichvinta,

Sokhumi, Ochamchire, Gudava, Mtisdziri, Tsikhisdziri, Varditsikhe,

Kobuleti – Pichvnari.

Household pottery consists of basins, jugs, pots and mortaris. The

pots are plain, broad-bodied and short-necked. Their rims are everted,

clay is 6 – 8 mm thick, undersides are with concentric lines, diameter – 7

– 10 cm. Basins make the majority of “Natekhebi” settlement kitchen

pottery. They are mostly with rounded, low sides and flat undersides.

There were also found rim and side pieces of mortaris (clay is 8 – 10 mm

thick). The clay of the mortaris is brownish with limestone, mica and

quartz inclusions and it means that they were produced locally. Such

mortaris are common at Varditsikhe, Vani, Bichvinta, Ochamchire,

Gudava, Nokalakevi, Mtisdziri etc. In addition to above mentioned

household containers there were found clay cisterns with concentric,

relief lines around their bodies and flat undersides. Their clay is dark

brown, 16 – 19 mm thick.

A quantity of imported pottery (25%) found at “Natekhebi”

settlement enables me to create a general impression about the contacts

239

between the natives and the foreigners. These are imported amphorae, red

slip basins and glass wares. The clay of the amphorae is like Sinopean –

it is pale grayish with a violet shade. There are also underside, side, and

handle pieces of the amphorae with corrugated bodies. There are several

groups of amphorae made of clay like Sinopean. Such amphorae come

from Bichvinta, Sokhumi, Ochamchire, Gudava, Tsikhisdziri, Tsebelda

etc. Reddish-brown amphorae make another group among “Natekhebi”

household pottery. They are made of well-worked clay and have medium

size. Similar amphorae have been found at Bichvinta, Tsikhisdziri, at the

agora of Athenae. It is also possible that they are of the Mediterranean

origin. The settlement yelded also semispherical undersides of corrugated

amphorae with small warts on their tips. They are made of reddish-brown

clay. Such undersides come from Bichvinta, Tsebelda, Sokhumi and

Tsikhisdziri. There are also undersides of Samian amphorae which are

common at Bichvinta, Sokhumi, Ochamchire, Tsikhisdziri, Tsebelda,

Nokalakevi and Varditsikhe. The latter is quite far from the Black Sea

coastal area.

There is a group of brown-burnished amphorae container among the

ones found at “Natekhebi” settlement. The clay of such vessels contains

fine inclusions of mica. These amphorae have tubular necks and rollers

around their rims. Their handles are horizontally attached at their rims. In

form they are similar of those found in the 2nd

– 3rd

century layers of the

northern Black Sea towns, but are rather infrequent at Georgian Black

Sea coastal sites. There were also uncovered several pot-shards of red-

slip ware at the settlement. They are plain with the rims curved inwards.

Their well-worked brownish clay, with fine inclusions of mica, is baked

evenly. A red slip has survived perfectly. Such wares are common in the

4th

– 5th

century layers of west Georgian sites such as: Gonio,

Tsikhisdziri, Ochamchire, Sokhumi, Bichvinta, Vashnari, Nokalakevi,

Kutaisi, Tsebelda, Mtisdziri etc. It is important to note that large

quantities of such pottery have been found at coastal towns of the country

(e.g. Sokhumi, Bichvinta etc).

240

Glassware’s make one more group of containers found at the

settlement. These mostly are pedestal led goblets. In addition to them

there were scraps of some unidentified glass vessels and also pieces of a

window pane. The glass is transparent, pale greenish though there are

sky-blue pieces too. Such glass is unearthed at Tsebelda, Gudava,

Mtisdziri, Sokhumi, Nokalakevi etc. Similar pedestalled goblets are

dating from the 4th

– 8th

centuries and plenty of them are found at coastal

settlements of the Mediterranean and Black seas. They are also found in

regions far from the seas – in the Asia Minor, Caucasia and Near East.

Stemmed glass goblets come from Mtskheta, Urbnisi, Rustavi, Zhinvali,

Tbilisi, Bichvinta, Sokhumi, Tsebelda, Ochamchire, Gudava,

Tsikhisdziri, Vashnari, Mtisdziri, Vardistsikhe and the other Early

Medieval period settlements. They differ in form and color. The ones

found at coastal settlements seem comparatively similar.

There were remains of a pit tomb in the north-east underwater part of

“Natekhebi” settlement. The tomb yielded a concave sided amphora with

a broken rim. The amphora was lidded with an underside of another one.

The amphora contained burnt bones of poultry and a pig. An individual

was next to the amphora. The pit tomb also contained a bronze pin

(length 7.7 cm), three bow-shaped bronze pins with long, sharp tips

(length 4.3 cm, 4.3 cm and 5.2 cm) dating from the 6th century, a

rectangular, flat piece of lead, a pedestalled glass goblet (pedestal

diameter 4.3 cm), a Byzantine 20 nummi copper coin with a letter “K” on

the reverse, while the obverse is illegible. The coin is minted during the

reign of Justinian II (565 – 578). Another copper coin of emperor

Constantius II (337 – 361) was uncovered in the west part of “Natekhebi”

settlement. Archaeological material of “Natekhebi” settlement is in the

Poti town Site Museum storage [For more detailed information see

Gamkrelidze, G. 1987,98–117; Gamkrelidze, G. 1992:30–48;

Gamkrelidze, G. 1990:215-219; Gamkrelidze, G.1992:101-119;

Gamkrelidze, G. 1990:223-236].

At the present stage of study “Natekhebi” settlement discovered

under the waters of lake Paliastomi may be dated to the 3rd – 8th

241

centuries. As to the pit tomb found there, it may belong to the 6th

century. The artifacts found at the settlement point to a close parallelism

to other contemporaneous sites of west Georgia (Kutaisi, Mtisdziri,

Vashnari, Tsebelda etc) and especially to Bichvinta, Sokhumi,

Ochamchire, Gudava and Nokalakevi. It seems fairly possible that

“Natekhebi” settlement structures are the remains of the Byzantine period

Phasis described by Agathias and Procopius of Caesarea as lying at the

estuaries of the rivers Pichori, Shavi and Kaparchina. The town was

probably dislocating because of certain geomorphologic changes [For

more detailed information see Gamkrelidze 1987: 97 – 117; Gamkrelidze,

G. 1992: 211-216; Gamkrelidze, G. 1992: 30 – 48].

The localization of Phasis town is as if strictly fixed by the authors

of Greek and Latin written records – the town lay at the left bank of the

Phasisi river delta and after this they mention a lake (probably

Paliastomi). Such description completely coincides with the present day

locality of Poti town. This is why all the scholars note that Phasis town is

to be searched for at Poti and adjacent territories [see: Berdznishvili, M.

1942, 3 – 21; Grigolia, G. 1973, 36 – 55, Lordkipanidze, O. Mikeladze,T.

1973, 17 – 36; Gamkrelidze,G. 1993]. In spite of the circumstances like

this Phasis of the Classical – Hellenistic periods is not yet discovered and

the reason for it is a very complicated palaeogeomorphological situation

existing in the area [Djanelidze, Ch. 1973: 5 – 16, 21 – 33; Dzvelaia, M.

1973; Djanelidze, Ch. 1980: 21 – 64]. From geomorphologic point of

view Kulevi – Poti – Ureki seaside is as if a missing link in a Georgian

coastal context (330 km in length). The fact of global regression and

transgression of the Black Sea with regard to Phasis seems more than

obscure. The problem of local dynamics of the coastal shelf remains still

uncertain. Very often geomorphologists rely upon archaeologists’

information and make their own inferences according the locations of the

settlements. As to me, I am sure that this problem needs an all –

embracing investigation but first of all the geomorphologists should tell

us what the coastal dynamics was like and where exactly the Rioni flew

into the sea. They should also take into consideration global (regression

242

and transgression of the sea) and local (hill – wash or ballast brought by

the rivers, also old beds of the Rioni, Pichori, Khobi and Supsa rivers

swampy and peaty territories) data.

It seems preferable to use properly deciphered space photos in

palaeogeomorphological investigations in order to clarify once and for

ever where exactly the Phasisi – Rioni flew into the sea and how the Late

Bronze – Early Iron and Antique period settlements were related with the

river. Unfortunately air photos appeared absolutely useless in the case

like this. It is also important to note that the Rioni river has been carrying

an enormous amount of ballast since the periods mentioned above and it

seems quite natural to suppose that the river delta is dislocated and vast

areas are under water today.

There are series of settlements along Kulevi – Poti – Ureki coastal

areas: the Late Bronze – Early Iron period ones at the estuary of Khobi

river, at Kulevi village, in the north of Poti town. A 6th

– 4th

century BC

one at the Tsiva river, at the estuary of the Supsa river, in the south of

Poti town. Here belong “Natekhebi” settlement too which is in lake

Paliastomi, at the same Poti where a 4th century BC pot-shard of a black-

slip container and a base-ring of a Rhodosian amphora (see above) was

found.

It is important to note that an area of about 200 m width was covered

with the sea during 1872 – 1965 [Kekelia, J. 1981: 505 – 508]. It seems

so that Phasis town sank in the sea. This fact is amply illustrated. The

information offered by geographers – says that a so called Phanagorian

regression in the Black sea finished at approximately between the turn of

BC and AD and began its transgression [Djanelidze, Ch. 1973: 5 – 16;

1980: 148 – 159]. In the result the level of the sea became about 3 m

higher and covered all the then settlements [Djanelidze, Ch. 1973: 16].

Similar process developed in the northern [Blagovolin, N. Shcheglov, A.

1968: 15 – 27] and southern (e.g. Sinope) Black Sea lands where a

certain number of the Antique period towns were covered with water.

A geomorphological situation of Poti – Grigoleti shelf is too

complicated. The sea is muddy and it is extremely difficult to see

243

anything in it at the estuary of the Rioni river south ramification. The

river carries silt which forms under water dunes during the storms.

Accordingly if imagine that the process has been going on for centurie s it

will be easier to suppose that the remains of Phasis town are covered with

the thickest layer of sand.

Good sized pot-shards of concave sided amphorae were found during

hydro archaeological researches in a distance of 25 m from the beach in

the sea. An early period Sinopean amphora (rim diameter - 12cm) with

tubular neck (15 cm high), solid handles (ovoid in section) on the

shoulder was uncovered near the Supsa river canyon in the sea. Another

Heraclea Pontica amphora dating from the 4th century BC was found

again in the sea at Maltakva.

So, collation of the present day geomorphological and

topoarchaeological information enables me to conclude that the Classical

and Hellenistic period Phasisi is to be searched for on the land and in the

sea within the radius of approximately 12 km or more precisely in the

triangle of Poti – Kulevi – Supsa and Chaladidi – Sakorkio. Because of

local geomorpgological changes ie accumulation of ballast (carried by

the rivers), dislocation of peats, extremely moistened soil, change of the

sea level etc a part of Phasis town was probably covered with water from

time to time. This is why the town was often dislocated within the

confines of the just mentioned territorial triangle (see Fig.I,II,III).

References:

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Apakidze, D. 1991: Центральная колхида в эпоху бронзы-..., Тб.

Berdznishvili,M.1969: q. fazisis ist.-Tvis, Tb.

Blagovolin,N. Shcheglov,A. 1968: Колебания уровня морья по данным

геоморфологических исслед. в Крыму. Известия АНР, гео., №2, с.15-27.

Boltunova, A. 1979: Эллинские апоикии и местное население Колхиды.

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Brun,F.1880: Восточный берег Черного моря,Черномор. II, Одесса.

244

Braund, D. 1994: Georgia in Antiquity, Clarendon press, Oxford.

Djanelidze, Ch. 1973: fasisis geograf..., Tezisebi, Tb., gv. 5.

Djibladze, L. 2001: dasavleT..., arq. kc-is Ziebani, # 8, gv. 34-38.

Dzvelaia, M. 1973: kolxeTis dablobi, Tb.

Djaparidze, V. 1977: Zv. vardigora, Zeglis megobari,#46, gv.43-50.

Dundua, G. 1987: Нумизматика античной Грузии, Тб.

Djanelidze, Ch. 1980: Палеогеография Грузии в голоцене, Тб.

Elnitskii, L. 1938: Из ист. геог. Колхиды. ВДИ, № 2, с. 315-320.

Gamkrelidze, G. 1982: centraluri kolxeTis Zv. namosaxlarebi, Tb.

Gamkrelidze, G. 1987: wyalqveSa..., saq. mecn. akad. "macne," #1, gv.98-117.

Gamkrelidze, G. 2002: kolxeTi, "logosi", Tb.

Gamkrelidze, G. 1985: azo-farnavazis ist., "macne," # 3, gv. 86.

Gamkrelidze, G. 1989: miTridate..., saq.mecn.akad. "macne", #2, gv.59-69.

Gamkrelidze,G. 1993: ist.-topoarqeologiuri Ziebani, Tb.

Gamkrelidze,G.2003: fasisis..., iberia-kolxeTi, #1, Tb.,gv.170-185.

Gamkrelidze, G. 1992: К археологии долины Фасиса, изд. АНГ Тбилиси.

Gamkrelidze, G. 1985: Экспедиция на Палеостоми, АО, Мос., с.567-569.

Gamkrelidze, G. 1990: работы в… - Материалы Vсимпозиума, Тб., с.215-219.

Gamkrelidze, G. 1992: Hydroarchaeology in the Georgian Republic, The

International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, v.21, N 2, p 101-119.

Gamkrelidze, G.1998:Ein Rhyton Götterdarstellung aus der Kolchis, Archäologische

Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, B. 30, S.211-216.

Grigolia, G. 1973: fasisis lok..., ses. mox., 1973 gv.36-55.

Inadze, M. 1982: aRmosavleT SavizRvis. berZnuli kolonizacia, Tb.

Kaukhchishvili, T. 1965: hipokrates cnobebi saq. Sesaxeb, Tb.

Kaukhchishvili, T. 1957: straboni; cnobebi saqarTveloze, Tb.

Kaukhchishvili, T. 1969: heraklide... ;aRmosavluri filol., Tb.

Kaukhchishvili, S. 1961: georgika, I(berZnuli teqstiT), Tb.

Kekelia, J. 1981: fasisis geogra. aspeqtebi, sma, moambe, #2, gv. 505.

Koch, K.; Spenser, 1981: cnobebi saq.-ze, gamo. l. mamacaSvilma, Tb.

K.Ts - Kartlis Tskhovreba, hereinafter, 1955: The Life of the Georgian Kings and of

their Fathers and Ancestors from the Earliest Times”; s. yauxCiSvilma),I, Tb.

Kuftin, B. 1950: Материалы к арх. Колхиды, т. I., Тб.

Kvirkvelia, G. 1987: Раскопки им. Габашвили г. Кутаиси, ПАИ, с. 62

Kiguradze,N. 1976: Дапнарский могильник, Тб.

245

Kacharava, D. 1991: The town of Phasis as Described in Graeco-Roman and

Byzantine Literary in Sources 1–14, Tbilisi.

Lamberti, Arkandjelo 1938: lamberti arq., samegrelos, Tb.

Latyshev B., 1904-1906: Scythica et Caucasica; II, St.-Petersbourg.

Lordkipanidze, O. 1977: Ванское городище, сб. Вани, III, Тб., с.159-175.

Lordkipanidze, O.; Mikeladze T. 1973: fasisis ist.-arqeologi..., sesiis

Tezisebi, Tb., gv.17-36.

Lordkipanidze, O. 2000: Phasis. The river and city in Colchis, Stuttgart.

Lordkipanidze, O. 1979: Древняя Колхидa, Тбилиси,

Maruashvili, L. 1970: saqarTvelos fizikuri geografia, t.II, Tb.

Mikeladze, T. 1978: arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba rionze, Tb.,1978.

Micishvili, M. 1977: cixesuloris gaTxrebis Sedegebi,vaniIII,gv.43-51.

Musxelishvili, D. 1986: Некоторые проблемы критики грузинских средневековых

источ., Известия АН Грузии, №3, с. 57-70.

Montpereux, Frederik Dubois 1839: Voyage autour du Caucase,v.III.

Shafranov, N. 1880: Где была греческая колония Фазис,Кавказ, 71, с.3.

Spaidel, M. 1985: kavkasiis sazRvari...,saq.mecn.akad. macne, #1,gv. 134.

Tolordava, V. 1977: arq. gaTxrebi dablagomSi 1974. vaniII, gv.71-80.

Tsetskhladze, G. 1994: The Silver Phiale Mesomphalos from the Kuban, Oxford

Journal of Archaeology 13, 199–216, Oxford.

Tsetskhladze, G. 1998: Die Griechen in der Kolchis, Amsterdam.

Figures:

Fig. I – The Map of Classical and Early Medieval Archaeological sites of

West Georgia (Colchis);

Fig. II - The Map of Late Bronze- Early Iron Age Archaeological sites of

Colchis;

Fig. III - The Map of Classical and Early Medieval Archaeological sites

In the vicinity of town Poti.

249

ON THE EVOLUTION THE COLCHIAN AMPHORAE

(the 4th

cent. BC to the 3rd

cent. AD)

A study of these ties between the Greek world and Colchis (Western

Georgia) are of interest not only as regards the history and Archaeology of

Old Georgia, but also as regards the Greek world and its relations with the

Pontus Euxinus (Black sea) seaboard. In the Hellenistic epoch, one of the

commercial routes connecting East and West lay through Old Georgia. This

route ran from India as far as the Caspian Sea, then through the Caucasus

along the riv. Kur, across the Lixiis cedi pass, down the Black sea at the city

Phasis and the stretched across the sea to the cities in Asia Minor and on the

Black sea seaboard. Imported amphorae in Colchis, the eastern Black Sea area

in western Georgia, emerge as commercial containers from the second half of

the 6th

cent. BC. Amphorae made at urban centers of the Black and

Mediterranean Seas are attested here [Puturidze, R. 1976:79-90].

The manufacture of local “Colchian amphorae” (resp. brown-clay)

began from the second half of the 4th

cent. BC. By this period, Colchian

amphorae resemble their Sinopean counterparts. In the numerous

archaeological finds of Colchian amphorae of western Georgia, different

typological variants are noticeable in terms of form, capacity and clay.

[Puturidze, R. 2003:98-109; Puturidze, R. 1977:68-71; Lordkipanidze, O.

1966:137-140; Kakhidze, A. 1971:55-63; Lordkipanidze, G. 1970:81-82;

Gamkrelidze, G. 1982: 69-98; Brashinski, I. 1980:pl. XXIII; Vnukov, S.

Tsetskhladze, G. 1991:170-185; Khalvashi, M. 2002:10-20, and others]. There

is a difference chronologically as well. Colchian amphorae appear to have

been manufactured at many sites on the territory of western Georgia.

Amphorae of local production from the second half of the 4th

cent. BC to the

8rd

cent. AD were made subsequently too with various modifications (Fig.IV).

In 1950 archaeologist B. Kuftin was the first who put forward an idea

about the possibility of producing amphorae in West Georgia (Colchis).

Archaeologist R. Puturidze was the first who began studying of

amphorae. R. Puturidze had treated the Late Classical and Hellenistic

period concave sided amphorae and regarded them as manufactured in

250

Colchis. In 1959 R. Puturidze had gained herself at the archaeological

sites and Georgia’s museums and paid a special attention to the concave

sided amphorae from the Kutaisi, Poti and Vani museums.

I. Zeest, speaking about Bosphorus’ ceramic container had singled

out one group among the Hellenistic period amphorae and called them

“brown clay amphorae” produced somewhere in the southern Black Sea

lands. O. Lordkipanidze orally stated opinion and wrote that the

Hellenistic period brown clay amphorae were pottered in Colchis. A.

Kakhidze too had agreed with the opinion and divided Pichvnari

amphorae of this type into two groups: Colchian comparatively high

amphorae of brown clay with cylindrical ring-bases and Colchian shorter

ones with button-like ring-bases. O. Lordkipanidze believed that the

Colchian origin of brown clay amphorae has been borne out by not only

their wide distribution in Colchis or with close similarity of the local clay

used for manufacturing of native pottery but also by the signs made on

them before baking which are like those made on Colchian pithoi. I. Zeest

agreed with Georgian archaeologists about the possibility of producing

brown clay amphorae in Colchis and stressed how important it was to

localize the manufacturing centre. G.Tsetskhladze had made numbers of

petrographic analyses and contributed to the study of the problem. He has

published a number of his own papers and some more in co-authorship

with other scholars. He has rendered great services to the problem of

dating of Colchian amphorae found in the northern Black Sea lands. He

had singled them out and then dated them properly.

Find of burning kilns together with pot shreds of brown clay

amphorae, other pottery and tiles around them once again proved that

amphorae were made in Colchis not only in the Hellenistic period but

even later and they had various forms and shapes, even more, they were

produced at many Colchian sites. Excavations of Vani town were

exclusively productive and important from the point of view of Colchian

amphorae, which made it easier to date them better according to their find

spots and accompanying artifacts. Most of them had completely been

restored. In the result we have got a full picture of alterations in their

251

forms and shapes beginning from the later half of the 4th century BC and

until the 1st century BC when the town was perished. Many dozens of

shreds of Colchian amphorae were found in the suburb of Vani town.

Native amphorae dating from the 2nd – 1st centuries BC are found in

abundance at Vani town that enables me to suppose that they had almost

completely displaced other kinds of such vessels. They had been found in

the ruins of the town and many of them were even restored. It appeared

that they slightly differ from one another that make it possible to suppose

that either they were made at different local workshops, or they were

made by different potters. Signs engraved on unbaked surfaces of necks,

handles and seldom on bodies of these amphorae (but not on all of them)

first appeared in the Late Hellenistic period. About 40 different signs

made on the amphorae have been found at Vani town.

In general, typological-chronologically, Colchian Amphorae present the

following picture: Colchian Amphorae of the second half of the 4th

cent. BC to

the first half of the 3rd cent. BC resemble Sinopean ones; however, the surface

of the clay is coarser, and the color brownish. Light-brownish specimens also

occur. The body of local, Colchian Amphorae is egg-shaped, close to

cylindrical; the handles are equally curved and oval in section (Fig.I, fig. 1-4).

Colchian Amphorae of the 2nd

cent.-1st cent. BC develop a concavity in

the belly; the neck is cylindrical and comparatively short; clay on the surface is

coarse and of brownish hue; light-brown specimens also occur (pl.II, fig.2-4).

In general, one of the principal characteristics of Colchian Amphorae is a

spiral at the bottom (Fig.III), the so-called rosette-like in some researchers’

terminology. Such spirals are not characteristic of foreign Amphorae. The clay

structure of Colchian Amphorae is nappy-porous. The clay contains whitish

and blackish small-fragment specks. Admixtures occur of diabase and basalt;

pyroxenites, quartz, mica, iron (III) hydroxide, etc. Mineralogical-petrographic

analysis of the clay has been carried out, demonstrating its identity with local,

Colchian clays of different regions [see Morchadze, T. 1979:81; Poporadze, U.

Paradashvili, I. Akhvlediani, D. Gasitashvili, A. 2006: 220-224].

Some specimens of Colchian Amphorae of the 2nd

-1st cent. BC bear signs

(e. g. see Fig.V, fig. 2). Perhaps they were made by the potter to indicate the

252

capacity of the vessel or the number of specimens made. The signs on

Colchian Amphorae resemble those made on locally made wine pithoi and

tiles. It should be noted also that in one local amphora, brought to light at Vani,

the surface is treated in the same way as local wine pithoi – horizontal bands or

vertical lines [Puturidze, R. 1977:68-69]. Kilns for firing pottery have been

discovered in Colchis, where fragments of amphorae have been attested along

with those of other types of ceramic wares. A kiln of this type has been found

near the village of Gvandra (Abkhazia), dating from the 3rd

cent. BC. A similar

kiln came to light on the “Red Beacon” settlement site near Sukhumi. Remains

of a kiln have been studied on a settlement site south-west of v. Gulripshi.

Colchian amphorae of the 2nd

cent. BC and 1st cent. BC have a special

spiral at the bottom. The cylindrical foot assumes mushroom-like rounded

shape and the end is thickened. The walls of Colchian amphorae of this period

are relatively thin. Some scholars even call it button-like. The body of the

amphora has more concavity; scholars believe that this concavity is connected

with transportation on land. The concavity would easier hold the rope and it

would be easier to load it on a horse or ass. The capacity of Colchian

amphorae ranges from 13 to 22 liters.

Amphorae with ribbed neck and concave body of the 2nd

-3rd

cent. AD

must be a continuation of the subsequent period of Colchian amphorae of the

2nd

-1st cent. BC; they have an elongated body, almost equally curved handles

and a spiral at the bottom. Their walls are relatively thinner, and they have a

rib on the neck, at the place of attachment of the handles. Amphorae of this

type have been found at Bichvinta, Sukhumi, Eshera, Tsebelda, Poti

(Paliastomi), Ureki, Kobuleti Pichvnari, Tsikhisdziri, Gonio, etc (Fig.IV, 3);

[Khalvashi, M. 2002:10-20].

From the 3rd

-4th

cent. AD a new type of Colchian amphora with concave

body and spiral at the bottom develop. The handles of these amphorae are

sharply curved in the upper part, and the body is narrower and elongated.

Some specimens have low corrugation on the body. The handles lose its oval

shape in section, becoming flatter (Fig.IV, 4). Colchian amphorae have been

discovered in large numbers on settlement sites of the 2nd-1st cent. BC all

over the territory of historical Colchis. There is almost no former settlement

253

site here with such amphorae not coming to light. It is almost unanimously

acknowledged in the specialist literature that these amphorae are of local,

Colchian, manufacture. Colchian Amphorae are attested at the following

points: Eshera, Sukhumi, Ochamchire, the River Inguri valley, the area

adjoining Poti, v. Ureki, the interfluve of the Supsa-Natanebi, v. Tsikhisdziri,

Pichvnari near Kobuleti, v. Makhvilauri, Batumi, v. Gonio, v. Bukistsikhe, v.

Gurianta, v. Dapnari, v. Dablagomi, v. Mtisdziri, the environs of Kutaisi, v.

Sagvichio, Vani and its environs, and others. Colchian Amphorae of the 2nd

-1st

cent. BC have come to light at various settlement sites of the northern Black

Sea area, namely Gorgippia, , Cyteus, Cepoi, Naples (Scythian), Chersonesus,

Donuzlav, Belyaus, Karatobe, Cercinitides, etc [Vnukov, S. Tsetskhladze, G.

1991:170-185].

A high relief stamp is fixed on the upper part of the handle of the Colchian

amphora discovered in the lower layer of “Natekhebi”(in Poti). The handle is

of oval section; the clay brownish, with whitish and blackish noticeable in it;

the surface is coarse-nappy-porous. The stamp is circular (diam.: 1.9 cm), with

an equal-beam cross in it; the stamp is an epigraphic; the cross is slanted in

relation to the handle (Fig.V, fig. 1).

Until quite recently, circular stamped Colchian amphorae were unknown

to scholarship. At present cross stamps placed within a circle have been

brought to light, resembling one another: from Poti, Pichvnari-Choloki, former

city site of Vani. To date nine specimens are known in all. One piece is attested

by oral communication. The stamps of this type are attested on a wine jar of

local production. A cross placed within a circle may have been a sign of a

prominent person of authority of some urban settlement or region of Colchis.

The product of the ceramic workshops under him was branded with such an

emblem. “Vani”, “Kobuleti-Pichvnari” or Phasis may have been such an

urban centre. The raw material and manufacture of Colchis were exported onto

the international market via the city of Phasis. It is not ruled out that these

brands belonged to a king’s official who was charged with control of the

manufacture of amphora-containers and was responsible for the quality of the

commodities to be transported in them. Bearing in mind the well-known

brands of 3rd

cent. BC Colchian amphorae from Dioscurias-Eshera, with the

254

name of the city inscribed [see Puturidze, R., 2003; pl. I, 2], then a brand with

a cross may be taken for an emblem of some other city, e. g. the trading city of

Phasis. This city was an important trade centre [Lordkipanidze, O. 2000;

Gamkrelidze, G. 2003:170-185; Braund, D. 1994:102-103; Gamkrelidze, G.

1992:6-29, and others], (Fig.I). It is mentioned by the following authors:

pseudo-Scylax (4th

cent. BC), Aristotle , Plato, Heraclides Zembos, Hipocrates,

Theocritus, Strabo, pseudo-Plutarch, Pliny, Gaius Secundus (Elder),

Pomponius Mela, Flavius Arrian, Plutarch, Claudius Ptolemaios, pseudo-

Orpheus, Themistios, Castorius, Ammianus Marcellius, Zosimus, Stephanus

Byzantinus, Agathias, Theophanes the Chronograph, George Cedrenus, and

others [see Gamkrelidze G. 2003:170-173].

The city of Phasis was one of the principal points of the sea and river

transit commercial route of Asia-Europe. Through the city of Phasis iron,

timber, flax, linseed oil, honey, wax, wine, etc. were exported abroad

[Lordkipanidze, O. 1966:117-120; Gamkrelidze, G. 1992:6-18].

Thus, on the basis of the recent archaeological evidence discovered in

Western Georgia or Colchis, as well as by recourse to and consideration of

other artifacts we may conclude that from the second half of the 4th

-to the 2nd

cent. BC inclusive amphorae were made in Colchis, on which proprietary,

trade brands were stamped, as was the practice in Mediterranean and Black

Sea urban centre. I believe these stamps constitute the proprietary (legal)

emblem of an urban centre (e.g. Phasis) of Colchis or of some person of

advanced position who was in control of the manufacture of amphorae and

assumed responsibility for the quality of the products, exported in these

commercial vessels (containers). This, in its turn points to the higher level of

development of the Colchian society of the period and to the quality of its

integration in advanced urban centre of the Mediterranean and Black Seas.

References:

Brashinski, I. 1980: Греческий керамический импорт на нижнем Дону, Лен.

Gamkrelidze, G. 1982: centraluri kolxeTis Zveli namosaxlarebi, Tb.

Gamkrelidze, G. 2003: q. fasisis... , - iberia-kolxeTi,#1, gv. 170-185.

Gamkrelidze, G. 1992: К археологии долины Фасиса, Тб.

255

Gigolashvili, E.; Kacharava, D.; Puturidze, R.; 1979: vanis naqalaqaris zeda

terasaze 1970-1977. arq. masalis katalogi, vaniIV, Tb., gv.41-114.

Kakhidze, A. 1971: keramikuli tara fiWvnaridan, kreb. samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTvelos Zeglebi, II, Tb., gv. 28- 66.

Khalvashi, M. 2002: keramikuli tara goniodan, baTumi.

Lordkipanidze, M. 1975: kolxeTis V- III ss. sabeWdavi-beWdebi, Tb.

Lordkipanidze, O. 1966: antikuri samyaro da Zveli kolxeTi, Tb.

Lordkipanidze, G. 1970: К истории древней Колхиды, Тб.

Monakhov, S. 1999: Греческие амфоры в Причерноморье, изд. СУ, Саратов.

Morchadze, T. 1979: morCaZe T. Sida qarTlis keramika, Tb.

Poporadze, N.; Paradashvili, I.;...2006: keramikis mineralogiuri-petrografiuli

kvleva _akc-s, Ziebani # 17-18, gv. 220-224.

Puturidze, R. 2003: amforebis warmoeba kolxeTSi - iberia-kolxeTi,#1, 98.

Puturidze, R. 1977: Колхидские амфоры из Вани, - КсИА, №151, Мос., с. 68- 71.

Vashakidze, N. 1971: gurianTis..., kreb. samxreT-das. saq. Zeglebi,II,gv.5- 27.

Vnukov, S.; Tsetskhladze, G. 1991: Колхидские амфоры Северо-Западного Крыма.

- сб. Памаятники железного века в окрестностях Евпатории, изд. Мос.

университета, с. 170-185.

Figures:

Fig. I - 1-4 Colchian Amphorae from Kobuleti – Pitchvnari settlement;

Fig. II - 1,2, 4 - Colchian Amphorae from Vani; 3 - Colchian Amphora from Grigoleti

settlement; 5 - Colchian Amphora from Poti Natekhebi settlement;

Fig. III - Bases of Colchian Amphorae from the Hellenistic period settlements of

West Georgia;

Fig. IV – 1. Colchian Amphorae of the 3rd c. BC.; 2. Colchian Amphorae of the 2nd -1st

cc. BC.; 3. Colchian Amphorae of the 1st – 3rd cc. AD.; 4. Colchian Amphorae of the 4th

-8th cc. AD.;

Fig. V – 1. Stamped handles of Colchian Amphorae of the Hellenistic period; 2. The

inscriptions on the Colchian Amphorae of the Hellenistic period.

261

SemoklebaTa ganmarteba

bamS – baTumis arqeologiuri muzeumis Sromebi

iberia-kolxeTi – saqarTvelos klasikuri da adremedievuri periodis

arqeologiur-istoriuli kvlevani http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/coll/0001/000772/.

macne – saqarTvelos mecn. akademiis sazogadoebriv mecn. ganyofilebis

Jurnali

mska – masalebi saqarTvelos da kavkasiis arqeologiisaTvis

mski – masalebi saqarTvelos da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis

sdsZ – samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi

smam – saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe

ssmm – saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe

Ziebani saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi – saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis

oT. lorTqifaniZis arqeologiis centris gamocema (yofili akc-s Jur.)

Zm – Zeglis megobari

АГСП – Античные государства Северного Причерномория

ВДИ – Вестник древней истории

КСИА – Краткие сообщения института археологии

МИА – Материалы и исследования по археологии СССР

ПАК – Проблемы античной культуры

СА – Советская археология

САИ – Свод археологических источников

САНГ – Сообщения Академии наук Грузии

AJA – American Journal of Archeology

AS – Anatolian studies

BSA – The annual of Ahe British school of Athens

http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/coll/0001/000772/

262

About the author

gela gamyreliZe. ist. mecn. doqtori, prof. saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis

mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli. amave muzeumis arqeologiis centris samecniero

sabWos Tavmjdomare. Jurnal “iberia-kolxeTis’’ mT. redaqtori. 1997-2006ww.-Si

antikuri periodis arqeologiis ganyofilebis xelmZRvaneli. daibada 7.01. 1951w.

TbilisSi. daamTavra Tsu-s ist. fakulteti. 1979w. daicva i.m. kandidatis, xolo

1990w. ist. mecn. doqtoris xarisxi. monawileobda vanis, mTisZiris, foTis,

biWvinTis, quTaisis, TeTriwyaros, vales da sxv. arqeologiur eqspediciebSi. 1997-

2001ww.-Si aSS-s teqsasis Statis universitetis arqeologiis institutTan

saerTaSoriso arqeologiuri eqspediciis xelmZRvaneli saqarTvelos zRvispireTS.

ikvlevs antikuri xanis da adreuli Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoria-

arqeologias. kerZod, arqeologiuri Zeglebis statistikur-tipologiur

klasifikacias; urTierTobebs antikur da iranul samyarosTan; Zveli saqarTvelos

istoriaze biogeogaremos gavlenas; samxedro istorias (SeiaraRebas,

fortifikacias). CamoTvlil problematikaze gamoqveynebuli aqvs 96 naSromi, aqedan

12 wigni.ix. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/bios/en/00000291/.

***

GELA GAMKRELIDZE, Doctor of historical sciences, Prof., Leading scientist of the Centre of

Archaeology of Georgian National Museum. He is the editor-in-chief of the Journal Iberia–

Colchis (Researches of Georgia in the Classical period); see - http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/coll

/0001/000772/. He was born in Tbilisi in 7.01.1951. In 1973 he graduated Tbilisi state university.

In 1979 he defended Ph.D. thesis and in 1990 DHS dissertation. He participated in Vani, Mtisdziri,

Poti, Namakhvami, Vale and other archeological expeditions. In 1979 he explored terms of

Mtisdziri settlement. He has discovered the settlement near city Poti-Phasis. He has been studying

issues related to the history and archeology of the Georgian Classical period and early middle

ages. In particular, relationship of Iberia and Colchis with Greek, Roman and Iranian world;

typological classification and topographical archeology of settlements; influence of bio-geo

environment on the process of historical development of community in Georgia; the military

history of Iberia-Colchis (armament and fortification). He has published 12 books and 89

scientific essays dedicated to the above-mentioned problems. He is an authority on the history and

archeology of Georgian Classical period and early middle ages. see-

http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/coll/0001/000499/.&

http://www.nplg.gov.ge/bios/en/00000291/.

Address: Centre of Archaeology of Georgian National Museum.

14, D. Uznadze str. Tbillisi, 0102, GEORGIA.

e-mail: [email protected].

http://www.nplg.gov.ge/bios/en/00000291/





http://www.nplg.gov.ge/bios/en/00000291/

mailto:[email protected]

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