grani qavTariagrani qavTaria

etruskebi da romaelebi

apeninis naxevarkunZulis civilizacias etruskebma Cauyares

safuZveli. TavianTi arsebobis Sesaxeb am legendarulma xalx-

ma sakmaod vrceli informacia datova, magram mTavari, vin

iyvnen da saidan gaCndnen italiaSi, gaurkvevelia. etruskebis

Sesaxeb TiTqos bevri ram cnobilia (ase Cans garegnulad), ma-

gram sinamdvileSi mTeli maTi mravalsaukunovani istoria Te-

Tri laqebiTaa dafaruli.

apeninis naxevarkunZulis arqeologiuri siZveleebi adas-

tureben, rom etruskebi vilanovas kulturis memkvidreebi

iyvnen (vilanovas kultura daTariRebulia Zv.w. IX s-iT).

etruskebis dasaxlebebi farTod Cans Zv.w. VIII saukunidan

toskanis teritoriaze, im sivrceSi, romelic adre vilanovas

kulturis matarebel tomebs ekavaT. italiaSi etruskTa ba-

tonobis periodi moicavs Zv.w. VII-IV meoTxe ss-s.

etruskebma (laT. tuski, etruski; berZ. tireni, tirseni;

TviTwodeba _ rasena) TvalsaCino roli Seasrules romam-

deli italiis istoriaSi, miaRwies kulturuli da poli-

tikuri ganviTarebis maRal dones, Seqmnes xelovnebis sayu-

radRebo Zeglebi. agebdnen qalaqebsa da cixe-simagreebs,

taZrebs, farTod iyenebdnen damwerlobas. etruskebi CarTuli

iyvnen saerTaSoriso movlenebSi da mniSvnelovan rols as-

rulebdnen xmelTaSua zRvis auzis politikur cxovrebaSi.

mecnierebaSi varaudis doneze gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom-

lis Tanaxmadac, egvipturi warwerebis zRvis xalxebis („tur-

Sa“) mokavSireebad naxsenebi unda iyon etruskebi.

materialuri kulturis Zeglebis garda etruskebma Ta-

vianTi arsebobis Sesaxeb aTi aTasze meti werilobiTi doku-

135etruskebi da romaelebimenti datoves, magram maT istorias legendebis saburveli

ar Sordeba. gaurkvevelia mTavari: vin iyvnen, saidan movidnen

italiaSi, rogor moxda maRali kulturis Semqmneli xalxis

daviwyebis ferfliT dafarva.

etruskebis istoriiTa da warmomavlobiT dainteresebu-

li iyo antikuri mwerloba. „istoriis mamam“ herodotem

etruskebi lidielebis STamomavlebad gamoacxada. herodotes

Tanaxmad, lidielebis italiaSi gadasaxleba ganapiroba stiq-

iurma ubedurebam (gvalvam da mousavlianobam). istorikosi

wers,gansacdelSi Cavardnili adamianebis bediT Sewuxebulma

mefis Zem tirsenma (tirenma) mamas Txova, rom mosaxleobis

naxevars gaiyvanda lidiidan da daasaxlebda sxva qveyanaSi.

herodotes versias mravali momxre hyavda berZnul-romaul

mwerlobaSi da, rac mTavaria, popularulia dResac.

herodotesagan gansxvavebuli versia wamoayena Zv.w. I s-Si

mcxovrebma istorikosma diodore sicilielma.misi mtkicebiT,

etruskebi italiis aborigenebi iyvnen.

romauli mwerloba iziarebda etruskebis warmomavlobis

aRmosavlur Teorias, magram miTologiuri gadmocemebis gaR-

rmavebiT Seecada garkveul movlenasTan mis dakavSirebas. amis

naTeli dadasturebaa vergiliusis poema „eneida“, romelSic

etruskebi warmodgenilni arian troelebis STamomavlebad.

axali periodis antikologiaSi etruskebs saidumloebis

saburveli ar CamoxsniaT. etruskologia rCeba `tera ink-

ognitad~ da SesaniSnav niadags iZleva, kvleva realobidan

warmosaxvebSi gadaizardos. legendaruli etruskebi legen-

debis samyaroSi rCebian. ifrqveva fantastikuri warmodgene-

bi, etruskebi Tamamad mogzauroben ukidegano dedamiwaze da

saocrebebs sCadian. am kuTxiT gansakuTrebuli gabedulebiT

gamoirCeva Sveicarieli mecnieris h. miulenStainis hipoTeza,

romlis Tanaxmadac, etruskebis Tavdapirveli samSoblo iyo

ara mcire azia, aramed saharis udabno. misi varaudiT, dedami-

waze momxdarma geologiurma kataklizmebma gamoiwvia saha-

ris gaudabnoeba. ganviTarebis maRal safexurze mdgomi xalxi

iZuleboli gaxda, daetovebina afrika da axali sacxovrisi

moeZebna. adamianebis talRa moadga xmelTaSua zRvis sana-

piroebs da gaifanta sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. erTma jgufma

136 grani qavTariadaikava iberiis naxevarkunZuli, meore damkvidrda italiaSi,

danarCenebi ganawildnen egeosis zRvis napirebze, pelasgebis

saxiT, da saqarTveloSi.

h.miulenStainis „mignebas“, rogorc gadaWarbebiT fantas-

tikurs, iberebis, etruskebis, pelasgebis da qarTvelebis na-

Tesauri kavSirebis dadgenaze gavlena ar mouxdenia. etrus-

kologTa yuradRebis gareT darCa, agreTve, n.maris aranakleb

fantastikuri versia. misi msjelobiT, xmelTaSua zRvis

xalxebisa da qarTvelebis naTesauri siaxlove momdinareobs

Soreuli warsulidan. am SemTxvevaSic movlenebis centrSi

aRmosavleTi dgas.gadasaxlebis mizezad n.mari, herodotes

msgavsad, gvalvasa da mousavlianobas asaxelebs. mecniers

warmodgenili aqvs ramdenime gzis aRwera,romliTac moxda

ltolvilTa gadaadgileba kavkasiidan espaneTamde. n. maris

daskvniT, qarTvelebi, iberebi, pelasgebi da etruskebi, saer-

To warmomavlobis xalxebi arian da am erTobis safuZveli iyo

maTi Tavdapirveli samSoblo. n.maris uzarmazari avtorite-

tis miuxedavad, mis etruskologiur Studiebs problemis kv-

levis arsSi araferi Seucvlia.

sensaciebis moyvarulebi etruskebs CaZiruli atlantidis

gadarCenil nawiladac ki warmosaxaven.

etruskebis Sesaxeb legendebis Seqmnas aZlierebs is realo-

ba, rom xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi maT enas analogi ver mouZe-

bnes. legendis saTave mainc maTi damwerlobaa, romlis wakiTx-

va siZneles ar warmoadgens (ZiriTadad berZnul damwerlobas

iyenebdnen), magram Sesrulebulia ucnob enaze. etruskuli

arc erTs, arc cocxalsa da arc mkvdar enas ar uaxlovdeba.

etruskebma TavianTi istoria da enis saidumloeba saflavSi

Caitanes. saocrad mwiri iqneboda maTi amqveyniuri arseboba

berZnul-romauli werilobiTi wyaroebis gareSe. mecniere-

bas etruskTa eTnogenezisa da maTi enobrivi kuTvnilebis

erTaderT imedad maTi damwerlobis gaSifrva miaCnia, magram

jerjerobiT Sedegi ar Cans. antikur avtorebs Cawerili aqvT

etruskuli sityvebi mcire raodenobiT, magram mecnierebas

saidumlos amoxsnaSi fragmentulma Canawerebma daxmareba

ver aRmouCina. berZnuli anbanis mcodnisaTvis etruskuli

teqstebis wakiTxva sirTules ar warmoadgens. cnobilia aTi

137etruskebi da romaelebiaTasze meti etruskuli warwera (maTi raodenoba yovelwliu-

rad izrdeba). warwerebis grafikuli moxazuloba gasagebia

da kargad ikiTxeba, magram Sinaarsi aris gaugebari. Tumca am

uzarmazari korpusis didi nawilis warwerebi saflavis qvebis

epitafiebs warmoadgenen da maTi Sinaarsi cnobilia.

warwerebi aris lapidaruli (sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelo-

biT). is gvauwyebs, vin aris dakrZaluli, ramdeni wlis iyo

gardacvalebis dros. sxva informacias epitafia ar iZleva.

warwerebi Sesrulebulia, agreTve, saflavis firfitebze,

Sromis iaraRebze, vazebsa da freskebze. isini gvauwyeben gar-

dacvlilTa sakuTar saxelebs, asaks. amis gamo arian mokle,

Tumca aris gamonaklisebic. vrceli teqsti aRmoCnda qalaq

tarkviniusis warCinebulis (lart punelas) sarkofagis sax-

uravze, romelzec gamoqandakebulia xandazmuli kaci da

warwera (59 sityva), albaT, mis damsaxurebaTa CamonaTvali.

sakuTari saxelis garda teqsts siaxle ar moutania. qalaq

molianoSi napovni tyviis firfita orive mxridan dafaruli

iyo warwerebiT (120 sityva). vrceli teqstis miuxedavad, arc

mis kvlevas mohyolia Sedegi.

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis monapovarTa Soris gansakuTrebul

imeds amyarebdnen kapuis maxloblad aRmoCenil Tixis fir-

fitaze, romelzec garkveviT ikiTxeba 300 sityva. vrceli te-

qstis gamo, firfitas mxsneladac ki miiCnevdnen (da miaCniaT

dResac). mecnierebi energiulad Targmnidnen (da Targmnian),

magram aRiareba veravin moipova. etruskebi ar Tmoben brZolis

vels, jiutad dganan da fexs ar icvlian dakavebuli simaR-

lidan.

me-19 s-is bolodan etruskologia imedis TvaliT Sehyurebs

zagrebis mumias. balzamirebis yovelgvari wesebis dacviT Ses-

rulebuli mumia, 1848 wels egvipteSi mogzaurobisas SeuZe-

nia siZveleTa moyvarul xorvat mixeil bariCs. naxevari s-is

Semdeg, rodesac bariCi gardaicvala, misma Zmam mumia gadasca

zagrebis muzeums. muzeumis TanamSromlebma mumiis saburvel-

ze SeamCnies damwerlobis ucnobi niSnebi. kvlevaSi CaerTnen

specialistebi da dadginda, rom naWerze, romelSic gaxveuli

iyo mumia, daculia etruskuli damwerloba (Tu gaviTval-

iswinebT mumificirebis siZvires, mumificirebulia mdidari

138 grani qavTariaetruski mandilosani). teqsti Sedgeba 1200 sityvisgan, Ses-

rulebulia Zv.w. II-I ss-is mijnaze (etruskologias arafers

hmatebs is faqti, rom mumificirebuli qalis simaRle aris

162 sm). etruskuli enis saidumloebis amocnobas ver daex-

mareba imis kvleva, Tu rogor moxvda etruski qali egvipteSi.

zagrebis mumia jerjerobiT etruskologiis imeds ver amar-

Tlebs.

aRmoCenilia ramdenime etruskul-finikiuri bilingva.fini-

kiuri gasagebia, etruskuli ar Tmobs saidumloebas.

etruskul enaze berZnuli anbaniT Sesrulebuli warwera

aRmoCenilia kunZul lemnosze.

etruskul werilobiT masalebSi, maTi SezRuduli dan-

iSnulebis gamo, saistorio Sinaarsis teqstebi TiTqmis ar

fiqsirdeba, erTaderT gamonakliss warmoadgens finikiur-

etruskuli bilingva, romlis aRmoCenasac araviTari cvli-

leba ar gamouwvevia mojadoebuli wris garRvevaSi.

romaul periodSi mcxovreb ganaTlebul etruskebs, romleb-

sac SesaniSnavad SeeZloT wera (laTinurad da berZnulad),

erTi striqonic ar dauweriaT, rom mSobliuri qveynis war-

suli misawvdomi gaexadaT berZen-romaeli mkiTxvelisaTvis.

nuTu yvelaferze Tanaxmani iyvnen, rac maT Sesaxeb iwereboda?

romanizebul etruskebs ar gasCeniaT survili, TavianTi isto-

ria farTo asparezze gaetanaT. maT xom etruskuli teqstebis

Targmna ar dasWirdebodaT, yvela epigrafikuli Zeglis Si-

naarsi maTTvis gasagebi iqneboda. etruskebi, romlebsac See-

ZloT, magram ar daweres mSobliuri istoria, iyvnen: sat-

irikosi poeti avlus perseus flakusi, ciceronis megobari

avlus cetina da yvelaze gamoCenili etruski gaius cilnius

mecenati.

romaul periodSi etruskebis istoriaze msjelobdnen im

wyaroebiT, rac berZenma da romaelma avtorebma miiCnies xaz-

gasmis Rirsad. raoden saintereso iqneboda TviT etruskebis

informaciebi, rogor uyurebdnen isini TavianT istorias.

ra Tqma unda, maT ar eqnebodaT gabmuli istoria, magram

ucxoelebze (berZnebze da romaelebze) metad rom miuwvde-

bodaT xeli etruskul wyaroebze, saeWvo ar aris (Zneli

dasajerebelia, rom istoriiT dainteresebul berZnebsa da

139etruskebi da romaelebiromaelebs etruskuli ena codnodaT. berZnebi laTinursac

iSviaTad swavlobdnen). am saerTo gulgrilobis fonze Cnde-

ba garkveuli gamonaTeba, imperator klavdiusis (41-54) sax-

iT. dabadebidanve avadmyofi klavdiusi saimperatoro karma

politikuri moRvaweobisTvis uvargisad miiCnia da rogorc

arasrulfasovans, ise ganixilavda. garegnuladac imdenad

Seuxedavi iyo, rom masTan urTierTobas naTesavTa viwro wrec

ki Tavs aridebda. aTvalwunebuli da moZulebuli cxovrob-

da ganmartoebiT. imdenad Clungis STabeWdilebas tovebda,

rom sisxlianma imperatorebma (tiberiusi, kaligula) masSi

konkurenti ver dainaxes da sicocxle SeunarCunes. klavdi-

usi imperatori gaxda sruliad SemTxveviT. aRmoCnda, rom

Tavisi uCinari cxovreba klavdiuss uqmad ar daukargavs. ijda

rogorc gandegili da muSaobda saistorio mwerlobis nak-

lebad cnobil problemebze. werda berZnul enaze. klavdi-

usis biografis gaius svetonius trankvilusis gadmocemiT,

imperators mravali Txzuleba dauweria, romelTa Soris aR-

saniSnavia, karTagenis istoria rva wignad da etruskebis is-

toria oc wignad. am udavod saintereso dasaxelebis naSrome-

bidan fragmentebic ar aris moRweuli.

etruskebis istoriis moculobiT Tu vimsjelebT (oci

wigni),klavdiusis TxzulebaSi aRwerili iqneboda gadaSenebis

piras misuli xalxis mravalsaukunovani warsulis sruli

suraTi. mis dros etruskul qalaqebSi etruskuli ZiriTadi

saurTierTobo ena iqneboda. saeWvo ar aris,etruskebi mrav-

lad icxovrebdnen romSic (klavdiusis pirveli meuRle plav-

cia laurgulanila etruski iyo).

klavdiusis etruskebis istoria iqneboda mwignobruli da

zepiri gadmocemebis nazavi.savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom ganaTle-

bul imperators ganxiluli eqneboda cocxali etruskuli

enis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. samwuxarod, RvTis mier ganwir-

uli etruskebi verc imperatoris keTilganwyobam gamostaca

daviwyebas.

etruskebi asparezze gamoCenisTanave kulturuli da eko-

nomikuri doniT maRla idgnen italiis danarCen tomebze. maTi

gabatonebuli mdgomareobis damadasturebelia arqeologi-

uri aRmoCenebi laciumis, kampaniis da italiis sxva arae-

140 grani qavTariatruskul teritoriebze.

etruskebis istorias antikuri avtorebi romTan mimarTeba-

Si ganixilavdnen. TviT etruskebs TavianTi warsulis Sesaxeb

werilobiTi cnobebi ar dautovebiaT (epitafiebi da sakulto

daniSnulebis warwerebi sakiTxis garkvevevas daxmarebas ver

uwevs).

berZnul-romauli mwerlobis yuradRebis centrSi idga

romi. berZeni istorikosebi, herodotes garda, romaul peri-

odSi werdnen. rac Seexeba herodotes, igi garkveuli wlebis

ganmavlobaSi samxreT italiaSi, qalaq TuriumSi cxovrobda

da, rogori gasaocaric ar unda iyos, romi naxsenebi ar aqvs.

ra SeiZleba iyos amis mizezi? nuTu herodotes dros (Zv.w.

485-425) romi imdenad umniSvnelo qalaqi iyo, rom istoriis

mamam misi xseneba zedmetad CaTvala? Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ro-

mis mexotbeebSi damkvidrebul tradicias, aRniSnul periodSi

romi didi da Zlieri qalaqi iyo.

wyaroebSi miTiTebulia, rom etruriis vrcel da nayofier

miwebze gabatonebuli iyo etruskebis Tormeti qalaqi. am qa-

laqTa gaerTianeba ar momxdara da mTlianobaSi es iyo maTi

sisustis mizezi.

Zv.w. VII s-dan italiis sagareo politikas etruskebi warmar-

Tavdnen. adgilobrivi tomebi (maT Soris laTinebi) farTo

masStabis kontaqtebs ver wvdebodnen. maTi daqsaqsulobisa

da primitiulobis gamo etruskebs gauCndaT ambicia, daemyare-

binaT kontroli mTel naxevarkunZulze. etruskTa aRmavlobas

daemTxva berZnuli kolonizacia.italiis samxreT sanapiroe-

bi daifara elinuri axalSenebiT, romlebic mokle xanSi mniS-

vnelovan politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul centrebad

gadaiqcnen.

italiaSi berZnuli qalaqebis daarsebas saocari winaaRm-

degobiT xvdebodnen etruskebi. isini ar aZlevdnen moaxalSe-

neebs gavlenis sferos gafarToebis saSualebas. es iyo ZiriTa-

di mizezi imisa, rom etruskebis kontrols daqvemdebarebul

olqebSi berZenma moaxalSeneebma fexi ver moikides da iZule-

bulebi gaxdnen mimarTuleba SeecvalaT (aman ganapiroba ma-

saliisa da samxreT safrangeTis kolonizacia).

dapirispirebis miuxedavad, etruskebi farTod uRebdnen

141etruskebi da romaelebikars elinur kulturas. pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos, rom

berZnebisgan gadaiRes damwerloba. didia berZnuli gavlena

etruskul xelovnebaze (mxatvroba, qandakeba, samkaulebi).

mibaZvebisa da elinuri motivebis garda, gvxvdeba wminda ber-

Znuli nakeTobani. berZnuli xelosnobis nawarmiT mofenil-

ia mTeli etruria. cnobilia isic, rom berZeni xelosnebi

etruskul qalaqebSi qmnidnen aRniSnuli periodisaTvis pop-

ularul produqcias. berZnebis SeRwevam etruriaSi gaacxove-

la xelosnoba da vaWroba. gare samyarosTan savaWro siaxlove,

aRmosavluri warmomavlobis nivTebis simravle, ZiriTadad

berZnuli keramika, vazebi, vercxlis nakeTobani siriidan,

kviprosidan, finikiidan, spilos Zvali da xelovnebis sxva mra-

vali Sedevri moxatulia miTologiuri scenebiT. etruskul

qalaqebSi aRmoCenili nivTebi naTlad metyvelebs berZeni da

etruski vaWrebis sagareo kontaqtebze. xazgasmiT unda aRin-

iSnos maTi urTierToba karTagenelebTan.

karTageni warmoadgenda xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi yvelaze

mnivnelovan sazRvao da savaWro saxelmwifos. karTagenelebi

saSuamavlo vaWrobis didostatebi iyvnen, erTmaneTTan akav-

Sirebdnen xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebs, agrZelebdnen finikiur

tradiciebs, awarmoebdnen pireneis naxevarkunZulis kolo-

nizacias, gadiodnen atlantis okeaneSi. mtkiced hqondaT

Caketili gibraltaris srute da berZnebs, rogorc mTavar

konkurentebs, ar aZlevdnen miaxloebis saSualebas. karTage-

nis umTavresi amocana iyo, xmelTaSua zRvis strategiuli

punqtebis xelSi Cagdeba. karTagenelebi ver urigdebodnen si-

ciliaSi berZnebis gabatonebas da etruskebTan kavSiriT cdi-

lobdnen maT gandevnas.

etruskebsa da karTagenelebs ekonomikuris garda politi-

kuri miznebic amoZravebdaT. berZenTa gaaqtiureba zRudavda,

rogorc karTagenelebis, ise etruskebis savaWro interesebs;

karTagenisas siciliaSi (romlis mitaceba misi mTavari oc-

neba iyo), xolo etruskebisas italiaSi. karTagenelebi ibr-

Zodnen siciliisTvis, etruskebi _ italiisTvis.

mokavSireebma yvelaze xelsayrel drod miiCnies qserqses

laSqroba saberZneTSi. maTi floti ganlagda himerasTan. br-

Zola moxda Zv.w. 480 wels (herodotes Tanaxmad, himerasa da

142 grani qavTariasalaminis brZola erT dRes gaimarTa). dasavleTis berZnebma

brwyinvale gamarjveba moipoves da daicves saerTo elinuri

interesebi.

berZnebi agrZelebdnen etruriis kulturul eqspansias.

etruskebis istoriaSi gadamwyveti roli Seasrula romTan

urTierTobam. romma etruskebi im gzaze gadaiyvana, romelzec

TviTon idga. legendaruli epoqidan moyolebuli, romi

mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli Tavis uaxloes mezobelTan da

mterTan.

antikuri avtorebis Tanaxmad, adreuli romis istoria (mefe-

Ta xana) etruskebTan brZolebis istoriaa. ar aris safuZvels

moklebuli mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom romis ramdenime mefe,

maTi sakuTari saxelebidan gamomdinare: tarqvinius Zveli,

tarqvinius amayi,etruskebi iyvnen. etruskad moixsenieben wy-

aroebi servius tuliussac. etruskebis adrindeli istoria

ucnobia, magram arc romis istoriaSia yvelaferi naTeli.

antikuri avtorebi garkveviT aRniSnavdnen Tormeti etrusku-

li qalaqis arsebobas. sayuradReboa, am qalaqTa Soris ar ar-

sebobda pirveli, romelic saTaveSi Caudgeboda erTianobas.

wyaroebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvileben etruriis

samxreTiT mdebare qalaqebze, radgan maT xSiri urTierToba

(umetesad saomari) uxdebodaT romTan. amitomaa, rom mefe-

Ta xanis romis istoriaSi farTod figurireben veis, ceres,

kluziumis, tarqviniusis mefeebi.

romis aRmavloba etruskTa Zlierebis xanaSi daiwyo. ro-

maelebis mTavar mtrebad etruskebi rCebodnen. yvela wyaro

miuTiTebs, rom taxtis dasabruneblad mebrZoli tarqvinius

amayis ZiriTadi mxardamWerebi etruskebi iyvnen. ismis kiTx-

va, etruskebs mefis taxtze dabruneba ainteresebdaT Tu sxva

miznebi amoZravebdaT? xom ar cdilobdnen gamoRviZebul romze

aRedginaT adrindeli gavlena? faqtia, rom etruskebi ar

cnobdnen romis damoukideblobas, mas ganixilavdnen sakuTar

nebas damorCilebul mouwesrigebel teritoriad, romelsac

ar gaaCnda damoukidebeli poziciis gamovlenis unari. romau-

li tradicia icnobs etruskebTan brZolis mraval epizods.

maT Soris dasaxelebulia aTwliani (Zv.w. 406-396 wlebi) omi

qalaq veisTan.romis armias meTaurobda diqtatori markus ka-

143etruskebi da romaelebimilusi.romaelebma gaimarjves da veis samflobeloebze kon-

troli daamyares.

etruskebisa da romaelebis brZolebze mravali legenda

Seiqmna. legendebi dganan romauli maxvilisa da gmiruli

SemarTebis samsaxurSi (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs mucius scevolas

Tavganwirva, romelic maradiuli qalaqis ukvdav xatad iqca).

ramdenime seriozuli marcxis Semdeg etruskebma Sewyvites

brZola, rac niSnavda romis damoukideblobis aRiarebas.

samefo xelisuflebis damxobam da respublikuri wyobilebis

damyarebam arsebiTi gavlena moaxdina romauli saxelmwifos

saSinao da sagareo mdgomareobaze. daiwyo arsebiTad axali

periodi italiis istoriaSi. damoukideblobis mopovebisTa-

nave gamoikveTa romauli diplomatiis sayovelTaod cnobili

niSnebi, romelTa daxvewac saukuneTa manZilze mis upirate-

sobas warmoadgenda.

romaelebi garTulebul politikur situaciaSi, TavianTi

gegmebis Sesabamisad, iviwyebdnen mtrobas da gamodiodnen maTi

interesebis damcvelebad.

etruskebze upiratesobis mopvebas daemTxva axali mtris

gamoCena apeninis naxevarkunZulze. V s-Si galebma (keltebma)

gadmolaxes alpebi, daikaves CrdiloeT italia da Seudgnen

etruskebis Seviwroebas. antikuri avtorebis Tanaxmad, galeb-

ma alya Semoartyes etruskebis qalaq kluziums (Zv.w. 390 Tu

387 wels). romma elCoba gagzavna galebTan. molaparakeba

uSedegod damTavrda. romis elCebi ar Semoifarglnen misiiT

da brZolaSi Caebnen. diplomatebis es nabiji gaxda galebis

romze galaSqrebis sababi. galebma tibris Senakad alias na-

pirebTan daamarcxes romaelebi, mihyvnen damarcxebulebs, ai-

Res da gaZarcves qalaqi. galebis mier qalaqis aReba (alias

dRe) romaelTa xsovnaSi darCa, rogorc warsulis yvelaze

tragikuli furceli (aRniSnul faqtTan dakavSirebiT Seiqmna

legenda batebis mier romis gadarCenasTn dakavSirebiT).

romis mier italiis dapyrobis procesi (Zv.w. V-III ss) ital-

iis mravalricxovan tomTa mkveTri winaaRmdegobis fonze

mimdinareobda. (TvalsaCinoebisTvis sakmarisia davasaxeloT

sami omi samnitebTan, berZnul polisebTan). italiur tomebs

araviTari saxelmwifoebrivi wesrigi ar gaaCndaT, romaul

144 grani qavTariaagresias ebrZodnen stiqiurad. damoukideblobisken ltolva

italikebSi romaul periodSic ramdenime saukune ar Camqra-

la, romi yovelTvis dampyrobelad hyavdaT miCneuli.

etruskebTan yvelaferi SebrunebiT moxda. maRali kul-

turiTa da saxelmwifoebrivi wesrigiT aRWurvili, saerTa-

Soriso asparezze angariSgasawevi Zala ucnobma romaelebma

ise Caferfles, rom maT qalaqTa nangrevebSi erTi naperwkali

ar gaRvivebula.hanibalis italiaSi laSqrobis dros, rode-

sac romis yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi sasworze ido, arcerTi

etruskuli qalaqi karTagenis mxares ar gadasula.

etruskebisa da romaelebis urTierToba, antikuri avtorebis

informaciebis miuxedavad, burusiTaa moculi. sainteresoa

erTi realobis xazgasma,karTagen-etruskebis kavSirisa da

berZnebis dapirispirebisas romaelebi saerTod ar figuri-

rebdnen.

etruskebis daqveiTebas da romaelebis aRmavlobas ramden-

ime faqtorma Seuwyo xeli. pirvel rigSi unda davasaxeloT

galebis gamoCena apeninis naxevarkunZulze.CrdiloeTidan gad-

mosulma tomebma seriozuli dartyma miayenes romsac, magram

mTavari simZime etruriam ganicada, romelsac mTeli ZaliT

daatyda barbarosi tomebis amaoxrebeli Semosevebi. galeb-

ma gadmolaxes ra alpebi da daikaves md. padusis (pos) sana-

piroebi, miadgnen etruskebis sazRvrebs. antikuri avtorebi

amis Sesaxeb fragmentulad mogviTxroben, magram faqtia, rom

etruskebis saomari potenciali galebma Seiwires. galebma

romaelebs gauTavisules samoqmedo asparezi. sisxlisgan da-

clili, gaZarculi da dasustebuli etruria aRmoCnda aRmav-

lobis gzaze mdgomi romis pirispir. galebis gamoCenis Semdeg,

etruskebi welSi veRar gaimarTnen (rac SeexebaT romaelebs,

maT male moiSuSes Zv.w. 390 Tu 387 wels miyenebuli Wriloba).

etruskebis dasustebaSi garkveuli wvlili miuZRviT dasav-

leTis berZnebsac. xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi mimdinare proceseb-

Si kargad informirebulma sicilielebma, rodesac dainaxes,

rom italiaSi maTma mTavarma konkutentebma adrindeli Zal-

mosileba dakarges, daiwyes aqtiuri moqmedeba. sicilielTa

laSqrobas saTaveSi edga sirakuzis tirani dionise. Zv.w. 384

wels berZenTa flotma gaanadgura italiis sanapiroebi, aiRo

145etruskebi da romaelebida nangrevebad aqcia ceres porti pigri. sagareo faqtorebma

etruriis poziciebis dasusteba daaCqara da brZolis velze

movlenebs romaelebi warmarTavdnen. etruskebisa da ro-

maelebis dapirispirebis bolo etapze adgili hqonda sao-

car daundoblobas erTmaneTis mimarT.titus liviuss aRwer-

ili aqvs Semzaravi scenebi, romlebSic adamianis sicocxle

gaTanabrebulia usulo arsebebTan. faqtis damadastureblad

mematianes motanili aqvs brZolebi romsa da tarqviniuss So-

ris. brZolebi xangrZlivi da mZime iyo orive mxarisaTvis. da-

pirispirebisas gamovlinda omis kanonebis sruli uaryofa. ro-

maelebis gansakuTrebuli gaRizianeba da gaafTreba gamoiwvia

tyveebisadmi araadamianuri sisastikiT mopyrobam. etruskebma

samasze meti tyve romaeli msxverplad Seswires TavianT Rmer-

Tebs. ramdenime wlis Semdeg msgavsi ukeTuri qmedeba Caidines

romaelebmac.

gamarjvebis saswori romis mxares iyo gadaxrili. etruskebs

aRsasruli uaxlovdeboda. imedgadawurulni ukanaskneli

gabrZolebisTvis emzadebodnen. gadarCenis gzebis Ziebam

etruskebi TavianT Zvel mtrebTan, berZnebTanac ki miiyvana.

maT kavSiri gaabes siciliasTan,romelic eomeboda karTagens.

berZnebTan kavSirs Sedegi ar mohyolia. berZen-karTagenelTa

konfliqtSi CarTviT etruskebma moikveTes karTagenisken mima-

vali gzebi. apeninis naxevarkunZulze darCa ori dapirispire-

buli Zala.

romaelebs sruli upiratesoba hqondaT mopovebuli xmele-

Tze. zRvis sanapiro zols etruskebis floti flobda, magram

romma am upiratesobasac mouRo bolo.

Zv.w. III s-is dasawyisSi etruskebi SeukavSirdnen galebs da

romauli politikiT ukmayofilo italiel tomebs. ganwiru-

lis ukanasknel gabrZolebas Sedegi ar mohyolia. gamarjve-

bebiT ganebivrebulma romis legionebisagan Sedgenili ko-

aliciuri laSqari apeninis naxevarkunZulis umetesi nawilis

erTpirovnuli mflobeli gaxda. etruskebma brZoliT datoves

asparezi. ukanasknneli etruskuli qalaqi volsini romaeleb-

ma aiRes Zv.w. 265 wels. damTavrda etruskebis mravalsauku-

novani istoria. etruskebTan brZolaSi damtkicda romauli

samxedro organizaciis upiratesoba, romelmac sruliad

146 grani qavTariagaanadgura winamorbedTa samxedro Zalebi.

etruskebis mzis Casveneba da romauli varskvlavis amobrwy-

ineba erTdroulad moxda. etruskebTan erTad romma,xangrZlivi

brZolebiT, Tavis Zalauflebas daumorCila italiis mraval-

ricxovani tomi da maRalkulturosani elinuri polisebi.

mTeli naxevarkunZuli romis saxelmwifod Camoyalibda.

etruriis dapyrobis kvaldakval daiwyo misi nayofieri

miwebis mitaceba.farTod amuSavda romauli sakolonizacio

sistema. etruskul qalaqebSi mravlad Casaxldnen romis mo-

qalaqeebi. laTinurad molaparake mosaxleobis ricxvis gaz-

rdam ganapiroba etruskuli enis funqciebis Seviwroeba da

droTa ganmavlobaSi misi gandevna xmarebidan. etruskuli qa-

laqebi gadaiqcnen romaulad.

saurTierTobo enad laTinuris damkvidrebam daaCqara

etruskebis romanizacia. mSobliur enasTan kavSiris gawyvetam

pirdapiri zemoqmedeba moaxdina sakuTari qveynis warsulis

daviwyebaze.etruskebis romanizacia imdenad Rrmad warimar-

Ta, rom etruskebs ax.w. I s-Si sakuTari qveynis istoriasTan

kavSiri TiTqmis gawyvetili hqondaT da Tavs romaelebad Tv-

lidnen. romauli periodis romanizebul etruskebs mcdelo-

bac ki ar hqoniaT, daeweraT mSobliuri qveynis istoria (Zvel

samyaroSi amis saukeTeso damadasturebelia maneTonisa da

berosis istoriebi (egviptisa da babilonis). ramdenad karg

mdgomareobaSi iqneboda etruskologia, maneTonis da berosis

interesebis mqone etrusks rom ecxovra Zv.w. I s-Si).

aRsaniSnavia erTi mniSvnelovani movlena, meore punikuri

omis dros (Zv.w. 218-201) hanibalma mowodebiT mimarTa ital-

iaSi mcxovreb xalxebs, gaerTianebuli ZaliT ebrZolaT dampy-

robeli romaelebis winaaRmdeg. galebi da ramdenime itali-

uri tomi gadavidnen hanibalis mxareze. etruskebma TavianTi

istoriuli mokavSireebis,karTagenelebis, mxardaWeraze uari

ganacxades.

etruskebi kulturiTa da ekonomikuri cxovrebis doniT

romze maRla idgnen. maTi gavlena moicavda sazogadoebrivi

yofis farTo sferos. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom berZnuli

damwerloba etruskebis gavliT damkvidrda romSi. romaulma

xelovnebam berZnulze adre etruskulis gavlena ganicada.

147etruskebi da romaelebimsoflioSi gavrcelelebuli mravali sityva etruskuli-

dan momdinareobs. varaudoben, rom sityva tirani, romelic

homeross naxsenebi ar aqvs, berZnulSi Sesulia etrusku-

lidan (Tu lidiuridan ?). etruskebisgan isesxes laTineb-

ma lukumoni. cnobilia, rom etruskuli da berZnuli enebi

amdidrebdnen laTinurs da amkvidrebdnen saerTaSoriso as-

parezze. etruskuli da berZnuli sityvebi romis istoriis

gariJraJze damkvidrda da Seesisxlxorca msoflios momavali

mpyrobelebis bunebas. romaelebma popularuli gladiato-

rebis brZolebi etruskebisgan memkvidreobiT miiRes.sadavod

ar migvaCnia, rom gamarjvebuli romaelebi farTod uRebdnen

kars berZnul-etruskul kulturas.

romauli maxvilis qveS moqceuli etruskebi droTa dine-

baSi Seurigdnen beds, gawyvites kavSiri sakuTar fesvebTan da

SeuerTdnen msoflios mpyrobelebs. romanizebuli etruskebi

mkrTalad sCanan romis politikur cxovrebaSi. erTaderT gam-

onakliss warmoadgens imperiis dasawyisis romauli didmpy-

robeluri politikis aqtiuri ideologi, kulturis Tval-

saCino figura gaius cilnius mecenati (Zv.w. daaxl. 74 _ 8).

oqros saukunis romauli literatura warmoudgenelia me-

cenatis rolis gareSe (da ara marto literatura).

etruskuli warmomavlobis romaeli aristokrati gaius

cilnius mecenati Zv.w. I s-is ganaTlebuli romaelis tipu-

ri warmomadgenelia. Cans, misma winaprebma romanizacia adre

ganicades da mecenatis saxiT,antikurobam miiRo romauli

didebis mexotbe, romlis saqmianobaSi araromaelis kvali

saerTod ar SeimCneva.

mecenati asparezze gamovida romis samoqalaqo omebis da-

mamTavrebel etapze. es iyo Zveli msoflios istoriis sisx-

lisRvriT gamorCeuli epoqa. epoqa, romlis ConCxi gamokveTa

genialurma iulius cezarma, xolo xorci Seasxa misma naS-

vilebma (diswulis Svilma) oqtaviane avgustusma.

patara italiuri qalaqis interesTa moTxovniT Seqmnili

mmarTvelobis respublikuri sistema ver pasuxobda msoflio

saxelmwifos winaSe dasmul amocanebs.xmelTaSua zRvis auz-

ze gabatonebam naTeli gaxada respublikuri mmarTvelobis

formebis ukmarisoba. romauli saxelmwifos momaval bedze

148 grani qavTariapirveli gamosvla dakavSirebulia grakxusebis saxelTan.

grakxusebi damarcxdnen.

lucius kornelius sulas diqtaturam respublika miwasTan

gaaswora, magram gadadgomiT sicocxle SeunarCuna.

gaius iulius cezarma respublikas momakvdinebeli laxvari

Casca. misma diqtaturam arsebiTad daamTavra misi arseboba.

cezaris erTpirovnul mmarTvelobas respublikis damcveleb-

ma teroriT upasuxes, magram micvalebulis gacocxlebas

sisxlis mdinareebmac ver uSvela. cezari mokles SeTqmuleb-

ma. misi anderZiT memkvidrem,axalgazda gaius iulius oqta-

vianem, saocari sibrZniT da windaxedulobiT gaagrZela

didi winamorbedis ideebi da romis Zlevamosili saxelmwifo

mmarTvelobis axal formaze gadaiyvana, Tumca garegnulad re-

spublikuri samkaulebi SeunarCuna.

iulius cezars didebis Saravandedi Seuqmna galiis omebma,

uZlevelad miCneuli pompeus didis damarcxebam da mravali

brZolis brwyinvaled warmarTvam.

oqtavianes biografiaSi sabrZolo efeqtebi ar figuri-

rebdnen. misi mTavarsardlobiT warmarTuli brZola wyaroe-

bSi dafiqsirebuli ar aris. am mxriv misi cezarTan Sedare-

ba SeuZlebelia, magram oqtavianes gaaCnda iseTi Rirsebebi,

romlebiTac aRemateboda Tavis did maswavlebelsa da gzis

gamkvalavs. avgustusi flobda unars qveSevrdomebSi gamoer-

Cia calkeuli dargis mcodneni da xeli Seewyo maTTvis, ekeTe-

binaT is, rac icodnen. avgustusis dasayrdens warmoadgenda

armia, romelsac saTaveSi edgnen samxedro xelovnebaSi gan-

swavluli pirebi. maT SerCevaSi avgustusi Seudarebeli iyo

da am alRom didad Seuwyo xeli gamarjvebis mopovebaSi.

ra programa hqonda cezars, ucnobia. am fonze oqtaviane

warmogvidgeba farTo masStabis dinj saxelmwifo moRvawed

(misi devizi iyo: „iCqare nela“), romelmac romi axal si-

maRleze aiyvana da safuZveli daudo uzarmazari imperiis

marTva-gamgeobis formas, principats, garegnulad respubli-

kurs, SinaarsiT monarqiuls. principati, mravali uaryofiTi

gadaxris miuxedavad, sami saukune arsebobda romSi.

avgustusi mkacric iyo da samarTlianic. politikuri mowi-

naaRmdegeebis mimarT iCenda ukidures sisastikes (Tumca `saq-

149etruskebi da romaelebimenSi~ xazgasmiT aqvs miTiTebuli, rom damnaSaveTa mimarT

iCenda lmobierebas). meore triumviratis TavaSvebulma mZvin-

varebam uamravi adamianis sicocxle Seiwira; maT Soris, ro-

mauli azrovnebisa da oratoruli xelovnebis mSveneba markus

tulius ciceroni.avgustusi cdilobda mis Svelas, magram

ver SeZlo.

oqtaviane Zv.w. 31 wels markus antoniusis tragikuli aRsas-

rulis Semdeg romis erTpirovnuli gamgebeli gaxda da Seudga

samoqalaqo omebiT dangreuli qveynis aRdgenas. gamarjvebul-

ma oqtavianem diplomatiuri TavdaWerilobiT moxibla ZmaTam-

kvlel sisxlisRvrebs gadarCenili romaeli aristokratebi.

“maradiul qalaqSi“ triumfiT Sesuli, mokrZalebuli titu-

liT, „pirveli senatori“ (Princeps senates), dakmayofilda.re-

spublikur romSi pirveli senatori ganmasxvavebel niSnebs

atarebda. oqtavianes moqmedeba warmoadgenda Wkvianurad mo-

fiqrebul nabijs, rom ar gaeRizianebina naomari romaelebi,

romelTac simSvides pirdeboda.amave dros, senatorebma icod-

nen, rom oqtavianes ukan uzamazari armia idga. amitom umaR-

lesi xelisufalis survils Seupasuxeblad akmayofilebdnen.

amas mohyva oqtavianes religiur, samxedro titulaturaTa

kaskadi: umaRlesi qurumi, RvTaebrivi, samSoblos mama; mis

xelSi iyo samxedro da samoqalaqo xelisufleba, iTvleboda

mudmiv konsulad da tribunad.

imdroindeli literaturul-filosofiuri ideebis Rrma

codniT aRWurvil oqtavianes mravali ganaTlebuli megobari

edga gverdiT, romelTa rCevebs didi yuradRebiT epyroboda.

samecniero literaturaSi aseT pirebad dasaxelebuli arian:

valerius mesala korvini, misi Txzulebebidan araferia moR-

weuli; asinius polioni, mravali literaturuli da saisto-

rio Sinaarsis naSromis avtori, misi Txzulebebic dakargu-

lia; mesame piri iyo gaius cilnius mecenati.

imperatoris saganmanaTleblo politika romauli kul-

turisa da azrovnebis yvela sferos moicavda. gansakuTrebiT

didi aRmavloba ganicada literaturam. avgustusis peri-

odis romauli poezia dResac sayovelTao mowonebas imsax-

urebs (svetoniusis Tanaxmad, imperatoric werda leqsebsa

prozaul Txzulebebs. fragmentebi moRweulia). principatis

150 grani qavTariaistoriisaTvis upirveles wyaros warmoadgens oqtavianes

„saqmeni~, romelSic moTxrobilia yovelive imis Sesaxeb, rac

`samSoblos mamam“ gaakeTa qveynis sakeTildReod. „saqmenis“

teqstidan kargad Cans, raoden daxvewili literatori iyo

misi avtori.

oqtavianes garSemo Semokrebil ganaTlebul personaTa Soris

gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava literaturisa da xelovnebis

aRiarebul mfarvels, gaius cilnius mecenats (romanizebul

etrusks).

cnobebi mecenatis Sesaxeb fragmentuladaa moRweuli.an-

tikuri avtorebi ZiriTadad msjeloben romael poetebTan mis

urTierTobaze. magram arsebobs fragmentebi, wminda politi-

kuri datvirTvis Semcveli teqstebiT, romlebSic kargad Cans

misi damsaxureba romauli saxelmwifos winaSe.

mecenati romis istoriis mRelvare epoqaSi cxovrobda. es

iyo epoqa, rodesac orad gaTiSuli romaelebi daundoblad

Rvridnen erTmaneTis sisxls da es ukeTuroba did gmiro-

bad da patriotobad saRdeboda. mecenati asparezze gamovida

respublikisa da imperiis dapirispirebis yvelaze daZabul

etapze. romi omebSi iyo CarTuli. omi iyo qveynis SigniTac da

qveynis gareTac.

mecenati iyo didi romaelebis Tanamedrove (ciceroni,

cezari, oqtaviane avgustusi, vergiliusi, horaciusi, ovid-

iusi) da CarTuli iyo aqtiur politikur cxovrebaSi. mas

Tavidanve hqonda gansazRvruli barieris romel mxares dam-

dgariyo da mTeli sicocxle mis msaxurebaSi gaatara; igi

monarqistuli ideebis erTguli iyo da aseTad darCa.

mecenati gavlenian romaelTa Soris gamonaklisia. igi uy-

oymanod dadga axalgazrda oqtavianes gverdiT. wyaroebSi

xazgasmulia, rom mecenati saxelisuflo Tanamdebobis da-

kavebis gareSe warmarTavda romaul sulierebas. avgustusTan

megobroba iyo is ganZi, romlis wyalobiTac igi udidesi av-

toritetiT sargeblobda. mis gavlenas gansakuTrebiT zrdi-

da is faqti, rom xSirad uxdeboda avgustusis mniSvnelovan

davalebaTa Sesruleba, xelmZRvanelobda diplomatiur mis-

iebs, awarmoebda molaparakebebs avgustusTan dapirispirebul

politikur ZalebTan.

151etruskebi da romaelebi mecenatis avtoritetets emsaxureba kornelius tacitusis

Txroba. ̀ analebSi~ igi iwers, krispusi iyo romis saxelovani

istorikosis salustius krispusis dis SviliSvili, romelic

iSvila da misca Tavisi saxeli. krispuss gza xsnili hqonda

maRali magistraturebisken, magram gahyva mecenatis kvals da

miaRwia iseT gavlenas, rom aRemateboda mraval konsuls da

triumfgadaxdils. masSi imaleboda didi sulieri Zala im-

isaTvis, rom gadaeWra mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi.

tacitusis gadmocemiT, avgustuss ori megobari hyavda, vip-

sanius agripa, brZolis velisaTvis da gaius mecenati, aranak-

leb sapasuxisbgeblo saqmeebis mrCevlad. am asparezma mou-

tana mecenats imperatoris ndoba da avtoriteti.

oqtavianesa da antoniusis dapirispirebis dros, maT Soris

molaparakebas mecenati warmarTavda (erTi aseTi Sexvedris

Sesaxeb informacias gvawvdis horaciusi, romelic misiis

SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda).

cnobilia, rom avgustuss iulius cezarisgan gansxvavebiT,

samxedro saqmeSi sakmaod mdare monacemebi gaaCnda. Tavis sust

mxares kargad grZnobda da arcerT seriozul saomar opera-

cias saTaveSi ar Cadgomia.aRniSnuli sfero mindobili hqonda

mis megobars da siZes agripas. am naklis miuxedavad, avgustusi

Seudarebeli diplomati da qveynis administraciuli mowyo-

bis didostati iyo. mas politikuri azrovnebis sul sxva ta-

lanti gaaCnda. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs imperatoris mier ital-

iaSi gatarebuli reforma, romelmac udidesi roli Seasrula

imperiaSi Semavali xalxebis istoriaSi.

oqtavianem calkeul tomebad dayofili italia romauli

gaxada. misi gegmis mixedviT, msoflio imperias unda Seeqmna

mTavari dasayrdeni da es roli unda SeesrulebinaT ital-

ielebs. dion kasiosis Tanaxmad, reformis ideis avtori iyo

mecenati. reforma iTvaliswinebda italiis dayofas TerTmet

regionad. italiaSi mcxovrebi yvela araromaeli cxaddeboda

romis moqalaqed (savaldebulo iyo laTinuri enis codna).

italiis rigiT mcxovrebs unda erwmuna, rom misi samSoblo

iyo romis imperia da igi cxaddeboda am imperiis moqalaqed.

reformis mizani iyo romanizaciis procesis dasruleba.

ufro zusti iqneba Tu vityviT, es iyo italiis mravalerovani

152 grani qavTariamosaxleobis romanizaciis programa SemuSavebuli araromae-

lis (mecenatis) mier imperatoris aqtiuri TanadgomiT (avgus-

tusis droindel italiaSi, italikebis garda cxovrobdnen

xmelTaSua zRvis auzis sxva xalxebic.mravali berZeni da

finikieli inarCunebda mSobliur enas siciliaSi. finikiele-

bi iyvnen agreTve sardiniasa da korsikaze. berZnebma ena di-

okletianes epoqamde SeinarCunes. am faqts Tavisi axsna aqvs.

berZnuli romSi ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis enad iTvleboda).

mecenatisa da oqtavianes axlo megobrobis damadasturebe-

li mravali faqti arsebobs. svetoniuss daculi aqvs cno-

ba, romlis Tanaxmad, imperatori avadmyofobisas yovelTvis

arCevda, yofiliyo mecenatis saxlSi,eskvilinumze (romelic

garSemortymuli iyo SesaniSnavi baRebiT).

mecenati erTaderTia romis istoriaSi, romelsac Tanamde-

boba ar ekava, magram imperatorze zemoqmedebiT mraval maRal-

Cinosans aRemateboda. iyo niWieri kariskaci da icoda, sad ra

unda eTqva da ra gaekeTebina.am gziT miiqcia man imperatoris

yuradReba, romelic bolomde SeinarCuna.cnobilia, rom moR-

vaweobis adreul etapze oqtavianem uzarmazari ZalmosilebiT

aRWurva, magram Seasrula ra droebiT dakisrebuli funqcia,

uari ganacxada am sferoSi saqmianobaze da imperatoris sa-

gangebo davalebebis SesrulebiT Semoifargleboda.

mecenatma saxeli da dideba moixveWa literaturisa da xe-

lovnebisadmi gamoxatuli siyvaruliTa da mzrunvelobiT.

mecenatis Tanamedroveni iyvnen romauli azrovnebisa da mw-

erlobis gigantebi: ciceroni da cezari. politikur saqmi-

anobas CamoSorebuli mecenati kulturisa da literaturis

sferos ganviTarebas Caudga saTaveSi. mis garSemo Camoyalibda

berZnul-romauli poeziis TayvanismcemelTa mozrdili jgu-

fi, romelic literaturis istoriaSi mecenatis wris saxel-

iTaa cnobili.

Zv.w. I s-is meore naxevari iyo RvTaebrivi niWiT dajildoebul

poetTa epoqa (vergiliusi, horaciusi, ovidiusi), mecenatis

roli rom ara, bevri poeti miRweul didebas ver moipovebda.

oqtavianes msgavsad, leqsebs werda mecenatic. misi liter-

aturuli Semoqmedebidan araferia moRweuli, magram anti-

kuri avtorebis kritikul gamonaTqvamebs Tu vendobiT, sxvaTa

153etruskebi da romaelebiTxzulebebis RirsebaTa brwyinvale Semfasebeli sakuTari

SemoqmedebiT ver daitrabaxebda. am naklis miuxedavad, ar

Surda sxvebis warmateba. mas gaaCnda unari, SeemCnia poeturi

niWiT dajildoebuli ucnobi personebi. daxmareboda maT gzis

gakvalvaSi(zogjer finansuradac). gaweul qvelmoqmedebaTa

gamo, misi saxeli istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc literaturis,

xelovnebisa da mecnierebis mfarvelisa.

mecenati epoqis Svili iyo. wesrigi, romelic avgustusma

Camoayaliba da daakanona, mis politikur Sexedulebebs See-

sabameboda. monarqiis erTguli msaxuri energiulad iRvwo-

da imisTvis, rom romauli literaturis centrSi RvTae-

brivi avgustusi mdgariyo. misiis mxatvrulad gamoxatva,

xelovnebis sxva dargebisgan gansxvavebiT, SeeZlo poezias da

imdroindelma didma poetebma uzarmazari xarki gadauxades

epoqis moTxovnebs. Seiqmna saxotbo poeziis mravali Sedevri,

romlis ideologiur wamxaliseblad mecenati unda miviCnioT.

amis naTeli damadasturebelia is faqti, rom „oqros sauku-

nis~ poetebi avgustusis gverdiT xSirad uZRvnidnen leqsebs

mecenatsac.

„oqros saukunis“ udidesi poeti publius vergilius ma-

roni (Zv.w. 70-19) mecenats uaxloes megobrad da mfarvelad

miiCnevda. siaxlovis mravali faqti daculi aris poetis Tx-

zulebebSi. vergiliusis uzarmazari memkvidreobidan gamo-

hyofen sams:“bukolikebi“,“georgikebi“, „eneida“. poetma „geor-

gikebi“ miuZRvna mecenats. vergiliusi poemaSi gvauwyebs, rom

Txzuleba dawera mecenatis davalebiT, igi TiTqmis Tanaavto-

radac ki gamohyavs. svetoniuss daculi aqvs aseTi epizodi:

aqciumis brZolaSi gamarjvebidan dabrunebul avgustuss, sami

dRe Seusveneblad ukiTxavda vergiliusi „georgikebs“, roca

daiRala da xma dakarga, kiTxva gaagrZela mecenatma. „geor-

gikebSi“ gamokveTilad aris daxatuli patriotuli ideebis

upirvelesi daniSnuleba. misi azriT, samSoblos dasayrdeni

aris miwaTmoqmedi, romelic xnavs miwas da mohyavs mosavali.

analogiuri ideebis gaRrmavebisken mouwodebda oqtaviane av-

gustusi.

romauli poeziis mwvervali „eneida“ uSualod impera-

toris dakveTiT aris dawerili. poetma gaaRrmava miTi iu-

154 grani qavTarialiusebis gvarisa da romaelebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb

.“eneida“datvirTulia berZnul-romauli legendarul-lit-

eraturuli motivebiT. es aris ganaTlebuli romaelis war-

modgeniT Seqmnili warsulis suraTebis poeturi asaxva (ver-

giliusi antikur avtorebs homerosis donis poetad hyavdaT

warmodgenili).

vergiliusisa da avgustusis miznebi gansxvavebuli iyo.

aRniSnaven, rom vergiliusi dakveTas didi xalisiT ar Sex-

vedria, magram faqtia, rom imperatoris surviliT Seiqmna

msoflio literaturis mSveneba da am gamarjvebaSi mecenatis

rolic unda vigulisxmoT (dakveTiT rom mravali nawarmoebia

Seqmnili, kargadaa cnobili msoflio literaturaSi).

mecenatisa da vergiliusis axlo urTierTobis damadasture-

belia poetis anderZi. svetoniusis Tanaxmad, vergiliusma Ta-

visi qonebis meTormetedi mecenats dautova. vergiliusisa da

mecenatis megobrobam da oqtavianes keTilganwyobam udidesi

roli Seasrula „oqros saukunis“ poeziis ayvavebaSi.

„oqros saukunis“ meore didi poeti iyo kvintus hora-

cius flakusi (Zv.w. 65_8). horaciusis aRmomCenad antikuri

tradicia Tvlis vergiliussa da variuss, romlebmac Zv.w. 38

wels SeamCnies igi da warudgines TavianT mfarvel mecenats.

axalgazrda horaciuss SesaniSnavi ganaTleba hqonda miRebu-

li aTenSi. leqsebs werda berZnuladac.

filipTan cezaris winaaRmdeg mebrZolma horaciusma uari

Tqva Tavis respublikur ideebze da mecenatis gavleniT aqtiu-

rad Cadga avgustusis mexotbeTa rigebSi. horaciusi iyo lib-

ertinis Svili. mecenatis daxmarebiT brwyinvale warmateba

moipova da „oqros saukunis“ poetebis mSvenebad gadaiqca.

mecenati zrunavda horaciusis piradi cxovrebis mowyo-

baze. cnobilia, rom mecenatma mas saCuqrad gadasca sak-

maod mozrdili vila. horaciusi Tan axlda mecenats

brundiziumSi,rodesac igi molaparakebas awarmoebda markus

antoniusTan. mgzavrobisa da molaparakebis siZneleebze

moTxrobili aqvs poets.

vergiliusis gardacvalebis Semdeg romauli poeziis

„mefe“poeti iyo horaciusi. amitom bunebrivia, rom qalaqis

daarsebisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo himnis dawera avgustus-

155etruskebi da romaelebima horaciuss daavala. davaleba poetma SesaniSnavad Seasrula.

himniT horaciusma ganimtkica mfarvelTa keTilganwyoba da

misma poeturma didebam ramdenime safexuriT aiwia maRla.

horaciusi maRalfardovani sityvebiT mimarTavda Tavis mfarve-

lebs: mecenatsa da avgustuss. poeti ar erideboda TvalTmaq-

cobas. mliqvnelobas moiTxovda imperiis msaxurebis etiketi.

horaciusi da mecenati gardaicvalnen Zv.w. 8 wels. sveto-

niusi wers,horaciusi gardaicvala mecenatis sikvdilidan

59 dRis Semdeg. dakrZales mecenatis gverdiT eskvilinumze.

„oqros saukunis“ mesame didi poeti iyo publius ovidius

nazoni (Zv.w. 43 _ ax.w. 18). igi tragikuli bediT gansxvavde-

boda mecenatis wris ganebivrebuli panegirikosebisgan. saeWvo

ar aris, rom ovidiusi ar emxroboda mecenatis wris lit-

eraturul mimarTulebas. Sors idga imperatoris RvTaebrivi

niSnebiT Semkobisgan. nazonis gansxvavebuli xedva miuRebeli

iyo avgustusis politikisTvis da amis gamo ver miiRebda me-

cenatic. SeuTanxmebloba gabatonebul ideologiasa da Ta-

visufal azrs Soris gaxda nazonis samudamo gadasaxlebis

mizezi. varaudis doneze SeiZleba iTqvas, mecenats rom ecocx-

la, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom igi miaRwevda avgustusis

gulis molbobas da poetis gaTavisuflebas, an mdgomareo-

bis Semsubuqebas. ra danaSauli Caidina ovidiusma, ucnobia.

zogierTebi danaSaulad miiCneven dapirispirebas mecenatis

wresTan, romelic aidealebda avgustusis saxels. meore ver-

siiT, poeti Seewira sasaxlis intrigebs. imdroindel romSi

ovidius nazonis dasacavad xma aravis dauZravs (mecenati gar-

dacvlili iyo, romelsac SeeZlo tvirTis Semsubuqebac da

damZimebac), misTvis veravin moicala da sasjels avgustusis

gardacvalebis Semdegac ixdida.

ovidiusis sikvdiliT Caqra „oqros saukunis“ didi sameu-

lis ukanaskneli varskvlavi. ver vityviT, rom ovidiusze

risxvis damtexi ver erkveoda poetis sidideSi, magram surda,

es sidide Tavis morCilebaSi Caeyenebina.

avgustusis momdevno cezarebma literaturas saerTod amo-

acales suli da momakvdavis mdgomareobaSi ganusazRvres sao-

crad Sekvecili asparezi.

romauli samyaro kacTmoZuleobis epoqaSi Sevida. sisxlis

156 grani qavTariamdinareebis adidebam literaturisa da mSvenierebis Tay-

vaniscemis xati daamsxvria da meore rigSi gadaisrola. didi

romauli poezia warsulis sakuTreba gaxda da rCeulTa vi-

wro wreSi hpova TavSesafari. romSi aRar darCa adgili hora-

ciusis „odebisa“ da ovidiusis „siyvarulis xelovnebisTvis“.

es ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos muzebma uari Tqves „maradi-

uli qalaqis“ msaxurebaze, magram simaRle, romelsac adgili

hqonda avgustusis epoqaSi, darCa“oqros saukunis“ poeziis

tkbil mogonebad. romSi moxda saocreba, romlis warmmarTve-

li iyo saSualo donis poeti, etruskebis mefeTa STamoma-

vali, gaius cilnius mecenati.

marTalia, mecenati ar gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuli Semoq-

medebiTi monacemebiT, magram, rogorc vTqviT, mas sxva unari

hqonda: gaaCnda daxvewili kariskacis niWi, romelmac icoda,

sad unda eTqva da sad gaCerebuliyo. am unaris wyalobiT Sein-

arCuna man saxeli da dideba.rom ar yofiliyo mecenati, ad-

vili SesaZlebelia, rom arc romauli literaturis mravali

Sedevri Seqmniliyo. am kuTxiT igi msoflio literaturaSi

uiSviaTesi movlenaa da amitomac iqca misi saxeli poeziis

mfarvelis kognomenad.

b i b l i o g r a f i a

sanikiZe l., antikuri qveynebis istoria (punikuri omebi),

1965.

qavTaria g., hanibali, 1979.

wereTeli al., Zveli romi,1957.

herodote, t. 1. 1975.

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