Chapter 12 Writing and Reading This multimedia product and its contents are protected under...

Chapter 12 Chapter 12

Writing and Reading

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Copyright Pearson Allyn & Bacon 2010

Chapter 12 Anticipation GuideChapter 12 Anticipation Guide


Roots of WritingRoots of Writing

• Evolves from Pre-Speech Gestures

• Determine Where Students Are on Continuum– Stages fluctuate– Stages may overlap


Figure 12.1: Developmental Stages/ Scoring Figure 12.1: Developmental Stages/ Scoring GuidelinesGuidelines

From Georgia Department of Education, Developmental Stages/Scoring Guidelines for Writing, Atlanta, GA: 2000.


Guided WritingGuided Writing

• Identify a strategy worth teaching

• Introduce the strategy

• Help students try the strategy

• Help students work toward independent mastery


Process Approach to WritingProcess Approach to Writing• Prewriting

– Topic selection– Planning– Rehearsing

• Drafting (or Composing)– Emphasize creating, not mechanics or spelling– Requires perseverance– Focus on audience


Process Approach to WritingProcess Approach to Writing• Revising– Model process– Aesthetics, formation, revisions– Tools for revision

• Editing: spelling, conventions– Model process– Editing tools

• Questions• Snapshots• Thoughtshots• Exploding a Moment• Building a Scene

– Peer editing


Figure 12.2: Figure 12.2: A Sample Revision ChecklistA Sample Revision Checklist


Process Approach to WritingProcess Approach to Writing

• Publishing– Focus on means of communication

• Conferences– Questions: opening, following, process– Types: teacher-individual, teacher-group,

peer, author’s circle


Figure 12.5: Figure 12.5: Writing Conference SummaryWriting Conference Summary

Adapted from Writing Workshop Survival Kit by G. R. Muschla, 1993, West Nyack, NY: The Center for Applied Research in Education.


Writing WorkshopWriting Workshop• Minilesson• Guided Writing/ Strategic Writing

– Writing strategies• Expository• Narrative

• Writing Time– Focus of writing workshop

• Group Sharing• Management of Writing Workshop


QuickwritesQuickwrites

• Brief drafts in response to short literature selections or other topics

• Effective with struggling writers

• Can later be extended


Teaching a Writing StrategyTeaching a Writing Strategy

• Explanation of strategy

• Demonstration of strategy

• Guided practice

• Application

• Extension

• Assessment & Review


Interpersonal WritingInterpersonal Writing

• Dialogue or Conversation Form– Dialogue journals– Letters, notes, e-mail

• Provides Practice in Reading and Writing

• Privacy, Sensitivity Concerns


Improving Expository WritingImproving Expository Writing

• Read expository text– Teach expository structures

• Cognitive strategy instruction– Improves expository writing– Procedures

• Instruction in text structures• Think sheets


Figure 12.7: Planning Think SheetFigure 12.7: Planning Think Sheet

Adapted from Cognitive Strategy Instruction in Writing Project by C. S. Englert, T. E. Raphael, & L. M. Anderson, 1989, East Lansing, MI: Institute for Research on Teaching.


Guiding the Writing of ReportsGuiding the Writing of Reports

• Difficulties in Analyzing & Classifying Information• Types of Report Writing

– Accumulating information– Transferring information– Transforming information

• Making Resources Available• Sharpening the Focus• Closing the Gap


Helping ELLs with WritingHelping ELLs with Writing• Begin writing early• Academic Language

– Mastering language, form– Expand reading– Teach organization, sentence structure,

vocabulary, academic language– English linear style - might be different from

style English learners are familiar with


Figure 12.10: A Writing GuideFigure 12.10: A Writing Guide


Assessing and Improving WritingAssessing and Improving Writing

• Identify Key Traits– Content primary element– Engage students in identifying key traits

• Rubrics

• Create student portfolios


Technology and WritingTechnology and Writing

• Desktop publishing– Teach features

• Computer-assisted presentations

• E-mail--Emphasize courtesy, safety concerns


Reading Helps WritingReading Helps Writing

• Model of form & formats

• Source of ideas

• Reading like a writer


Full MenuFull Menu• Academic• Business/economic• Civic/personal development letters• Everyday/practical• Social• General communication• Newspaper• Creative• Personal• Writing to learn


Tools for the ClassroomTools for the Classroom

• Provide writing opportunities

• Word-processing programs benefit struggling learners

• Scaffolded learning important

• Review essential standards

• Use formal assessments & observation

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