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“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Types of Intelligence:What Does It Mean to Be Smart?


Intelligence

What is intelligence?

Are there different types of intelligence?

If so, how many?

Can intelligence be measured?

Not all psychologists agree on the answers to these important questions


What Is IQ?

IQ: Intelligence Quotient– Score on an intelligence test– Meaning has changed over time


Intelligence Testing: History

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon– Developed first intelligence test (1904-1911)– Identify students who need extra help– Test many normal children at each age– Compare individual’s score to “normal” scores– Mental age– Chronological age






Question


What does IQ stand for?

A) Intelligence Quantity

B) Intelligence Quotient

C) Instant Quotient

D) Intelligence Quota

E) Inane Quotient


Intelligence Testing: History

Lewis Terman (Stanford University)– Developed American version of the Binet-Simon

test, called the Stanford-Binet test, for ages 2 to adult

David Wechsler– Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)– Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)– Performance and verbal subtests






Question


Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon are credited with ________.

A) devising a universal definition of intelligenceB) explaining the difference between general and specific intelligenceC) developing physiological measures of brain activity in response to intellectual tasksD) creating the first intelligence testE) improving the American education system in the early 1900s


Calculating IQ

Problem: people don’t get stupider with age

Modern approach– Compare individual to standardized sample

IQ =mental age

chronological agex 100


The Normal Curve

Population Mean

Standard deviation






Question


The standard deviation indicates ________.

A) the average score

B) the degree to which individual scores vary from the mean

C) the number of scores that deviate from the mean

D) the ratio of scores above the mean

E) the ratio of scores at the mean


Reliability and Validity

A good test must be valid and reliableReliability– Test produces consistent results

Validity– Test measures what it is supposed to

The WAIS-III is highly reliable, but is it a valid measure of intelligence?






Question


Measuring your feet at the beginning of this course and then measuring you feet at the end of it would be a ________ measure, but NOT a ________ measure of your IQ.

A) valid; reliable

B) reliable; valid

C) truthful; real

D) valid; consistent

E) reliable; consistent


IQ and Achievement

IQ tends to be related to achievement– High school and college grades– Job prestige and salary– Marital stability

However, IQ accounts for only a small amount of the variation in job success Correlation is not causationMotivation, education, culture are important






Question


Is IQ associated with achievement in the real world?

A) It is impossible to tell

B) Yes, but only for those with high IQ

C) No, there are no correlations of IQ and achievement

D) Yes, but the relationship is small

E) Yes, but IQ only relates to school achievement


One Intelligence or Many?

Charles Spearman– g: general factor– s: specific factors– Intelligence depends mostly on g



– Crystallized intelligence– Fluid intelligence

Aging– Crystallized intelligence doesn’t suffer– Fluid intelligence tends to decrease



Carroll’s three-stratum model– Top strata is g, general intelligence– Second strata includes fluid and

crystallized intelligence with 6 other broad abilities

– Third strata includes 69 specific abilities






Question


Crystallized intelligence is to fluid intelligence as ________.

A) knowing facts is to creating novel solutions

B) novel solutions is to knowing facts

C) essential is to optional

D) optional is to essential

E) strong is to weak


Emotional Intelligence (EI)

1. Managing

2. Understanding

3. Perceiving emotions

4. Facilitating thought with emotion– Handling relationships

Women tend to have higher EI than men






Question


You notice that a friend grimaces when you mention another person's name and you realize that your friend has a problem with this person. What aspect of the four-branch model of emotional intelligence does this illustrate?

A) Understanding emotionB) Managing emotion D) Perceiving emotionC) Facilitating emotion E) Initiating emotion


Multiple Intelligences

Howard Gardner (8 or 9 forms of intelligence)– Linguistic intelligence– Spatial intelligence– Musical intelligence– Logical-mathematical intelligence– Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence– Intrapersonal intelligence– Interpersonal intelligence– Naturalist intelligence– Existential intelligence (tentative)






Question


According to Howard Gardner, the types of intelligence should be viewed as ________.

A) irrelevant

B) distinct

C) genetically determined

D) unrelated to culture






ANOTHER question


According to Gardner, if you are good at understanding literature, you have high

________ intelligence.

A) linguistic

B) mathematic

C) spatial

D) body

E) general


Multiple Intelligences

Robert Sternberg (3 forms of intelligence)– Analytic intelligence– Practical intelligence– Creative intelligence


Brain Size and Intelligence

Is bigger always better?– Depends more on size of crucial brain areas– Females tend to have smaller brains but equal IQs– Correlation between size and intelligence is small– Correlation is not causation


IQ and Speed of Processing

Is IQ correlated with speed of information processing?– Mixed results– Those with higher IQs are better able to judge

which of two briefly presented lines are longer– Measures of neural conduction are only

weakly related to intelligence






Question


What is the relationship between brain size and IQ?

A) Brain size has no impact on IQ

B) They are correlated

C) Large brains usually indicate lower IQ

D) They are not correlated

E) This has not been investigated


What is the relationship between brain size and IQ?

• A) Brain size has no impact on IQ

• B) They are correlated

• C) Large brains usually indicate lower IQ

• D) They are not correlated

• E) This has not been investigated


IQ: Genes and Environment

• Adoption studies– Correlation of IQs for identical twins raised

apart is higher than that for fraternal twins and nontwin siblings raised together

– An adopted child’s IQ correlates higher with the biological mother’s IQ than with the adoptive mother’s IQ

– Strong evidence of the link between genes and IQ


Genetic Relatedness and IQ






Question


The correlation of IQ's for adult identical twins raised apart is ________.

• A) higher than for fraternal twins raised together

• B) lower than for fraternal twins raised together

• C) the same as fraternal twins raised together• D) the same as identical twins raised together• E) higher than for identical twins raised

together


IQ: Genes and Environment

• Effects of environment– Stoolmiller (1999) estimated

the effects of the environment on IQ to be 57%

– Microenvironment– Selecting the environment as

we age– Reaction range






Question


The effects of genes versus environment are best understood through ________.

• A) observational studies.

• B) sibling studies.

• C) adoption studies.

• D) examination of the brain.

• E) reasoned analysis.


Group Differences in IQ

• Race differences• Test bias• Environmental differences

– Adopted blacks– WWII 1/2 black children

• Microenvironments• Sex differences






Question


The fact that microenvironments influence intelligence suggests that ________.

• A) only genetic factors determine what is viewed as an appealing environment

• B) it is impossible to understand how the environment impacts intelligence

• C) even though identical twins have more genes in common than do siblings, both groups tend to have similar

• microenvironments• D) your genes help shape aspects of the environment itself• E) aspects of your environment can help reshape your genes


The fact that microenvironments influence intelligence suggests that ________.

• A) only genetic factors determine what is viewed as an appealing environment

• B) it is impossible to understand how the environment impacts intelligence

• C) even though identical twins have more genes in common than do siblings, both groups tend to have similar

• microenvironments

• D) your genes help shape aspects of the environment itself

• E) aspects of your environment can help reshape your genes


Boosting IQ

• The Flynn effect– Average IQ increases 3 points every 10

years– Explanations?

• Daily life is more challenging• Nutrition is better• Reasoning ability stressed by IQ tests has

gotten better, not IQ itself• Hybrid vigor


The Pygmalion Effect

– Random selection of children– Self-fulfilling prophecy


Mental Retardation

• IQ less than 70

• 4-7 million Americans

• Islands of excellence– Savants


Mental Retardation

• Genetic influences– Down syndrome– Fragile X syndrome– Autism

• Environmental influences– Fetal alcohol syndrome– Childhood diseases– Exposure to environmental toxins– Inadequate medical care






Question


A person is generally considered to be mentally retarded if they have an IQ score

of ________ or less.

• A) 25

• B) 60

• C) 70

• D) 80

• E) 100


The Gifted

• IQ of 150-180

• Prodigies

• Gifted child Gifted adult?


Creativity

The ability to produce something original of high quality or to devise effective new ways of solving a problem

• Two stages of creativity– Generate various possible solutions– Select among them


Creative People

• Characteristics– Use of analogies– High intelligence– Wide interests– Don’t like dogma– High self-esteem– Work hard

• No strong genetic relationship• Creativity and mental stability?

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