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Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009
11This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
Chapter 6Chapter 6
Development Over the Lifespan
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009
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Developmental PsychologyDevelopmental Psychology
Developmental psychology –The psychology study of growth, change, and consistency through the lifespan.
Examines these changes from multiple perspectives
• Physical
• Emotional
• Cognitive
• Sociocultural
Examines how both heredity and environment influence these changes
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The Nature-NurtureThe Nature-NurtureInteractionInteraction
Nature-nurture controversy –Long-standing dispute over relative importance of nature (heredity) and nurture (environment) in their influence on behavior and mental processes
e.g., ADHD-genetic component vs. environmental causes
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The Nature-NurtureThe Nature-NurtureInteractionInteraction
Twin studies – Developmental investigations in which twins, especially identical twins, are compared in the search for genetic and environmental effects
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The Nature-NurtureThe Nature-NurtureInteractionInteraction
Adoption studies – Studies in which the adopted child’s characteristics are compared to those of the biological family and the adoptive family
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What Innate Abilities What Innate Abilities Does the Infant Possess?Does the Infant Possess?
Newborns have innate abilities for finding
nourishment, avoiding designed to facilitate
survival.
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Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development
Prenatal period –The developmental period before birthZygoteEmbryoFetus
Placenta –An organ that developsbetween the embryo/fetusand the mother
Teratogens –Toxic substances that can damage the developing organism
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Neonatal PeriodNeonatal Period(from birth to one month)(from birth to one month)
Sensory abilitiesvisual and auditory preferences
Social abilitiesmirror neurons
Innate reflexesPostural reflex
Grasping reflex
Rooting reflex
Stepping reflex
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InfancyInfancy(from one month to about 18 months)(from one month to about 18 months)
Neural Development
• sensitive periods
• brain development• Synaptic pruning
Maturation –The unfolding of genetically programmed processes of growth and development over time
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
BirthBirth
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
Responds to soundResponds to sound
Becomes quiet when picked upBecomes quiet when picked up
Vocalizes occasionallyVocalizes occasionally
Birth 1 mo.1 mo.
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
Smiles sociallySmiles socially
Recognizes motherRecognizes mother
Rolls from side to backRolls from side to back
Lifts head and holds it erect and Lifts head and holds it erect and steadysteady
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo.2 mo.
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
Vocalizes to the smiles and talk Vocalizes to the smiles and talk of an adultof an adult
Searches for source of soundSearches for source of sound
Sits with support, head steadySits with support, head steady
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo.3 mo.
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
Gaze follows dangling ring, vanishing Gaze follows dangling ring, vanishing spoon, and ball moved across tablespoon, and ball moved across table
Sits with slight supportSits with slight support
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo.4 mo.
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
Discriminates strangers from familiar Discriminates strangers from familiar personspersons
Turns from back to sideTurns from back to side
Makes distinctive vocalizationsMakes distinctive vocalizations
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo.5 mo.
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
Lifts cup and bangs itLifts cup and bangs it
Smiles at mirror imageSmiles at mirror image
Reaches for small objectReaches for small object
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.6 mo.
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
Makes playful responses to Makes playful responses to mirrormirror
Sits alone steadilySits alone steadily
CrawlsCrawls
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.
7 mo.7 mo.
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
Vocalizes up to four different Vocalizes up to four different syllablessyllables
Listens selectively to familiar Listens selectively to familiar wordswords
Pulls to standing positionPulls to standing position
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.
7 mo. 8 mo.8 mo.
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.
7 mo. 8 mo. 9 mo.9 mo.
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
Plays pat-a-cakePlays pat-a-cake
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.
7 mo. 8 mo. 9 mo. 10 mo.10 mo.
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
Stands aloneStands alone
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.
7 mo. 8 mo. 9 mo. 10 mo. 11 mo.11 mo.
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Maturation Timetable for LocomotionMaturation Timetable for Locomotion
Walks aloneWalks alone
Birth 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4 mo. 5 mo. 6 mo.
7 mo. 8 mo. 9 mo. 10 mo. 11 mo. 1 year1 year
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InfancyInfancy(from one month to about 18 months)(from one month to about 18 months)
Contact comfort-physical contact
• Harlow (1965)- the stimulation and reassurance derived from physical touch
• Field (1986)-message for premature babies
Attachment-emotional relationship between child and parent
• Lorenz-imprinting
• Bowlby (1969)-human attachment is innate
• Ainsworth (1989)-attachment styleSecure attachmentAnxious-ambivalent attachmentAvoidant attachment
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What Are theWhat Are theDevelopmental Tasks ofDevelopmental Tasks of
Childhood?Childhood?
Nature and nurture work together to help children
master important developmental tasks in the
areas of language, acquisition, cognitive development, and
development of social relationships
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How Children Acquire LanguageHow Children Acquire Language
Innateness theory of language –Children learn language mainly by following an inborn program for acquiring vocabulary and grammar
Language acquisition device (LAD) – Structure in the brain innately programmed with some of the fundamental rules of grammar
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How Children Acquire LanguageHow Children Acquire Language
Babbling stage
Vocabulary and grammarOne-word stage
Two-word stage
Telegraphic speech (short, simple sentences)
Morphemes (meaningful units of language that make up words)
Overregularization (e.g. using “hitted” and “feets”)
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How Children Acquire LanguageHow Children Acquire Language
Other language skills
Social rules of conversation (e.g., listening)
Abstract words (e.g. hope, truth)
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Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development
Cognitive development –The process by which mental abilities change over time
Piaget’s stage theory-
• Schemas –mental structures thatguide your interpretation of concepts and events
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Accommodation –Mental process thatmodifies schemas in order to accommodate newinformation
Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development
Assimilation – Mental process that incorporates new information into existingschemas
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment
SensorimotorSensorimotor
PreoperationalPreoperational
Concrete Concrete OperationalOperational
Formal Formal OperationalOperational
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment
SensorimotorSensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
• Birth to about age 2
• Child relies heavily on innate motor responses to stimuli
• Sensorimotor intelligence
• Mental representations
• Object permanence
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment
Sensorimotor
PreoperationalPreoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
• About age 2 to age 6 or 7
• Marked by well-developed mental representation and the use of language
• Egocentrism• Animalistic thinking• Centration• irreversibility
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Concrete OperationalOperational
Formal Operational
• About age 7 to about age 11
• Child understands conservation but is incapable of abstract thought
• Conservation
• Mental operations
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Formal OperationalOperational
• From about age 12 on
• Abstract thought appears
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Social and Emotional DevelopmentSocial and Emotional Development
Temperament –An individual’s inherited, “wired-in” pattern of personality and behavior
Socialization –The lifelong process of shaping an individual’s behavior patterns, values, standards, skills, attitudes and motives to conform to those regarded as desirable in a particular society
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Authoritarian parents
Authoritative parents
Permissive parents
Uninvolved parents
Social and Emotional DevelopmentSocial and Emotional Development
Most approaches to child rearing fall into one of the following four styles:
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Social and Emotional DevelopmentSocial and Emotional Development
Other factors influencing a child’s development may include:Effects of day care
Leisure influences
Gender
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Erikson’s Psychosocial StagesErikson’s Psychosocial StagesAge/PeriodAge/Period Principal ChallengePrincipal Challenge
0 to 1 1/2 years0 to 1 1/2 years Trust vs. mistrust
1 1/2 to 3 years1 1/2 to 3 years Autonomy vs. self doubt
3 to 6 years3 to 6 years Initiative vs. guilt
6 years to puberty6 years to puberty Industry vs. inferiority
AdolescenceAdolescence Identity vs. role confusion
Early adulthoodEarly adulthood Intimacy vs. isolation
Middle adulthoodMiddle adulthood Generativity vs. stagnation
Late adulthoodLate adulthood Ego-integrity vs. despair
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What Changes Mark theWhat Changes Mark theTransition of Adolescence?Transition of Adolescence?
Adolescence offers new developmental challenges
growing out of physical changes, cognitive changes, and socioemotional changes
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The Transitions of AdolescenceThe Transitions of Adolescence
Adolescence – Developmental period beginning at puberty and ending at adulthood
Rites of passage – Social rituals that usually take place at about the time of puberty and serve as a public acknowledgement of the transition from childhood to adulthood
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Menarche – Onset of menstruation, which signals puberty in girls
Around puberty, boys and girls become more aware of their physical attractiveness
Physical Maturation in AdolescencePhysical Maturation in Adolescence
Puberty – Onset of sexual maturity
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Masturbation
Sexual Orientation
Sexual Issues in AdolescenceSexual Issues in Adolescence
Sexual issues in adolescence often include the following:
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Hormones rise to high levels
The frontal lobes undergo a “remodel”
• Processes information through the amygdala rather than frontal cortex
This leads to sensation seeking and risk taking, and preoccupation with body image and sex
Adolescence brings Piaget’s final stage of cognitive growth (abstract and complex thought)
Cognitive Development in Cognitive Development in AdolescenceAdolescence
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Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral ReasoningReasoning
Development of our sense of right and wrong
Using moral dilemmasresponses fell into 6 categories/stages
I. Preconventional moralityStage 1: Reward/punishment
Stage 2: Cost/benefit orientation; reciprocity
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II. Conventional morality
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral ReasoningReasoning
• Stage 3: “Good child” orientation• Stage 4: Law-and-order orientation
III. Postconventional (principled) morality• Stage 5: Social contract orientation• Stage 6: Ethical principle orientation
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Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral ReasoningKohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
Critiques of Kohlberg’s theory:
• Culture and morality
• Gender and morality
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Identity crisis
Period of turmoil?
Social and Emotional Issues Social and Emotional Issues in Adolescencein Adolescence
The increasing influence of peers
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What DevelopmentalWhat DevelopmentalChallenges Do Adults Face?Challenges Do Adults Face?
Nature and nurture continue to interact as we progress thorough
a series of transitions in adulthood, with cultural norms about age combining with new technology to increase both the
length and quality of life for many adults
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Early and Emerging AdulthoodEarly and Emerging Adulthood
Intimacy versus isolation
• Intimacy-capacity to make a full commitment
• Isolation-inability to connect with others in meaningful ways
Exploration and experimentation
• work, lifestyle, worldviews
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Challenges of MidlifeChallenges of Midlife
Peak period of life as opposed to “over the hill”Generativity vs. stagnationGenerativity –
to make meaningful and lasting contributions to family, work, society, or future generations
Most do not undergo a mid-life crisis
Most do not experience the “empty nest syndrome”
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Late Adulthood:Late Adulthood:The Age of IntegrityThe Age of Integrity
According to Erikson, the final crisis involves ego-identity vs. despair
Ego-identity –The ability to look back on life without regrets and to enjoy a sense of wholeness
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The Last Developmental Problems The Last Developmental Problems You Will FaceYou Will Face
Some of the most obvious changes that occur with age affect physical abilities such as:Vision
Hearing
Thinking, learning, and problem solving
Memory
Sexual functioning
Social interaction
Emotions