Chapter 2 Radio This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The...

Chapter 2 Radio

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:

• Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;• Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any

images;• Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

The ability to communicate one to many using radio signaled the beginning of electronic mass media.- Kaye & Medoff, p. 39

www.ablongman.com/medoffkaye1e Copyright © 2005 Allyn & Bacon

Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon

Hear It Then – Radio History

Electrical Telegraphy - 1835 Distance conquered for first time Wires and expert operators needed

Electrical Telephony - 1876 First direct personal communication

Point-to-Point Electrical Communication Good for land messages Not good for ship to shore messages


Early Theorists & Experimenters

James Clerk Maxwell Theorized radio waves

Heinrich Hertz Demonstrated radio waves

Guglielmo Marconi First to transmit signal by wireless

Transmitted Morse code across Atlantic


Experimenters with Voice

Reginald Fessenden First to transmit voice over the air

1906 Christmas Eve programHeard by telegraph operators at sea

Lee DeForest Developed audion tube Clarified and amplified voice


Radio Becomes a Mass Medium

The idea of “Broadcasting” Receiver sales would bring profit But idea delayed by WWI

First regular broadcasts: 1909 Charles “Doc” Herrold - regular transmissions of music & talk from San Jose

1912 Frank Conrad did the same in Pittsburgh

WWI halted commercial development technology and training advanced


Radio Becomes a Mass Medium

Commercial broadcast began in 1920 KDKA, Pittsburgh – Westinghouse station

556 stations on air in 1923

19211922192319241925

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Radio Stations


Legislation for Radio

The Radio Act of 1912 Licenses for commercial radio

The Radio Act of 1927 Created FRC License in “public interest, convenience, and necessity”

Reissued all earlier licenses The Radio Act of 1934

Permanently added FCC to 1927 act Added television to FCC authority


Early Radio Networks & Programs

RCA owned NBC (with 2 networks) United Independent Broadcasters Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) started by Columbia Phonograph Company

Mutual Broadcasting System


See It Then – Radio Programs Live music dominated the 1920s 1930s - programming variety increased Dramas

Soap OperasEpisodic Dramas

Comedy Quiz Shows Sporting events - baseball & boxing


Effects of Radio

Attendance at Vaudeville shows declined

Recorded music sales dropped Poor quality High cost

Announcer speech led to softened regional dialects

Late 1930s, radio news gained credibility w/Edward R. Murrow Daily newspapers began closing Radio began newscasts Biltmore Agreement limited wire service news

Radio brings word of WWII


Radio in the 1940s

WWII offered tax breaks Advertisers turned to radio Paper rations limited print ads

FM radio was held up Government took over radio factories and bandwidth


Radio in the late 1940s & 50s

Late 1940s and ’50s - Back to music TV took over former radio programs (game shows, sitcoms, dramas, westerns…)

Television takes off after war

Audience moved to TV

Radio reinvents itself with music Rock ‘n’ Roll Top-40


See It Then – Recorded Music

Began to replace live in 1950s Transistors made radios portable

Stations adopted formats that targeted niche audiences

Rock ‘n’ roll Gave radio new life Term coined by D.J. Alan Freed Led to “Top 40” format radio


Frequency Modulation (FM) Radio

Invented by Edwin Armstrong Superior sound – More bandwidth Available since the 1940s Several false starts

Assigned frequencies change Early FM receivers made obsolete

Stereo makes FM grow in 1960s Surpassed AM in popularity in 1978


See It Now – Radio Programs

Music Formats Began to dominate in 1966, esp. on FM

News and Information Primarily on AM All-news News/talk Sports/talk

Non-Commercial National Public Radio


See It Then – Radio Programs

1970s & 80s Narrowing & shuffling of formats - from country to 3 types of country

National & regional syndication increased

Localism starting to fade Talk radio gained momentum (especially with rescission of Equal Time requirements)


Telecommunications Act of 1996

Virtually Ended Ownership Limits Stations sold at rapid pace since ’96 Clear Channel owns over 1200

Effects of Telecom. Act of 96 on programming

Radio more formulaic across all markets Voice tracking and automation Single DJ on multiple stations across USA

Radio losing localism


Competing Technologies, Challenges

Radio challenged by transmission new systems Cable & satellite audio channels XM/Sirius radio Internet radio Podcasting

Wireless Internet 2000s - iPod/mp3 players make personal music collections portable

Low Power FM


Responses to challenges

Responses Digital Radio

In-band-on-channel - dig & analog channels simulcast, use other channels for $ generation Multiple choices from one station(3 channels in one)

Government supports localism May result in satellite with local content

Your ideas?


Subscribers to Satellite Radio

28,000 0

360,000

30,000

1,360,000

262,000

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

2002 2003 2004

XM

Serius

Chapter 6 Programming

“By today’s standards, the level of static and generally poor audio quality that characterized these programs would make them unlistenable, but to yesterday’s audience, radio was magic.” - Medoff & Kaye p. 107

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:• Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;• Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;

• Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.www.ablongman.com/medoffkaye1e Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon


See it Now – Programs Scheduled

Locally Produced On-site Program Director decides playlist

Local “talent” - DJs in the booth, local news people, talk personalities

Still important, fading element of stations - controversial



Network/Syndicated Stations pay or trade commercial time to networks/syndicators

HUGE trend National/regional production quality AND celebrity

Cheaper, easier, more dependable than local DJs & music

Loss of localism



Using the program clock Playlist Rotation News or Info Commercials Computer driven, automated, VERY TIGHTLY PROGRAMMED

Often based on research


Top Radio Station Formats ‘02-’03

1. Country2. AC3. Oldies4. News/Talk5. Religious6. Christian7. Sports8. News9. Talk10. Gospel

11. CHR/Top 4012. Classic Rock13. Rock/AOR14. Spanish15. Classical16. Jazz17. Urban Contemporary18. Diversified19. Educational20. MOR


Wilmington Radio Stations

89.7 WDVV The Dove - religious 90.5 WWIL gospel 91.3 WHQR NPR .. public/classical/jazz 92.7 WBPL-LP - religious 93.7 WBNE The Bone - .. classic rock 94.1 WKXS Kiss 94.1 - .. urban ac 95.9 W240AS WOTJ-90.7 FBN religious 97.3 WMNX Coast 97.3 urban ac 98.3 WSFM Surf 98.3 .. modern rock 99.9 WKXB B99.9 .. rhythmic oldies 101.3 WWQQ Today's Hottest Country 102.7 WGNI 102.7 GNI .. hot ac 103.7 WBNU The Bone - Shallotte 103.9 WWTB|r.WLTT-106.3 The Big Talker

-


Wilmington Radio Stations

104.5 WRQR Rock 104.5 .. active rock 106.3 WLTT The Big Talker - .. talk 106.7 WUIN The Penguin .. adult

alternative 107.5 WAZO Z107.5 .. CHR-pop 630 WMFD ESPN .. sports 980 WAAV .. news/talk 1180 WMYT 1340 WLSG .. southern gospel 1410 WVCB .. religious 1470 WVBS|r.WOTJ-90.7 FBN .. religious 1490 WWIL|on FM .. gospel


Radio StationStaff Functions Now

General Management Leadership, hiring/firing, station construction & maintenance for several stations

Station manager: supervises one station in a group

Sales persons: sell air time to advertisers

Technical Installation, operation & maintenance of broadcast technology, technical compliance

Programming & Production Planning & executing a program schedule aimed to realize management objectives

Schedules blend mix and prerecorded programs


Radio Production

The “sound chain” Actual sounds are converted into electrical

impulses by microphones. The impulses are transmitted by wire to an

audio console (a. k. a., mixing board). Here, the sound may be modified--for ex.,

made louder or an aspect of it, such as its bass, boosted.

Here, different sounds—music & an announcer's voice—may be mixed.


The ProgramDepartment Now

Program director: Responsible for all matter to be aired.

Music director: Screens recordings, decides which will be aired (rotated).

News director: Responsible for the scheduling & production of every news broadcast (newscast)


The PromotionDepartment Now

Refers to all actions that aim to prompt either

reception to certain programs or a positive attitude toward the station

Promotions can air on the station or be “pitched” to

other media in the station’s market; are aimed at audience

acquisition maintenance & recycling

are also aimed at persuading advertisers to buy station time; &

strive to boosting employee morale


The SalesDepartment Now

General sales manager: Oversees sales dept

Nat’l sales manager: In charge of non-local ad accounts

Local sales manager: In charge of local ad accounts

Traffic manager: Schedules commercials (spots)

General Sales Mgr.

Nat’l Sales Mgr.

Local Sales Mgr.

Traffic Mgr.


Other StaffFunctions

Research unit: Interprets and reports ratings data for use by sales dept.

Community relations and marketing: Strives to construct a positive image for the station & to market it to audiences other than advertisers.

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