USSBS Report 42, The Japanese Wartime Standard of Living

8/3/2019 USSBS Report 42, The Japanese Wartime Standard of Living

1/62

: (/)I

THE UNITED STATESSTRATEGIC BOMBING SURVEY

THE JAPANESE WARTIMESTANDARD OF LIVINGAND UTILIZATION OF

MANPOWER


2/62

THE UNITED STATESSTRATEGIC BOMBING SURVEY

THE JAPANESE WARTIMESTANDARD OF LIVINGAND UTILIZATION OF

MANPOWER


3/62

Tllis report '''lIS II'riUQII primllrily for I~e usc of tLa~ '~iLcd.SMlest :Dombin". UI"",c'>in the prepar ation o! [mthol HlpOI ts of II1m . . gl c L '.. - s . . , Imore comprehensive nature, ..\'Ill' ro~ch.'siOl)S. Or OPHlID:!.'S expI!?~~(, th is report must be considered as limited 10 Ibe specific IU lL te , " . 11

III 1~. -, 'I 'II ! ~leover...d 'lIlrl as subject \(I fu rt lwr intcrpro tn tion m l Ul 'Ig It, (I ru r ners tudies conduetcr l by the SUTW-'Y

FOREWORD' l' ho Uni ted Slnlcs SI'I',ilcgic Bombing Survey

was p..slablisho(l Lylho Soor.etmy o! ''''ar or, 3Novcrnhor ] 0 44 , P U IC S IH l .1 Il . to a directi "0 from !,helute Presiden t Rooseve lt , It s miss ion WIIS to COlt-d ud n n im pai-tiu l and Sl Ik i,and will! mobileteams operating lllotbcr parts of Japnn, theislands of tho Paeif ic , OIl{lll ie Asiatic mainland.Itwas possible to reconstruct much of wartimeJnpnncsc mi li tar y p lnnn ing and execu tion , engage-r nen t by engagement , and campaign by campa ign,and to sec u re reasonably ace u rnlest atist ies OJIJupan's economy 1 I > 1 l d W!lT production, plnm, byplfUlt,lllid indllstry by industry. III addition,studies wore conducted 011 Japan's over-ail stTll"regie plans and tho background of hllr Ililtry into"t,he war, the internal di scuss ions and negot ia tionslead ing to h or r acce p tunce of uncond isional sur-render, tho C01.U~0 of bcatth and moru la among thecivi li an populat ion, the e ffect ivenes s of the Japa-nose e iv i ll a u dllJense organizu tion, IIud th e elTect .sof the atemlo bombs. Separate reports will beissucd 00 vering each ph USC 0 f the s ttl ely.The SUrI'cy i nt errogated more than 700 ,Japfl-

MSII military, Government, and industr ia! off icioJs .Ital so recovered and t rl llwl It ed many documentswhich notonly haNGbean usefu l to Ol e Survey, butalso will furnish data valuable f or o th er studies.Al1"llngcmonts hn "0 bcCII made to turn over thoSt l l V0:Y'S files 10 fbe Central Intelligence Group,tlu"{)uglL which t.hey will be UVII ilnb!e for fllrthru-oxamina tion and distribution.

iii


4/62

UNITED STATES STRATEGIC BOMBING SURVEYMANPOWER,. FOOD AND CIVILIAN SUPPLI1!S DIVISION

Lt. Comdr. 0.IURL.&6 N!:)I,SON SPINKS, Q. S, N. R.Ohf4 o j D i vi a io : n Lt. WILLIAM A. ED'lVJ,.RDS, C. A..C.O h ie j o f F o od & dw n.RA nlON.D BAIOl!J'I'ANI

Lt. Comdr. OLIVER W . DEWOLl i' , U. S. N. .R . .Oh i e f o j Manp lJ l C tJ r .8 e c lw nLt. :B'lftTNSwrCK A. BI"GDON, U. S. N. R ..Lt. RAI,I'R HIRGCH1'RITT, U. S. N. R.Lt. (jg) EDWIN P. REUBENS, U. S. N. R,.U . (jg) SCRrDNEn MGCoy , U. S; N.lt

Lt. OS.oI,RLES H. SCHMlOT, A. C..Ohf4 qf. OiQilitmSUPllliu S~iQnLt. JJ;ROI.!E FORREST, Big. C.u, HaROI,O E. FAssIiEaQ, A. C.


5/62

Table of Cone entsP A ' l T I. DgOLINI ': INJAF ;\NESE S 'rANOAHDOF LI\lINC-l~OO]) __ _1. Jnpal! '! Ii P rGm ! o .r F o o d l',rudt .ion~_ ~ __ ~_ & ~ . . In, Wnrtime Supply of Food __ __ 2Lll, W"cti,nc 11"00


6/62

1 ' 1 0 . . .No.!!S. Ext" , Al !~ 1" ",, ,1 $ und er tb o S l~p le R&ti ""- S",lom, Jnl"''' Prol"lr, D~>mber 19 Jl toJ~no 19~4_ ._

'29, Q n li ty o f Foodo Subot ll ulo d for 111"" ' " .lIe";t~l> l. lb ';o'" Japma Pr ol"! r, 1'9 ~2-i5tll,olno 10".) _3 O . 8 1 & 1 >1 0R3t i, ," S tn l. l u re "" n . , ' L s e < i Oil 16 ~'lll.'IIJ..lS _ - - - .- - -st. S" fir,I ), a nd m ' "P IlOn" '' '' :' ' o f S ta ple Food s,1 11 37 -1 1, ( tllo u"",od m ol ria , ,,,,. ).-- ----32, Dal ly Por Capil a A ,.~l nb i1!, ) o f SUl l' l" Foodo ,Jap"', 1'101" '" ]!l,1]-IS (g....ms); --.------33. 'Fodor)" I 'roduol!pn of .IIi, J~I"''' PIO""r,1!H0-~6 Imolrie le,,,,' _M. D,. jl y 1 '0 , Capit a I1,,1Nu it' ~l " . .. .L P rod " " J ap an P rope .IMj-l6 ( .o"n } ~48. Pcroen "'go 'of"""'" OblILil)oo on Bnek M",k'olM Il,elI J9

27

27

11 1

'"1\10

32

1 4. N o," D~lf\\)T\d" tor Gell.ral Laooro r s , Japan1"01"", 1030 ' _7-6. AUoenUo" Pia II l or G""o.~1 ) ,nbom rs by So"""'""J"p8n 1 ' 1 ' 0 [ > < 1 ' " J O a o . _ _ . . _76. N ow Dem n n II, for 0 " "oral. l.ntJ o", ... , JapanProper, 19~0__ _n. Al Io (! nt io " P la IL for GOlle r, "1 L "bol' (ll 'l ! bX50"'0""" J,fi[}fill Proper, 19~0__ _ . _78. JlltoonHol! P1B I I for ' l' el npo" lT ,) ' Q .""ral Work:

ors , J il l) !' " Pro"" ,. , lO,~j ( teu t hou" ,, ,, d Mnn_.D a,.l"') .,70. DClllnud. lor 1'.'"po''''y G.neral Wo'l, o duCl ;' il r P er Worke r in -Sl

00. Co"so ~lption and P"",.i Ilg of Wo : r k ; ' : ; ' ~-jI~~~.PtOl:oer, Sprillg 19-13 . ' . _9 1. Numoo r' o f e"""nl(i"g. m,d Nmnoor or Bui ld ings

D estroyed and Damo.god i ll Six M~jor Jap-B""",, C it io" _92. N ew Emcrge"cy Laoor' AlIooaLiom;, Jap3"_ PI"O I"", 1945 _ . __ ._. ._93, Wo~kc" , R .c po rti ll g r ar Work "-'l fi Pel'c I) .o oo la I6 ' 01 mnn -hou es lo st I lOrmoruh) ~._. __& _~

Abwmoo; '; '1l) ln Nine Plo:m!8of M"!lufs.~"'. r8 01E lOC tr io G00Cr,1935-14 (thou~!I!ld .'lu~reYlln.b).

1329

91

06

JOO

107

]Ali!l3'A ..

U3

C.lla

1l1

l J ol i B

110116IW


7/62

x,

1 ' 1 L ' L . . orI"''''' " , , < I ,Stook.['rduotiu", [ ,1\, [""1,, . " ,,_ ( ' t 301"'''Heud cf HlII,w ol Oil,0" 193-15 ( 'l \i ll i" " r o" n< l" 1" -1'n.lP(!t. ~ _, ~llQn~ an d StUCI~""""I".,loh. hnpor\>-, ('I II Jar"'''all f t~l Id 01 Co IIO" 0 '.1'1I'r. 1936-15 (1011.)

;\Ionlhly Prod u o~io" 01 Hid,," an d~nlber, Japan Prop"" 193 5 -- 15 ( lO ll . )

P lann ed P rod " .ji o" " "d upp l) < I " c t J O hof D"'I,Cli. JBI,uB 1"."'1' ' ' ' 10 8.'>-45 ._Product ion lor DO,",,"1io Consumpti on 01ScIM led C o llij\Jffi., 0 0 ( 1 ( 1 . , Japonl'....e" maH,; (tholl.and Hcms) _

I'.Q.

R.

s.1'.

u,Y.w .

:x .

Y.z .~\A.

llB.CC .!'lD.

FF .GG .

116 II.JJ.

11 6 KK.11 6

1,1,.117

11 7 MM,11 7 ~N.

II? PI'.

117117 QQ.

nn,

SRlIS

liS '1'1'.

liS

11 0 Uti,

11 9 VV.1'191111

\\1W.

120XX.

12012 0 n.lZ I

.x

'1'U'II 'F t lmmed C'' 'n~U'III 'UOII ofIml'o'" nrul . )'I' I>rol.'Or. 11131~11l(,.. ,,10 ll"~ be r, J81,n"(",o"ioIO".)---'. .' - "-llIm-Hnhbor Prod I ret i111 J 1 . l . I . ' H L I I 1 rop~ r, '41. Da\h f~r it;;bbo, 'Ia'.\Ir 1l.o.h1 J) all'~ ro or iM~-45 _du.t,j', .J 811110. P E ' porl~ and 1)0-I'roduotlon, Iml'ort~"1 I'ulp JnpfmmCfll it! COl )5U 1J1pt ion I) _- '1,_'. . 1 113& - 1 5 ( t ho l l '01)

N,,, nile, of J{o""n II Com." at Work" rsBrought jl1io Jnpml P 'r o :p cr A n n ua .l 1 yhI Type 01 Work il&lig'lil"'por. ~18:) lOoNand A\lglIs~ 1945__ _ _ _

Number 'of Sel loo! Studeni . . Mobil i.1l ~-"b , , , , , . y I 945 tot51\ugl)"l, 104.5 .____________ ]'36n~a.o""(or Lo$> of M"II-H\)u", 01 , h , .JBpnn Optical Company" 1"'~yo~1n .oh-15 A"SlI,,1 19~;' ( r na II-ho " "') _ _ 136

C au ,,,,, 0 1 " r~n ,Ho" ", L os l 01 'h e A rn o.!!""",ki P Jant " I tl oo Ot all l He,wy 111_d'!st,y Company, O.tober 1M3-I ;;.-\UgU"~ 1945_ 13i

C"lIumtu;oDof S !" pIQ rood by Work , 19 ~ 1-15 (por-eOlOtI!~c of U1Qu,ho"n; lo.t pcr ' m on th) _ _ 13 7

E"W" . .tad Relnt i"e t lnpo, \. Im.e 01("a""", ,1o, Dc~H"a o f Con I ProdUctioD, .lap811P ro pe r, 1 9 J0 -- 1 ~ (pe '.""iages) . _. _____ U I


8/62

Part IDECLINE IN JAPANESE STANDARD OF LlV1NG-FOOD

J. JAPAN'S PREWAR FOOD POSITIONaJdf1lct~,. oj f he J " I} (m e s t D i et,lapan's food positinn M the outbreak of war

. n December 1M.! was 1l0~ acute by Japll,ne;;estandurds. Durillg t1lo year 19;U the a:"orllge

Table 1JaPt111~U Esti"~Q/~ tV Da i l y I"trrQ1pil4 Calo- I":;c dJI(/ Proltri,-,.RI!,gl'Fjr~hM/#1'{yy A.g:~;,_g/H)' " ~tlld S~

M , ' [.;olio,Mt.1':i WC)) 'Il ' t! 'n

Jlu~1 I FuclV r O r Proii.l!,!!~ ~Ifj Y ' I I I h . l o U~lllt:III!o. (",10-rl t ) (lrmuu!) ,. .) ('''.Ill.)1- -~-,-& W . il.l & 00 il.l1.Il00 " " 1",:200 601',320 10 Jr~ , 1 ' 1l.taO fA l l.m 00I~")]: 00 ::::l GOr,O W . . '.01,(Il00 ;0 !.~7'0 MI . " " m I.G ;CUO O 1lf I.1M mIISSO IiO i,7(Q '",.fI!iJ, SO 1.&lIJ ."~ " " ' " .. . I.~ ill1. '1lm &! 1760 SO~!gJ 1 1 0 ' ~ OO ( ) &!Ii> 2,,:110 00?,roG 100 ' .! ,.'2;!0 002,00) " " 1.300 ss2,l l ' ,O) Ii> ;! .lOO " "u : : Ill;) 2,S3I l ll$, ( 1 1 2,il3O . .,JIIO . . 1.0.0 ! > I IUOO 100 2,,1.:(1 III2,650 '00 2,300 Ii>lrJj u lJ, t,~ . .. ! > I I~430 100 ' 1 , 1 1 1 0 002 , '700 10> 2,3:lII Ii>:1,000 "0 . .~ 100:!,:ISO J20 ~ = 100~ii:l' '" &!1110 - : ! " JOO 'o o2, !I)unesc food

position Oi l till'. eve of tho war Illy ill its inadequate


9/62

PfO. 1m Pfo. 1m I'~ fm-d0 ] ~ o i S 9 2 -6.~7H 1 3D 7 3 , 1 0 1 . , Q , O f R~ .. _. . "1.&.' -2.00-1.1ltllL ................................... )2-J.-ros.::! ' ! O , ' 0 1 . 8 . 2 ' 4 : 1 0 0 . . 00,S30.$ l7.S.1 23,Q30.. ' (;3.1111.' GI.fm 5 'J.~g' 1117 . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ! 1 3 , ,,0. 2 15,001.1 l;,1M.1 . ' < 1 , < 0 " 1 . 5 3(1.181.3 "l2..lCIt.~ :._, :,tt)JoCN,.g ~(,.6M.[, 1 t J S . _ . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . ~.~~."m."'~~ I~.!IJI).~ lJl..,...' ru . to2..1 ..._,...m.s: -:p, 'i.1 -1,,~ ... -~1Il.3I 1 : 1 G . . . . . . . . n,:n(l..'IJ ~1 .3W.1 1ll.31T.S 1.1,S31.V {8, 4 ! . 8 - "'.#1 ~6Sf1..:; Sl.soo.l -"U.~ ~l.r - IQ . .. . ..4 , ! _r~ _~ r ~~~__,~ , ~ "'


10/62

10,I).,:t.l,QU I:!t/i.l

1 ' '2 . 1& ) I . .- "''",~~.1!J t~ I . .'ll,Q.:IG.: 01l\'!tl.3: 011l.!lt\, ;3 . . 3 1 .1 1 . . . ..l.~!i'lII,.!lO.,

Tolo.l HI", ~,w:. Orf 1101;- _1


11/62

I ! ;Pl) l iC11~iono f mos t of lho a v al la b le u g r ic u lt u r n llabor to crop eult] "ULIO!! to th" neglect of landreelnmation,In 1943, bowever, tllll last yellt for which

duLIi.arc nvailublc, eultive Led !HltCllgO decreased771 ,000 acres, II mneh fuster I'ate tholl the mdue-lion of 110,000 neres in urable l aud. Moreover,450,000 acres et tho 771,000 acre drop was ne-counted (oJ' by II decrease in acrcuge u-tilir.cd forfood er ops. Pruvlo usly the milt ivM ed acrenge 0 ffood CI'( )PS hill! inol'ellsoo approximntoly 1,000,000I)CIOS between 1931 [fnd H142 (table 7). Bothincr eased double c ropp ing and sh if ts ill the use of~nud from II on rnod to food orop5 contrib utcd to!tho increase.In the shift of flcrnnge from nonfood to foodmull! er ry acren 1;'11 S u (feTed th II greo (,cstAcreage ill this crop dropped [roman

~llSlloJlllll),~(lCi 1,625,.000 acres in HI31 to 892,001) acres1943 . . I\. r .Ul tber drop to 64 i ,000 acres occurredJ9H . A lt!.tou gb it hn d increased som,mrbn t

)Jefore t h n t t im c ,o J tc r 1941 industr ial crop acreagedecreased.S hi rt s in a cr ea ge umo.ng l'at10US food OI'OPS alsoplace, 'W 'bcn~ , bn r t l lY , nnkod bltt!cy, sweet-

I nn d potu to acr eages in cr eased 6 (} O,O O Obetwceu 1940 and 1944, while soybean,and vcgetnble neranges dcc rcnsed approxi ,2: 50,000 acres. Rice acreage Iluetuat ed

slig!ltly during til(l I931-42 per iod, buo decreasedil32,OOO acres i ll 1 94 :i ,mti300,OOOncL'es itl 1944 Over -all acreage d(~tll. are incomplete for944ruuL wholly unavnllnble for' 1945. It is im-'po~ibl~, Lhllfefore, to t ru,cc. . U . I ~ t rend of nCl'aI lgatll!Z-!LtlOnto the end of hos ti l it i es , HOWC"O lr , e n

,!:mlestlg,~t")n m ad e b y t he J ap il 1l! l! lc in Febl 'ua.ry'11the planted areas of cr ops (lming the 1944-winter season, shows t iJl1t 10,478,709 acresu nde r cultivation I 1m\ 3,6!l9,2li n,QI 'cs wereD i ff ic ul tie s w ith dr&inJ l{ , ' t l an d nd\'ersocondi tions were reported to be the prin-anuses o f n on u se 0r 1:116IuIId, b IJt lack ofwas'list1ld us (liJ'eetly responsible for theILil'ntion of 296,435 acres. Tbose data,e xc lu de H o kk ai do I Im l A ki tl l, K an ag aw a,

11"' ' 'IO,IJ~' 'U:!JJ' ' lind OkiJ11l.wn profeetUlcs. are OO! I -in table 8. .to th e JJ l'o gl'l!s siv cly tig hter Iar m IIIb or( u s d e se r ib e d ill ~h e C I I I 1 .l I 1 0 b O i ' section)likely tbn t the u -en d tow ard both cle-arable land and cultivated acreage, which

ACRE Y IELDS OF S TAPLE CROPSJAPAN PROPER, 1951-1944

(TONS PER ACRE)PE R

, 1I.~I / \ t- :I.' ~ \ I '\I \ I r-,L3 / I I \I I ,I~ fl VICEU ,

!to t\ ,9 -:~ h~ V I\V \ / 1 ". , .~~ ,SARLn :\,,/ ',.\ '/ , '-"j ........... '- ". '\

HA~ED .I l.\. \ V{

\fARLEY -- ' " ,/1 \\,,/::~ If\ // ,,~WHEAT 1-....._.:\. . : ; . . . . - . . . . . . \ f I\ . . . .I ,.7 \ " ~ _ j .. .

V I. . \. . . . . . .,. \I:'r'.:

e 1~ '31 '~3Z1 ~~. I~ .. "'"" ,~. . 1 57 1!1311 1"39 1~ I 41 ., -~B~~ '~4Z_4~ IM4Fmlllll: 2.-1'., aero !jold. ,ofilllplc.roplj. Jnnan p.,rl'"".,. "' 11131-44 (tons per aere),

6

became pronounced ill 1943, eon tinued at. nnacce ler ated paee 1-0 the , ;md of t il e war.rf7orl.im8 PerAr:re. Yield.JII addition I; Q decrens.in,!:, acrenges, tbe per-"ere yield of most crops ill Japan also t(ll~ded todecline in the war yeal'S. Shortngesof ferti lizer,f arm II l. (, or, and othe r fnctor s of prcducsion weremainly responsible. As shown in table '< I lindillustrn ted in f igure 2, yields of wheat, barloy, and)lakc;:ll)lIrioy registered definite downward kandaduring ~he WIll'.It is_ s igni fi can t 10 note, however, that riceyieLds were meintaiucd ILL prewae lel' cls,. Tbeeause ol this phenomenon WIIS p ri ma ril y th e prec-edanea given rice in the facters ,of production,especially with respect to fertilizer, as discussedbelow.

TableSOdri~t#'td tr' iU / UnCltli";:''tII~ 1f.""'Q:g~s) ' 11 , , -;' 18 F'd./14~d' .Virlle l ',oj 1944-4' '

AREA UNDER OlH:I'I,'ATIONI

U :I_ lu Id O ~~ M u . l b t > . f T , ) l l 'Ol:l:ic:rs

!!'~l !m =* & >0 ,( 1< 1; ' [ I32,T. l I l1C."", . 1 1 1 1 . . FIow;,:1 tlploo~ Total

T4tk -or dtldJl!).J)1! o r Ir rlJ:a t.lcn : n od tt ~o=:O~~~'=~Wi~tltii~~~:::::~. ~ = JJ:~ ~:~~~!-::r:.~::::::=::::::::::::::::::: iil:i: . & 1 : = ~:lPlo"oed lOr~1> >I,""" nlGn,ID. " a, IXL\ 00 . 6M ! " ' .:tIg~~,',:!,::,~~.~~::::::-:::::::.::."'(;i :SM' Z!.~ ... g o ~T.ta! .. __ . _ ._._._. :1.11"1058, ........ '0'.'0.'20

I H C l kb hl J; i . . nd " 'k l UI ." K ~ w .a ,. KII..J:Lnblm:. . - ad O k lD a l ir J. p r er e eu n e su:duded.S o U : n , " e : ~JITILuO ,of A p I C l U _ l i .u : f t ! 1 l l D 'i 1 PafC!!u ,'_

Table 9P~'ACI'< )',.{


12/62

B

to!'"..u...J.. .~.. .0>'"ii2:i=i0til

. ..a:: : : >'"..EJJ8Cf oj Ih. IPal ' ()JI Ago';ell/tl l lodl LobarTh e IIeel ilie in .J ap fin esc ! lgl 'i eu ll ,m"l ll p1'0-

ductioll hO~\\'C('1l I !J 'H lind 1946 wn eonsidernblyinDucllccd hy II shOl'L0!l'1) of able-bodied f armlahor, This munpower shortage eontributed tothe reduction of laud under cnlt ivanion, 8S shownill 'I'nble i,nnd ro ulted ill th lISC of I II efficiCIlL[u rm labor, IllUillly women mid older members ofthe Iurming households. '1'[,0 decline in laborofl iden!;y along with tho rest ri cted usc of chamieal(ertilizers WC"e TOlliul responsible (01' I' duc ing thup 1'-1\ 1'1}yie lds of 10 nd under cu lI.ivation.Jnpan's geographic features nud her dCllse

o' population have b on responsible fOl' exceedingly~ smull-s ized [(lI'JllS, nveragmg nbout 2.5 acres ...; Thi s has in turn necessitated intensified methods~ of 'ultiva,tion with human lnbor and virtually noe, m oc hn nix ed o qu ip m n t, For example, the Mill-~ isLry of Agricu lture find ornmeree reported that~ in 1942 there wore only 99 Inrm trnctors in nil,i' J1tl)OU, 65 0 f wh ic h w e re 011 t be i sl an d o f 1 I o k kn id o,-e where the avernge size Iarm is oonaiderably~ hU"er than ill other parts of Japan. Japnnesea forming, th er ef ol' , is primarily l\ household enter-~ prisc, usually utdlizing ouly tho labor of family1 :: members.= Sin ce 1930 \.\10 num bor (If PC) ) OIlS engnged~ . in agr icu ltu re h ns cou tin uu lly decreased in spitee of the Inrge growth in th . . Jnpaneso populu Lion..g n 193 0 t .he agricu ltura l l abor rOt e Lot~Ued.8 14 1;31,025. By J 940 i had decron ed to 13,841,-.s 576, but ill this decade tile Japnno population] had grown by 6,945,567; therefore tbe agriculjurnl:; Inbor force represented u smaller percenlag ()f.~ the toto l. According to the census of October

)944. Lhe agniculturul Inbor force hnd declined to~ 13376,469. Moreover, during tho dceud be-ac, t W(,OIl 1931 lind 1940, ul tivated acreage I letua lly7 increa d 600,000 acres. This inereaso in the,. ; f lle e of II de lilling !lgJ'i()ultul'ollabor force wns dUI'~ I (I im p roved efficiency, n grcn{.,;!I 1I 0 of draft~ animnls nud the planting of less labor-consuming6; .rops.

Estimates by the Ministry of Agri ulturF01 '>sL ry show fI decline in th agriculturnlforce of 74,000 be weell l' eunlOl'Y 1944 find

1945, chiefly because of mili tary con-II, ns shown in lobl(, 10.

'l 'u is ovar-u ll de cl in n in LllP IIll1 n11 1 )r ofrkers , ho\Vcv r, represents only II purt or the

ltural labor probl Ill. J~(lunlly important

., .., .eo

Table 10I !Jl lmautJ Df!ty~,a.r.~ iii Ag,i~"'I*"#l1 L t t . b o , . t r ( ) ' I ' C ; t , jQ_Pa"J

P " "p er , P .b "I It I" Y 1 94 4 to F.hrllllI"Y 1945, !l it to n \ \' am i l: ': D Tou..1

LOT c t 1 , l o 1 nllmbrr QJ i ! " 'I ,1 u, " . ~ ~ . . . _ _r_ _ _ u ft " OJ O 2 !.O .!D S1 & SI 3 -, .W IK~::I~ I . ~ = ~ ~ ~ ) ' CKrtJ O"tT Ih~ ~- VI,7~ 7,ij.~ f~;;~-Mni t l l : r:r ( : t ' J n ; ( ' r l ,n lO n . . ~ ~ a _ m .200 . ~ . ~ ... .

n,11!(~:~~::'~':ri~lu.t.~iPE~ r .; m ~..orktn..... .~ - .r J....:.=4--c:::.:c.;..-I--::-'-:-:-

ToIJlt.. _ ... _ .'\!('-I'~or:u.dNhDnlltpop1l11l.11op. Ilor 10


13/62

Table II

At the rome time military eenseriptien bf.\gonto draw more ab!., ..bodied m en fr om the agr i:-culiuml populntion after 1 93 ., u p ro ce ss w hi ch1\'.85 also intensified in l lo ~ p er io d 1 94 1- -; 15 _ till-fortunat~ly then' is no arlequatu statislicnl 0111-l m r u to show prt 'r~ly the number ofagriculturnlwor ke rs e on se ri pr ed i nt o the a rm ed s er vi ce s, I IIIIstudy conducted i n J RI 1UMY 11)4.S, the ;"Ilinislryof ",\.gTiculluoe IIml Commerce e stim ate d t ha t ap -proximately ' 1 . , ; 0 .0 00 O le n w er e c on so ri pt ed I ra mf arm v il la ge s du ring th~ war, IIIwhom abo II~1 .5 00 .0 00 w er e e ng ag ed c hie fl y in fonning. Wa r;"Iin is!!'}' reeords 011 Ihis slIhjrct were lrurned hI'th e Ja pan ese im m ....lia lc ly IIltN slIrn :o rler , bu t ili s e st imoted Ihot of the In- 10 20 y rn r - ol d menconseript?O! Ie!I III o n.. ". r .. an. WI usl!,), conl-~' I II . .".b I r ., Q . O . . 'I e . .. .e n Ie'~e tlw1 the Army c o n ti ll u ed 1 0 d.. ". ernof Ills st rength from tbe r u tu ! d ie tr i I'!I\\ Lhe bulk. .cts. O Ll Lhe

I I un ! il. l l 1 1 1 s b be n o te d. b lu tt Ilgl'iCllil(llu,r l> , . .\ f T UI\> Ilen sl 11 l l' ohf l ll i zec l f i el i 0.' npOOl S UOOllntny , . 101"o nlTor tln lo ss o f tl1o.npow", ' IIIN,~Hl ~.. .I I 1 IV llo l'io d U )4 1 -- 4" 1 ~ ho Jn I)au eso C lII . fl 0\'. _ I WIlS fully COgl1l1.1111~ 0 lIe ! l1napoI"Qr 1ftIll~~l. . k . . P r c h - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . , . - l "ri cu llure n n r l too p . olllt1\'~ IllensIU ' I > . 'r . .. . IIt1'S,_ 't',qh' it by fl'cezmg' nnlllrrs. to theirII'll ' .. ', . '1 .1 Q~ru. . . .

t . du f cr ti I lg ugnc IIturn work um fl~ ...101l~, '.1' d . om l I . .t .i li l\ Il H , } J ! . .(or VIM, .wnr II I ust.rlcS,oncoUI1l'the use of drrtfl I~n~mulll ,m!!. cooPof.u1ive ~1F~i.--------------d f01 th . b" crl m i t t . . )."t"W (~1Ij,1l"J~ulf':11 ~~ill f~r tIliflg., prol:.l .Illg. " e 1110 Ilil.lItion 1 0 m . _ .,students for u grt~ ultu raJ I work !U1!] 01ll:uni~ J ! ~ ' : - _ ' : ~ : : . : : . -. .. _ : . : : _ : : : : :. : : . . : : ~" :- -~)leclol l1Iobilengru:ll!tUl~- work corps . 1 3, ~encl of .1944, l!owcve,, all ~ffort8 to r@Ii~\,~ . I~~:::-I t 'I . ; i u J {HI.~. _ _ugrorillll mnnpowcr S lor Ilg~ were IlPSet hI' ... ..... _11 ,1 qun rll'l'\Vasapproximn.! : cl y 3 , 000, 000 tOIlS. This 1945 (n1o.y-July ) , os shown in Lllbl.. 11.d ec rc n se d t o 1 ,6 6 5, 00 0 tous .il1 the 194 3

T~.bl.. 13

Tabl e 12

~,6l'1.0001 ., i 5O ' j' , 000~ , 4 S IG . 0 0 0l.a18.0001l$O.0008'19.000& < 1 . . . . . 000$,000

~'~ ' :~n!~I~!f~~~~)!H UT ~ . . ~ ~ . ~ ~ . ~ Im.............,0:)0. _ _._.' 0 l I J . _ .urn1~12_ .~.~r.. _: : : : : ..: : : : : : : : : . - : : : .

10

' i I ' D I ' I I

, . . ..;0'''''~I. .ooo

1 .1W~I1.10


14/62

", . '~Il b,-CllU>l' til oo,erllnJcnl' ] 1 11 ~ \Hb. P"""') e .' II. U dll'lIt1clIl1111l1l1' it mlllllllliory tb at l~ nlc Uc " ': II 'I'lIi$ "rollf er ti li z@T I l\ ', ti lu b lc b e 'lpph~.110 1'111'. (10 1 r,:cei\"~ till' bl'lldil of 1l11l~bof 1 1 1 1 ' n o u nl,, , ", ""jl1l1l!lIn ll e,~p~rtsfl'rUbzl)T I I ~ " ,Ind. "upune ,p... I'", ' '. 1 trom I ie I rI1l (1 6 tn t~ 111111TIC, ' r~ccl\'''''' nutneu I I, ' '_ It ' l"ndouhtell V !C-l I 0 1 1 w at pr , ," ", ( IlL II' I'll u n . . . '1 I, j.' 'a " LO 1'lCC l'ld( S 0r A il S( ' o f this preeec cnee gt\ ' " I wheat b ur l! 'I ', a nd I lli ke d b'lrll'Y d,>en18s;)d dUl'lIIgthe V~lIrfro;', 0,;', 0, 9. lind 0.79 1 01 1 l wr "cn',l'l..p ~ti\ 'l'ly . to O,GS, 0.73, Will 0,;2 ton per OCT.' .The elf .ct of 1 1,,) f~rliliZ('r sborblgt' on all

crops , howcv"r . would hove iucn"lslld hnrply 11 119-16 (no d atu Me n'l'l.ihlblc cOi lcenung t lc tu il l re-sult- in 19-15)0 \ 1111subsequen ~'I,'"rsb'ClIlos .l of th edm ;! ti e n > du r ti on o r frrtiliur produ ction in lh.last nil.of the w ar, en d the tend ne y fo r th e ~u -mulative "lft'llt 01 the ~horl :lgo to inc rease wi ththe possu g.> of lime as the nu trien t' in tho soilwere con umed and not n ri fqu nte ly r op l'.l cc d I) y' Ir ti 6c iJ lI m e a nIt is im pos sible 1 0 delm nin e aC llu rlll~ I.l' thn

1'I'loliollhip Jx.tWN!1l the B,'uilll bilily o f f cr l il i1 . crand the trent! of food pr odu ction in Japan d ur in gthe wn r. dm' to the difficult}' of isolntina t he o lf cc tso f o th er v ar ia bl e f ac to r s, 5 u ~ h" " '! 'u lh er a n d l ab or .It is prob"bly -!lf~ to '1 .URI", ho wever . thn t thor~rriIi1A'r hortnge wns t he p r in c ip a l CIIII"C f or th oreduced per-Bcre yield; i ll nu lt ll uc ou sl y. t he l ab or, u rcity con tr ibu ted to th c deelin e in IIQn'ogc undercultivation and adversely aflected the productionc llp ac ity 0 1 the o gr ic u lt u l' ll l e co n omy ,

T.ble L5Th. E l l " " #/ " " , , , , . , , i . , , , SJlljd. " . " ' 1 SlIp..,brJlPJ,,#- " 1I:t-Ini ..:s e~."c ~.. .II:~'"I:0. .0 ~ ~. . , r : ;ua:~0. .


15/62

im ports from hor colouies, .1Ilop.ll.n imported1,3:10,000 tons of r ice f rom Indochinn, Thailandautl Burma ill H140. I II June Hl41 Jurtherimportsfrom BUI"LlllI were prnct ,; coUy hal ted , bucause of

1"111"' '' , T Lho freezing of JIl.lliUlll!lG assel" in forei.gII'countries,.Q~ l : I1:JI1'ql ti41I '1 '0. . 1 I'I Btirmll TC lW K.ore. y",. Grand011 1. - 1n(OI_ I t O I l k I1-, 03 1 ~ _ . ~ ~ . 0 ''''' Q @ I.m

1 '0 1 . . 1 1 " ro r ! o t t ! 5 - . 1- ~ ., !ffl.. ... - -. ... ..Ri\)t ' impor l.s iu 1945 doolilled I.() 267,000 tons,

npproxinmlely 11 per-: ecn~ o r l lormlll, the bulkof it coming from Korea, Table 20 vividly mus-t rntrs bh is adv c r sc situll.lio u in Lh e lost yeRr 0fthe \\'01'.

15


16/62

J'oCon . ' r ' purlsslllpl~ r o o d 5 - , in terms or torUlsgl.> (I 1111 rdl;imports wN " n Qn naL iy [ or gel' hu t CUll h o _ 'ugar I r, I' III' Joprml lS l ' .he!.)be r on side r ed " Slap, I' 001 III 1 - ,- 00 0PL'Il c to l 10 .:"Ul"J"'~'"lucks.jRic., Japall Pmp.r, I NO.Yf,,,6~~1944staple food in ~he n eigh borh.ood or 13 mIlltonto", I~r'''l.t""1it is .apparent thaI. this CIH'1-y-OI'IlI" st'llck llI.,J'Iokkn !do . 6 . 1 , 7~ SI,j_gu . 1 , M 2 'IUlltnnlOlInl. to a IO-day"supp ly , le ss ~h all C M u,e !A o, mO tL _. - -- -- - ~,83~ JO ),'Ii~'ngi . 1, GOO IIyo,go . 3 050I t ! " " . tl I"t ;ibulioD ,1,,-- 0,1>25 Na.,, --. __ 4 869aT] -illS !lint mtm"l"U]hlOllS J.Il . 10 ('S L 13,00) I Vn k" 'Y D ma _ _ _ _ _ _ I, 536su pplics to COlLStllners. H is estimated tltat 12,293 '[o!l.orL ._ 2,.305slock on hnnd I Novom.blll' 1945 wns only 13:1 l~ r~ ~o ~ . i " " ) ' . 8 " , , l e ~ 3060\'3 :&n ~ ... ~n' _ _ _ _ _ J ttOilS. 'I' 2 25 U Ltfillh!tn n .. 101,5980 ' 1 11 6 Y (J J1 ln gu cl ,i . . _ _ . _ 4, .89520: 360 Toku.birn",_ 2,22814, 2M J('Ignw8_ _ _ __ __ _ 4. Sf 0~I,8H Elrj,nc . __ 2,08911,304 l{ehi. .. _ 1,03S1 0, 1 35 I"ukuok,,_ _ _ __ _ _ _ to, 90 39,220 $"10"_ .. _______ 1,5502,305 NnSMnkL . . _ 5,762:1.078 l{m" B!noto G,UlI;'I,OO~ Qi",, .__. 4,665I, 02 0 j\li~' '''


17/62

WARTIME FOOD CONSUMPTIONIII- ' TabJe28The Su ple F r; tN iRII,ion;n,g 5," '41 _-,II . ' rv ~pr ll ,l ingI N cr 10 p"""~111 III at'O llllf. - . - ~II 0" ' _ . pl;OIl o f t iC " nllllf ro m c aw in g Wlcolltrollrd CO!l.'Ulll_ " _ IIBr-to provide w orkers in ('N'\ iill mil U51 r:r1 ) ;' ~ I lco;; eanw(-t! and prdNre33 ! IO : I . 1 oC l I .'II,-ta I" : 1 , . " "Is t t t d 1 I ItOUIIHI(I~ IIo wl ! l PDII U~ ond:t h e i r allo t m ou ~ 11 0 c{)~lS I U 'C a . u g lOr p .l '( jp .: '" ' '' ' . .. . , ., . . . . . .. _ . . _ . . _ " _ ." _ . . " . . '07, ro o " ' 6 . 813 I.e m . : A i !t ion 0 f thRir total cal one fo od r eq Ul tc mo n I ll , 1 .t Tn"'l. _...... . _.... 1OO,:m 1 ' 3 1 " 000 I,sa .w " 'lit00lthe 8verage, tbe ration lllJotment O r the "I,...~ ' "' '' "' '' 01 '0 ' '' '' ' '' 'p l "on. '1.0 I 6.0 ,s.g 1Ml ab o r" c la ss lVO.S o f s u ff ic ie n t q u an ti ty to p ro .. :. o '~ _n ~ . .. . " :,,, n," " . I f " " " '~'O".hO""I"",uo.1y 8.11d d em a nd oI ricean d sta p le f oo dsf . r o m . 1 93 7L o 1 94 5. T he se d at a i nc lu de -only ricein UIR production, import .and ( ) l lr ry . .ov ru 'c ll t eg


18/62

i f ' U ' l : ! : ! l ' I " : ' I UrI'aP )1IlLW)-~-r. 1~11S '=Ii- ~ ~I r ~ I ' 9 l ~ m !~t 5 t m I ~ ~ il: I ~I.~~ .2 c ~" n 'I ll - 'J -h '] ' . . 'W~Il. uponO C I l . _ y !lVO.I'a r e su pp . le i. As 8 l'I'lIU!. . .. .. . - .. .. (lQ IlS U IQ Q !S\1'01'0 n ev er as su r ed a nr l w er e !lCVat RbI ._. '.- . _ c " " ~ ec o ! v e

Table 34~ ~~ .~ "O Dai/) 1 ? , . , . C s J t i ' " ' R"lioTl ~/IoI ;VJ 6)' p'~J.w.ll7,~.~. . ..v.


19/62

. ing Uoller c~n7i'ruil~ und 1Tg'. aNa,'IiI"distributed ntits a n d vegeta b 1 1 ) . $ would l:llH c~~" . , ....growing pr ova len ce of the black m ur ket In' III.edr:tsyst.etlll r O I ~ ISlIl)]}lenumtfl.q' roods- n ton ded to dorent the, I I '~JlI'tl.VI c.' .'tomon, s wmcn we ru cO . !1 s ld l! l' ab lyp hc no ~ ,~ on tl lo 's n with more me "10 e pU!pI;bclow the average duily per capi ta umounts of foodof l"!ltlODlIlg, . - ~ '.. . "~ D . e y mid I i J i II, -" ble fc . . II .he n(iI'nntoge iu obtainin blflck . n C ~ \I a. ., r 0 " " JJ .n 0 f or c on ll um pt J~ n . T I e o \' ~ rQgohelcd L d. .~ton' bnt ,nA g '1Il~r\:.ilr,ily per capua umouu t s o r B u cl l foods u\'ni1nbl!)( 0 < : 0 snu compO"l I ~ II esn CO!lSUllIUrs gfl,fro 1941 t 194 -, I . 'I' bl 0 TI. ,'. I keen. III ~o - . b are s r ow n JIl ne'l. ,1esOIncreosmg.~ . . . 6 gilres, however, do n o t r op re sc nb the amountsJilid. -Likc the r~ t!o~U Jlg. of O Uter $UP~lIctU!l.lIy ullotted or ccn su med u nder !-lie rntionmentary foods, fish dlStnbutloll w as C u rr ie d 0" ystem, but tllll avornge dnily per eapi In quautlticsby the centl'nl governmen t oIlly in the six Itt whiih were actu ally n vn ilable. The (!l .Gt thatc it ie s , w h il e l oc a l au thorities controlled Ashrnli tmore or these foodswe re p h ys ic n ll y a va il ab le f oriog elsewhere, D a t-ll r eg ar din g th e o ff ic ia l r a ti co ns um ptio n tln m t he r a t io n allotments providedstr uctu re tir o n v ailable for the six hu go cities O J for illuseratesuwo important weaknesses in thef or 1 9 4 3, as S]IO\\I1ln T able 3 8. mtion Syst~lll: (1) T ho fn et (hn t it ,vru; diHieult, ifno t impossible, t.o I lc hi Cl 'C a . smooth nn d cquitnbleTable 38 djstribution of tllese c om mo diti es , a mi (2 ) theD ., Pup) F" h Ra/'" 'Ih 6 LH C' fnd thnt the A rmy, .nvy, llnd certJlm favored'ill ~ r , '" ''' '' ' '""'8'" " I T ' , 'm , ~ w or ke r g ~o up s received eonsidcruhly mora than

IClmm. P


20/62

-. rur their prod IICC.c re & S I! d s ub i di es to f~mwlS . , . [ el l ~ ho rl o fTh l l . . ' i - I l c o rr e ct iv e mMS . u t. l! ll ".h O l l 9 ' e r r ' ' I ~ n ( l c n l]"tling \lies t h~~ t : 9f , ! ,b{) b, ril l l r,ol1l~"Il{I) WIYl. stnndnrd. F romsub.us t~J lCO depot .. , . ., April 19'13 un t i l Soptomber 1 94 4 , 3 0 percent; \hmy loca l A!'1I1)' A.lI11 N ( t v ? ' . \LIuts. !!U[I~~polisbed ri ce (30 per cent {If ( ,bo br an re mo ve d]!II1ll! e d tlm ir food s u JIpllcs by 1'IlI91ngga fd~IlS.~ MIS. ad 0 p ted. In . So pttllll b or 11)01.4, t i l () UBI) ofkc~pUlg til'"@sto~k... T hO ;!) . w as . 1,lOt, how~\\"holly unpolished rille, (brown rico) was attompted;,Ul)' o,'cNllJ, umfied pro~l!lm of ~lLls ( " , 1;111' 0 u ~hQwe"or, beenuso of lts unpalntablenoss andtbo,\I;r il ) 94 .5 . A t Ih at u me th (l. N n vy M illu ;~ d,ig es ti\:e d iso rd er s it c au se d, i !. s lISG w~~ dlscon-i nougun1 tcd ~ . progr.1l!1l t o . ._'lI1COul.'oge loco] 1l,1'ttin ned m O cto be r 1 94 04 . ~ ~i'o m t.b un u ntil tile en dLits to cultl"nte ne e and other stll.ples 01 1 of the war, 20 percent polished flee (2,0 POfCOO of

~~'aiJ\lcd land ILud on lau d which JOl 'l ll el li ~ ['he bran removed) "'OBUSed in the rntion."lIa n don ed b ~cn u s u 0 1 th II In b or .SllOJ'I'n go. _'rile s londnrcL dnily. pel" Cllo[llta sto.plera!~ Table 42for Army troops based IIIJ,~p'lll pr oper u p I1 l1IltDuilJ' PorC4pila R.dliMfor A r o I J " r " " r N S Ga"";",,,d ;',)dP."",i9H wa s 600 grnms of l'ICG an d 1 86 grnml lila, 19# 14 "C~f194'~VhC!IL,barley or substi tutes. Nnvu] ]}ll'rsollt> (0) OIl'FICIIIlS um MP.N U\'lN'Q IN DARRACKSin the hom e islan ds r eceived 54 0gru ms 0 1 lit r u " " . . I " " "nn d 18 0 g rf 1l 11 5 0[ b u rl ey o r o th er sto)llps. Us tl, " ! : : ; . ' I : - ! : ' ; ; ' t 111" (anomJj $I... Oil. . >normal daily p er c ap ita I'Ilbioll until 1942 .. \ --. ~shown.in tables 42wei 43, the varlous conlpOI!~' ~I: ' f M ~~ ~,J;' :,. t J g [ " , \ : I , g , . , . t ~ : i . ' r to f b olh the Army and Navy rations were roduQ'_. l -' _ ~ _ ' _ ~ "'1 '~J~ 1~. , _ ' _ " ' S _sever al tim es bafor e the en d 0 1 the war. NQ"eO"UDy""~I""--,--" lIIII ..... 76 III 0."" 0.00

h I I I bh I' I LI!h0 r;, "IIIp er e np it a e on su m pt ic n, b ut it is espccinllysigull;i"------'----'-----_)___....!...._....!.. _ ___l__Gllllt t ha t r e du c ti ou s were made in tb e p ro le (b)OFFIOERS AN]) M PoI < ] ;1 \' ", "0 A'[ HOME'military zntions as J'UPl}ll'S over-all 'food posiliu' T< o "II"d ote ricr atc d. lr ur the :r mo te , th e d ates w hen 1l1~ ~~l[ ~~lKTo JUb' I !US ",,.


21/62

,, _ _,.., _.- ........... ,..,.. _ ............ "'~. < Ii",,...,, __ 1ooolI.~ E.~~trrtMW~QOd),':l.fJ:\nfii!ttlt:l.f,d Prit:u, Su6siJiu. Il"lJ tbt "Black Mark'I"A s the JOplW1lSe Government look charge ofWI ) product ion, eollection , an d distr ibu tion off oo d, I t WIIS a l5 0 n ee es sn ry to a ss um e c on tr ol o ve rprices, 10 grunt Iarmers 5Ubsi dies 10 increaso pro-

daetien, an d t o l 1 Il ie s te p s t o d ea l "iUI lIlc "blackrrut rke t" w hich sprn ng u p as II resu l t of P COlI 't r ol le d Iood - eeo nomy p r og r am .As early !IS 1 93 3, th e government ha d Ill-

l~ pled to d I l4 l wi th the riee-su rplus problemwhic~ glutted the market and seriously affectedIerm mcome, T ilp . R i C l l COD IrQ lA a t p re vl d ed ror~uol . rna .ximum and min imum farm prices,w h ic l~ t il e r :o vemme n t e n dc l! so r ed t o m a in ta in byen renng I. L P markc l to bu y or sell when IbII priceo f r ic e te nd ed to l1!lduaLc beyond the csl,abLish-lldmnge.A lte r ~ 93 1, ! ,o we ve r, r ic e p rice s b eg an to r issba rply III ap IIII Of. tha SIs bilizl}lion p. . . e

and by 19a9 the wllO!esalc 11 . I ' I Ch h"d . I " O g r o t m.'_ ..' ~~nSlln 04 ,3ycn per koku, t lp Pr Q" 'm at ~l y d o'1 1 " 1 ' tlI J I 0 _. '''0 Ie 1033eve. n clober 1930 aL I~Oll!!um I od I_ . ,. _c r 0 'pricesexcep t peruut l bles, WilI'C fro:ren n ~ th e . . .', 'I September le"!!I. C ,r . . - preVIOUSIII Jn g PrJllCII o n p er is h.

L . llld iL 'g Ilsh , w er e I ! ! I . ta .b lia ha d. il l ab I'S IIlC " 'h ....1"0' ,[ te r lh o p r! Cc .s of t e s u commod il il !$ ' ~1.9~., ,n~ ud l an (l.~tent that it was fQllr d h .fl.\\QIl""S , .. . _ . . _ . . . . .. . . . - 1 l~~ ~ Ce n tr al F o od st ur r Corp. whieh served u s tho dis-- tributiog agency to ccusuaners. The selling price~I:; iow.::: : : ,: ." :.: : . :: : . : : : .: : : : : ...,__. ,1 : of ri ce by t he co ll ec ei on aW fn c y to t he di s tr l bu ti on

____________ _..!.. __ __l .--~ngel1ey (tbn t i s, t il e wholesa le price ) WItS fixed fitye n per koku i ll 1941 and w a s r n is cd only onceThu s n producer received a total of 6 2.50 yrn 46 yon in N ovem ber ]1 )4 3. The retail price tok o k u for all rico delivered lip to 90 percep t of was sligbtl_y higher, nv u !' og in g o bo l) t

q uo tn , 1 02 .5 0 yen forca,ch koku between 00 per ko.ku, and "'M intended tt) COI'III' the1 0 0 pe r~ . el lt of bis quo ~ll,. a.nd 162,50 : y e l l _1'I~elICU)S operllting co sts , le ss su bs i.d ie s. T he c osteacb k o k l . l , o bo l' c 1 00 penmn t of his q1!Otn. subsidy aecouo.tcd for a large portion of tho!orda, however , recci vcd corresp ~ of ~he iIIJil)istry o r Ag ri cu lt ur e l in d l !~ or l! !l 'f hc se e xtr a p re miu m s w()re paid on Ilmoun~ing il) th e 1944 fisc!>! yen!' to 770II ? overll11avorngo by ITrens. 1'llther thaI!. Y O I l ."~dun l fll'rmcrs. C OD sequenM y,illdil'id~ ro prices. (in cLuding subsidies) f O ' r bLll"iey,dI d 1l0tneoossllrily receive the promLlJlllS b ll rl ey . when~ , sweet p ot at oe s" p O tl lt oc s a n dde se r ved . .

I.'

26

Table 47Official G(wtt'nm'(t!,1 P'llrth.tt_li'~gPri,~ oj Pt'iIJCiptl,t A.griCI IJ~

IIIrat PrP


22/62


23/62

p'nI"r Trmdl. 1.9JHI . . I.J , 0 1 ". -< 1 0 f ar essOn 1M eve 01 the war apsnc ". I. . . . tt ''''''I to tilB proc lie-salisfatlon posiuoa ,n " respec r Ilion and ~\"'lliJability 01 civilian suppws [~nl!in the eM< ' 01 food. OJ,iliaD supply production"1\.; o n !! o f the first phases of t h e , J npaDCSI leconomyto f c - e l t b e o i ll ' ec l s of th o' w ar w it h C hin a, and . there..-IIS- a ded ine both in I he quanl ily an d qllahty ofs u eh c ommod it ie s. in the period from 1937 to10 ~ I. By D e< .:e mbe r 1 9. J( L he civilian su~plysituatioll. ,,185 n ot er itieal, bu t ther e WIIS hUlec us hio n to IIb sor b th e c 1f ects o f n d r as tic c u rtail-m en r of production w hie h r es ulte d f ro m the cue-b re ak o f w ar ,After the ;"18.IIrhuriall incident of 1 931 an dthe ee es eq ue ut e mp ha sis u pon indnstrisl o\lLpll~

for rorei:m markets, Japan began her r om "c!'Yfrom the ills of widespread un emplojm ent an dgl'llcral de.pl"ffiiion w hic h 8 ~ that time affecled thee nt il '1 ' w or ld . I ro n, s te el , , ch em ic al , and machinet oo l i n du s tr ie s grew rapidly in t he e xp an di ngm ilillU 'y a tm os ph er e a nd b eg un to a b sor b SOUle 0 (the 1,5(ljM)OO unrunp lo r~d . D r 193;, when a:q)o.rtsreached II peak of 31 ,0 00 ,0 00 yen an d importsr osa to 3, ;00,000,000 yen. t h is a b so rp ti o n WIIScomplete, .By 1035 UlI) standan] of living of the urban

~ower IIDd mi dd le i n ~o ll le groups was considcmblyunpro'l'~. ever previousY~lIrslind i n c ompa r iso nwa s ~lI. I~J_1' { 'om lorlft M e. A lthou gh the sem i-f?udeli:sue rumllll'1'M did DOt. k ee p PO t 'l l w i th ll.I"ISI!,. G O'i'1!1'llll11m t sla b i l i z l l . t i o n of r i P n p n . - l.lds .~ ~IlnU1Crea5l1lg 8c(j ''1Ly I II t he ! 1O . memark t b'I lif ' If' ..e oom me do ~ tIe IInnu out of !be 1930-31 ai .. 'rxtremc pOJ1'wty. o ug !, o fFor the 2-yeu t period 1936-3; aVers um! !r e xp en d it u re s in Jo p n . '!lge COu-

i!! Uo it .c d S lI lt 0 5 d ol la r l en n . s: t : ~ ~ ~ ,JnOYl l ted ,7 0 p er ce n ~ o f l hl ll cOUlllry'sgross'.O,OOO,OOO, orof $ 9,20 0,0 00 ,0 00 . F or the Mille nQ~lo t lOlp roductpcnod, consUmllr '

Tnble 50l.dll'liI,,".DSSlIB.tho United States, whose poplIJntioH was a k . . . . ' . . _'. M"" "'['eat as Lhat o r GCI I ma ny ' '. J The outbreak of tbe Chine incident InJul_y."'l~Q~" o . ." 01 31)~n ..' d"' I ." ,hose gl'oss natioucl product o r $84 7 0 0 0 0 0 1937 resulted Ill. (I. g1'oater wereion, 1'0 o live.. .... G.' . , ~ , I to O Loin 1outpu t, of consumer goods to tbeG.'qlort11'115WIce that o r . . urm~ny aud nmc tllUes t l" 'l Ilnrk( )( .' aud tho military services. BeLwennJoP"n,oonsHmclcxpenditUl"eS!UllOu~tcdtoSOOA1936_3i and 19'10 the real value of consumer000,000,01"72 pel"cellt.oftllogrosslllttlOnnlprodQe.,pcndiLuras rase, bub with the out break o[ihllOu a per ClLpll.t\ bnSIS,COJ1SUl l lCr c)q)etldilu~ GI:eotcr Eas t Asia wu I' in Decem her 1941 theyJapan du rin g 1 936 -37 Iwer1tgmL l 'ougl~l ' al,;t,rtc(\ to decline, nn d in the l(l.tter stagesof thecompared w ith S 36 4 [01' Germn ny an d s4iS'II..,n fell veryshnrply, i n m ar ke d contrast to thetho U nited States. W hile such comparisons 'lllitcd Stntes, where th e r ca! v alu e of consumersubject to many limitations., ohey oro s U g { ! 1 S I . e . , p c . l I d iL u r e s rose s t e a d i l y throughout tho w r u -of the COlllpnroth 'o1y meager resourees ov.e.ilIpcriod.to t he Japanese ci villan population even in till!' On the bas is of th e a bo ve index and t.he Pl"~peace, a s it ua ti on which largely precluded viously mentioned average consumer !lc":pc.u.di-e ste bli sh me nt o f a ny s ub sta nc ia l cushion o f ~~u r e s for 1 IJ 36 --3 ; , I be.roaL value of.tllc civilian, .. .. ahu ro of the gross llatlOnol product Ul 1944 wa ssum er g.oods in OnL1C[pat.!01l of war. time shorteg . 00' Ior J'. ""235"" ""0 000 IFr tb d: . f tb J $5,300,000, 0 or upon, ",. , """vv , oram ." e S,1 l1 l .POl l ] "0. e Iwer,oge.. aplll r,o ... . d "L03 qo o 00 '0 000 . for tho U njted. il' ". f lent uermOIl)' an "'. ,", ,CIVI ,~ b Je t o t he se o f tl , it is suggestive of thn declin e whichSLates and tbe 1ll01'C progressive We8 during tho wur in I.he o vo r- n ll J ap ao cs ccouutrics. ta..n dH d of livin g, A ssuming LhaL the nntionll i

o par iLy bc~wcel l Japflll nnd t .h e U n it edwere tll'ioll Qf even three times os high ASIe of e ); cn au ge , th o rrtl I \'fl Lu e of~hc percon su mer cxpcu ditm .o in J'lj)nn wOll ld hlJ;\'e

been no more l hon 321Il ,comparcd wi th $773 forLhe n il.ed States, in 1944 . )lIn king full l) .U ow.alice for the IimilalillnB of t he datil, it $tiU appearsIairly certuiu t . L w . t by midIM& Japan W88 fastn ppron chin g, or ltnrl. reached, II situ ation in hoarcivilian eco no my w hich directly, as a result, ofundernourishment, inadequate clothing, nnd in-odoqunlv housing, nod ind irect ly as 0 r,08.uiL o rimpaired morale nmongst, workers and theirf om il ie s, w ea ke n ed h er power 'Ilf rCSi!ltnllce.Bcenuse of (he growing scarcity of certainkin ds of clothin g m nterials, [00 tw ea r , hOllSl)I10IdIurnishings, agrieullUl'aI implements , and rubberan d po.pcr products, tlul standard of l iv ing in bothr u r n Ian d u rban I1.I"(W.8 -Iuiled to keep pace withrising wages an d salaries during the per iod 1 937 -4.l, though food was {niTly p!uutiful and housingou ly slight.Jy m or e erow dcd than usual. .A susual ly happens whet ! wllge5 and salaries arc in-crensing more r apidly than [ood, clothing, an dhousing eO iLE an d \:he supply of those item s isdeclining rulnti:I'e to t ot ll I d em an d, II larger pro-portion of l.otnl c iv il ia ll i n come found its way intos av in gs a nd t ax es , while !Ismaller proportion ~\.a.sspent f O I f oo d, c lo th in g an d housing, nvmgsBureau estimilWl;of consumer expcndi \lIl"I"5 forJa pan pr op er show a drop in t he p er c en t ag !! of1 ; 0 1 : : 1 1 . 1 i ncome spent, for food from 2 . i percent illJ 936 to 21 .3 percen t in 1940 and 14.9 p er c 'P l tL i n1944; Ihe proportion spent [or clothing romainingnearly eon stan t at 0.0 per ecu t fr om 1936 to 1 94 0.bhon fal liug sharply 10 1.3 percent in 19'14; whilesavings and t~XC$ together increased from 21.0p ereon t in 10 313 to 'i1.1 percent in 1940 and 6 1. ~percont in 19#.

Table 51

A a imi l Ill' estimate, 011 a som ew hat moredetailed b ns is , p l' Cp ll re d for the SUl'''ey by II.r es ea rc h n s:s od nte of the M i Ls ll bi~ hi E c on om icl l' f, s~ ar ch B u re au , g h: cs the disbribution 01 in.come[ or lin a ' 'o l"o &:o family of b wo n du lts an d threechiLdron in tile IO Il'Q l" in ao megto up. T h.c latter

31


24/62

STA NDARD S O F LIVING-CIVILIAN SUPpD E CliN E IN JA PA NE SE. SE STANDARDOF LIVING, 1935-45I. T HE ]APANE . . f..=e -44

t........'--"'llpate II

30

been uo more than S219, compared wiUI $773 forthe Uni to.! latl'.$, in 1044. Milki ng full allow-unco .lor t h " l im it a tions of tho data, it slill appearsfui!"lycl1nllin lhul by mid- IM5 ~IIPar~IV~S fostapproaching, o r b od r ea eh ed , 0 situation III herciviliull eeenomv which dircolly, as 11 result of1111dernnu r ishmant, inndeq 116 to elo tuing, snd in-adequa te hous ing, and i l, di rect !y 6S n result ~rimpu ired morale amongs: workc!" and lh~lrfamilies we n k en e d her power of resistance.J3ecn,;!I(' of the growillg searelty of certainkin ds of dmhing materials, footwear, househeldfuruishings , agr iclI ]l llrru implements, and rubberand paper produeta, Ihe staudard of Jivill~ in b~thrural nn d urban a re as . (n i le '" to kaap P llc () W IU ,t is ing waees and sa la ri es du rwg the per iod J 93i-< 1 . 1 , Lbou;h food WlIlI fa irly p lent ifu l and hous ingonly slightly morn crowded thon. u~unl. ~\.sUSl!.~Uy happens when wages and s ll J, !I 1e~ II re in-orcnsing mere rapidly than food. dOlb~, Oll.t!hOllsingcosts l ind Ihe supply of those items ISdeclining rel ative lo total demand, 0 larger pro-portion o f t ot al r i\ "i li ll n i nc om e found i ! < S '~Q,y intosnvings u nd tuxes, while e a m . l 1 1 1 er proporuon .wnsspent for food, clothing nnd hcusing. u....n~Bureau es! imnles of consumer expenditures forJapan Ilroper show (I drop ill t he p ll l"< :c u ta g c ?[Lotru ineorne spent [or rood from 2 .7 percent III1936lo 21.:3 pcreent ill i!H Oilnd 14-.9 pert'pn~ ill19"; the proportion spent for clothing remainingne l t r l.Y cons tan ! n19.0 porcent Irorn 1936 to 1114-0 ,then 'folling sharply to 1.3 pereent ill19cUj whi leso,vinSS and til li tes togcther increased from 21.0percent in 1936 to 41.1 pcr !'~I lI . in 1940 and 6 1 A percent in 1944.

Table 51

A similnr {'slimat{ ', on iI sOlllewbllL morodoMllcd bUllis, j)rep!ll'ud [or Lh c Survey by 0.res('.wh IIssodnlo of the :\.litsubisbi EconomicRosc!lrch BI!!"ClIlI, g iv es t he dis lribu tion of income(01' nn nv~rnge family .o f Lw o adults lind I 'Meochildmu ill t bo l ow er m(lOIllIl gr,oup. Tb .c ldLm'

31


25/62

) ,( om l p r es s u re 10 s av e a s u bs ta n ti al p or ti on ofODe's elll'llings ' < 1 ' ' 1 1 8 g ro al an d m o st c on s um er g oo ds. .. er e b ec om in g i nc re as in g ly s ea r oo as th e 113 rp~~ w ith the r esu lt that the nl'~n1ge workerIII!d Itis family $j>I'nL a fairly een st a nt p e rc e n ta g eof lb~ir r i > i Q ! ! " in co me o n food, bu t pmet icnlt", Ioubled the proport io 0 of i n o ome ; ; ,]ved between1?36 lim! 194 4, u ad decl 'l 'l ls e d t he ir n> ln t iv c expen -ditures for all other e en su me r g oo ds a nd w"'~.ecs.B~twecn UI . 1 . ' ; en d 193i ci"ilinn eensumptionof .J8PIl~l'Sl co L ~o n n n d w oo l clo I II increnSe.. n r alk' s~~~'\"" I_II, er Rub~~ Wood '~':"t'correspondingly small stocks of h.id~~an d I~~._ ._ __. !In 8 I.. ,. ,08 ~ ,0>P~POI'n nd p ulp Qnd.r~!~ber lor cl"il'~n usc, O I L : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : - - " ; : f l~ ~ I: li.i I~ I~ ~ III l:,'! Uu s!y ~h c r ntc 0 1 c iv ilia n c Olla Ulllp tlo u h ad 14t : : : : : : :: : : : :: : : :: : : : :: : : :: : : : :: : : : :: l~ l~ 1 ,\ l~i ~ '~ :; g l~ ~ '~d rn st tc ol ly r ed uc ed b y tho en d of 1 94 1, to n p o l l : : ~ : : : : : : ' : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : _ : l 8 1 g ~ m l ~

oobl! uceordiug to reIlS(Jlluble standards of warmth,uornfort lUI.! 3cl'\"ic"ll.hiHLy; in tbe caae of rubbertires IIlld puper, Uti tbll.~ amount, flCOCSSllty to keepcivilian vehicles ill running coudit ion an d topermit eontiuued publ ication of newspapers andt < l .xbookll. So sa t I lI I , l i he se minimrnreqire-mellLs d o n ot r epr esen b " bedr oek," b ut somethingb eL ,v cl lI I l hl lt an d norma L u n r es tr ic te d c .o ns um pLion, In view 0. 1 the t enuous euarecter of .slIoho stim a te s o ne C II lI llo L attach 1.(10much significanceto bile followillg t.nblc, bu t ih is suggestive uf tu ed ec lin e w h ie h o cc ur re d in til oovC '- "O I I J l l P I l II(!S()sMlldllrd o f l iv in g .

Table 53

32

During this period of the war, m on ey \\lo ges a ndsalaries of mnny oeeupational g ro up s c on ti nu e d tori se a t l in 1 lrn :a1emt ing rllctc,\\,Weh exceeded theGovernment-eoatrollcd cost of living, However,beeause ef the shortagu of c o n s u m e r goods, theCl


26/62

50 y~ D perulouth; >1 further deduct" C< !U t l j r . ,] l o l l " mouth for each depeudent from I . t O I l o[ 1 hrouShou~ t bo p re -a ir rn id 1'~";odoI tho w nr ,11 d Thu Ie ~1, luck mOJke1," priees rOBe stendll,Y, jnmpingtax was ,0 _owe " s, I\, mOll wiH ". ", _ ,,_ " ' e. of "00 ' ) "00 Il Jld 3 d01lo' d' ,I a IOU ' pidly upwnrd m most illS, trulCes ,,,nh, the o,llsetIIlCOlllG ~ " ' ~U 'on ls " ,.]> J' ' I - .. , bl k.-, hs of 1G5 ymt " \VoIIIJ rur n .Hnc" ,s . ~y u y J M5 L llo ' u,~ market"[Ill Lllconte' . ".' per InOl II .'. [ Is 1- , 'f'l is ""I~''~ . , .. 1 I In I,gl"!ces o lTl ,ostcousumer goo . war e 0111-'e, IWQf"ogeor g 2percell" 0 1 ~ ",_V"", mCOIrtIl ,. I! t] I' [Ii '.1 [ I' _,, ., ,,. I ", _ , .. umoa ellg re r IIIn .. e 0 'UII" Ill"IecS, or t loseW l u lo , so . :mgs nne r"~~es COll lbu1.cd Iq flods, mnging from 10 Limes bi!; ;l le.r in the ease oftho PIJ~bn


27/62

('6~;. Ill" "IIdow tho 1~3 , 'I ' (I', d D ol faD su b;;11li!!lH ',1 A[ the ,VIIr .son ., 1 0 O H )I I 1$ " dI t,v el u n til th e t!l.ill to '(OllS p ro du c ti on h 'I nCf,cao;ing dCllIaIllls fO f m uiu I .' 0 0 toOOr 1 9 - , 1 3filii' II piau L 11 , , 'l ho G um !l .n . ' 1.(1 ormu ,e , -, of we r.il'''lan"hi~h c all ed f or f ur ib e . . c o U I I 1 l , ~110~ rai,ls on l.huII I ilUpar! 0 811'1 '. ~ I" o c o n t I I U Y , lit t,,~ I' f ~ tall, ..J I he un p (l-cush ion of C(lII>umcr goo rtc d ( lu rin g 1 93 5- -3 8,the cities to ,scuk she lt 1 J r w i th f rio nd s a ud rei u 's par capita c ll ,U i ll l1 CO tl SW l lp li ol l o f c ot l W _Sl:jutlrt! yllfuS... ' .. , "" v1"; uildings. . Those who w or e u,na.bJe to of the Tcx~ ije Burell.lt nn d tho head of thllto f i1 1d l i I< ing SP(l( ) ( l lvitli fdeuds i!ithar Control Association, !tu ulUlua! pc!" llalliLII.L ?g cth er s hu ck s [ ro m s cr np m ota lo nd 1 1 ' 0 1 : 1 1 1 . 11 of 25 to 2 8 s qu ll rc yords of COttOIls it e o f ~ he il " b tl r i le d homes O J" s pe nt I ,h elf ;I to !I - squo.ro Y!lJ'ds o f w oo! d oth is suill.ciontrOR lu i ng t he s tl 'e e t, s I tn d tllei~ JlighL.s ill \JJe 511 prm'idll on adequate, if n o t f li ll pl e, wlm:lrobe.u n d r u ilw u ys tU L io ll S. R m'I I1 inllu,bitnots, oU F oll ow in g th e o utb I'c nk o .f the Ohinn incidonto ~h cr h ll nd , w er e o nly i nd il' Ce Ll y a :l fc ct c ( by July 1 93 7, tho [Yroduct ion im por ts an d I l . . " ~IIII' r ni ds -c lo th in g, h ou so ho ld f ur ni sh in gs , or text.ile cloths. began to dcclille, whilefO.!,!l) e qu ip me nt b ec am e lllOTC difficult to" 'l U I t he destl'uction .of fnetm'jes, roWolld stocks o f f iu i sh e d goods, b ut r isin gmll~ket" rood l)l 'iclls swelLed ~ he ir i nc om e sth eI r h ou se s r em o in ed ullda:mo.ged.

n. PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS OF JAPANESE ST.ANDARD Of LIViNGTable 58

1 935 LIl0 toxlH e iu l u ~ try h ad u ss lim ed tlo r , g. ro n. t iIIIpO Nll I Il'U ill I Ite ,J!l pauesedespite 0 notab le lack of requisite raw"rillls i ll lhu homelaud. J'upan was dependunt,imports from 1he United tnh:s uutl BritishC O l " 9 p~l'Cetlt,of l,h6 rnw cotton consumed,

10 9'1 percent of thn wool used WIlS obtainedAustralia, On l y rn", ilk,' an import-dIlLI't i tem, wus i',mI!;Il!)OuS to Jllp~n. 1' 0 olfsetcr it ical dep em l Q!! De UpOll foroign SOl!l'''CS rOrmnteri,lls, J u pa n ~ . xe rt .( >d tremendcus afl'orlll

, ] ev c lop tlt( rayon a I1 d s t ap Ie fiber in d u si ry, tl n de r e xe re io n S w er e cr ow u ed wi tit ( ;0I ll l idttnJ bl 0

36

C/"jll."" P>W!*.d""oj a.,b, 1",/,." ,o J Lw f,f.,m"I... IU!ExJl6r11 "I C/o'b,J"I""', P"'P-. 193~1J.II~u. lm . .. I O OJ

10 'pClpt1Wb(.lIrI. lIlt!: lJ I). 1 ' 1 1 J o 1 I U l ' II(lm llIilllU'Ilh Uw a~~(ebut : r l . ' I l P o l 1I11klunl1~.

mln1.mUUl " lwil lfdJ ~ !n l . h L t ~llOf1 " ' " t o : ! dll~nntnl)J blh~i1Ul6.\i) 'Tt)I1110 ....ISOt:.iD!ioll I.n~ .tie Te..ull:o D~I.I rn 'hl'l't"!omm.~I l \dwtr)~ }.H_DI.n1'1'.

IOU . . . . '''' ~~:~- ., l' ,~; ''''"l'I 100 1001 '0 0 ]~2lib, '" . . . ,. , Lg,n -'1(19 ] ' 1 ] ' &;l "" . , u :t,he demnu ds of U lO rniliL.!l'Y inercased, both illnbsolute nn d relative terms, 1ncreased purchasesub roud of ini t iul WAf m at er ia ls r en de re d rllOproblem of foreignll:1(eJulJ1ge crucial for tl,e .Japll~nese," oupled with this, purchase negotio l ionsf or A .u st r a l i .UI wcol broke IIown , ,,; til n t tendan tlosses in tIm prod u e ti 011 of w(}{llen c I0 til. Importsof A ustruli an woo I dro IIped 53 pereea t between1 9; J7 n ud 1 94 1 , while exports of wool doth decreased60 percent; this wa s uecornpunied by IIH percentcU I "o o ilm cl lt of c iv i li an consumption. lIS a largerproportion of w oo l e lo tit wa s d iv e rt ed to mill tIlryuses, Hnd it ne e been [ or th e " ," cr y r e al s tr id esmode in the production of synthetic cloth, neces-&try r aw n :m te._ ria ls fo r w hic h w ere I Ivai l ab le e i the rin t he J 'a p ll ll C 'o o h ome la n d or nearby areas, thetot~ l n mou n~ of clotn m nllu in ctu red in 1 94 .0 -4 1w ou ld h av e belln m u ch le ss . O uLpu ~ of syntheticc lo th , w hi ch amounted to 6 33 , 000 , 000 .squwey ar ds in 1 9 4' 1 , w a s e xo ee de d o n iy by the !,roductionof cotton cloth.

Table 59

Iln~~.J[numbtf, ; 11P7-l00] ,8U I. S)"ll l IwUC! I

lm 1 Stgo) ,r u100 100:~ I'll~ ' i ! ! : : 'L. . . ,11 . , H -"I to,~J "~'0 11 \ ' 3 1" ".u. ."

,~,(1;11 1 1 "","'Il:IllI 1[LIj!!Udil,!!tlIo.~0l.iUI~ ~Is~d.. Ilbrr.I~ cbnn OcANlwn1.!l.o Ul\'.. \P!~t1'1.t whit; :...I l u ~D U:I( Ii I I I ' No nC ' t o f ! omlQntlU'ib~rU ~td~pcru to o ~ Itt ~Ir:d yll!tl~blot'.k mt1.Iitzl~ wotd""to dh.--rn~tu I nt o ~ 1J iAi 'b1. cl 1t l. lr l p roduN

lJ,I.~hilllZ


28/62

.\. (If nil" w O I . ' 1. 'locli'pl Ill!! ." "h il .' t he r e Wll." some ~ . 1 '1 3- A lld tn~1 IIIIInd woo I~" doth be h\"t'~J1, 'Ill':'l!" I~f(' i" Ill)- . T' I\'qllll\'" fanliripndon n f m ll i" ry I I cm p' ( II I tbe !ll1fl, IIC\"id~II("o' of uny c (> !l c~ 'r ' ." ( - s l ~ r no; ; of cloltllllgtbo J~p81L"';l' 10 bu dd u f, r-Ihr ri"ili,lll popu-m~l..ri~[;; \0 1ll~llh e n l 'l .' ! 0' - r iinish 1I1P[!l,U three f li do rs ' I > p o ! I ' U ted tn < m .'. iy of dmhing forlho ei "i li on p


29/62

. _ it be


30/62

IIdl'qUlllc stlpply of f~(" e lts Il ro \ \, ,, r r >1 1 l' o ft hi s i n du ; ;; tT lOl'Olll uiu C ." I I- ., . _ . . 'Ili'u rnpt 1011 .p ro du ct i~ 1I ( or dorne:;II~~ ( th~ Chill~ illdl[clItfollo,,-..ng the , 1 ') 1 .I 1 ~1 I ~ sk~ . ' '11 do""jncronscd,i n . .hdy 1!l3'. I}rodudloll 01 ~ ~\!, (] n g rl 'M I 1Um b( 'I ' o f I ll (' h O ll le ~bop~

'f~ble 67


31/62

. . ~ l J . " ' ' ' ~ proper, 1~3'J-4} _. . ' . oj 1l,~I""r " " ~ - r - : : : : -D"I"lMI"'~ _;. - I~ I I~ID I I~II lO i~ ID IS ""----,..-- ~ 18). ..a01 I 1; I " :l tJ -- -- ; ; - ; : ; - - . . . . ,~ . .... l.rj~ 2.~ l.~ 1 ,~ l.:~ : : n '


32/62

I . .'totanus anhloXI!l I.' I"" 1 I 1 0 U I l I I,oluu , ,_1'''' I I , e CI\ 'I 'l :i un popu I Iuon 11 n I '" I''00 194')-U' I \ . " sun!" . . . . ..' -" 1\1[itres for tho pen . - .' '~_ 4 'li00 lilrt'S. 1 , a O O . Hml. U ll ' m ed ie nl SI'I'I'I"'~S of u ll, I is i r i lmll"I: . ,boll""'cr, '~~ ( l: ;, ~r t~ l: !" o f 1l\.~I!I'nl b~~n , , ,'ui lublc, th(>l"C would hn ~'r b C~ 1I (In addlt!on 10 I I . r 11th Iliswlo(TICal 0 ~ n t'f 01 InO>'I (I ,. "., for ,wery 6 0 IW!'SOIl.~,. fit 10 whi~hsuppl ies, !l ain)', I II. ..' '. "Owill" [0 HIl'lf I fI " I co nsid er hU'goo tlrOibonl(oril'~ Cl. when viewed III th" Itgbt o rin abi],l)' to " ,., ' . I y , - " um . me 10 n Iu ti I. 011 the I I f ~I'ln61\ ' l i~HI work "Irlunily on u ~ I\ot nenr ll ' .Jnpnnrso st.lIlLIl rr 5, I" , ~(Jre WIlS a shOI 1- . I 1 hr l "" (If doc WI'S "'3' . 'physiciu n s, it WIIS no I; sene us. ft~,other huru lie s 0 8,,_ .' Bl~'(I, Of the esti-50 SCr iOIl" 8S had been ~ I){lNP- . _, . Iar ECONOMY UNDER AIR ATTACKHI, THE JAPANESE C IVIL ..... - . . . .. .

(ceding , r~c[o tl l! l Jg , nur l Hlil.ollsmg' of lhns~b emos wo r e d e st r oy ed by tile nil ' raids, o n dto the e: of bo I II .G ~rUlmly au d

J U pl ln w e re ~llbj''('loo 1 0 " tn ll cg lc 6 L r ~u",cb, .8ndill .both C&'5I$ Ihr r~~ulting dest rt lNlOIi . o f ( o~ !,~ z . ; ' d hOUSUl" f~rI[j-d ot b illg. h.ousebold I u """"mgs , 811 '"t iL";CO [ ;lribUI~d someth ing to the u l ti m at e c ol la ps eof their powersof re; ishUlOu, I II neither C!l!!r J.>

it 8c~[l_mll' 10 claim tlmt bomb d~magc 10 !lIB("h-iliiL~ 1Ik of the G mi te r E ast .,\.sin w ar, the J a p a u e scs ta nd a I 'd of Ii,ing bega n 10d ee li ne from is II I nmdy10' " fevel a t un nccdl 'mt lng' ro te , so tha t br thelime of the IlLl'gI'-SC!Ilc ni t lUlnoks in ::..Inroh '104;;,there "'lIS .-inuruly n o cu shion M t. [0 ab so rb th eimpact o f a ir ,vor,. T ~I ' Ja pa ue 54 ! c iv il ia n c an gI.l~u lo ng O IL le ss, o , I . I : I < J d id grl Blong 011 less 111 ntbo averoge G~rmW1. b ut ( he re is an i r r'C! iuc i bl r .min imum ooyond wllic}1 n o on e CIIn !?l) wilhoutel'!mtunUy S[Jcc.~.hing 10slarvetion I i~dd i seuse ,The Jnpa n ese c, VIIUIIlpo (>li la (ioll wa s Jar c !' . tthis h.;ypolbeliclll brca kin ", 'poim thn n IISCfllo.

_ ~_ 'C ' ',[I \V flIS lJ CGerman civilian popu lation when lbv wnr ! dTI d t [. 'fl' en! Q ,10 IlS rue Ion !II lcltld upon III ~ t' - '1 ' . ."n,pSllt'SC{ ." ., 1 0n economy within (he tellllively s!lllrt t l m uof f J ) . ! m._oJlt.lls "'II!! lIS great lIS t h u t '1"/1 ' 'I IG II' ule ~ < UpOIte MU ." ny . II nn.g n 3-yeo t period TI l .bb'l b I' .'. lIS ISn In 11(,.n Q to t e . I~ u " 11 '1 ' B nd m or v C ll nc l' Jlt " I .w i t . , b inp.endiery oo'nh!! to t il " - "" ", (M It ?' nUo.cks1 '1' r' ,. , .,.11 . o r m fl ilmmII ICy 0 lite :Japanese u rban atcu s lo!l ' u -(( un ey of u l(-IM clim me' lI IU " "" [ ' k' '( ' 'n ollr-'''- n "11 for the

46

I !q l1 c! ll io I1 l! hl ~' p hl YI 'd n p ll rl , in shapiug -lapan'sudsillH to surrender.Si lO r I f !g o of civilin n s" [Jplies h n d " f fir Il""~

L'riOI1B offect 01 \ In !H m' S n .b il ity to p ro ae eu towar than ~h!l foorl shortage, EVl'nlO the doySl ine nd er, t , 1 t e ,J Illl Itn esc h n d su cce ed er l ill elo th-un d hOl1sillg themselvos by Lh " ) l\ O SI ~ t ri ll g" nL

tion,rllpccinlly the ol'ererowclad h ou sin g e on di-tions, 110 dOl rh t had Mil'" t ' lI~'c! on till' i'ffidcllf'ylind product iviLy o{ .J'\Jl""el


33/62

Pan HITH E '\: A R TJM E UT IL IZ A TION OFMANPOWER

J. J AP A N 'S P R EWA R l l ' IANPOWER POSIT ION~pll/~tirm G ,. ". .r b " ", I , 1 M - lAbDr r l l ) T U , 1939- -40P rior to ti,l' ou tbreak of ho:;tiJitiC 'S with

China in.J uly 19.17. III allJlOWl'r WM Ii III in ee p roble rn in . J8p t1 l l f uppro.timat,,!y iO m il li on ( 1 93 6 ),th or e w as Oil abu nd an ce of w or ker s for peacetimerequirements, lind Il long.dL'I",lopcd ~\.."t~rn of! ' O C l B I l in d poli t ic al ; eg im 'Jl t ft tion mini mi ~l~leon-t 1 i < ' " l b('tw!'luol' loren increased, but showed slightumerical losses, '''hile retaining u predominnnt,s iti Oi l ill the ei I' iii au h. b or ro re o, 1 I! ;l 'i cu i ~ l! re a n dreslry nevertheless represented only 4'2.6 percentth is fo rc e i n 1940 a s c omp a re d wi t:h ~8.1percentH130. This contrests with manulncturing und= - - : - - ~.I-:..:..::~.::::=+:Jpllskuclioll w hich r epr esen tee! on ly 20 per cen t oI:ro~::u.". 1!il.4 n .,wlabor force il l HI30 u n 'd 25 pereen t in lM O.g ! : : : D . J : : : I l U l " i . i ; " : : :: : : : : : :: : : : : :: : : : : :: : ~ : : : . rt::~. j , j i . " i j A study of the eivilinn labor force for itsZ~~ ree a ' ; i i r i i i O i i o i m i i l i . ir ; . i : : : : : : : : : : : : : :t ~ : : ~ : ; _,c om po sitio n ( lis cio Sf )s a dd itio na l e vid en ce o f

~~I"", : r ! , m i i i: : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : . . . I~~ I::: Ie extent of In]lun's lrall!!ition townrd lnduatria li-c T ~ : . n n ~ . : ; ; . : ' . l ' ~ k o ~ ' : D " :'' :.~ ' : . ' i 1 i. , ; ; _ . : . .. . . i . ;' ' '' . : . :. i . i o . : :. . : . : . . ' . : . , : ~ . : . , : ' . : ' .: , , : , , : ~ , : , , :, , : , , : J = : ~ I : : l : ~ I Ltion, Moles in r nn nu fu ctu rin g n nd co nstlu o.

_,__ >v . I=:: ' : : l on in cr eased I w m l w i . . ,o l l y from ~,130,000 inn.rmun,m, ",d 1>ro! ., ' !; r 'WOI. t 10 0' ~_ .- .. .. .. . l iL i. l U l l 930 to 6,l70,000 in UNO; i ll g O l' ommc n t and~~Ie ~r\ i a, . _~~~!.:.::::::::::::::::n s lUl..8 1 1 . 4 -e' r of os sio nu l o cc up at io ns , f ro m 1,360,000 t o 1 ,5 10 ,-- : : 8 o u t o o l = - : : ' : C o ~ m - n - T I : - " ' - I r - . . - , . . . _l__ L_.!...I 00; il l unnsporterlon and eonnnunieations,

\\:I.f ) 1 I 1 ib1 r yQn tJ : l .1 ' r (l UlItlll ~lIm1!lloo b) ' t l iG C"bJM lI . : DU I "I ' Ii ! !J01 IE' un fl:t)l.' W.1M.... 'om 1l1J7,000 to 1,210,000; an d in mining, from,71,000 to 529,000, Tbese inereases were pri-ln rily at t he e xp en se of agl'icuiturc an d forcs1iI'YM ob in H130 claimed 'i,730,000 males as COUl-ared to only 6,610,000 in 194:0-.. dcerense of,120,000. Commerce sIlITcl'~d" loss of 400 ,OOU) ales d II r i ng the Sil me p orio d 'Llld f i sh l l1g >111 domes ti c 8m 'v ic es Q. c om bin ed lo ss o f I Ip pr ox i n m l;o ly2 ,000,'rho nJllIlbw' of fomales i nCrC


34/62

shlll between Ibn 1\10 . . 1 10 , , - . , 1 1 1 Ih~~~ twOimp!emcn(l-d by sn ",ltemp n'l i n . lnst r in l. !111l1"e ,"(Ill! II Cliivl'l'OOl j!."I"ol!P~ lOW p ~ to I "r g~ r O i l, '5svstem by bin,lillg :!) tH.Il. 'T , ""01I00m-1 uon of sub-. - . ,.. ' l ind r('J!"LU~.throu~b till' ed~Il.1Qn r i : : . i{nk,ljinm, forcontracts. .\ p~.~t , :,n:;~Ii-~ll~ t~ its (I\I'U air-, .; o ;~mp l l . wou ld hUH 1ll. . - I' 'bl'Oulrllct()rsr " r, - -1"lL"ely~L"gL'su"raft, sctones, U '" ,~- , . Thro w~ro, ill!l 1 1 " 1 on\.'5. ,.1. 01ud (l grrn t muu) - . [:\'.8 kajlll\lI Sap pro~ mdlely 250 'llf the IdH~r ,or. '-;"1 nlW. . 'l~dors I'('{.'t'l~"' .o (a complex alone, ,11 '"0 11 A ~,s lIl! ,Im ate rin ls f ro m th e p "l" I'n t ,,"'nCf.lc~litu-~ i,lu o f the oil iees 11'08 IIdmilli~! . tl r l!d lo y thoious Imr(,(,turps i n a c, 'o rd nu u e wilh polil'i

olhel" efforts fuiled. PnrtiaLly beCl lUs{ ' of this anrlIllWIially b IW l LUS< l of the I imited scope of lh . . ea rlymeusures, only 850 males woreeonserlpted in 19:19.'I'hese wout into f om ' ..\rmy I 'lbor units, In 1940a lola! of 52,1:192males wos eOllscl'ipl"oI, OJlIi hI19~J ~!t(\ figure jumped \(1 2 5 ,192. '1 his !lilly b~cxp!nill.ed by tho r o d 1 . i1 l 1l .p r iv ll ll 1 1y oWlLl'd fuctA:>-ri~s "'Of 0 rc .ccivi llg oonscr ip t!'d workers we ll inudval lc, o[ IJw DcrNllbrr l '1 l y is i oo . o f tit" ('olls\'rip-tion 1,,\\,.' i\pponuix ("lI,ies DBB 11 lU I cee showt lte scope of t .he o)l\, iru cOllscr iption progr ll T!I.

t il b . m U ' Ll D ll :s un .l 1. n J Il lI 'O I ] 'O J I i I I ~ICT U:! b&8111t. IWlI11 f \Tu;l ~ inGI~.\1en ' " t t1, mr_l'l'I b.. L n l id '-iUt~ n.! ~b(l ill' ' ' '' ' rl A l o r III! I lL l i Jn iA l NUlnllll-i:I!'1"IBli ' l .~ l I iIZ ! U

51

( LW'e of en l I\1oLrl luut of workors 10eueli l)~ eel . 0'1'" Ull! specified indus. tr.il!ll. Augu st IO :IS mid NOvl'lIIbllrI941, inclusivo. A elassiflcnticn, und turned over to the Welfare


35/62

Aft~nlPIS", Rwue. Lalw. TUrll.~tr .'. d .signed 10 S\.(lb,-.\.nother prl)\\'nr measure, . .. . .- . I' - ttinl lflduslnl1S, "asIi?,il lh e I" bor su p PS III ess ti r der i ssu~dthe ompl(I\'~'C Lum,o, 'cr pre"Nt 11.'1\,'. ~T . -b .. 19 '0 . .. ..ieh reslrictoo ll.le III0sible interruption. The following points


36/62

~1 . dt.c=l 'UJ!b..~ = , ~ ~ t A d ~ ~~=~ -.~..ftd;fpotUlUD aa ' l1 aITIm'lmkl l l lgBi ~=---+--"~r.lNOlilt ' lX " . .Un!I!)QT_ I

-~~-- oM "" "",uoI 0 1 " " ' Mm y ot DO l , ,< Iud!. I l O 1 > n ! C : i "~:,=:. ..~~ ...~.~ .droUInJ;t,1~~~.AU;I~:~-=~Ic1n1' .~.A Ul.~nn~~,~..==.......III_ of '"11d~

re l r ol le h 1l1l'1l t in ~Ol' (um OJ I Lel'))I'IS(lS, 10 . 13I .[' 1 llO lcs ! lot til ~be Ia b o r Iorao ,2.13lint . u _ 'The plan called ntton~lol~ to tbe

t u rt l- Ov ur 0 [ I n b o r" u n d .prOlmSG d 6 1 m ~ Slepsbe t 1k Co i l "to eheok this hen v y tU. I' II -Over ."' O lIO I L also vni d ,,!porl!m t ind u stl'ms. .. O ICC ( lOtlCQr l lthe !l Iorruo an d wolJ~belllg of ~he laborLII 'o s tlitclUClI ts, L h e : I n ' S t (I[ will eh SII id: "of til. , d ru p ill th e w ill 1;0 produce and kilt'delllriorlltil)lI of Ithe l l1bo!"(lI'S,specialb e p lo ce d on "fJ~r~. to IlIcsllrl'c. If~~ol'{"dnl'.,:e t!Jp ( lC t LV lt lCS o f ] li ll l' lo lm Prodsociel ies II nd ref 01 ' 111 L I III system o r Ia bor aut l'nd"m"' ." Tho second, desjgncd to '"urrenCll of disturballccs nm on g J nb O l' Il I' S ,"l im!' art icle YB of ~hQNat ionn l Mobiliz!Hioow ou ld b e i ll " 0 ked.T ho 1 .!)4 1 Mobiliznbion P II LI I,. m or e

b cn si ve s( nt isL iC !ll ly t hu ll . (litlml' of UU I011\!J,. WIIS11ot put in 0 pc rn tion un til ~UJ ""''''''III. '!:!'''~ ..4!"n~,"(!, ''._ .,that year. Demand for l abor was2 ,210 ,000 aud supply a t 2 ,520 ,000 ,Ilion double the 1939 figures (Tables 78,a nd 8 1) . SoW"cesof supply 1Vi!l'O hbrec """"'~.~' '' ' 'general workers, tcmpornry workers, an d ln1 1 > be imported from Mauchcukuo, Ohine,o ve rs ea s emp ir e a re es . General workersbe suppl ied as Iollows: ew primary !uHI m,A----------------------...!....--school g rn du llte s, 32 .7 percent; bus iness24,9 percent; IIworkers from in du str ie s in ,,,,,_,,m:o:of rcorgl1llizing, Hi.S p er ce n t; u a em pl oy ed ,percent: general coustrucbicn workers, 6.3cent ; .Korell us , 3.2 Pe rc e n t ;. n r i scelleneeus "'~,.t.. fl"'..lii.,'2.7 pereent, home workers, 2,6 percent;meat and sclfcluploycd, 2.4 porcent; an dportatiou and cornmerco, ~.3 parcenb.The foiluwillg points were to be k e p i

mind, tile piall said, in handl ig d0 lll6 n dsgenoml work ill'S:T I le . d emands will be divided into Lbolo win g c ute go ric s: m un it le ne , p vo du ctiO ll5 1 00 , n lL ~ it ia r. y i n d u s t ri es , c iv il ia n goods,

portation, communicat ions, lind natiollalworks.Workers in gen eral bu ildin g' construclioP

be kept 10 a lID n imu Ill. W (Irk c I'll needJ>d

n (Iu! INnpor , II 'Y workers Cliu'.f.:ory,.t\Llotmonts of workers who are to oITwtIrilion, except t hose uceessary for restorin'"losses, will he used on mi! itrw)' contrauts i~

'1 : ' , o.gri.uulluro, tmnsl1orlatiou, communicu-11m! other im portent in du str ies 1 18 well as

r r~serv6S.'Work~rs Ior Ma n ch ou k uo . n gr ic u IL u l' .r .. J col-pro] e ets, rn embers of Lhe YO H lhs'

Manehoukuo Coioniul tiou A.rmy nn d\Vorkcl";! to b e s up pl ie d from ,Jflpun properhll kopL to a minimum, A separate report,. be mn!! .. eover iug personnel needed in 1\\!1


37/62

"",'fram,.,ral&b'IIII.I~WUIIKrnDnml'w;'I.1i"kf.. ...,!\LM-~"'II:kn:\,"~IDW;ior~

T1)f ~1 11 1"" L D~lI dl lf ""~ f t~ 1 lI IIP~yt ~n.Of1,tDdu;W.liJ.hI!" " - -Man't~ J....,.'" ( " .h lDc1: r~ ~~jh~ Governmem e om pu te d th e r eq uir em en ts

for temporary workers ~l! to\olillg ~O.SO() ,OOOman-days.Regard ing olirn worker s, the pion cu lled

for 1{O:"Ol l t uLOf(' rB 10 b o sent 10 . \!nnrboukuo,_a gb .a 1I "" , u nd th P Sou I II P B c i f i e, !I~ w e l l as to.I.upUll pro p~ r, for prod upt i0 Iloil" PIIII.sion n n d llB-liouDI def~m,.. projC('I.s, Chiul'Sc Inlwrers Were~o b l' ~"I'ti i n F O I 1 T lO > . ; ni ll product i o n . ~ ~ p o n s i O > Hm,lu8ll'lcs, Drmruuls o f th e I ! : m p i r p 011 J np n n~el u h u r LOlaled I 00,000. 1'l!bl~ 82 shows a t i p t a i l C ' t Ibn'ukdmvl! of til(' trrnpo>mry (liul ali. k"!Lh1 .'O riI'B . 'n \ Yor crGo.v~mfJ/CI!(,v;11lrofl~d Llbor OrgafJiznliomAn early pllllilt' of Ja pn n'ij ID obT. '11Nl"'"om w~ s II r' .11~"lI(lH".c - , . JP.' IlnI"al i O I l ollobor U I'I I us mO\'PlIu'ul 1 1 '0 " ~ 1' lr le d 1 1' 1" 11 '- 1 _ ll oI lS .- In n, " nll~ p o f

J u ho r d is pu : tu s ," AeLmdly, labOI" U!l iOIl~,IIJr ,JupUH"SO sysl CU I o r go"ol"lu~ellL, IlI'VI'r"111 I;'r-tlut duat o f pOW~I. . ccord tng to [l il t!s o>u : r r .'S , r i lL ' pcnk. of ~he I l~OV(lUlO!H'sst tongl h, l1 'udwd III 1 9 ,3 6 . . ( h ~1 not eXc~Q\1 ~ 'D espi I ~ J h ls, I IIe 10 ta o II tn !"l~ u gO Y l'I'lIlllillhal lIuiouism was" d ls tu rh ln g ( 'h 'ln o-,lI9 1 1 Pp , . ..s si on w as hol h t ho r ou g h II ur i 1'1)1111,,,,

Table 82

t I ll ' ma i ll te l ll ll lCu of ( I i! ! { 'i p l: i u '! i ll work i1l1{l \n oL iw l' B ig ni fk nn t ph"sr of t!l,. work

t he . J. :u id nr wp o f y ou th " li d 1 1 ll ' " s t" hl .i ql lln ~ nt ,yonlh work O rSlIlliv.n tin lls. -I'Q lil'l.l chiefs or 0 1hor 1 0 . 11 [ c o vc rm ll cn L o U i-

llBliully hended Ih~ im lh 'i d ll n l ' ll lSOl ' iUJ . io n s .",..ruoxlri'll'ldy low n ud w~r" I, ;c llc l"UlIy pnidt he o ,n pl oy ef . These .IUI'S, togetlwr wilho rn me nt su ba idie s, on " bt~,! lilt' uSlIoci"ti(llmcnrry 0)1 Lheir n dmin istretivo and b~ncflt

s, Although the !lugyo Hokoku Kaiidentified p rin ci pa lly w ith Iu ut or lc s UlI(I. mines,

nlso had memburs in dopnl"l-l1lout slon's, ngri .ILtWO lind fishi"g. :N lcmbcrship in the hlll.e]"w as q uite a mn II , h ow ev er .mulnted by Government prcssur ll au d till'

of L . L 1 C Suugyo Hokoku Koi, t!w p H r i service movement spread a . w i f L i y throughout,fields of JftpUU{So economy. For do(YII Romu H okoku Kai (Labor Patriotiew as d ev elo pe d, II10nl,; with n_ NogyoI Remme l (Agricultllre Piltri.ol,ie Fcdera-

for I lg l ic lI ltU fl'. A Shogyo Hokoku KaiPdr iotic Society) was Q!'!;"nlli~cd [or

ereinl store workors not digibl.o ror mr-m-r i p i l l tllP Snllgyo Hokoku 1 \ . 1 1 ; . , n nd n K ,n iu nleu D un (M nrirw 'Trnnspurtntion Patriodcf or morchn nt mn rine sni lo rs. Govormucnt

were alse f>l'gn l1i7 .u cl. l:) ln tc' rn i !wo.yhad the Kokuyn '[ 'ei:S'l(lo Hokoku Kn i

n t io n a] R I l- i1w ll ys Patriotic Socie y), connnuni ,s workers ~h(l ' I'eishin Hokoku Dan (Com-

1111en tions P n tr i 0 L ic S o c io Ly) II lid n a v n l wo r k-the lCnigllll Hokoku D un (N "vy Patriotioy).

D wlmds FroflJ JlJlTlI'h.llkIl_(J~Chiu4m~.dA . . . .d , I~'-~w Allol'll/ml, oj }4/!"'''".~ ThOOMI1(11)(ll !OllJl

~ ' h . ' 1 : \

1n its stead !.II(' lovornmant ll!lGollru{, '! '!1('SInblislil1lenL o r r ,l( 'to l'Y n ss oc ia tio na whidltheir origin in II. plan devised in October IAichi. prefecture. This plan rOI " tll~rmollJ'capilu] n nd gen er al lu bor was ~hethe Sung) 'o H okoku Kn i (In du strySociety), By 1938 the movemen t wasgan ized in in du stry an d bu sin ess (Ill.! ill Iw he n f ir st r eliab le figu res w ere lJ.vllilflbl~,in div id ua l a ss oc ia tio ns h ad lUI uggregntoshill of 2,900,000 in 19 ,11'14 c,oml)ll!liL'S.w as C )'l) fllille d t o 4-,800,000 members ill I{'om pu llics iu l94 0, w hen tho Wl'lfu,'o Q J Wrl ge s " "d H Q .I II "tlook O\'Cl' uc(,ivt' dirl'ction of LIII'lllovc!nl'nl," WlIgCS, by ,V " ester n slu ndu rds, wert'to 5,290,000 members ill 78,'146 . '"''''''''I':U low during th~ 1930's, nlt,hollgh the19H."~ developed in tlw In tt'!r y cn l'S ofAssodJl~ioH fUllctions wel"ll IIIHnorou~ n nd the IiI'SL 2 ycurs o f L bo 1 94 0 's \\fer{',

Ioril 'd. T h~ '. l' i nd ll (l ~d ~ h( l trn in jn g of Jo lmr ci0 n t bO n)akc t ho . Go~ cr n nwn t cst n.blish_ con-ngcruellt lenders" study of n u Lrition . cijsl Is. The II'nge s Lr u t, ;t n r e i l$ l ,l f w I IS com pl ic ll tedof e.~tm ollolmcnls of food, liquol', II poiu!- w he re 'W l'l'I lg cs [ (lr lllkllhOll1C "'Jlgt'sr n ~ d . i c c i l l o ' t o I ll em be rs , gu.idnncl i in /\flY in dustrilll gl 'oup or for the ullLioll >IS iICal~lcru:y, l l T O l ' k c l : b O lW Ii ( s 1 ), 11 .< 1,mosO o lt , l if O irnpossiblo to r.omplllt ' l1'ilh 11ny dl":gl'cc" '1"10. JOI""'" ~."", """,. , .1>100 . " " ' 1 ' ' ' ' ' ' " ,, ,1 . . 1 ) ' , . n l l : t O ,wr.u rn ul'. - A n I!XU mplc, u nd OJW w hic h w ou ld"",._ 'I'~"}"0'1'1,how.,."., "' ..... 1 In " ,1"1 '1" . ,h , " u " '' '' '~ " ' '' '' '' .1 _ . . " ~ w iH ,'S 0 ll lO " l! ri lL ti ol l t o \ ' ir tu a! ly 1 1 11L )' P "S \1 f: ; : ~ . I ' ~ " r . , > . I f ) r..,"" I ' " " ' " I" ' 1 1 3 7u 2 I D . . . . " , , " b I ! , U I rin land l m si n us s I ~ o r , co r n s , is a wago rllporti _fl r . n . ~ (jfll(lhl!h: t-!u.h" l '~ ' Dn I~ 8 C"l!(1!o 1II Lo.l~. Ife . . : Th. " " ' n o w.. ' ' '.J'....I " ' ' hI! U.. " " 1< .1 mr ' IIO" (II.... ttcd to tho Munitions Mini stlJ' by the

~() UOl!lckg Knl. I < : n i w n 11i'rcrnft o. ' J " b o conl ,pnnyJs !Josie, ," ~ !) P rf jd l. 1 1I hl 'r .otJl)f} ,allO-lle,"lh[. ff':!ilJll l ir n ~ur~t-~of , ! ; 4 f l . "_ I IU ll !mb ol )l Ii ll f tj ll r3 nJ ll nl :l 1i U; f. , h, . h u~ ' t ~' kf n h ;: .; , h oi : !\ l I lr M "

56

nxperioneo , 1 1 1 , , 1 lYIJI' of work. In nddleion,IVO rkr l : > I roee i,' 1-e per io d 1935 1_

Tabl e 83buJktl qj F?tttor, J DB,tI1 ]apa" P I ) P t : T ' " 19J:J-41

11~.::z.lOOll

. i A\ i(ift[fl'! :!!.!U FI:~Jt' \ l J o I . )


38/62

., h I I ~\'Ior 0 II~diffeNlncl'S bu~-Il(I" I ~ ~1~ t il l' w ar olTort andtr i " d~ly conoco1ctl "'1.: 1'ho f o rt ll Q r . . ro u p,L I d t.-clh' r oM col'c spr ead betw een the w ageIe" ~ o f th (",'0 group of in d tri ' This in(Urn diminished the usefuln ,~ of wage paymentsII_ an 6ulomati(' m ean s of chan nelln g w or ker s ou tof dvilian-type production into WIlT production.Tb fo ing do not mean that, actual

" in yl'n paid by ci,-ilisntypn industries camerl to actual 1\'8 paid by war-productionIndustries, In rea li ty , " 'ages paid 10 m II i n t heformer lypi! of Industri - during 1939 were 60 toiO per cent of ,vag - paid to men in the war-pro-duction iad tries. Furthermore, woges paid toworn n in u ch indu stri s a L x tile s, w hic h e m-ployed large numbe rs of rhem, were l it tle mornthan one -fou rth o f wag paid io man in indus-tri - likp metal-workin , where the work foroe. .. .~ m a in l y male, I U 1 d werelloouLhalfof l l l e w l l ! r e Spaid to men in these branches of textil wh:rcboth men and worn 'n were mployed at imi la rwork."Retu:ning nOli'. to the u eud of factory

wag III general, It is apparent UllI l paymentshowed_ only II small rate of increase during103;}-'3 i but bowed a r ap id ac cc le nl tic n there-Bher , 'Both moles and fl!lllal I -,', d_d' Jar"" III unslr n _ To ~ve s o~e indicati on of the aeLunl si?e? f Japanese indu t ri al w ag e p ay m en ts Ihe foU -mg figures Brepresented: ,OIV-

In Janua ry 1 !l40 male fa toed I c ry workerslI,,~rag 11 whole dJlily wllge o.f 2 ~while. women r ec ei ve d I01 r' / ynn,1941, mol leee.il 'eri 3'13 y y C u . lid anuary. en all femalIr D.... D Klqal... rats , rtQtcI"liJ;IM. y.

ell B o ok , H I I 0- t l, P P .. o : : e . . . a n .

58

aVj'mge working dny in the metal-wor king lindahiphuilding industries, fQr exumple, wa wellOV'I' 10 houra and mnlly other lypes of IactorieaI' quired IHI II- or 12-hoor work day, mollf"c lorics, p llyi .ng mull WII"CS on u pieeework basis,p laced an ineentivt- 011 long hours, and in agri-c ul ture long hou rs we re eornmeu par ti cul ar ly dur -ing Ihe plulliing [ 1920' , howe"er, ulTordc(L a measureof protection for fcmal gila chi ld re n, X ightwork nud labor in eorta iu hazardous 0 uputionswere prohibi ted nnd working UOllTS for women l indchildren uuder J 0 were l imited to 11 hours 11 dol',i nc lu sive o f tl l -bour rest per iod. in addition.it wa required that tbey 1111"1 at least two r tdays a monlh. me fll t cr ios 3ud bus in COIl-corns gtH'C Doth male and f mil) empll)yees IIregular day or more orr 11week; o ther s d id 1I0t,Dill' labor'lL, accor ding to WelJare )1;11-istry officials, ordinarily worked only abont 20days a month d pite the increased pr ure forlabor, Tbe offic ia ls snid lbcy doubted if weathercond it ions and 1111\ physico I $010 min II of workerswould hI!\'0 permitt d n longer working month,They III 0 called attention to lbe tr adition (hillJllpuncse dill' laborers do not work on ra iny clay;;and said thnt, eITOI '1s to overcome till ustomWCl1l not BU - ful.B cau se of the 10n l:" working day an d monthpr evalent for general workers, the Gover nment

was not obi to freel nny mark d in creas inIbis dire lion during the prewar period. n thecontrnry all aLtcml)L was made Lo limit, hours to12 daily (including a I- hour t period) to min-imize absenleei III and accidents. A g neralorder' to this effect. WASi lied in l\hroh 1939, but.was not ent irely SUCCOSSf111 becau e of the pressurel'xe.r ed 011 fn et r ios for iller 11 d production,In 1941, munition indus tries WIIJ't' given permis-sion to increase ~he hours of mule worker s f rom12 to 13, i l l 0 1 1 1 iv of a t-hour rest peri d. An(,f fOlt was III 0 made to cnccuraee two and t.hreshifts dlul)" in tead of t,he traditionn I ou e, butagain ~be Government encountered only parfialucces during tbe prewol' I) riod.Slimmary of Preuiar MallpDu'll:r PD~;tiallAn nnalysis of J.lp,III'S manpower 11 0 ition

dur ing Ihe prewar pe ri od , I rom 193G-31 LoJauua ry59

, .. I C 'f} lIclu .sioll lhn l Ie5i111illlI' l:Ollll~o~r~~ 1'(~MdiH!.: the I\lll,lh~' of

Il,ft Jnl .l ll lWllC CIv il . 11111 populnt,iOIl to ll .l~ " " III" W(,H' ~"lI.till"'"t~ with the .fulllllk"Il'l'sislul!'1' put up byI],, .Jnl"IIII'~!'military ill til!' SQuth 'Illd C'unt ru l


39/62

H l4 " le ad s llir ec tlv to IQ ,. I~"n' "ntcr rd H,; Oren!!'r r : : n s ! . \sm war OilDEmpl I 'r J!1H with suflieirnt t1LllllpOwer \Il1dS did 11 0 mom!un seratch tbe SlJrf8~C of t he potential pool 01manpower ill the u nesscn tiu l ln dn str ies, T hlY )'did. however, ,.,1 0 prccedpllL for Ihe m easu resfound IIl)C was a trend toward 1" ..gel ' ree-tories lUld greater mech'llliz.l Lion, and new plan ts"'ere {osloblished ill new r~gionalcoJlcrntrntiolls.00 lhe othor hn lid, while the henvy industrieswere expnndl ng, the rcusumer goods ind ustriesconi inned to com ! 'l Ict I II IttI l lece\crnwd rate,Th;i s con trn r- tion wns ,hw pnrdy to di rect Govern-ment ocucn, ill view of t he need for t,rlln.potto.lionand "'~w materials, an d to ll. lesser extent to theneed for t he 10hOI.' force und plont cnpneily of Iheseindusu- ies fol ' Lhe purposes of will production, IIwas also due in purl to indirect factors, such asi so la tion f rom sourcescf r ow mnter iu l import s Ukccottou, and isolation [rom o""rs~as markets.A third ,Ievclopmcnt. but one which hod !l.much narrower si gnificance ror mnnpower, wasthe errort to d""f,lop the ove rs eas nrcas s e izr dduring 1942. To obtain the raw ruateriul wealtllof some of L1wse urNIS, it was !leCCSSDT" to d is -puteh technicians, uWlIillistral:i>"l, speciulis ts , audbusinessmen to fill the" key" jobs, II was alsonecessar y to send both spec ia li st s and commonlaborers W Ihe variou S ou Lposts to to nstruei de-'fenses. The rnobilieation plnns called [or 96,000workers to be SNIt overs eas in l fl4Z , nnd 142 ,000in 1943,' Th e number of personnel Ildmilly as-signed to Lhese tusks is lIol known, but it could1101 . luw" been large if only [or the reason tho tJoplin could not spare mnlly higb~" skilkd men.Such numbers us sl,e did send eonsuuucd anotherdrniuon this .llIrcndy inadoquutu category.A four t-h dcvolopment was the dc{' )ining s tand-. 1 1 ' ( 1 of living of the oiviliun populn Lion. Thedecl ine whi r-h hnd begun in preceding' ) "c nI 'S w us('urrird to new lows in this period. A ct.t" ile,)U("'ollnlof tILi;; ])I'O('('C


40/62

II11ilOl'I111.1' bcc]tusc of II nu mber of cli~n8 di~' l'hlll' j} fuc t? I 'S hn 1' 0 b ee n t if lk en inlo ~rcn~ t,ill cvolua,tmg the record of Jap eollSj~d G 1 1 11 " . . ..l 'Cool' t l o f Germllny an reet Brit' .,,.It," ".. .11111In COlJIpa , r lS~U ~Vlbu Gel'mllnY_I~"tical find qualitative fnctots [{II:" uklt~b e s eid tb o. t Jn~ll!! entered World ,~,lcr":iIsmaliorproportlOll of her t{ lt 'a l poputr.lI,to tJ )1 ln b 01' fOI"C(I (ll nned forces ~ho n tworkers). By Febru ary 1 1')44 , J !l pn~ u s Ii,wlwt improved her stalli!illg l"elatil' [11Il1l.n~ II- OOlllpa'l'nblc period, bu t WIlS s ~ n . U lld~('Te.e,"o.I rnobili2"atioll. MOl" SI 1. IOrln;" . ~ let'l" II!llobili~okio!l achievemenf . f 0 1 : lUell . t " I i "d i J. . G l \!I .S ~goo In ,CpU.1I as 111 (\I"lll!lny, bu t m ob'WIIS superior III I '~glll'd ~o women . ~

apRuellt~red ,,\r.oddWa~,n ~I'll;h Il.pproKimllLcly10 some degree of mOhlli7.MIOn flllll.til'o to the'01 conditiolls p l'o vu ili ng in each count ry. Bye b ru n l" Y 19 4 .' .~ , she lind aeluovcd fill in cr en sc invcr-oU mobi li zn tion mmrly but not qui to so gre ll .tt,hH ()~h ic~Ol l ]OIl~ 0.[ G l "Cn ~B ' I 'i I, n in d u rmg u eom -

11l'U ble por to ( i. 'IIu s u ppli u s to b I)(ihm II las n n d~ m n l es , III thoeas.(l of m ules, the Jupunesc~a 11 n b II lower real level and showed all increase

lhau GrellL Britain's: in thaeesc of Iemnles,10 Jnpl\ll\Id~'" A f te r adjustment), or +10 porcent.an.~rlll b ~ ~ I I I11on , iSQl lJQw l1~I (IHfcf\'!nI ~~ ' IU~rrprd i . fI I f I." ~ ,~, " ( l) ot,n.I."",h"t.",,,,,,I. n' I If Ilo,"'" d~' '' ' ' I " , , , ," ,_ Tluliic ehll.ngcs ill the OIvilion II bc )! '. O I" CO (0'" . .. . ~ 0 1 dlH ,'".n ( m ' " " . , ," Ia) ,I" , d " lt " " 0 1 1 ,, 0 \" '" 1 ' 1 ' IO ~ show llIl,) ' sig nifiC lln t c[if[ nl"oIlC CS by ng cr...~~\::d. 01"", ~u'I'I~. II ml' oj ri..,I,u,. .. ~ ",tor01 AJlI)mI(Li.~ Table RR).' :Molus O\'Rr 40 years o{UIlln,\f/t . I I ! ~1[hno w h 1 : . the n~ : ! It ru lD iu. f t . 1119 f tYl ! ll lahD IIJ" "' "'" 1 .1 0 .. .. ,0 "on ,. O n l) r.~'. " " " - I , , U , , " ' ' ' ' l>Ol~ ' ' : . t g'() ill(,rensed 6 hnos~ unifol'loly ill Ihe su('oassi"c' f ! l."~,~~~d." l""""lbl ll ll ,,ol"d

Table 85P.p,,/, , /; .r' "m/ L ab o r l 'O T " CehySex;lap"" P"._.1022 P eb . 1 9- 14 I '~", I O n

[In . h " . . . . . .do)( ' J : a ~ r n r o I I L I ' f I I I I W

Tn tn l po tm. lD lkm_

62

aj-le g'l'OU]). This was probably due to the grCl lt crn\'nililbi1i~y ofunmarried young women a nd y ou ngmn tried wome n wi lhou t chi [Men, th c eonse-qUCIICl 'S of the wilhd,lIwol 01 large numbers ofyoung single lind married men into the armed10TOI IS" U if ru rther bcl ip"cd t .h ll t the oge groU]l~l ': II do ~ 2 0 showed n certain in crease in lJl~ir p31"-t ieipat ion in the l ll fb l)r force, but it is impossi bleto measure thia l loouroJ(' iy beeause of defects inJ apanese Sintis Li(;S,.Tho mobiliu!tion of part-time workers wasincreased through lbo intensifico Lion of theuctivitles of tbo Putriotie Laber Corps, Par-

ticipation in these activities doubled from 1941to !42 , nud rose in ]943 to over s L ' I : t imes the19 (1 . leve! (Appendix TobIe CUU). Thll bulko f ~bCSGill e I 'C(k


41/62

. . 1[ ,. ! 1\:0n'II(1.'1 d IU.. to import R( { ,llOllll . 1 0 '/I[ IIlIl U 'f h C!l' s\'nrirly {I OI"Cl-lawr in this cbllpll'r. I ~re \.. ~ -. . . ';OJ]all labor problems: uneour rolled milI1 1 1 1 -

'. . ,,_ e , (r ruplcd I 110scr iption w hich rollSilllluJ' II! e- - , . f Ibor ~{'h (1flu l -planning' tumoror 811d p ll 'l ll lHg 0 .11_.i n g o f 1~! lI11~n ,) Il (I ortll l ion f llcili-t ic s, and Ihe domestic rnw muterin I base beforetheoutbreak of "'(II' with the U u ited tates, TheIourth l'nh'gQry,govl'rnml'nt, and prcfesslouul,coutrury to the others, showed it s biggest i J J e I I lU - . . " Cbet"'~en 1 9~ O a nd 104:4. This reflects the u uor -U Th('J iIIt1u:j:1IIb l~ ~ W II I L 1 1r ol ! :l N) ! cm ( lW "h l! ~ b.rnr ' .hll:i.nu~ ~hoU.n 11:1~ hr ' o~ lJ l n ~ ' I.blil d u e ~ , Oh ~ alld.(ft:ta.lln~ ( I o f l l Je ) -i:tI..!.DJl'r...r fll\l,U I~ in cn e

1014 [lf83U). U hL1.nc- 'L"ltf\W 1t3~lh'k" Iu i!l~l'" IIIJllon~ r u : . . . .ruibu.~Dl:iUJ~Ikln~Uill'lenmuru 0' 1h~'ul:lldJlj~UTL\-n.l ~ ~rth r .urM !ithot (.6~ I . r : i HM' not""t o ( \ IU1~ndJ: T J R h r o H H.

65

R I [1lI1ci iCl!lR~ the w er] 1 10U"gr ow th of gol 'CI1I! llPUIbcci!.mc illle[Lgitil~I'. " . . 11 l rl l~ (i o] ], ( be was the aLoppngo of (1]1gold mining to release


42/62

IYitllin rns l\wacl ll l" lI !g I I I.I I Hl Y Tobin \T"I .A"" "" "I :\ ~ ', ~c om po ne nt p Rr t~ II.. 'l s 1 0"~I!II . ~~", .. I' !~. '1 I Ihat olllhlllJ{ IIIdi""lo;;c $ pauern "m il or 0 " 1; ' , I ~,x- .. _ h 'I'IIU 0("('1)pal lOW; " lit I ,fO~o.'gQlIIgpRrngTII P . ,~ ria t . , " " w it h til,'pandu .. . " ,,1'I'C t l i r u > e d o . . < " l y 8~ _ . d t Iswar r 1I or l. T Iu ." "1 ) 'II','J"(' U lRdl ll l~ ry . 8 11 ,0 0_. . . _., _.: .buil,fu'''' "clud ell, 1000-(mdudlllg lill'I'nut, '>wP .... .- du . . I, . e l l " stock Ordllau.tC, ~ I Il I I II u~{.rJa,"01,,,,,,,. ttl mg ~ , '...,. 'II t05ma eh iner v RIll.! "qn ipm e J! I), 11' .111h ,"cren ~ IJICrt"'UC ~ud !II.'uds ( ind1ll . l iug metal rofirung:1I1(prUL"I'SSin), whicb i lIen'lISt'{! t i p l)ro l'JI I. ~\\ 0, ,,h, 'r lndu trial groujl< '. ~h.rui, 'a ls [iurludmgd ll 'm i, . .. .. p ro dm I .c " f or b ot l, i nd us tr ia l ( "o n~. .r ns~lId household r(Juslllll~l"$) ami u ti li ti es ( gai l,. . I .' cl r i, ' p ower , \\-al~r supply) showed 11 0 ohnngcin tilt' first ;roup IUId only II. "lighl l ne ro ns e i n t Il t'SI 'COlltl The lack of rnajcr dllluge in t h.,,,, 1'1 '0iltd U' t ri es m i l\ ' be e t tribu te d to the far t th uIIII & yentered the' war period " ilb r cllllil'~ ly la rgec "p ~r it .Y a nd this capsrity r emB iu e d r e as on a bl yadequate rOt the ~81 demands upon their output.Th~ COliS traction ind ustry (indudillg ai- 'il engi.neering I I. Dd 1 11 1. 1on a! defen se w or ks us well nshuilding coustructiou) showOOc n moderate in-erease.of iper cen t, X ation al defen se w or ks w ererclll.ti..dy minor during the lir st 2' Y l:ar s of w a rw it h th e C "n it ed lilies. T h e r ema in i ng i n du s tr ie sm~ he m ~nu fa~l~g grou p n il show n et declin es,With I"",, riles shewingtho largest drop, 5 2 p er ee u t,~d w~ products dropping 32 p er ce nt, T he sem du stn L'S I s " _ " 1 U'est ;... l o ot o o . . 1 : 1 . . . . . . . . . , '" " " , ' '_,I!oo.-n I"

G G

workers fo r more essent ia l lypes of mining.. L!lrg~-Ij.CIIII' reorgnrtizatien of industry, car ~'Il'dou,L III tile sumrnernl "t 043.. All pencetimuIlIdWlLr!B"-esllCcinlly textile, clothing and foodproctl&li I I I I ' , buLUlI"eer,ting th ~ JnIUIUraetu re of 24 tRp ,' ci li ed a r ti cl e s of d ai ly n e ce ss it y- -were ordered~!II"'f to "C IiSI! produ ction O r m ove lbpir opera-tions lu occupied U>rritories lind mJlke tucir workJorees ovui lab le to speci fi ed k('y war lndustriesThis I l~ ~ ns ll rc W I I! l evidently Dim~>d nt t.IIOSC Jarg;peo C~I[JH! este blish mCI J IB wh iel, had resis u . - dcurta ilfDtmL or cO!!\IOrniOD, sinee the small domes-!e workshops 1 1 1 1 1 1 b o o n SI.!II.~lal1li1dly curtailed byIldW'niU L";O!lQmj" tI, '' 'e lopmeniB, or hed b~'{!~converted or nb" ll ri 'QtI into tho auhoontrncl iugsy>ii;cm.Conversion of peacetirne industries, begin-

uing in mid- [!}'13. Spvcio.l efforts were made toconvert the medium D ud llll'go lll-'i:tiIe plantsIO~ll~i.nillgn operation. Plans called for using theo..'i:!simg labor force and plaut, facil it ies.Prohibiticn of males In certain occupations

proposed i ll , JUIIQ 194'3 WId decr eed in Seplcmbp;of that yenT. ),[C!CS, a ged 14 to 40 (ond l ater 451'were prohibited from working In. 17 white-collarand serv ico trad es, It was estim a toII 1hilt b v 15~Itlfch 19t14 0bout J 0,000 m a l e s had left t b e s eoceupations,S us pe us ion 0f non essen tia I co n structlon wor k

or -der ed in 1943. Public works nod long.nmg~CO l1 st ru ct io !. l p ro j a ct s [J0 t d lree Us CODn t lCtedwith the w ar cffort w ere suspended (or lhe dura-tion.Limitntions on tho number o r persons em-p 1.0) '11bIe iaeerta in mi nor IIc~h'itis, im posed in

1M'3. Busses and st ree tcars WllI"fl limited to oneo!ll~rnt.or p er " ch ic le and a permit W f!S required 1;0hir e more thml on e domestic Slltl"II.llt.11; is evidon~ lrom lbe foregoing list, IlS wella s fr om PurL nof this report, that th.c Jnponeoo

Go"cnlm

USSBS Report 42, The Japanese Wartime Standard of Living

Documents

Transcript of USSBS Report 42, The Japanese Wartime Standard of Living

USSBS Report 105, Evaluation of Photographic Intelligence in the Japanese Homeland, Part8, Beach Intelligence

Grassroots Fascism: The War Experience of the …nature and dynamics of Japan’s wartime experience—and of “Japanese fascism”—to a bold new level. Grassroots Fascism, Japanese

USSBS Report 104, Evaluation of Photographic Intelligence in the Japanese Homeland, Part7, Electronics, OCR

USSBS Report 44, Japanese Naval Ordnance

Supplier Network and Aircraft Production in Wartime … · Supplier Networks and Aircraft Production in Wartime Japan1 Tetsuji Okazaki The University of Toyko Abstract The Japanese

USSBS Report 38, Japanese Electrical Equipment

Modern allegory in Wartime : men in Lafcadio Hearn’s Japanese … · 2019. 2. 4. · of an old Japanese story “Urashima-Taro,” a story about a man who breaks his promise with

USSBS Report 19, Kawasaki Aircraft Industries Company

USSBS Report 100, Evaluation of Photographic Intelligence in the Japanese Homeland, Part3, Computed Bomb Plotting

USSBS Report 54, The War Against Japanese Transportation, 1941-45

USSBS Report 18, Kawanishi Aircraft Company

USSBS Report 77, Reduction of Truk

Wartime Conferences

USSBS Report 46, Japanese Naval Shipbuilding

USSBS Report 79, Ships Bombardment Survey Party

USSBS Report 106, Evaluation of Photographic Intelligence in the Japanese Homeland, Part9, Coast and Anti-Aircraft Artillery

USSBS Report 43, Japanese War Production Industries

USSBS Report 24, Japanese Musical Instrument Manufacturing Company

USSBS Report 62, Military Analysis Division, Japanese Air Power

Internment of Japanese Americans Internment : the act of confinement, especially during wartime.